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Sogdian Impact on the Epoch of Turkish Khaganate in Southern Tokharistan

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Sogdian Impact on the Epoch of Turkish Khaganate in Southern Tokharistan Volume||07||Issue||03||March-2019||Pages-8134-8139||ISSN(e):2321-7545 Website: http://jsae.in Turkish – Sogdian Impact on The Epoch of Turkish Khaganate in Southern Tokharistan Authors Bobir Gayibov1, Nuriddin Xujanov2 1DSc of Samarkand State University, Uzbekistan 2Research of Samarkand state university, Uzbekistan ABSTRACT This article looks into Turkish-sogdian influence and interrelation of Tokharistan and Sogdiana of the early Middle Ages with the epoch of Turkish khaganate. As well as this, the political events of this period is thoroughly investigated. The article has been prepared on the basis of numismatic materials. Key words: Turkish people, ephthalits, sasanids, confederation, yabgu INTRODUCTION During the period of Turkish khaganates (552-744) Tokharistan was one of the most strategically important area of the country on the southwestern part of the country. Tokharistan – is the historical and cultural region of Central Asia in the early Middle Ages situated on the top course of the Amudarya and covered the area of current Southern Uzbekistan, Southern Tajikistan and Northern Afghanistan. In that period Tokharistan was divided into two parts with the river Amudarya – Southern and Northern Tokharistan. During the period of the early Middle Ages Northern Tokharistan represented itself as a historical and cultural region, occupying the areas on the right handed banks of the bottom basins of Amudarya and covered a range of countries such as Chaganin, Termez, Huttal, Kobadian, Bakhsh, Shuman, Aharun, Kumed and so on. Obviously, its direct neighbor was on the north-west was Southern Sogd. Natural borders were created between these two regions by the Hissar mountain ranges, and through one of these ranges was a hollow way, which was mentioned in ancient scluptures as Temir kapig, and in Persian sources as Dar-i akhanin, in Arabic documents as Bab al-hadid which was deciphered as “Iron gates” – the only way connecting these two countries, Sogd and Tokharistan. (Abdurahmonov, Rustamov, 1982. p. 116). It is known fact that after the crushing defeat of ephtalits in 560s over Turkish people and Sasanids, Central Asian riverside pulled in Khaganate according to the treaty between Khaganate and Sasanid Iran, and Tokharistan with Kabulistan and Zabulistan was joined in the area of Sasanid Empire. (Chavannes, 1903. p. 228-229). Sooner, in 580s the relationship between the previously allied members deteriorated and military forces of Khaganate captured the areas belonged to Sasanid Iran crossing the Amudarya, and since then Tokharistan became inalienable part of Turkish khaganate and a new ruler, Tegin from the family of Ashin, was sent there in charge of ruling the country (Taşağıl, 2003. p. 88). LITERATURE REVIEW Chinese sources deliver valuable evidences about the country system of Tokharistan during the period of Turkish khaganate. According to the evidences of the Chinese pilgrim Syuan Tzyanya (629-645) Tu-kho-lo (Tokharistan) consisted of 27 minor semi-independent possessions, such as Kunduz, Balkh, Termez, Guftan, Chaganian, Shuman, Akharun, Kobadian, Karran, Shugnan, Kumed, Huttal, Vahan, Bahsh, Samingan, Rob, Shuburgan, Guzgan, Garchistan and others., every of which had its own ruler, and the main leader was yabgu whose family background was Ashin, and his general headquarter was in Kunduz. As well as this, Bobir Gayibov, Nuriddin Xujanov IJSRE Volume 07 Issue 03 March 2019 Page 8134 most rulers in these areas had Turkish origins according to the written records and numismatics of VII-VIII centuries (Gafurov, 1972. p. 227-229; Goibov, 1989. p. 25, 30-31; Boboyorov, 2002. p. 10-11). After the inclusion of Tokharistan into the configuration of Turkish khaganate, the khaganate started paying special attention on this territory, which neighbored with Sasanid Iran, and therefore Tokharistan began playing particular role in the political life of khaganate, and the yabgu of Tokharistan considered the center of western Turkish khaganate – half of the riverside as its own military-political «hinterland» till the end of the 30s of the VIII century. (Klyashtorniy, 1964. p. 143). Presumably, this was the reason why by the first quarter of the VII century the power of the ephtalit dynasty, who dominated in the first stage of Turkish khaganate, liquefied and majority of possessions and headquarters went into the domination of Turkish dynasties, and the main power went into the hands of the Ashin rulers. RESEARCH BACKGROUND According to the Chinese sources in the 80s of VI century, as we mentioned above, a Tegin was sent to Tokharistan, who was, as some researchers assume, the son of Tardu khagan (576-603) (Taşağıl, 2003. p. 88). However, we have insufficient information about the main purpose of his arrival. We can assume from the fact that when Ephtalit dynasty settled there, he was sent there as a vicarious ruler. Also, already at the disposal of Tun yabgu-khagan (618-630), and as his predecessor Sheguy Khagan (610-618) practiced astranding the higher power of local dynasty and implementing the power of the representatives of Ashin family or other subordinate members of Turkish origin, and this way the main power moved to the control of Ashins. In compliance with Chinese records, Tun yabgu-khagan appointed his son Datu-she (Tardu-shad) as the ruler of Tokharistan in the 620s, who gave start to the dynasty of yabgus of Tokharistan, who were in charge in the second half of VIII century. Chinese chronicles and numismatic materials allow us to create the list of the following rulers: Tardu shad (Datu-she; 620?