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Home , Ashina Shi, Guzgan, Khagan, Kushan Empire, Shad (prince), Tardu

Volume||07||Issue||03||March-2019||Pages-8134-8139||ISSN(e):2321-7545 Website: http://jsae.in

Turkish – Sogdian Impact on The Epoch of Turkish Khaganate in Southern

Authors Bobir Gayibov1, Nuriddin Xujanov2 1DSc of State University, 2Research of Samarkand state university, Uzbekistan ABSTRACT This article looks into Turkish-sogdian influence and interrelation of Tokharistan and Sogdiana of the with the epoch of Turkish khaganate. As well as this, the political events of this period is thoroughly investigated. The article has been prepared on the basis of numismatic materials. Key words: , ephthalits, sasanids, confederation, yabgu

INTRODUCTION During the period of Turkish khaganates (552-744) Tokharistan was one of the most strategically important area of the country on the southwestern part of the country. Tokharistan – is the historical and cultural region of Central in the early Middle Ages situated on the top course of the Amudarya and covered the area of current Southern Uzbekistan, Southern and Northern . In that period Tokharistan was divided into two parts with the river Amudarya – Southern and Northern Tokharistan. During the period of the early Middle Ages Northern Tokharistan represented itself as a historical and cultural region, occupying the areas on the right handed banks of the bottom basins of Amudarya and covered a range of countries such as Chaganin, , Huttal, Kobadian, Bakhsh, Shuman, Aharun, Kumed and so on. Obviously, its direct neighbor was on the north-west was Southern Sogd. Natural borders were created between these two regions by the Hissar mountain ranges, and through one of these ranges was a hollow way, which was mentioned in ancient scluptures as Temir kapig, and in Persian sources as Dar-i akhanin, in documents as Bab al-hadid which was deciphered as “Iron gates” – the only way connecting these two countries, Sogd and Tokharistan. (Abdurahmonov, Rustamov, 1982. p. 116). It is known fact that after the crushing defeat of ephtalits in 560s over Turkish people and Sasanids, Central Asian riverside pulled in Khaganate according to the treaty between Khaganate and Sasanid , and Tokharistan with Kabulistan and was joined in the area of Sasanid . (Chavannes, 1903. p. 228-229). Sooner, in the relationship between the previously allied members deteriorated and military forces of Khaganate captured the areas belonged to Sasanid Iran crossing the Amudarya, and since then Tokharistan became inalienable part of Turkish khaganate and a new ruler, from the family of Ashin, was sent there in charge of ruling the country (Taşağıl, 2003. p. 88).

LITERATURE REVIEW Chinese sources deliver valuable evidences about the country system of Tokharistan during the period of Turkish khaganate. According to the evidences of the Chinese pilgrim Syuan Tzyanya (629-645) Tu-kho-lo (Tokharistan) consisted of 27 minor semi-independent possessions, such as , , Termez, Guftan, Chaganian, Shuman, Akharun, Kobadian, Karran, Shugnan, Kumed, Huttal, Vahan, Bahsh, Samingan, Rob, Shuburgan, , Garchistan and others., every of which had its own ruler, and the main leader was yabgu whose family background was Ashin, and his general headquarter was in Kunduz. As well as this,

Bobir Gayibov, Nuriddin Xujanov IJSRE Volume 07 Issue 03 March 2019 Page 8134 most rulers in these areas had Turkish origins according to the written records and numismatics of VII-VIII centuries (Gafurov, 1972. p. 227-229; Goibov, 1989. p. 25, 30-31; Boboyorov, 2002. p. 10-11). After the inclusion of Tokharistan into the configuration of Turkish khaganate, the khaganate started paying special attention on this territory, which neighbored with Sasanid Iran, and therefore Tokharistan began playing particular role in the political life of khaganate, and the yabgu of Tokharistan considered the center of western Turkish khaganate – half of the riverside as its own military-political «hinterland» till the end of the 30s of the VIII century. (Klyashtorniy, 1964. p. 143). Presumably, this was the reason why by the first quarter of the VII century the power of the ephtalit dynasty, who dominated in the first stage of Turkish khaganate, liquefied and majority of possessions and headquarters went into the domination of Turkish dynasties, and the main power went into the hands of the Ashin rulers.

