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THE ORIENTATION OF SCOTTISH CHURCHES. 1691

III. THE ORIENTATION OF SCOTTISH CHURCHES, ILLUSTRATED BY AN ANALYSIS OP SOME EXAMPLES IN AND .. EELES C B . yF , F.R.HisT.S., F.S.A. SCOT. orientatioe Th f ancieno n t churche featura s i s constano es sod -an t familiar that it appears to have escaped investigation in Scotland. A certain amount of attention has been given to it further south, but with no very definite result, except to emphasise the almost universal adoptio e practiceth f o n . With notable exceptions, chiefl Italyn i y , all Christians observe t Reformatiodowde i th o nt n period. Since that time, especiall recenn yi t days e morth , e extreme Protestant then o s - one hand Romad an , n Catholic othere th n ,o st aside i hav t ese , while Anglican and Oriental Christians have continued to maintain it. Orientation include e congregationth s t leas a e officiatinr th o t, g clergy, facing east during prayer e buildinth , f churchege o th d an s placin accorto altargof as d sso wit h this principle buriathe of l and , the dead with the feet towards the east. The principle appears to- belong to natural religion, and not to be peculiar to Christianity. It would seem, however, that the Jews prayed facing west, both in the Temple and in the synagogues. Maimonides, tracing this to Abra- ham praying upon Mount Moriah, considers that it was done in opposi- tion to Gentile practice.1 , c. A.D. 205, tells us that the heathen suspecte Christiane dth beinf o s g sun-worshippers, " because they were well known to turn to the east in prayer." St Clement of Alexandria say pagaf o s n temple mose s: " Th t ancient temples looked towards the west (i.e. had their entrance towards the west), that those who stood with their face towards the image might be taught to turn towards the east." 2 There is good evidence of Christians having 1 On Prayer, xi. 1, 2. Cf. orientation in sun-worship referred to in Ezekiel viii. 16. 2 Strom.. 43 § vii , 7 . 0 17 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH P O S , JANUAR , 191412 Y .

faced eastward in prayer from very early days. When the world-wide religio Christianitf no y too locaplace e nationakd th th f lan eo l Judaism, the general instinct of turning to the place of sunrise seems to have been accepted without question. Religio e breakinth s ni g fortf o h light in darkness, the sunrise upon human life. Even the Jewish prophet looked deliverea sha r dfo r that should come forth liksune eth , as Malachi said : " Unto you that fear my name shall the sun of right- eousness arise with healing in his wings." 1 St Clement of Alexandria lighe th s t a birthf r o y Fo .write da image e ease th th s: "s f i Th teo which there first f darknesshono t ou e s waxes brighter , like so ,th e knowledge th f o y trutf da sune o dawne s e hth ,ha thosn do e immersed in darkness. e earliesTh " 2 t Christians believe e immediatth n i d e r Lorreturou df no Jesu s Chris t Epistl 1s reig o t e t gloryth n eni n I . Thessalonianse th o t , written probabl t Pau S A.D n y, i l 65 .bear s witness thiso t , when referencn ,i Secone th o et d Advent saye whice h , s": W h aliv e remaid ar ean n unt comine Lore oth th df g o Thess1 " ( . 15)iv . . It was believed that our Lord would come with the clouds of heaven and appear in the east, as the morning star, the sun of righteousness, the light of the world, the dayspring from on high. Later, when Christians had left off expecting the immediate return e Masteroth f , they still testifie theio dt r secon s beliehi n i fd comingn i , whatever way and in whatever time, by turning to the east.3 Had himsele h t no f likene s comindhi lightnino gt easte th ,n gi sayin g: " As the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be " (St Matt. xxiv. 27). Here we have a definite mention of the east in connection with e Seconth d Advent, albeit onlsimilea n yi . line Thithoughf th e o s si t followe t JohS y ndb Damasceny b d e 4an Cassiodorus,5 who say that as Christ faced west when on the cross, we i. Mal2 . iv . 2 Strom.. 43 § vii , 7 . 3 St Hilary, on Ps. 67. orthodoxae *D chaptea , 13 fide, . r iv " concerning worshippin east.e th o g"t . 67 . Ps d 5A THE ORIENTATIO F SCOTTISNO H1 CHURCHES17 .