-630), Tegin shad (De-le She; 630-645), Ishbara yabgu (Sha-bo-lo She-khu, the son of Tardu shad; 645-650), Ashina U-chdje-bo (653-660), Gyun Ishbara yabgu (gwn ŝpr’ yyp; VII c.), Na-du-ni-li (700-720), Kutlug Tun Tardu Тарду (Gu-du-lu Ton Da-tu; 720•730), Suleyman? Kara (Shi-li-man Gya-lo; 750s) (Chavannes, 1903. р. 155-158; Harmatta & Litvinsky, 1996. р. 371•373; Ekrem, 2003. p. 138-139). The origin of this dynasty which was from the family of Ashin point out the fact that its founder Tardu shad was the son of Tun yabgu-khagan and this information was derived from the evidences stated in Chinese sources and the inclusion of the word Ashin in the second part of the rulers’ names. In this case interesting is the name of the yabgu’s from Tokharistan Na-du-ni-li Ashina De-le Pu-lo (*Tegin Bogra) who was sent to China as an envoy from 706 to 718 (Bichurin, II. p. 321; Chavannes, 1903. p. 287, 291). Today as a result of archeological investigations a significant numismatic material of the early Middle Ages has been found in the area of current historical-cultural region. The special place among the artefacts takes the coins which were directly or indirectly connected to the khaganate, that mentions Sogdian legends or tamgu of Western Turkish khaganate. Especially it is important to note that the spread of the Sogdian language and letters on the territory of Tokharistan, where since the period of Kushan empire the administrative language had been one of the eastern Iranian-Baktrian, used for the fixation of the Greek Alphabet, was directly because of the territory’s inclusion in the area of khagante and its maintenance as one of the possesions of Tokhariston along with other provinces such as Huttal, Bakhsh, Bahan, Shuman, Aharun and other members of Turkish dynasty (Gafurov, 1972. p. 227-229; Goibov, 1989. p. 25, 30-31). Draws special attention the fact that a new kind of coin was discovered by Chaganin/Tokharistan with the depiction of a double portrait released in the epoch of the Khaganate, and the legend on the coin unlike other coins with this kind of plot and Baktrian legend was in the Sogdian language and letters. Thus Sogdian legends are found on two alternatives of coins belonging to Tokharistan (t.n. «coins of Chaganin” with Bobir Gayibov, Nuriddin Xujanov IJSRE Volume 07 Issue 03 March 2019 Page 8135 double portrait of the king and queen with a stamp in the form of . On one alternative of the coin the Sogdian legend in the mirror reflection, on the right from the stamp prn – «abundance» and on the left γwβ – “ruler” (look. Ill. 4, 2, 11) (Babayar, 2007. p. 193), and the other around the portrait (Av) there is a Sogdian legend, which is supposed to read as tγw’r’k … γwβ - «Tokharian .... king» (look. Ill. I. 4, 3). In addition, it is necessary to note the fact that some parts of Nahshab coins belonged to Sogdian confederation, and minted in the beginning of VII and VIII centuries, and they make up the coins on the head of which depicted a ruler with Turkish features, whereas on the reverse we can see a horse portrayed. And around the horse there is a sogdian legend. («abundant leader») (Smirnova, 1981. p. 343-344). Another part of Nahshab coins constituted the coins with the portrayal of horse on the averse with the legend (βγy γwβ - «gracious leader»), and on the reverse is the stamp with the legend around. This monetory legend is deciphered as šknδk – «Alkandak» (Smirnova, 1970. p. 25). Scientists assume that this name is connected with the name of Al-Ashkand (734-737) (Istoriya at-Tabari, p. 238, 239, 244, 245), which are given in Arabic sources alongside with the events of 730s as the ispahbad of Nasaf. (Istoriya at-Tabari, p. 225). Coins of Western-Turkish khagan (Chach) Coins of Ferghana Coins of Sogd Coins of Southern Tokharistan MAIN PART Relying on the above mentioned facts we can conclude that the dissemination of Sogdian language in the territory of Central Asia during the period of khaganate, was the part of its political acts, indicating its roles, as an official language, as well as hinted at the significant role of Sogdians in the administration, trade and Bobir Gayibov, Nuriddin Xujanov IJSRE Volume 07 Issue 03 March 2019 Page 8136 economical life of Turkish khaganate, about which talks its mission to Byzantium, headed by the sogdians (Gumilev, 1967.
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