Il Quaternario Italian Journal of Quaternary Sciences 23(2Bis), 2010 - Volume Speciale - 283-298 LANDSCAPE INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEDIEVAL CITY-STATE OF SIENA, ITALY Armando Costantini1 & I. Peter Martini2 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Siena, Italy 2School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada Corresponding author: I.P. Martini <
[email protected]> ABSTRACT: Costantini A. & Martini I.P., Landscape influence on the development of the medieval city-state of Siena, Italy. (IT ISSN 0394-3356, 2010) This paper examines how the landscape has influenced the development of the medieval–early Renaissance city-state of Siena, Italy. Siena is a hill-top town with a historic ~2 km2 wide core surrounded by ancient city walls. It still preserves the medieval urban plan and Gothic architecture, and its inhabitants keep ancient traditions alive. It is built on Pliocene, loosely cemented, calcareous, marine, porous sandstone that overlies impermeable marine calcareous silty clay. The town is limited on three sides by steep slopes indented by secondary deep, narrow, small valleys. The forth side to the north is a gently sloping terrain along the hilltop leading to distant high- lands. This geomorphologic setting had been beneficial to the development of the town during mediaeval times because readily defendable and, being far from wet, unhealthy, malaria-infested lowlands, it was crossed by a major medieval pilgrimage route (Via Francigena) to Rome. However the hilltop location presented difficulties such as scarce availability of water and limited space to expand. Siena tried valiantly to adapt to the demand of expanding population and international markets.