face east in prayer; that as lie appeared in the east and then ascended into heaven, so he will reappear in the east, like the lightning in the text quoted above. St Cyri Jerusalef o l otherd m an l s explain tha catechumee th t t na baptism turned fro e west mplacth e th , darknessf eo easte e th th ,o t , place of light and the site of Paradise, which is reopened to him by that sacrament. Some early writers explain that in praying towards the east the soul is seekinhomd ol Paradisen es i git whico t , t hhopei restoree b o st d in Christ.2 t AugustinS earln a s yei witnes prevalence th o st turninf eo g east- wards in prayer in Western Christendom. laten I r times, whe e mediaevanth l arrangemen e largth f eo t choirs had developed and most members of them faced north and south ordinarily during services e rubricth , s prescribed that thos suchn ei , positions should turn eastwards, or rather towards the , at certain parts of the service, e.g. the Gloria Patri after the psalms. But whatever be the explanation of its adoption, the antiquity and the universality of the practice remain. As regards the actual building, the Apostolic Constitutions direct as follows : " And first let house th oblonge eb , turned toward east.same e sth Th e" document also directs the congregation to " rise up with one consent, and looking easte th eastwards.d ,o t praGo o yt rule borns e"i Th 3 e witneso st by Socrates the historian, when he says of the church at Antioch that positios it d ha n "t i inverte altas it r r fo look d; towardt sno easte sth , but towards the west." 4 The most striking of the earlier exceptions occur in Italy, especially

1 Cateoh., xix. 9 ; St Jerome, In Amos, vi. 14; St Ambrose, De initial., 2 ; Lactantius, ii. 10 ; Pseudo-Justin, Quest, ad Orthodox., 118. t Basil2S Spiritue D , Sancto,; Apostoli 7 2 . c c Constitutions vii§ . . ii ,; cap 7 5 . t GregS . Nyss., e Homil.Orationed . V Dominica; t S Joh n Chrygostomd a , Danidem, vi. 10; Gregentius, Disputat. cum Herb. Jud., p. 217. 3 ii. vii. § also ,e DidascaliS ,th o cap. 57 . a d Edessen(Funk8 ff.an )15 . i , e Canons, i. Hisl. Eccl, v. 22. 4 2 17 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , JANUAR , 1914Y12 .

in , thoug t PaulinuhS s speak orientatiof so "s na more m usita- tiorem " as contrasted with the basilica of St Felix at Nola. In Rome there were pagan basilicas adapted for Christian worship; churches sidee buil e th streetf b s o y t righb o ta t r sd o t angleha themo st d an ; in certain cases the situation of the building was determined by the desir placo et altae eth r immediately ove martyr'a r s grave. Nearly every poincompase th f to representes si Rome n Ravenndn i i t bu , d aan in places subjec Byzantino t e influence orientatio rule.e th s n1i t musi t notee b t Bu d e thath wese d t th wher en tt a altae s eth wa r principl f orientatioo e s maintainenwa anothen i d r waye ,th vizy b . celebran ministers hi d an t s standing behin altae facind dth an r g east, even whe congregatioe nth n perforce faced west.2 Thu e apparensth t exception vere sar y much diminishe numbern di laten I . r timee sth practic sacrethe of ed ministers facin congregatiothe g n acrosthe s altar went very much out of use, though it is not obsolete even at the present day. Hence many of the apparent exceptions to orientation became true exception coursn si timef eo thao s , tprinciple lateth n ro e of orientation became practically a dead letter in Rome. This prob- ably furnishe e reasoth s n why, wit e spreahth f Romao d n liturgical custom e Continenth n so t afte e Councith r Trentf o l , neglec f orieno t - tation spread over the churches of the Roman obedience. All over, the rest of Christendom, whether East or West, North or South, orientation was the rule, and nowhere more than in these islands. The Celtic Church seems to have been specially rigid in this matter. Churches were built east and west, the altar being at the east end clerge th ,d peoplyan chancen i e d nav . an lfronn it ei Thi f o t s was als case oth e with side chapelslessee th d r altaran , s which multi-

plied so greatly in the large town churches in the later Middle Ages. A1 n analysis of orientations in Rome is given in Sketches of Continental Ecdesiology, or Church Notes in Bdgium, Germany, and Italy, by Benjamin Webb, London, 1848, pp, 480-486. See also Christian Art and Archaeology, by Walter Lowrie Yorkw ,Ne , 1901 . 176-178pp , . Goare Se , Euchologion sive Bituale Ortxcorum, Paris,. 164729 . p , 2 THE ORIENTATIO F SCOTTISO N H3 CHURCHES17 .

