DOCSLIB.ORG

The Illegal Fishing and Organized Crime Nexus: Illegal Fishing As Transnational Organized Crime

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Illegal Fishing and Organized Crime Nexus: Illegal Fishing As Transnational Organized Crime THE ILLEGAL FISHING AND ORGANIZED CRIME NEXUS: ILLEGAL FISHING AS TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME Lead Author: Dr. Teale N. Phelps Bondaroff | April 2015 Lead Author: Dr. Teale N. Phelps Bondaroff Co-authors: Wietse van der Werf Tuesday Reitano © 2015 Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and The Black Fish. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing. Please direct inquiries to The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime at: The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime The Black Fish WMO Building, 2nd floor Postbus 3329 7bis, Avenue de la Paix 1001 AC P.O. Box 1295 Amsterdam CH-1211 Geneva 1 The Netherlands Switzerland www.globalinitiative.net www.theblackfish.org This publication can be downloaded at no cost at: http://www.globalinitiative.net/knowledge-bank/publications/ Suggested Citation: Phelps Bondaroff, Teale N., Reitano, Tuesday and van der Werf, Wietse (2015). “The Illegal Fishing and Organized Crime Nexus: Illegal Fishing as Transnational Organized Crime.” The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and The Black Fish. Designed by Moo Graphic Design | www.moographicdesign.com Contents List of Acronyms 5 Executive Summary 6 Introduction 8 Methodology 10 Part I Introduction to IUU Fishing 11 IUU Fishing Defined 12 The Scale of IUU Fishing 14 The Harms of IUU Fishing 15 IUU Fishing Destroys Marine Ecosystems 16 Case Study: Failed IPO Reveals Widespread Fisheries Fraud in China 18 IUU Fishing Threatens Food Security 19 IUU Fishing Harms Legitimate Fishers 19 IUU Fishing Damages the Economy and States 20 Economic Costs of IUU Fishing 20 Case Study: Piracy, IUU Fishing, and Safety at Sea 22 The Drivers of IUU Fishing 22 The Failure of Fines 23 Fish Laundering, Transshipment and Ports of Convenience 24 Poaching Threatens Highly Endangered Porpoise 25 Fishing Subsidies Fuelling Overcapacity and Driving Overfishing 26 Methods of IUU Fishing 26 IUU Fishing and Tax Evasion 28 Flags of Convenience/Non-Compliance 30 Organized Crime and Razor Clams 31 Case Study: Wide Scale Manipulation of AIS Tracking Data 32 Case Study: Transnational Smuggling of Missouri Caviar 34 Part II IUU Fishing as Organized Crime 36 Environmental Crime 37 Growing Recognition of Illegal Fishing as Organized Crime 38 INTERPOL Most Wanted List 39 Transnational Organized Crime Defined 40 IUU Fishing as Transnational Organized Crime 41 The Death of a Sea Turtle Activist 43 Case Study: Toothfish Poaching in the Southern Ocean 44 Profle: IUU Fishers of the Southern Ocean 47 Case Study: IUU Fishing in West Africa 48 Bribery, Corruption and IUU Fishing 50 IUU Fishing and Money Laundering 50 Case Study: Violence and Drugs in the South African Abalone Fishery 51 IUU Fishing and the Mafia 55 Journalist Beaten to Death after Investigating Illegal Fishing 55 Case Study: Violence, Abuse, and Labour Violations in the Fishing Industry 56 Case Study: Illegal Practices in the Bering Sea 60 Case Study: IUU Fishing/Illegal Drugs Nexus 62 Conclusions 63 Part III Policy Implications and Recommendations 65 Policy Implications 66 Recommendations 67 Effective Deterrents – Confiscating and Destroying Vessels 71 Innovative Monitoring Solutions: The Black Fish’s Citizen Inspector Network 75 Citations 78 List of Acronyms AIS - Automatic Identification System MPA - Marine protected area AP - Associated Press NEST - National Environmental Security Task Force CCAMLR - Commission for the Conservation of NGO - Non-governmental organization Antarctic Marine Living Resources NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric CITES - Convention on International Trade in Administration Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora OECD - Organization for Economic Co-operation and COLTO - Coalition of Legal Toothfish Operators Development DAFF - South African Department of Agriculture, RFMO - Regional fisheries management organization Forestry, and Fisheries SUA Convention - Convention for the Suppression ECCAS - Economic Community of Central African of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime States Navigation ECOWAS - Economic Community of West African TAC - Total allowable catches States UNCLOS - United National Convention on the Law of EEZ - Exclusive economic zone the Sea EJF - Environmental Justice Foundation UNFSA - United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement EU - European Union UNICPOLOS - United Nations Open-ended Informal FAO - United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea Organization UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime GDP - Gross domestic product UNTOC - United Nations Convention Against GGC - Gulf of Guinea Commission Transnational Organized Crime GPS - Global Positioning