RESEARCH BACKGROUND According to the Chinese sources in the 80s of VI century, as we mentioned above, a Tegin was sent to Tokharistan, who was, as some researchers assume, the son of (576-603) (Taşağıl, 2003. p. 88). However, we have insufficient information about the main purpose of his arrival. We can assume from the fact that when Ephtalit dynasty settled there, he was sent there as a vicarious ruler. Also, already at the disposal of Tun yabgu-khagan (618-630), and as his predecessor Sheguy Khagan (610-618) practiced astranding the higher power of local dynasty and implementing the power of the representatives of Ashin family or other subordinate members of Turkish origin, and this way the main power moved to the control of Ashins. In compliance with Chinese records, Tun yabgu-khagan appointed his son Datu-she (Tardu-) as the ruler of Tokharistan in the , who gave start to the dynasty of yabgus of Tokharistan, who were in charge in the second half of VIII century. Chinese chronicles and numismatic materials allow us to create the list of the following rulers: Tardu shad (Datu-she; 620?-630), Tegin shad (De-le She; 630-645), Ishbara yabgu (Sha-bo-lo She-khu, the son of Tardu shad; 645-650), Ashina U-chdje-bo (653-660), Gyun Ishbara yabgu (gwn ŝpr’ yyp; VII c.), Na-du-ni-li (700-720), Kutlug Tun Tardu Тарду (Gu-du-lu Ton Da-tu; 720•730), Suleyman? Kara (Shi-li-man Gya-lo; 750s) (Chavannes, 1903. р. 155-158; Harmatta & Litvinsky, 1996. р. 371•373; Ekrem, 2003. p. 138-139). The origin of this dynasty which was from the family of Ashin point out the fact that its founder Tardu shad was the son of Tun yabgu-khagan and this information was derived from the evidences stated in Chinese sources and the inclusion of the word Ashin in the second part of the rulers’ names. In this case interesting is the name of the yabgu’s from Tokharistan Na-du-ni-li Ashina De-le Pu-lo (*Tegin Bogra) who was sent to as an envoy from 706 to 718 (Bichurin, II. p. 321; Chavannes, 1903. p. 287, 291). Today as a result of archeological investigations a significant numismatic material of the early Middle Ages has been found in the area of current historical-cultural region. The special place among the artefacts takes the coins which were directly or indirectly connected to the khaganate, that mentions Sogdian legends or tamgu of Western Turkish khaganate. Especially it is important to note that the spread of the and letters on the territory of Tokharistan, where since the period of the administrative language had been one of the eastern Iranian-Baktrian, used for the fixation of the , was directly because of the territory’s inclusion in the area of khagante and its maintenance as one of the possesions of Tokhariston along with other provinces such as Huttal, Bakhsh, Bahan, Shuman, Aharun and other members of Turkish dynasty (Gafurov, 1972. p. 227-229; Goibov, 1989. p. 25, 30-31). Draws special attention the fact that a new kind of coin was discovered by Chaganin/Tokharistan with the depiction of a double portrait released in the epoch of the Khaganate, and the legend on the coin unlike other coins with this kind of plot and Baktrian legend was in the Sogdian language and letters. Thus Sogdian legends are found on two alternatives of coins belonging to Tokharistan (t.n. «coins of Chaganin” with

Bobir Gayibov, Nuriddin Xujanov IJSRE Volume 07 Issue 03 March 2019 Page 8135 double portrait of the king and queen with a stamp in the form of . On one alternative of the coin the Sogdian legend in the mirror reflection, on the right from the stamp prn – «abundance» and on the left γwβ – “ruler” (look. Ill. 4, 2, 11) (Babayar, 2007. p. 193), and the other around the portrait (Av) there is a Sogdian legend, which is supposed to read as tγw’r’k … γwβ - «Tokharian .... king» (look. Ill. I. 4, 3). In addition, it is necessary to note the fact that some parts of Nahshab coins belonged to Sogdian confederation, and minted in the beginning of VII and VIII centuries, and they make up the coins on the head of which depicted a ruler with Turkish features, whereas on the reverse we can see a horse portrayed. And around the horse there is a sogdian legend. («abundant leader») (Smirnova, 1981. p. 343-344). Another part of Nahshab coins constituted the coins with the portrayal of horse on the averse with the legend (βγy γwβ - «gracious leader»), and on the reverse is the stamp with the legend around. This monetory legend is deciphered as šknδk – «Alkandak» (Smirnova, 1970. p. 25). Scientists assume that this name is connected with the name of Al-Ashkand (734-737) (Istoriya at-Tabari, p. 238, 239, 244, 245), which are given in Arabic sources alongside with the events of as the ispahbad of Nasaf. (Istoriya at-Tabari, p. 225).