In churches of the Roman obedience at the present day, the lesser altar placee sar d walld agains en transeptsf o se th t e sidth , e wallf o s navee westh e ever th o , t na end aislesf so , without regar orientao dt - tion ; but in pre-Eef ormation times such were almost invariably orientated.1 When there were more of them than could be set against the east ends of aisles, against the east walls of transepts, or on either side of the door through the rood screen between the nave and the chancel, they were placed in side chapels enclosed by screens and built against the screens on the eastern sides of such chapels. Thus, the aisle churca f so h lik t Giles'eS , Edinburgh t Nicholas'S r o , , . were divided into chapel transversy b s e screen t intervalsa s d An . in the small transeptal chapels so numerous in Scotland, the altar stood agains ease t beneatth t tno wal d windoe endhan e lth th .t wa The Reformatio t littlbu ed orientatioe effecnth ha n o t churchef no s churchyardsd an Englann I absoluteld . ha t di y none therd e an , eth old principles have been strictly carried out down to the present day. Only in the case of certain town sites where orientation becomes practically side e impossiblon . n t o beei Thi t s nse seha occasionally happene mediaevan di e Greyfriars e casth l th f times eo n i s a , ' Church t Aberdeena , whic requiremente hth site th e f seeso mhavo t e causeo dt be placed north-west and south-east, the altar being at the latter end. Scotlandn I , even durin seventeente gth h century, churches continued to be built with their long axes east and west, and burials were invari- abl onls y easwestywa d whet I churchetan w . nne s bega buile b to nt on new sites during the latter part of the eighteenth century that the

1 Therhavy ma e beeexceptiono tw n t King'a s s College Chapel, Aberdeen, where it is possible that the altar of the Venerable Sacrament stood against the north wall of the choir, east of the stalls, and the altar of St Katharine against the south wall. This position is assumed for these altars by Dr Norman Macpherson in his interesting and careful account of the Chapel, Notes on the Chapel, Crown and other Ancient Buildings of King's College, Aberdeen, Aberdeen, 1890. But it ma e thayb t these altars were agains wese th t t side f smalo s l screen t righa s t angles to the north and south walls. 4 17 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH P O S , JANUAR , 191412 Y .

old custom can be said to have died out, and then only gradually. Whe e changnth e took plac internan ei l arrangemen difficuls i t i t o t t say. Certainly, by the end of the eighteenth century, nearly every parish church had the pulpit in the middle of the south side, and the seats grouped roun . dit smallee Som th f eo r churche pulpie th d tsha easprobable s i th t t i t enda d durins ean , tha seventeentwa e t gth i t h century thachange th t seatinn i e g gradually madee camb t I o et . influence woulth interestine o t db f e o e du thir s fa knoo g swa t w who the English " sectaries " in the middle of the seventeenth century. Of cours communioe eth n table beed sha n placed lengthwise dowe nth middl f eaceo h church most likely sinc e Reformationeth , thougn ha instance is said to have survived in a parish church until the nineteenth century, where the table was at the east end. ancienn I t time belfre nearls sth wa y y alwaywese th tt a send d an , this was the position it continued to occupy in the great majority of rebuilt churches till after the first quarter of the nineteenth century. Scottise th n I h Episcopal Church orientatio impossibls nwa e under the Penal Laws in the eighteenth century, but the growth of liturgical studies among Scottish Episcopalians durin same gth e period resulted in the gradual revival of the practice after the repeal of the Penal Law 1792n si . Orientatio burian i s beeha l n strictly observe case nearlf th eo n di y all Christians. Even when that somewhat strange practice arose in the Frankish dominion eighte th nint d n si han h centurie "f s o translat - ing " the bodies of saints and placing them in richly decorated shrines in the apses of churches, immediately behind the high altar, orientation was strictl yshrine adhereset.us Th wa e . pdto easwestd an t , with its west end and not its side immediately behind the altar. An idea is widely prevalent that the clergy used to be buried the reverse way from lay folk, that is to say, with the feet to the west instead of to the east. This is not the case. No single example of this custo f earliemo r date tha e sixteentnth h t centurbeeye ns yha THE ORIENTATION OF SCOTTISH CHURCHES. 175