System USFWS - US Fish and Wildlife Service ICCAT - International Convention for Conservation of VAT - Value-added tax Atlantic Tunas VMS - Vessel Monitoring System IMO - International Maritime Organization WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature/World Wildlife INTERPOL - The International Criminal Police Fund Organization Yaoundé Code of Conduct - Code of Conduct IO - Inter-governmental organization Concerning the Repression of Piracy, Armed Robbery ILO – International Labour Office Against Ships, and Illicit Maritime Activity in West and IPO - Initial public stock offering Central Africa IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature IUU Fishing - Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing 5 THE ILLEGAL FISHING AND ORGANIZED CRIME NEXUS | April 2015 The Global Initiative Against Organized Crime and The Black Fish Executive Summary This report presents evidence that many types of fish in contravention to the law are engaging in a illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing highly organized criminal activity. The recognition constitute a form of transnational organized crime, of IUU fishing as a form of transnational organized and that treating IUU fishing as a form of organized crime, rather than a regulatory or compliance issue, crime is vital for effectively combating this destructive is an important step in effectively combating this practice. IUU fishing is currently a low-risk, high problem. In addition to this first step, this report return activity, driven by greed, weak governance, recommends additional actions to be taken, which poor monitoring and enforcement, overcapacity, include: overfishing, and diminishing fish stocks. Because it is largely treated as a regulatory matter, IUU fishing t Strengthening international regulations has been allowed to flourish. Perpetrators are levied regarding shipping and vessels. This includes minimal fines, if anything, and are permitted to measures such as increasing port state controls, continue their illicit and profitable activities. confronting the use of flags of convenience, combating fish and money laundering, and Far from constituting a harmless lack of compliance cooperation aimed at tackling tax evasion on the with regulations, IUU fishing destroys marine part of IUU fishers. ecosystems, threatens food security, harms legitimate fishers and damages the economy and t Creating domestic legislation designed to state governance. This report presents a wide range treat IUU fishing as a crime. Taking measure of case studies selected from across the globe, such as ending the reliance on self-regulation, to argue that IUU fishing is in fact a dangerous reporting and monitoring. and highly organized form of transnational crime, and one associated with other illegal, violent and t Dramatically increasing the punishments destructive practices. for IUU fishing, including not only levying fines sufficient to serve as a deterrent, but also IUU fishers launch multi-vessel fleets on lengthy confiscating the infrastructure involved in IUU voyages to all the corners of the globe. They employ fishing, vessel forfeiture, ending subsidies to illicit sophisticated and coordinated strategies to launder fisheries, and imposing criminal and professional money and fish, and evade taxes. Along the way they penalties on offenders. enable their activities through the violation of labour and environmental standards, corruption, bribery t Signifcantly enhance monitoring and violence. Case studies also reveal connections and enforcement. This entails increasing between IUU fishing and human trafficking and information sharing and cooperation between drug smuggling. enforcement actors at all levels. Involving civil society in monitoring and enforcement, and This report demonstrates how IUU fishing more than utilizing innovative solutions, both technical and meets the criteria used in defining transnational strategic. organized crime: those who actively set out to 66 THE ILLEGAL FISHING AND ORGANIZED CRIME NEXUS | April 2015 The Global Initiative Against Organized Crime and The Black Fish By reconceptualising IUU fshing as a form of transnational organized crime, we greatly enhance our ability to tackle this global threat. When the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) reports that more than 90% of fsheries are fully or over-exploited, the need to end the peril of the multi- billion dollar global IUU fshing industry with its annual illegal catches of millions of tonnes of marine species demands urgent action. 7 7 THE ILLEGAL FISHING AND ORGANIZED CRIME NEXUS | April 2015 The Global Initiative Against Organized Crime and The Black Fish Introduction Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing (IUU fishing) has long been considered a regulatory issue, a matter of different actors violating regulations, perhaps opportunistically
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Belford Neighborhood Revitalization Plan