Coins of Western-Turkish khagan (Chach)

Coins of Ferghana

Coins of Sogd

Coins of Southern Tokharistan

MAIN PART Relying on the above mentioned facts we can conclude that the dissemination of Sogdian language in the territory of during the period of khaganate, was the part of its political acts, indicating its roles, as an official language, as well as hinted at the significant role of Sogdians in the administration, trade and

Bobir Gayibov, Nuriddin Xujanov IJSRE Volume 07 Issue 03 March 2019 Page 8136 economical life of Turkish khaganate, about which talks its mission to Byzantium, headed by the sogdians (Gumilev, 1967. p. 45-46). However, among all of these facts is important to mention Turkish Sogdian symbiosis who had lived as for many centuries (Оtakhujayev, 2003. p. 138-144; Babayarov, 2004. p. 56-60), which has found its reflection in written sources, Chinese chronicles and sogdian documents of the Mount Mug (SDGM, II. p. 82-83, 222; Grenet & Vaissiere, 2002. р. 155-196), ancient Turkish stelas (Orkun, 1986. p. 181), Mahmud Kashgari’s «Divanu lugat at-Turk» (Koshgari, I. p. 66), and also in material and spiritual culture of pre-Islamic Central Asia, on the eathernware, paintings (Afrasiab, Panjikent, Tavkatepe, Shahristan/Bunjikat and others), on the terracotta and on the corroplasts of Sogd (Albaum, 1975. p. 3-190; Vaissiere, 2006. р. 147-162; Gyul, 2005. p. 55-89; Meshkeres, 1977). Thus, on the basis of above mentioned events we go over the numismatic materials of Takharistan, related to Turkish khaganate. Sasanid coins of Peroza (459-484) and Hosrova I (531-579) take particularly important place with its relation to khaganate and their emulation of Takharistan, on which minted sogdian letters such as «khagan», «tegin», «Deshchi bagi». The outstanding feature of these coins is the top х’γ’n – «khagan», fixed in the coin as in the above mentioned , connected with western Turks according to the assumption of a range of scientists (Baratova, Livshits, 2002. p. 21–23) (look. Ill. I. 4, 1). However, the questions as when and where and during the reign of which khaganate were these coins introduced, still leave open to debate. S.G.Klyashtorniy and V.A.Livshits noted that coined letters with tyurkish are close and resemble to sogdian legends of Bugut () and might date back to VI century. Coin release is also connected with the Turkish access to the regions, neighbouring with Sasanid Iran, and befor of all to the area of Tokharistan. (Klyashtorniy & Livshits, 1971. p. 136). In its turn L.S.Baratova believe that the examples depicting the title of «tegin» and «khagan», on the basis of poleographic analysis may be dated as belonging to the middle of VII-VIII centuries. As noted a woman researcher they might belong to the early Turkish rulers of the area ranging from Seistan to Gandkhari, assuming these rulers were from the dynasty of «kabulshakhs», the government which started operating in the Vth century as stated by the scientists from Afghanistan (A. Habibi) and (A.Rehman). Hence, backing the views of S.G.Klyashtorniy L.S. Baratovа stated: «however, real evidences of written sources (such as Arabic, Chinese) do not go further than the VII th century» (Baratova & Livshits, 2002. p. 24). B.I.Marshak claims that after the conquest of Tokharistan by the Turkish khaganate which was carried out in order to put Sasnid coins into operationor or for the endorsement of even higher currency imposed their own coins with the depictions in the form of stamps or inscription. (Marshak, 2002. p. 174). Emergence of the above mentioned images on the Sasanid coins, from our point of view is connected with the military actiones of the Turkish in Takharistan in 580s and with the establishment of Turkish khaganate on the area. As been stated above Tokharistan (inclusively Kabulistan and Zabulistan) after the severe defeat of the ephtalit government by the troops of Khaganate and Sasanid Iran went into the hands of Sasanids according to the contract signed between them, and its dominance over the country lasted from 560s to 580 s. (Chavannes, 1903. p. 229; Shaban, 1971. p. 482–483). Further military successes were achieved when the military forces of the Khaganate captured the regions such as , Badgis (Kafesoğlu, 1993. p. 103). As a result of these achievements Sasanids were forced to give tribute to the Turkish khaganate for some time in history. Thus, according to the evidences of the historian from Byzantium, Feofilact Simokatti, Iran owed to Khaganate 40 thousand tribute (Pigulevskaya, 1946. p. 80–82). We can sum up relying on the evidences that among all of the tributes transferred to the khaganate, silver coins were in considerably high amounts, on which khaganate signed its own depiction in order to empower its circulation in his own territory, and this assumption enhances the credibility of B.I.Marshaka’s speculation. The fact that, the titles khagan and tegin were used in the form of depiction of Sasanid coins, which were allowed to use for the people whose origin was from Ashin family. It reveals the fact that Tokharistan payed important role for Turkish khaganate. It is also worth mentioning the fact that after the Turkish of