produced instanco N . f suceo practicha s eveeha r been forthcoming e notioiEaste nti Th e s origiit .th n s n thani ha t existei td ol f o d practice of the Roman Church during the last three centuries, which has been to bury and priests, but not deacons, with their e westth fee o .t t John Burchar f Strasburg o ds Maste wa f o o r wh , Ceremonies to Alexander VI. in the days when the pagan renaissance was at its height, tells us in his diary how he introduced the custom in imitation of that of the pagans of old. For some reason or other it was only adopted in the case of certain of the clergy, viz. priests and bishops. It does not appear in any official Roman service book until the reformed Rituale Romanum of 1614, and the custom is said not universae b o t churchen li Romae th f so n obedience even now.1 There appeahandfua e b caseo f rt o l whicn si h this practic bees eha n adopted in the English Church, in the American Episcopal Church, and also by Scottish Episcopalians, under the mistaken belief that it is ancient I kno casa d f Englann wei o an ; d wher fifteenth-centurea y bras clergymaa f so parise th raises f no hwa d from wherlaid nha t ei for four hundred years and replaced in the opposite position, from same th e wan knowledgef o t . n ScotlandI , orientatio burian ni s beeha l n preserved right down presene th o t onlts i day t yI withi. lase nth t few years thafinde ton s t neglectei e neweth n di r cemeterie mann i d ymeano an sn (bu y b st all) recent additions to parish churchyards. have w er S ofa onl y spoke f orientationo n generalni . Whee nw com analyso et e orientatioeth f particulano r churches fine w ,d that there is considerable variation. While we can truthfully say that orientation was the rule, and that it was intended in each case, we

There is no trace of it in the very full Instructions of St Charles Borromeo, 1 e thirissueth dy b dProvincia l Councie well-knowth n f i Milao lt 1573ye n ni n r no , Ceremoniale Parisiense, f 1703o whicn i , h Cardina Noaillese D l , Archbisho Parisf po , gathered up all the ceremonial uses of that metropolitan church. Its first appearance servicy ian n e booabortive th kn i seeme eb editio o st Ritualee th f no Romanum,f o 1588, sai havo dt e been publishe Cardinay db l Sanctoriu afterwardd san s suppressed 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 12, 1914.

find that it varies from east-north-east to east-south-east; and we whyk whatd as an , anythinf i , g more than mere chance, determinee dth particular inclination in each case. This is a matter about which there has been a good deal of theorising in England. Some, for example, have sought to prove that churches were orientated according e sunrise festivae patroth th th n o f t o eo nl saint. This beeha s n vehemently denied d witan ,h e writer'gooth t d no s reasons i t I . intentio advancno t theory—ay ean t present events—bul al t a , t merely givo t exace eth t orientatio groua f no churches f po poino t t d ou t an , factw fe s a which emerge fro mstuda themf yo . earle plane th th f yn so I island churche. S . s T drawlate r th e M y nb Muir 1 and the late Sir Henry Dryden,2 arrows are given to show the points of the compass. These are hardly likely to be placed with such minute accuracy tha t i woult safe b dattempo t e calculato t t e th e exact degre f orientatioeo n from them t thebu , y affor rouga d h guide to the amount of inclination north or south. An analysis of them give followine sth g result :— E EASTDD . Kilmory, Duirinish ...... M 2693 St Columba, Balivanich, Benbecula . . D 88 Lybster, ...... M 108 Egilshay, ...... M 115 NORTH OP EAST. t OlaveS , Kirkwall0 11 D , slightly ...... St Carmaig, Eilean Mor ...... M 201 Wyre, Orkney ...... D 114 1 Ecclesiological Notes somen o Islandse oth f of Scotland, Edin., 1885. Ecclesiasticale Th 2 Architecture of Scotland, Macgibbo d Bossan n , Edin., 1896, vol. i. thin 3I s table, M=Muir's Ecclesiological Notes, . SiDryden'= rH D s plan voln si . .i •of Macgibbon and Ross's Ecclesiastical Architecture. The numbers refer to the pages in these books. THE ORIENTATION OF SCOTTISH CHUECHES. 177

Brough of Deerness ...... D 103 6 10 D t TredwellS . , Pap. a . Westra . y Ness, North Yell ...... D 152 Inchkenneth6 16 D . , Mull . , North-East. . Teampull Rona, Rona, nearly North-East. . . M 92 Cullingsburgh4 , 13 more M than. North-East. .

