Chinggis Khan: World Conqueror 2007
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Protagonist of Qubilai Khan's Unsuccessful
BUQA CHĪNGSĀNG: PROTAGONIST OF QUBILAI KHAN’S UNSUCCESSFUL COUP ATTEMPT AGAINST THE HÜLEGÜID DYNASTY MUSTAFA UYAR* It is generally accepted that the dissolution of the Mongol Empire began in 1259, following the death of Möngke the Great Khan (1251–59)1. Fierce conflicts were to arise between the khan candidates for the empty throne of the Great Khanate. Qubilai (1260–94), the brother of Möngke in China, was declared Great Khan on 5 May 1260 in the emergency qurultai assembled in K’ai-p’ing, which is quite far from Qara-Qorum, the principal capital of Mongolia2. This event started the conflicts within the Mongolian Khanate. The first person to object to the election of the Great Khan was his younger brother Ariq Böke (1259–64), another son of Qubilai’s mother Sorqoqtani Beki. Being Möngke’s brother, just as Qubilai was, he saw himself as the real owner of the Great Khanate, since he was the ruler of Qara-Qorum, the main capital of the Mongol Khanate. Shortly after Qubilai was declared Khan, Ariq Böke was also declared Great Khan in June of the same year3. Now something unprecedented happened: there were two competing Great Khans present in the Mongol Empire, and both received support from different parts of the family of the empire. The four Mongol khanates, which should theo- retically have owed obedience to the Great Khan, began to act completely in their own interests: the Khan of the Golden Horde, Barka (1257–66) supported Böke. * Assoc. Prof., Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography, Department of History, Ankara/TURKEY, [email protected] 1 For further information on the dissolution of the Mongol Empire, see D. -
UYGHUR STUDIES in CENTRAL ASIA: a Historical Review
UYGHUR STUDIES IN CENTRAL ASIA 3 ABLET KAMALOV UYGHUR STUDIES IN CENTRAL ASIA: A Historical Review INTRODUCTION The Uyghurs, a Turkic people comprising a major part of the population of the Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), China, also have sizable communities in the former Soviet Central Asian Republics, espe- cially in Kazakhstan, where they numbered 220,000 in 1999 (altogether the Uyghur population in the newly independent states numbers more than 300,000). The Central Asian Uyghur community played a signifi- cant role in the Uyghur nation-building process as well as in Soviet- Chinese relations during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Soviet authorities used the Uyghurs as a tool in their policy toward Xinjiang (Eastern Turkistan) and for that purpose provided special sup- port for the development of Uyghur culture in Central Asia. A significant part of that policy was the development of Uyghur studies in Central Asia, particularly in Kazakhstan, which became a cultural center for the Soviet Uyghurs. Uyghur studies covers mostly the research done in the sphere of language, literature, history, and culture (art, music, etc). This article will examine the history of Uyghur studies in Soviet Central Asia and outline its trends. 4 KAMALOV THE MAIN STAGES The Initial Stage (1920–1945) The earliest research on Uyghurs conducted in Central Asia exhibited mostly a practical character. The purpose was to pursue specific goals of Soviet national policy aimed at the creation of new socialist “nations” in the region. The Uyghurs, along with other peoples, were recognized by the Soviet state as a “nation” during the period of national delimitation and demarcation in Central Asia during the early 1920s, just after the establishment of Bolshevik power. -
Il-Khanate Empire
1 Il-Khanate Empire 1250s, after the new Great Khan, Möngke (r.1251–1259), sent his brother Hülegü to MICHAL BIRAN expand Mongol territories into western Asia, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel primarily against the Assassins, an extreme Isma‘ilite-Shi‘ite sect specializing in political The Il-Khanate was a Mongol state that ruled murder, and the Abbasid Caliphate. Hülegü in Western Asia c.1256–1335. It was known left Mongolia in 1253. In 1256, he defeated to the Mongols as ulus Hülegü, the people the Assassins at Alamut, next to the Caspian or state of Hülegü (1218–1265), the dynasty’s Sea, adding to his retinue Nasir al-Din al- founder and grandson of Chinggis Khan Tusi, one of the greatest polymaths of the (Genghis Khan). Centered in Iran and Muslim world, who became his astrologer Azerbaijan but ruling also over Iraq, Turkme- and trusted advisor. In 1258, with the help nistan, and parts of Afghanistan, Anatolia, of various Mongol tributaries, including and the southern Caucasus (Georgia, many Muslims, he brutally conquered Bagh- Armenia), the Il-Khanate was a highly cos- dad, eliminating the Abbasid Caliphate that mopolitan empire that had close connections had nominally led the Muslim world for more with China and Western Europe. It also had a than 500 years (750–1258). Hülegü continued composite administration and legacy that into Syria, but withdrew most of his troops combined Mongol, Iranian, and Muslim after hearing of Möngke’s death (1259). The elements, and produced some outstanding defeat of the remnants of his troops by the cultural achievements. -