    The Belford Neighborhood Revitalization Plan Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy Fall 2012 Members: Rich Bartholomew, Andrew Chew, Charlotte Colon-Alvarez, Greg Contente, Kevin Dillon, Jonathan Kristofich, Kayla Malsbury, Emily Manz, Marisa Rodriguez-McGill, & Jonathan Scharff 1 Table of Contents Mission Statement This plan, the Belford Neighborhood Revitalization Plan, was prepared as the final outcome of a graduate student studio class at The Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Executive Summary .............................................................4 Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. The studio met from September through December TheNeighborhood Belford Revitalization Plan of 2012 and was tasked by Middletown Township with developing a document that would refine, TheNeighborhood Belford Revitalization Plan Neighborhood Context .............................................................8 build upon, and put into action the Port of Belford Economic Feasibility Study and Conceptual Relation to Other Plans .............................................................38 Development Plan completed in 2009 by the Louis Berger Group for the Township of Middletown. During the formation of the Belford Neighborhood Revitalization plan, Hurricane Sandy struck New Research Process .............................................................45 Jersey. This event inflenced both the objectives and the strategies contained within the plan. Goals
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions of Patagonian Toothfish Fisheries With
    CCAMLR Science, Vol. 17 (2010): 179–195 INTERACTIONS OF PATAGONIAN TOOTHFISH FISHERIES WITH KILLER AND SPERM WHALES IN THE CROZET ISLANDS EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE: AN ASSESSMENT OF DEPREDATION LEVELS AND INSIGHTS ON POSSIBLE MITIGATION STRATEGIES P. Tixier1, N. Gasco2, G. Duhamel2, M. Viviant1, M. Authier1 and C. Guinet1 1 Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé CNRS, UPR 1934 Villiers-en-Bois, 79360 France Email – [email protected] 2 MNHN Paris, 75005 France Abstract Within the Crozet Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) longline fishery is exposed to high levels of depredation by killer (Orcinus orca) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). From 2003 to 2008, sperm whales alone, killer whales alone, and the two species co-occurring were observed on 32.6%, 18.6% and 23.4% respectively of the 4 289 hauled lines. It was estimated that a total of 571 tonnes (€4.8 million) of Patagonian toothfish were lost due to depredation by killer whales and both killer and sperm whales. Killer whales were found to be responsible for the largest part of this loss (>75%), while sperm whales had a lower impact (>25%). Photo-identification data revealed 35 killer whales belonging to four different pods were involved in 81.3% of the interactions. Significant variations of interaction rates with killer whales were detected between vessels suggesting the influence of operational factors on depredation. When killer whales were absent at the beginning of the line hauling process, short lines (<5 000 m) provided higher yield and were significantly less impacted by depredation than longer lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Habitat and Trophic Ecology of Antarctic
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NERC Open Research Archive 1 Distribution, habitat and trophic ecology of Antarctic 2 cephalopods: inferences from predators and stable isotopes 3 4 J. Seco1, J. Roberts2, F.Ceia1, A. Baeta1, J. A. Ramos1, V. Paiva1, J.C. Xavier1,2 5 6 1 Institute of Marine Research, Department of Life science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 7 [email protected] 8 9 2 Natural Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Greta Point, PO Box 10 14-901, Kirbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand 11 12 3 British Antarctic Survey, NERC; High Cross, Madingley Road, CB3 0ET, Cambridge, UK 13 14 15 Abstract: 16 Cephalopods play a key role in the marine environment but knowledge of their 17 feeding habits is limited by a lack of observations and this is particularly true for 18 Antarctic species. Toothfish species are key predators of cephalopods and may be 19 viewed as ideal biological samplers of these species. A total of 256 cephalopod lower 20 beaks were identified from the stomachs of Patagonian (Dissostichus eleginoides) and 21 Antarctic toothfish (D. mawsoni), captured in fisheries of South Georgia and the 22 South Sandwich Islands in the South Atlantic. Long-armed octopus squid 23 (Kondakovia longimana) and smooth-hooked squid (Moroteuthis knipovitchi) were 24 the main cephalopod prey and both were predated upon wherever toothfish were 25 captured, though inhabit deeper waters at the South Sandwich Islands than at South 26 Georgia. Measurements of δ 13C from beak material indicated a clear segregation of 27 habitat use comparing adult and sub-adult sized K.