SOUT F EASTHO . 8 23 M Cruggleton . . ,. Wigtownshir . . e t NinianS , Sand7 26 a M ... . . 2 23 M . . . „ „. . Whithor . n Teampull Sula Sgeir, slightly . . . M 97 2 12 LintonD . , Shapinshay . . ,. slightly . Brough of Eirsay . . . . . ' . D 136 Teampull Borrapidh, Lewis . . . . . M 43 Teampull Beannachadh, Lewis, nearly South-East3 4 M . Teampull-na-Triannaide, North Uist, nearly South- 7 27 , 48 M ...... East .

e Isl th f Uyeae o n I , off Unst Shetlandn i , remarkabla s i , e casf eo n earla y churc a e nav hd th witf ean chancee o wese hth d th en tt a l doorway in the east wall. The actual position of the axis of the church is west-south-west and east-north-east. The case forms a noteworthy exception. The groups of small chapels at Howmore, South Uist, and at Kilbar, 72), Ban70 , varD a( y among themselves formee ,th r grou l inclininpal g to the north, though in different degrees, the latter both to north and south. Here the variants north and south are about equally divided, and each grou mors pi e than double thos example e easte eTh du tha . e tar s widespreao to d an w deductionadmiy o dt fe an ar o f eo tto s being made noticy froma m e e themw tha t t bu ;the y include undoubted Celtic 2 1 VOL. XLVIII. 178 PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 12, 1914.

churches at both extremes and also due east, and churches probably of Scandinavian foundation of similar inclination. Aberdeenshire Wth o et turw nno Banffshird ean e lists, from which we get little if any more light, in spite of the greater number of churches e morth ed limitean d area. e resulte examinatioth Th - f o s e th f o n orientatio f oveno r sixt f theyo e givemar n below. They havt no e been speciay chosean r nfo l fulle reasonar y t representativbu , l al f eo part thaf so t districtlist e patroname e th ,th th n f I eo n . saint where known countye th th , d ean , have been adde eacn di h case. In Scotland it is much more difficult to obtain orientations accurately than in England, as so many of the ancient churches have been destroyed or rebuilt, and by no means always on the old foundations. n somI e cases coursef o , have w e whol, eth e mediaeva r parth eo f o t l church. These have been indicate asterisn a y db k other(•*)n I . e sth existing remain f indeterminato e ar s e cas th f certaidat o en (i e n grass-grown foundations) or of the seventeenth century. In these cases, which probably represent the position of the mediaeval church, obelun a sbees (fha ) n used. Wher churce eth bees hha n rebuila t a t later time, the only guides are the oldest stones and the walls of burial enclosures y easil ma e imagined b ys A .o mean n ,y b sthes e ar e infallible, though they often give a good general idea. In many and many an old churchyard the more ancient grave-stones are placed with surprising regularity, whil othern i e s they have evidently been dis- turbed to such an extent that nothing can be safely deduced from their position. In cases where a definite group of old stones has been followed lettee th , r "prefixe s "i s orientatione th o t d wherd an , e the orientatio onls ni y approximate lettee th , r " othen c.I " r cases it may be taken for granted that the present church, most .of the stones, includin e oldestgth , with perhap buriaa s l enclosure l haval , e the same orientation. In a few cases, e.g. Philorth, , , Meldrum, there was nothing sufficiently definite to justify inclusion in the list. In each case the figures are, of course, approximate. THE OBIENTATIO F SCOTTISNO H9 CHURCHES17 .