Review the Legacy of Nomadic Empires in Steppe Landscapes Of
ISSN 10193316, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2009, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 473–479. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2009. Original Russian Text © A.A. Chibilev, S.V. Bogdanov, 2009, published in Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, 2009, Vol. 79, No. 9, pp. 823–830. Review Information about the impact of nomadic peoples on the landscapes of the steppe zone of northern Eurasia in the 18th–19th centuries is generalized against a wide historical–geographical background, and the objec tives of a new scientific discipline, historical steppe studies, are substantiated. DOI: 10.1134/S1019331609050104 The Legacy of Nomadic Empires in Steppe Landscapes of Northern Eurasia A. A. Chibilev and S. V. Bogdanov* The steppe landscape zone covering more than settlements with groundbased or earthsheltered 8000 km from east to west has played an important role homes were situated close to fishing areas, watering in the history of Russia and, ultimately, the Old World places, and migration paths of wild ungulates. Steppe for many centuries. The ethnogenesis of many peoples bioresources were used extremely selectively. of northern Eurasia is associated with the historical– Nomadic peoples affected the steppe everywhere. The geographical space of the steppes. The continent’s nomadic, as opposed to semisedentary, lifestyle steppe and forest–steppe vistas became the cradle of implies a higher development of the territory. The nomadic cattle breeding in the early Bronze Age (from zone of economic use includes the whole nomadic the 5th through the early 2nd millennium B.C.). By area. Owing to this, nomads had an original classifica the 4th millennium B.C., horses and cattle were pre tion of its parts with regard to their suitability for set dominantly bred in northern Eurasia. -
The Great Empires of Asia the Great Empires of Asia
The Great Empires of Asia The Great Empires of Asia EDITED BY JIM MASSELOS FOREWORD BY JONATHAN FENBY WITH 27 ILLUSTRATIONS Note on spellings and transliterations There is no single agreed system for transliterating into the Western CONTENTS alphabet names, titles and terms from the different cultures and languages represented in this book. Each culture has separate traditions FOREWORD 8 for the most ‘correct’ way in which words should be transliterated from The Legacy of Empire Arabic and other scripts. However, to avoid any potential confusion JONATHAN FENBY to the non-specialist reader, in this volume we have adopted a single system of spellings and have generally used the versions of names and titles that will be most familiar to Western readers. INTRODUCTION 14 The Distinctiveness of Asian Empires JIM MASSELOS Elements of Empire Emperors and Empires Maintaining Empire Advancing Empire CHAPTER ONE 27 Central Asia: The Mongols 1206–1405 On the cover: Map of Unidentified Islands off the Southern Anatolian Coast, by Ottoman admiral and geographer Piri Reis (1465–1555). TIMOTHY MAY Photo: The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. The Rise of Chinggis Khan The Empire after Chinggis Khan First published in the United Kingdom in 2010 by Thames & Hudson Ltd, 181A High Holborn, London WC1V 7QX The Army of the Empire Civil Government This compact paperback edition first published in 2018 The Rule of Law The Great Empires of Asia © 2010 and 2018 Decline and Dissolution Thames & Hudson Ltd, London The Greatness of the Mongol Empire Foreword © 2018 Jonathan Fenby All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced CHAPTER TWO 53 or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, China: The Ming 1368–1644 including photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. -
Unit Plan – Silk Road Encounters
Unit Plan – Silk Road Encounters: Real and/or Imagined? Prepared for the Central Asia in World History NEH Summer Institute The Ohio State University, July 11-29, 2016 By Kitty Lam, History Faculty, Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL [email protected] Grade Level – 9-12 Subject/Relevant Topics – World History; trade, migration, nomadism, Xiongnu, Turks, Mongols Unit length – 4-8 weeks This unit plan outlines my approach to world history with a thematic focus on the movement of people, goods and ideas. The Silk Road serves a metaphor for one of the oldest and most significant networks for long distance east-west exchange, and offers ample opportunity for students to conceptualize movement in a world historical context. This unit provides a framework for students to consider the different kinds of people who facilitated cross-cultural exchange of goods and ideas and the multiple factors that shaped human mobility. This broad unit is divided into two parts: Part A emphasizes the significance of nomadic peoples in shaping Eurasian exchanges, and Part B focuses on the relationship between religion and trade. At the end of the unit, students will evaluate the use of the term “Silk Road” to describe this trade network. Contents Part A – Huns*, Turks, and Mongols, Oh My! (Overview) -------------------------------------------------- 2 Introductory Module ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Module 1 – Let’s Get Down to Business to Defeat the Xiongnu ---------------------------------- -