    [Show full text]
  • Information on Fish and the Fishery Industry in Wartime
    ADVANCE RELEASE ---- A D VA N C 3 RELEASE OFFICE OF WAR INFORMATION Thie Report on UNm isTArnS FISHERmS Is ADvmcE REmsE: For FRIDAY A3TERNOONPapers, September 3, 1943. The attY&Xd Yxdease iS a COmpr8henSiVe mpOrt prepared by the Office of Mar lnfomkion and designed to meet the various need8 of editors, writere, commentators, broadcasters, progzwn planners, photogre- phers, and gthers concerned with presenting the news* It may be re- produced in its entirety, excerpted, oondensed or used a8 baCk@Qmd and reference naaterial. * X-19961 FACTS ABOUT FISH FISH PROTEINS ARE COMPIETE--a meal of fish con- tains all the @xedients necessaxy to build body tissues. You don't have to supplelnsnt a platter of fish with other tissue-building foods. Ocean-caught fish also bring you minerals fmmthe sea--copper, ixon, calcium, phosphoxous, andothexs. SSXBILLZON POUNDSof fish and shellfish will be needed this year to supply our men 3n uniform, OUT Allies, and ouxselvs. This is a billion pounds more than we pro- , duced in oux biggest pxe-war yeas. You can help. Save canned sawn, sardines, and mckexel for Army and Navy use by: Canning ox salt-9ng fish at home; Eating uufazniliax varieties which may be available in your paxt of the countxy. HAVE YOU TRIED squid tith tcmato sauce? Steamed mussels? Skate wJ.th mayonnaise? Shark steak? Carp, buxbot, sheepshead? How about canning surplus fish, Just as you can surplus vegetables from your victoxy men? HERE'S A LIST of government publications on the cooking and home cama of fish: 'Xome Pxesexvatfon of Fishery Products" by Eorma~n 6 D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unknown History of New York City's Chinatown: a Story of Crime During the Years of American Prohibition Kathryn Christense
    The Unknown History of New York City’s Chinatown: A Story of Crime During the Years of American Prohibition Kathryn Christensen: Undergraduate of History and Asian Studies at SUNY New Paltz Popular interpretations of immigrants in New York City during the era of Prohibition have looked at it through the lens of European immigrants. Groups such as the Italian Mafia, and Irish gangs in New York City are a well-rehearsed story within the history of Prohibition. However, Europeans were not the only immigrants that began to flood into the ports of New York City during the early 20th century. Within New York City’s Chinatown there was the emergence of a vast network of organized criminal activity, along with various raids revealing rice wine moonshine and other violations of the 18th amendment, just like their European counterparts. Though largely overlooked in the historiography, this paper argues that Chinatown,and the Chinese in New York City played an integral role in the Prohibition era United States. In order to understand the Chinese population that lived in the United States during the early 1900s, it is important to lay the framework for why they first came to the United States. Like many other immigrant groups that immigrated during this time, many Chinese came over to escape a difficult political and economic climate. In China, the Opium war left the Chinese defeated by the British Empire leaving its reputation as the protectorate and superpower of the East shattered. This was accompanied by famines and floods across the nation resulting in economic catastrophe which further resulted in civil war and several uprisings, most notably the Taiping Rebellion.1 The unstable environment in China caused several Chinese to flee the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Basics – Seafood Markets Where Are Fish Sold?