When we come to analyse the list, we are struck by the fact that ou sixty-twf o t o churche sited san e s onldu e yb saie b eigho dt n ca t remainine th eastf O . geaste fivvase du eth ,t twhic no majorit e har y inclinnorthe th o et , viz. thirty-eight againss a , t sixteen which incline to the south. Only three incline as far as 20° to the south, whereas fiftee ne north r e th inclinmorextremo Th o ° t e. 20 e e inclination southwards is 20°; the extreme to the north is as much as 35°. It is noteworthy that, out of nine which are almost exactly 20° north, five e mediaevaar l churches, viz. Gamrie, Fordyce, Mortlach, Auchindoir, d Kincardinan e l churcheO'Neilal d f an importance,o s . Magnetic abouw nortwes° no tru f 20 ts ho ti e t northmighi d an ,t therefore b e suggested at first sight that in these cases the compass may have determined the orientation. But it could not be suggested that the older churches were all 20° north of east, as the two most extreme e listcaseth , n Aberdouo s ° north 35 rd Kin an , g Edwar south° d20 , are both mediaeval churches. It must also be noted that the choir of Elgin Cathedra s onli l ° norty5 f easththad o e navan ,th t s nearlei y due east, whil e greath e t mediaeval parish churc t NicholasS f o h , Aberdeen, is due east. t thiBu s doe t takno s e into accoun e periodith t c variatioe th f o n magnetic pole t changeI . positios sit n fro27° m' 24 maximu m varia- tion west to 24° 30' maximum variation east over a cycle of 320 years. Thus A.Dn i , . 181 e maximu7th m variation eass reachedwa t , while in 1497 the magnetic pole was at the other extreme, magnetic north and true north coinciding in 1657. Again, in A.D. 1017 magnetic nort trud han e north would have bee same 117n th i e; 7 there would have been the greatest variation east. Presuming that the compass was know d use ny an 1497 b d mighe ,w t expec o fint t d churchef o s about that period inclining very much to the north of east ; if the compass were known and used in the thirteenth century, which is hardly possible in the West, churches of that date would incline a good deal to the south. But this theory is not supported by the 0 18 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , JANUAR , 191412 Y 1

facts, even if we could believe that the compass was known and used her lono es g ago. If we examine the churches on the list to see if their orientations tell in favour of the theory of determination by sunrise on the festival patroe oth f n saint fine w ,devidence thath l al t strongls ei y opposeo dt any such conclusion. Thus, to take a few cases where several churches are dedicated to the same saint:—

St Andrew, St Moluoc, 30th November. 25th June. Alford . . E f o 25 . °N Mortlac . ofEhN ° . 20 . Tyrie 25° N. of E. 20° N. of E. Rhynie . 5° to 15° N. of E. 10° N. of E. Clatt . . <5° N. of E. Rayne E. Tarland . 5° S. of E. Logic . 20° S. of E.

St Drostan. Decemberh 4t . . E f o . N ° 35 Aberdou . . r . E f o . S ° 10 . .

Then we note that, whereas the festivals of SS. Andrew, Drostan, Nathalan, Kentigern, Devenick, and Bridget all fall in winter, there are churches with these dedications which are orientated east or north o fn som i east d e an , cases ver r nortyfa f easto h . Whil s noi t ti e possible to prove a negative in all cases, of course, we may safely say that we find nothing here to warrant the holding of the saint's day sunrise theory. charactee Th e dedicatioth f o r n tell nothings su have w er Celtifo , c saint s wel a ss thos a l universaf eo l veneratio t botna h extremed san also in the middle. Now, does the date of the actual buildings supply mystere y cluth an o et varief yo d orientatio n? Mortlach, Monymusk,. THE. ORIENTATION OF SCOTTISH CHURCHES. 181

and Birnie are early churches ; the first two are 20° and 10° north, e thirth dd 5an ° sout f easto h . Auchindoi d Deskforan f ro e ar d the sixteenth century ; the former is inclined 20° north, and the latter 10° south of east. And the locality does not help us. King Edward (20° south d Gamrian ) e (20° north e adjacenar ) t parishes; Insce ar o hs (10° south Leslid an ) e (10° north). objectee b y ma d t thaI resulo beetn s tha n reache thiy db s collecting d analysinan a grou f o f gorientationo p t i f churches o s i t Bu . certain that there wil ly ligh nevean t e throwh e rquestio th n o n n when a great many more are tabulated ? Perhaps. At any rate no result can possibly be obtained unless the data be accessible. A beginnin meano n g y musb s mades e certaii b t t I . n that there would be no result if we had the necessary information for the whole of Scotland.

LIST 01 CHURCHES WITH DEDICATIO ORIENTATIOND NAN . ABBREVIATIONS. A Aberdeenshire. a Dioces f Aberdeen,eo BanffshireB . m „ Moray. M Morayshire. * Mediaeval building, in whole or AB Formerl Aberdeenshiren yi n i w no , part. Banffshire. f Probabl mediaevayon l foundations. BA Formerl n i Banffshirey n i w no , c. circa, Aberdeenshire. a Older stones.

