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On the Orientation of Byzantine Churches in Thessalonike

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On the Orientation of Byzantine Churches in Thessalonike Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 15, No 3,(2015), pp. 213-224 Copyright © 2015 MAA Open Access. Printed in Greece. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27748 ON THE ORIENTATION OF BYZANTINE CHURCHES IN THESSALONIKE T.G. Dallas1 1 Dpt. of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Thessaly Received: 28/05/2015 Accepted: 12/09/2015 Corresponding author: T.G. Dallas ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The present paper studies the orientation of 32 churches in Thessalonike, that date from the 4th to the 20th century. It investigates whether there is a connection of their astronomical alignment to any significant solar date or to the date of the patron saint’s festival. The majority of buildings under investigation (16) follow the city grid, parallel with the roman decumanus maximus, the modern Egnatia street, that is aligned to the rising sun during the winter solstice. Buildings outside the roman city have a variety of orientations. There are 7 cases of alignment on the patron’s saint day (5 positive and 2 indecisive). However, the alignent may be to the sunrise (3) or to the byzantine Third Hour (4), the time the Divine Liturgy reaches its climax. This has greater consequencies for the study of the orientation of byzantine churches, as it points to multiple solutions to the problem of the orientation towards the sunrise on patron saint’s feast day. KEYWORDS: Thessalonike, astronomical alignment, azimuth, horizon, patron saint’s day, sunrise, byzantine third hour, winter solstice, orientation of byzantine churches, orientation of roman cities. 214 T.G. DALLAS 1. INTRODUCTION the sea was suitable for a planned extension during The alignment of byzantine churches has recently the roman times; yet, the fortifications were no long- 7 been studied in detail. Some scholars (e.g. Pantazis er maintained . But after the invasion of the Goths, rd &al. 2003a, 2003b, 2005, 2006; Liritzis & Vassiliou in mid 3 -c. the walls were rebuilt and enlarged, 2006, 2007; Iliades 2006) have reached the conclusion defining the new limits of the city, that persisted that there may have been an alignment of the main through roman, byzantine and ottoman times. Dur- axis of a church to the sunrise on the patron saint’s ing the same period, the city transformed from a day. There is historical reference for such a practice provincial capital to an imperial residence. Constan- for ancient Greek temples1, even during Early Chris- tine the Great built a new port at its west end in 322- th tian times 2 ; however Byzantine sources, although 323. From the 4 -c. onwards the width of the streets insisting on the altar facing east, make no mention of was occasionally reduced, with small streets chang- a specific solar alignment at all3. ing course. The total abolition of the original city th th We investigated 32 churches in Thessalonike (fig- plan came during the 18 and 19 -c., when the roads ure 1) to verify if an astronomically significant themselves were often divided among the adjunct th alignment applies. Azimuth data, distances and pro- properties. It was also in the end of the 18 and the th files were provided by the Google Earth Pro4 soft- beginning of the 19 -c. that the city started to ex- 8 ware, unless stated otherwise. We also applied a pand outside the walls . mean refraction correction, using Prof. Clive Ruggles Major earthquakes and fires have plagued the city online declination calculator5. Reproduction of the of Thessalonike. As a result, many churches were ancient sky was through the Stellarium software6. rebuilt on the ruins of older ones. It is known that Alignments of churches in Thessalonike have ap- most of the churches studied in the present paper peared twice in the literature. The first one (un- were originally dedicated to saints or feast-days dif- known to us before the revision of our paper) does ferent from their present-day dedication; many of not have any astronomical connections (Badellas them to Virgin Mary. Historical and archaeological &al. 1983) and its data is based mainly on topo- data on the churches under study were obtained graphic plans and maps. The second one deals with from Papayannopoulos 1982, Demetriades 1983, the light inside Byzantine churches (Potamianos Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou & Tourta 1997. 