    Fishery Basics – Seafood Markets Where Are Fish Sold? Fisheries not only provide a vital source of food to the global population, but also contribute between $225-240 billion annually to the worldwide economy. Much of this economic stimulus comes from the sale and trade of fishery products. The sale of fishery products has evolved from being restricted to seaside towns into a worldwide market where buyers can choose from fish caught all over the globe. Like many other commodities, fisheries markets are fluctuating constantly. In recent decades, seafood imports into the United States have increased due to growing demands for cheap seafood products. This has increased the amount of fish supplied by foreign countries, expanded efforts in aquaculture, and increased the pursuit of previously untapped resources. In 2008, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) reported (pdf) that the U.S. imported close to 2.4 million t (5.3 billion lbs) of edible fishery products valued at $14.2 billion dollars. Finfish in all forms (fresh, frozen, and processed) accounted for 48% of the imports and shellfish accounted for an additional 36% of the imports. Overall, shrimp were the highest single-species import, accounting for 24% of the total fishery products imported into the United States. Tuna and Salmon were the highest imported finfish accounting for 18% and 10% of the total imports respectively. The majority of fishery products imported came from China, Thailand, Canada, Indonesia, Vietnam, Ecuador, and Chile. The U.S. exported close to 1.2 million t (2.6 billion lbs) valued at $3.99 billion in 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Stolen Seafood
    STOLEN SEAFOOD The Impact of Pirate Fishing on Our Oceans 2013 MARGOT L. STILES ARIEL KAGAN EmILY SHAFTEL Protecting the BETH LOWEll World’s Oceans A www.oceana.org Photo: Stock.Xchng Illegal fishing threatens the livelihoods of millions of people who rely on healthy fisheries. Photo: Stock.Xchng Acknowledgements CONTENTS Oceana would like to thank two anonymous 2 Introduction reviewers as well as the 3 following individuals for How Much Seafood is Stolen? their contributions to 6 Illegal Fishing Hurts People this report: Maria José Cornax, Dustin Cranor, 8 Illegal Fishing Hurts Vulnerable Species Michael Hirshfield and Elizabeth Pincumbe. 10 Illegal Fishing Hurts the Economy 12 The Profit Motive 16 The Shell Game 20 Stopping Stolen Seafood 23 References 1 www.oceana.org INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Pirate fishing may be understood best by standing on the beach and gazing out to sea. Almost all crime at sea takes place beyond the horizon line, hidden from view. This vast wilderness is exploited not only for fish, but as a hiding place for criminal activities. Stolen fish are caught illegally, evading a wide range of safeguards to undercut the costs of doing business. Blatant violation of catch limits, gear restrictions and safety precautions are frequently carried out by a small fraction of fishermen, undermining the efforts of responsible “Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing is a fishing companies. The resulting damage to marine resources can lead global phenomenon with devastating environmental to smaller catches, slowed recovery of and socio-economic consequences.” depleted stocks or even collapse for the Joint Statement between the European Commission and United States most vulnerable fisheries.1 Government, Maria Damanaki and Jane Lubchenco 2011 Pirate, or illegal, fishing is often lumped together with unregulated and unreported fishing under the abbreviation “IUU.” Unregulated fishing takes place in nations that lack the resources to establish fisheries laws or monitoring.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Exclusion and Tong Wars in Portland, Oregon
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2019 More Than Hatchetmen: Chinese Exclusion and Tong Wars in Portland, Oregon Brenda M. Horrocks Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Horrocks, Brenda M., "More Than Hatchetmen: Chinese Exclusion and Tong Wars in Portland, Oregon" (2019). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7671. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7671 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MORE THAN HATCHETMEN: CHINESE EXCLUSION AND TONG WARS IN PORTLAND, OREGON by Brenda M. Horrocks A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Colleen O’Neill, Ph.D. Angela Diaz, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Li Guo, Ph.D. Richard S. Inouye, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice Provost for Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2019 ii Copyright © Brenda Horrocks All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT More Than Hatchetmen: Chinese Exclusion and Tong Wars in Portland, Oregon by Brenda M. Horrocks, Master of Arts Utah State University, 2019 Major Professor: Dr. Colleen O’Neill Department: History During the middle to late nineteenth century, Chinese immigration hit record levels in the United States. This led to the growth of Chinatowns across the West Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Organized Crime in Latin America
    Department of Justice Weapons and money seized by U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Chinese Organized Crime in Latin America BY R. EVAN ELLis n June 2010, the sacking of Secretary of Justice Romeu Tuma Júnior for allegedly being an agent of the Chinese mafia rocked Brazilian politics.1 Three years earlier, in July 2007, the Ihead of the Colombian national police, General Oscar Naranjo, made the striking procla- mation that “the arrival of the Chinese and Russian mafias in Mexico and all of the countries in the Americas is more than just speculation.”2 Although, to date, the expansion of criminal ties between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Latin America has lagged behind the exponen- tial growth of trade and investment between the two regions, the incidents mentioned above high- light that criminal ties between the regions are becoming an increasingly problematic by-product of expanding China–Latin America interactions, with troubling implications for both regions. Although data to quantify the character and extent of such ties are lacking, public evidence suggests that criminal activity spanning the two regions is principally concentrated in four cur- rent domains and two potentially emerging areas. The four groupings of current criminal activ- ity between China and Latin America are extortion of Chinese communities in Latin America by groups with ties to China, trafficking in persons from China through Latin America into the United States or Canada, trafficking in narcotics and precursor chemicals, and trafficking in con- traband goods. The two emerging areas are arms trafficking and money laundering. It is important to note that this analysis neither implicates the Chinese government in such ties nor absolves it, although a consideration of incentives suggests that it is highly unlikely that the government would be involved in any systematic fashion.