Reasons for Mongol Success Under Genghis Khan Many Factors Facilitated the Mongols’ Remarkable Military Success
Reasons for Mongol Success Under Genghis Khan Many factors facilitated the Mongols’ remarkable military success. Fighting skills. The Mongols’ skilled horsemanship gave them an immense advantage in mobility, enabling them to strike without warning, capitalize on enemy mistakes, and quickly change direction in the midst of battle. With their powerful bows and superb marksmanship they could shoot with deadly precision from several hundred yards away, decimating an opposing force before it could fight back, or fire flaming arrows over the walls of a surrounded city. With their courage and endurance they could swiftly cover great distances, maintain composure in combat, and almost always outfight and outlast their foes. Unity and discipline. Insisting that his generals renounce tribal ties and demanding total loyalty to himself, Genghis Khan centralized his command and instilled iron discipline in his troops. As a result, even when his forces grew to 200,000 and included thousands of Turks and other non-Mongols, they were still able to fight as one and closely coordinate their actions in the course of combat. Lack of united resistance. Animosities among his enemies, and the previous breakup of China and Persia through invasions by other nomads, enabled Genghis Khan to attack and destroy his targets one at a time. He was also occasionally aided by his enemies’ foes: in northern China, for example, Chinese and Khitan residents who resented Jurchen rule helped the Mongols to end it. Reconnaissance. Rarely did the Mongols attack until they had thoroughly scouted their adversaries. From spies, traveling merchants, and tortured captives, Mongol leaders learned about the composition of enemy forces, the layout of cities, and the design of defenses. -
Inscriptions. Nevertheless, the Mongols Had a Language and Character of Their Own, and This Appears at Intervals Upon Their Coins
00087560 BOMBAY BRANCH OF THU ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, )fi TOWN HALL, BOMBAY. Ss :4 Digitized with financial assistance from the Government of Maharashtra on 18 July, 2018 CATALOGUE ORIENTAL COINS IN THE BRITfSH iMUSEUM. VOL. VI. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. Longmans & Co., Paternoster Row ; B. M. P ickering , 66, Haymarket ; B. Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly ; A. A sher & Co.> 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, and at Berlin; TrubneR & Co, 57 & 59 L ddgate Hill. Paris : MM. C. Rollin & Feuardent , 4, Rue de Louvois . 1881. LONDON : GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, ST. J o h n ’s sq u a r e , clerkenwkll . 00087560 00087560 THE COINS OF THE MONGOLS IN THB^ BRITISH MUSEUM. CLASSES XVIII.—XXII. BY STANLEY LANE-POOLE. ed ite d by REGINALD STUART POOLE, CORRESPONDENT OF THE INSTITUTE OP FRANCE. LONDON PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. i88i. EDITOB’S PREFACE. T h is Sixth Volume of the Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum deals with the money issued by the Mongol Dynasties descended from Jingis Khan, correspond ing to Praehn’s Classes XVIII.—XXII. The only line of Khans tracing their lineage to Jingis excluded from this Yolume is that of Sheyban or Abu-l*KhOyr, which Was of late foundation and rose on the ruins of the Timurian empire. Timur’s own coinage, with that of his house, is reserved for the next (or Seventh) Volume, since he was not a lineal descendant of Jingis. On the other hand, the issues of the small dynasties which divided Persia among them between the decay of the Ilkhans and the invasion of Timur are included in this volume as a species of appendix. -
AH Istory of L and U Se in M Ongolia
A H istory of L and Use in Mongolia A H istory of L and Use in Mongolia The Thirteenth Century to the Present ELIZABETH ENDICOTT A HISTORY OF LAND USE IN MONGOLIA Copyright © Elizabeth Endicott, 2012. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-1-137-26965-2 All rights reserved. First published in 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. I SBN 978-1-349-44403-8 ISBN 978-1-137-26966-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137269669 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Endicott, Elizabeth. A history of land use in Mongolia : the thirteenth century to the present / Elizabeth Endicott. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Land use—Mongolia—History. 2. Land use, Rural—Mongolia— History. 3. Rangelands—Mongolia—History. 4. Herders—Mongolia— History. I. Title. HD920.8.E53 2012 333.73Ј1309517—dc23 2012016618 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First -
GENGHIS KHAN Conperor