1996, 2000) and has compass measurements of some Our results are summarized in table I. For each of the churches under study. church we include its azimuth; the declination for In the classical era, the area of greater Thessaloni- the current epoch against the horizon and -where ke housed an agglomeration of many villages of relevant- the city’s fortification walls; the alignment. which the most important was Therme. Its exact lo- The date mentioned in the table is the date of the cation is still debated; in any case, the coastal area of building whose axis is used for the calculations. This is usually the inauguration year of the original today’s city was occupied at least since 4th-c. BCE. Thessalonike was founded by king Cassander of church, unless the axis has shifted due to rebuilds or renovations. The churches are divided in five groups Macedonia on 316 BCE by the synoecism of the pre- vious settlements. It was built according to the Hip- (labeled A to E) based on their location. podamian system, but the fortifications only covered the uphill area. The new city would elevate its im- portance in roman times, especially after the con- struction of Via Egnatia in the 2nd-c. BCE, since Thes- salonike was the only port along its axis. A large ital- ian community was established during the 1st-c. BCE. The lowland area between the hellenistic town and 1 Aeschylus: Agamemnon, 519-520; Lucian: De Domo, 6; Plutarch: Numa, 14:4 2 Clement of Alexandria: Stromateis, 7.618; Origen: Contra Celsum, 5:30; Tertullian: Apologeticum, 16 3 Athanasius of Alexandria: Sermo major de fide, 93; Basil Magnus: 7 Marcus Tullius Cicero: De Provinciis Consularibus, 2:4 De Spiritu Sancto, 27:12-14 & 17:60-63; John Damascene: De Fide 8 There are two easily accessible online resources for an overview of the Ortodoxa, 4:12; Germanius I: Historia mystica ecclesiae catholicae, 11; history and archaeology of Thessalonike. 4th-c. Apostolic Constitutions, 2:57 I. Issue #7 of March 1983 (in Greek with English abstracts) 4 Google Earth http://earth.google.com/ (accessed 1 February 2015) of the magazine “Archaeologia kai Technes”: 5 Clive Ruggles Basic Declination Calculator http://www.archaiologia.gr/αρχείο-τευχών/?fc=1134&is=1039 http://www2.cliveruggles.com/index.php/tools/declination-calculator/ (accessed 8 July 2015) (accessed 25 August 2015) II. The PDF files (in English and Greek) in the website of the museum 6 Stellarium http://www.stellarium.org/ (accessed 1 February 2015) at Lefkos Pyrgos http://www.lpth.gr/ (accessed 8 July 2015) Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 15, No 3, (2015), pp. 213-224 ORIENTATION OF CHURCHES IN THESSALONIKE 215 Figure 1. The 32 churches under study. In yellow are the markers for the 11 churches in Group A (inside the eastern walls); orange for the 6 churches in Group B (city centre); blue for the 3 churches in Group C (coastal zone); green for the 4 churches in Group D (outside the walls); pink for the 8 churches in Group E (upper city). 2. INSIDE THE EASTERN WALLS 2.1 The churches Group A of the present study includes 11 church- 2.1.1 Rotunda es in a narrow area just inside the eastern walls of The Rotunda was built shortly after 300. It is a the city. This area was hardly inhabited during an- massive circular building with an oculus at the apex tiquity. It was Caesar Galerius who expanded the of the dome, like the Pantheon in Rome. It was re- Roman Thessaloniki in this area, building the Ro- purposed as a Christian church with the addition of tunda, his Triumphal Arch, his Palace and the Hip- an apse to the east and a new entrance to the west podrome. This area had a predominantly christian (the original entrance was from the south). The most population throughout the ottoman times, so it is no probable date for the conversion was during the surprising that so many churches survived. reign of Theodosius the Great (end of the 4th-c.). The church was originally sanctioned to the Archangels or Aghioi Asomatoi (celebrated 8 November). Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 15, No 3, (2015), pp. 213-224 216 T.G. DALLAS Table I. The Churches of Thessalonike Church Date Azimuth Declination Declination estimate Alignment (for horizon) (for walls) GROUP A: INSIDE THE EASTERN WALLS 1 Rotunda ~400 124° 06΄ ± 36’ -24° 06΄ ± 30’ -23.5° RG / WS 2 Panagouda 12th c. 126° 12΄ ± 24’ -24° 36΄ ± 30’ -24° RG 3 Nea Panaghia 12th c. 124° 12΄ ± 12’ -23° 51΄ ± 24’ -23° RG 4 Mikri Metamorfosi ~1340 123° 48΄ ± 42’ -23° 31΄ ± 24’ -23° RG 5 Aghios Panteleemon 1548 123° 42΄ ± 54’ -23° 31΄ ± 42’ -23.5° RG 6 Aghios Georgios 1815 124° 42΄ ± 54’ -24° 21΄ ± 42’ -23° RG 7 Aghios Ypatios 1818 118° 18΄ ± 54’ -19° 13΄ ± 48’ -15° 8 Panaghia Dexia 1956 90° 24΄ ± 30’ +2° 18΄ ± 24’ ME 9 Hypapanti 1841 126° 18΄ ± 24’ -25° 12΄ ± 24’ -25° RG 10 Aghios Antonios 18th c. 125° 36΄ ± 48’ -24° 21΄ ± 42’ RG 11 Aghios Konstantinos 1972 125° 26΄ ± 06’ -24° 43΄ ± 42’ -1° RG GROUP B: CITY CENTRE 1 Aghia Sophia 5th c. 122° 00΄ ± 24’ -22° 30΄ ± 30’ RG 2 Aghios Demetrios 5th c. 122° 06΄ ± 18’ -22° 30΄ ± 24’ RG 3 Acheiropoietos 5th c.
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