Church. Local- ity. Dedication. Orientation. Remarks.

Aberdour Aa St Drostan . E N° f o . 35 * Some old stones 25° N. Botriphnie Bm St Fumac tso Old fragmend an t old stones. Boharra . Bm (17th century) ' 30 Premnay A a t CaraS n 0 3 s , Older stones very regular. Cluny A a St Constantine 1 ? s 30 Also burial en- closures. Alford . Aa St Andrew s25 Tyrie Aa St Andrew c 25 ., 182 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH P O S , JANUAR , 191412 Y .

LIS CHUKOHBF TO S WITH DEDICATIO ORIENTATION—D NAN continued.

Local- Dedication; Church. ity. Orientation. Remarks.

Glenmuick Aa StMary f Eo 20. . °N Some stones about 25° N. Gamrie . Ba St John *20 Fordyce . Ba St Talarican . *20 Mortlach . . Ba t MoluoS c *20 Gartly BAm St Andrew s20 Older stones very regular. Aa t ReguluS s t20 Auchindoir 1 A a St Mary *20 Glenbuchat Aa St Peter 20 Kincardine O'Neil A a St Earchard *20 . Aa t AdamnaS n t c. 17 . BAa ? t c. 15-20 „ Chapel in de- tached part of St Fergus Parish. Rathen . Aa St Ethernan *15 Essil M m St Peter s c. 15 Rothiemay Bm St Drostan slO . Aa St Margaret o0 f1 . c s Scotland Culsalmond . A a t MarS ? y? 10 Leslie A a St Ninian 10 . Aa Nathalat S n *10 2 . Aa St Bridget *<10 Alvah . Ba t ColmaS n? <10 Monymusk Aa St Andrew * 10 Rhynie . A m St Moluoc s 5-15 „ Cabrach . ABa St Mary 5-10 „ Present oh., 1786, due E. A a St Michael 10 Spynie . Mm Holy Trinity 5-10 „ Elgin M m Holy Trinity * c. 5 Nave nearly due E. Banff . Ba St Mary * 5 Slains Aa St Ternan t 5 „ Towie Aa 5 ? Older stone— 5° s 15° N. Clatt A a St Moluoc *<5 Rathven Ba St Peter t<5 „. Glengairn Aa t KentigerS n fE.

J ( grouA stonef po S.En si . corne f churchyarro d abou. E N ° f o .60 t 2 Xildrammy Churc s situatehi d upo churchyarne hillocka th d an , roughls di y ora shapen i l : some of the graves in the S.E. part are deflected to the S., and a few are almost due N. and S. THE ORIENTATION OF SCOTTISH CHURCHES. 183

LIS P CHURCHETO S WITH DEDICATIO ORIENTATION—D NAN continued.

Church. Local.. - Dedication-nv T .- . Orientation. Remarks.

Aberdeen A a St Nicholas *E. Rayne . A a St Andrew t» . Freefield aisle!754 . E f o . N (?° 5 ) Cruden . t OlavS Aea Some old stones . slightlE f o . yN A a St Devenick * . A a (17th century) » A late burial en- f o closur . S ° e5 E. 2 Monquhitter A a (17th century) » t mosBu t older stones 20° N. of E. Kearn . Aa ? Older stoned an s burial enclosure. . t EnglaciuS Aa s t<5°S.o£E. Birnie . t BrendaS Mm n 5 * Tarland . t MoluoS Aa c 5 (or less) A a St Adamnan s 5" S. of E. Coldstone A a St John ? ? S Dunbennan t BeaS ? n? m A 5-10 ,. Some stone° 20 s S. of E. Grange . t MarS ym B sc. 7 „ Insch A a St Drostan , , 1 10 Deskford t JohS n Ba *10 Marnoch B m St Marnan slO Ellon . t MarS Aya . A a (17th century) c. 10 . A a St Diaconanus tio „ Ordiquhill a . B a St Mary s20 Logie Buchan t .AndreS Aa w 20 King Edward t Pete.S Ara *20

1 Erected out of a chapelry in 1602. 2 „ „ ,, 1(i*9- a Seventeenth-century burial enclosur presend ean cbapelrA t churc. E oldf ye o .hdu