Leo de Hartog is a Dutch specialist in Mongol history and has taught the subject extensively. GENGHIS KHAN Conperor of the World LEO DE HARTOG PAPERBACKS Published In 2004 by Tauris Parke Paperbacks an lmprmt of I BTauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 F~tthAvenue, New York NY 10010 www ~btaurls.com In the Un~tedStates of Amer~caand in Canada d~strlbutedby Palgrave Macmillan, a dlvlsion of St Alartln's Press 175 Fdth Avenue, New Yolk NY 10010 Copyright 0 Leo de Hartog, 1989, 2004 The r~ghtof Leo de Hartog to be ~dentltiedas the author of this work has been asserted by the author In accordance wlth the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All r~ghtsreserved Except for brief quotations In a revlew, th~sbook, or any part thereot; may not be reproduced, stored In or introduced into a retr~evalsystem, or transmitted, In any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, pllotocopying, recording or otherwise, w~thoutthe prlor written permission of the publisher ISBN 1 86064 972 6 A full CIP record for thls book is available from the Br~t~shLlbrary A hll CIP record for th~sbook is avallable from the L~braryot Congress Library of Congress catalog card: avallable Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Contents Preface Mongolia on the eve of the birth of Asia's greatest son Geography and climate The tribes Mongol society The rise of a young chief of the Bo jigins The emergence of an obscure tribe The beginning of the elimination process Ruler of all tribes living in felt tents The final overthrow of the -
25 Religious Movements
ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1 RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS 25 RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS Th. Zarcone, Irfan Habib, Y. Ishihama, J. S. Grewal, C. E. Bosworth and J. Calmard Contents ISLAM ......................................... 763 The Sufi orders in northern Central Asia ........................ 763 Shicism in Iran ..................................... 772 Islam in India ...................................... 776 BUDDHISM ...................................... 780 The conversion of the Mongols to Tibetan Buddhism ................. 780 The Bodhisattva doctrine preached by the fifth Dalai Lama .............. 781 The Mongol followers of Bodhisattva thought ..................... 782 HINDUISM ....................................... 784 Vaishnavism ....................................... 784 Shaivism ......................................... 785 Shaktism ......................................... 786 Smartism¯ ........................................ 787 Vedantism ........................................ 787 SIKHISM ........................................ 789 SHAMANISM ..................................... 793 CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS CROSS-FERTILIZATION BETWEEN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE INDO-PERSIAN WORLD .................. 804 Non-Muslim communities ............................... 810 762 ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1 ISLAM Part One ISLAM The Sufi orders in northern Central Asia (Th. Zarcone*) An important aspect of the history of Sufism and the Sufi orders (silsilahs) from the early sixteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, in other words from the beginning of Shaybanid -
Chinggis Khan on Film: Globalization, Nationalism, and Historical Revisionism
Volume 16 | Issue 22 | Number 1 | Article ID 5214 | Nov 15, 2018 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Chinggis Khan on Film: Globalization, Nationalism, and Historical Revisionism Robert Y. Eng Few personalities in world history have had a (which had been replaced by the Cyrillic more compelling personal story or a greater script), the rehabilitation of Chinggis Khan, and impact on the world than Temüjin, who rose the revival of Tibetan Buddhism. Mongols from destitute circumstances to be crowned as celebrated the rediscovery of Chinggis Khan as Chinggis Khan in 1206 and became the founder a national symbol through religious of the world’s greatest contiguous land empire. celebrations, national festivals, academic Today, eight and a half centuries after his birth, conferences, poetic renditions, art exhibitions, Chinggis Khan remains an object of personal and rock songs.3 His name and image were also and collective fascination, and his image and commodified. The international airport at life story are appropriated for the purposes of Ulaanbaatar is named after Chinggis, as are constructing national identity and commercial one of the capital’s fanciest hotels and one of profit. its most popular beers. Chinggis’ image appears on every denomination of the Vilified as a murderous tyrant outside his Mongolian currency. homeland, yet celebrated by the Mongols as a great hero and object of cultic worship for This revival of a national cult, one that had centuries,1 Chinggis Khan’s reputation been banned during the socialist era, is a underwent an eclipse even in Mongolia when it response to endemic corruption, growing fell under Soviet domination in the early economic inequalities, and a host of other twentieth century.