    [Show full text]
  • Targeted Review of Biological and Ecological Information from Fisheries Research in the South East Marine Region
    TARGETED REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION FROM FISHERIES RESEARCH IN THE SOUTH EAST MARINE REGION FINAL REPORT B. D. Bruce, R. Bradford, R. Daley, M. Green and K. Phillips December 2002 Client: National Oceans Office Targeted review of biological and ecological information from fisheries research in the South East Marine Region Final Report B. D. Bruce, R. Bradford, R. Daley M. Green and K. Phillips* CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart * National Oceans Office December 2002 2 Table of Contents: Table of Contents:...................................................................................................................................3 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................5 Objective of review.............................................................................................................................5 Structure of review..............................................................................................................................5 Format.................................................................................................................................................6 General ecological/biological issues and uncertainties for the South East Marine Region ....................9 Specific fishery and key species accounts ............................................................................................10 South East Fishery (SEF) including the South East Trawl
    [Show full text]
  • High Seas Deep-Sea Fishing Grounds in the South East Atlantic Ocean 51
    50 Worldwide review of bottom fisheries in the high seas MAP 1 High seas deep-sea fishing grounds in the South East Atlantic Ocean 51 South East Atlantic Ocean FAO Statistical Area 47 (and a portion of 34) GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION Angola, Namibia and South Africa are the three countries bordering the South East Atlantic Region (FAO Statistical Area 47) along the African coast. This region extends from the Central Atlantic in the north at 6°S to the Southern Ocean in the south at 50°S. The western limit of the South East Atlantic is the 20°W meridian, which means that the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge is within the region, at around 15°W, and extends over the entire region from north to south. Other important bottom topographic features in this region are the Walvis Ridge and the Valdivia Bank, joining the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Tristan da Cunha on the northern part of the Namibian continental shelf at around 18°S, and in the southern part, the Meteor Rise and the Agulhas Ridge. These are the areas largely targeted in the deep-sea bottom fisheries in the region, together with associated or isolated seamounts areas such as Ewing and Molloy Seamounts, Vema Seamount and those in SEAFO Subdivision A1 (SEAFO, 2007a). It is important to note that in the South East Atlantic, the continental shelf along the coasts does not extend beyond the EEZs of the coastal states. MANAGEMENT REGIME APPLICABLE TO DEEP-SEA BOTTOM FISHERIES IN THE HIGH SEAS Regional Fisheries Management Organization/Arrangement The South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO) was established in 2003 with the entry into force of the Convention on the conservation and management of fisheries resources in the South East Atlantic Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • The Illegal Fishing and Organized Crime Nexus: Illegal Fishing As Transnational Organized Crime
    THE ILLEGAL FISHING AND ORGANIZED CRIME NEXUS: ILLEGAL FISHING AS TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME Lead Author: Dr. Teale N. Phelps Bondaroff | April 2015 Lead Author: Dr. Teale N. Phelps Bondaroff Co-authors: Wietse van der Werf Tuesday Reitano © 2015 Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and The Black Fish. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing. Please direct inquiries to The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime at: The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime The Black Fish WMO Building, 2nd floor Postbus 3329 7bis, Avenue de la Paix 1001 AC P.O. Box 1295 Amsterdam CH-1211 Geneva 1 The Netherlands Switzerland www.globalinitiative.net www.theblackfish.org This publication can be downloaded at no cost at: http://www.globalinitiative.net/knowledge-bank/publications/ Suggested Citation: Phelps Bondaroff, Teale N., Reitano, Tuesday and van der Werf, Wietse (2015). “The Illegal Fishing and Organized Crime Nexus: Illegal Fishing as Transnational Organized Crime.” The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and The Black Fish. Designed by Moo Graphic Design | www.moographicdesign.com Contents List of Acronyms 5 Executive Summary 6 Introduction 8 Methodology 10 Part I Introduction to IUU Fishing 11 IUU Fishing Defined 12 The Scale of IUU Fishing 14 The Harms of IUU Fishing 15 IUU Fishing Destroys Marine Ecosystems 16 Case Study: Failed IPO Reveals Widespread Fisheries Fraud in
    [Show full text]