Bobir Gayibov, Nuriddin Xujanov IJSRE Volume 07 Issue 03 March 2019 Page 8137 the country mostly the government released cilver coins imitating Sasanid coins unlike Chach, Fergana and Sogd where mainly released separate Turkish coins (look. Ill. I. 1-3), also the location of Sasanid Iran in proximity with Tokharistan created opportunities for the penetration of the significant amount of coins into Tokharistan. Presumably, therefore Turkish khaganate depicted in them the signs which indicated the subordination of Tokharistan to the khaganate. This situation is also observed during the period of Turgesh khaganate (699- 766), as a direct receiver of Western-Turkish khaganate and during the peak period of his power pretended for Tokharistan, which was partly under this country’s dominance as well. Probably, Turgeshs khaganate also imposed their own images on the monetary circulated in the area of Tokharistan (Baratova, 2005. p. 210). However, it is difficult to decisively say whether these coins were minted by the local rulers on of the possessions of Northern Tokharistan, or by the yabgu of Tokharistan or sasanid coins served as a stamp for their images. In this case the stamp on the coins looks like the stamp on the early coins of the Khaganate, minted in Chach and which can be considered as the first prototypes and the fact, that these coins were the outcome of the first attempts of the Khaganate to put into the circulation of their own coins, is an undeniable. The researchers do not skip the fact that some coins of Tokharistan of that era, were partly minted with the title of 'khagan', are mostly connected with Western-Turkish , who eventually fled to Tokhharistan as a result of political events. As an example, stated in Chinese sources that in relation with the events, connected with the struggle for the throne Si-she-khu ke- (Sir yabgu-khagan: 631-632) one time arrived in Khan (Sogd) and Tu-kho-lo (Tokharistan), with those from western turk Du-lu ke-khan Yuy- gu (Tulu khagan Yukuk; 638-642) surviving the defeat by its main enemy Sha-bo-lo ke-khana (Ishbara khagan) als ran to Tu-kho-lo (Bichurin, I. p. 288, 358; Taşağıl, 1999. p. 67, 72; Ekrem, 2003. p. 8, 149). Moreover, in Islamic sources we can find the evidences about the Turkish khagans, who often arrived in Tokharistan and headed local rulers to fight against in the first half of the VIII century.

CONCLUSION In our opinion, most probably, turko-sogdian symbiosis and political activities of Turkish khaganate were regarded as the main cause of the spread of Sogdian language on the largest part of the territory of Khaganate. In this case it is necessary to pay attention on the fact that sogdian letters and language started spreading on the territories, where basically tursko runic letters – Mongolia, Semi-river, Fergana and the basins of Central Asia. It was not peculiar to the territory of Khaganate, where from ancient times other systems of letters have been used, like Greek in Tokharistan and Kabulistan, on the basis of English alphabet in the Eastern Turkestan, Kandkhare and Kabulistan, and ancient khorezminian in Khoresm and others.

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Bobir Gayibov, Nuriddin Xujanov IJSRE Volume 07 Issue 03 March 2019 Page 8139