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Review the Legacy of Nomadic Empires in Steppe Landscapes Of
ISSN 10193316, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2009, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 473–479. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2009. Original Russian Text © A.A. Chibilev, S.V. Bogdanov, 2009, published in Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, 2009, Vol. 79, No. 9, pp. 823–830. Review Information about the impact of nomadic peoples on the landscapes of the steppe zone of northern Eurasia in the 18th–19th centuries is generalized against a wide historical–geographical background, and the objec tives of a new scientific discipline, historical steppe studies, are substantiated. DOI: 10.1134/S1019331609050104 The Legacy of Nomadic Empires in Steppe Landscapes of Northern Eurasia A. A. Chibilev and S. V. Bogdanov* The steppe landscape zone covering more than settlements with groundbased or earthsheltered 8000 km from east to west has played an important role homes were situated close to fishing areas, watering in the history of Russia and, ultimately, the Old World places, and migration paths of wild ungulates. Steppe for many centuries. The ethnogenesis of many peoples bioresources were used extremely selectively. of northern Eurasia is associated with the historical– Nomadic peoples affected the steppe everywhere. The geographical space of the steppes. The continent’s nomadic, as opposed to semisedentary, lifestyle steppe and forest–steppe vistas became the cradle of implies a higher development of the territory. The nomadic cattle breeding in the early Bronze Age (from zone of economic use includes the whole nomadic the 5th through the early 2nd millennium B.C.). By area. Owing to this, nomads had an original classifica the 4th millennium B.C., horses and cattle were pre tion of its parts with regard to their suitability for set dominantly bred in northern Eurasia. -
Unit Plan – Silk Road Encounters
Unit Plan – Silk Road Encounters: Real and/or Imagined? Prepared for the Central Asia in World History NEH Summer Institute The Ohio State University, July 11-29, 2016 By Kitty Lam, History Faculty, Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL [email protected] Grade Level – 9-12 Subject/Relevant Topics – World History; trade, migration, nomadism, Xiongnu, Turks, Mongols Unit length – 4-8 weeks This unit plan outlines my approach to world history with a thematic focus on the movement of people, goods and ideas. The Silk Road serves a metaphor for one of the oldest and most significant networks for long distance east-west exchange, and offers ample opportunity for students to conceptualize movement in a world historical context. This unit provides a framework for students to consider the different kinds of people who facilitated cross-cultural exchange of goods and ideas and the multiple factors that shaped human mobility. This broad unit is divided into two parts: Part A emphasizes the significance of nomadic peoples in shaping Eurasian exchanges, and Part B focuses on the relationship between religion and trade. At the end of the unit, students will evaluate the use of the term “Silk Road” to describe this trade network. Contents Part A – Huns*, Turks, and Mongols, Oh My! (Overview) -------------------------------------------------- 2 Introductory Module ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Module 1 – Let’s Get Down to Business to Defeat the Xiongnu ---------------------------------- -
The Carolingian Age in the Carpathian Basin 2 Béla Miklós Szőke the Carolingian Age in the Carpathian Basin
THE CAROLINGIAN AGE IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN 2 Béla Miklós Szőke THE CAROLINGIAN AGE IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN PERMANENT EXHIBITION OF THE HUNGARIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM HUNGARIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM ■ BUDAPEST ■ 2014 EXHIBITION CATALOGUE CURATORS OF THE EXHIBITION Annamária Bárány EDITORS Katalin Gergely László Révész Ágnes Ritoók Béla Miklós Szőke István Vörös PHOTOGRAPHY András Dabasi Judit Kardos CONTRIBUTOR Katalin Gergely ILLUSTRATIONS Balázs Holl Main partner institution (in the preparation and exhibition Béla Nagy of the Carolingian period) RESEARCH CENTER FOR Narmer Architecture Studio HUMANITIES, HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF Sándor Ősi SCIENCES, INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Zsolt Vieman LENDERS Balatoni Múzeum, Keszthely TRANSLATED BY Judit Pokoly Göcseji Múzeum, Zalaegerszeg Lara Strong Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest Christopher Sullivan Rippl-Rónai Múzeum, Kaposvár Soproni Múzeum BOOK LAY OUT Dóra Kurucz Thúry György Múzeum, Nagykanizsa PRINTED BY Dürer Nyomda Kft. MODELS Narmer Architecture Studio PUBLISHED BY Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, ANIMATION Narmer Architecture Studio László Csorba Történelmi Animációs Egyesület BOWS AND BOW RACKS Pál Szabó ISBN 978 615 5209 17 8 Interactive Exhibits Kft. ARCHITECTURAL AND GRAPHICAL DESIGN Narmer Architecture Studio © Authors, 2014 © Hungarian National Museum, 2014 CONSTRUCTION Vektor Kft. Beige-Bau Kft. GRAPHICS Drava Dekor Kft. CONSERVATION Department of Conservation of the Hungarian National Museum HAS Institute of Archaeology, Conservation Lab THE EXHIBITION AND THE CATALOGUE WERE SPONSORED -
Sogdian Impact on the Epoch of Turkish Khaganate in Southern Tokharistan
Volume||07||Issue||03||March-2019||Pages-8134-8139||ISSN(e):2321-7545 Website: http://jsae.in Turkish – Sogdian Impact on The Epoch of Turkish Khaganate in Southern Tokharistan Authors Bobir Gayibov1, Nuriddin Xujanov2 1DSc of Samarkand State University, Uzbekistan 2Research of Samarkand state university, Uzbekistan ABSTRACT This article looks into Turkish-sogdian influence and interrelation of Tokharistan and Sogdiana of the early Middle Ages with the epoch of Turkish khaganate. As well as this, the political events of this period is thoroughly investigated. The article has been prepared on the basis of numismatic materials. Key words: Turkish people, ephthalits, sasanids, confederation, yabgu INTRODUCTION During the period of Turkish khaganates (552-744) Tokharistan was one of the most strategically important area of the country on the southwestern part of the country. Tokharistan – is the historical and cultural region of Central Asia in the early Middle Ages situated on the top course of the Amudarya and covered the area of current Southern Uzbekistan, Southern Tajikistan and Northern Afghanistan. In that period Tokharistan was divided into two parts with the river Amudarya – Southern and Northern Tokharistan. During the period of the early Middle Ages Northern Tokharistan represented itself as a historical and cultural region, occupying the areas on the right handed banks of the bottom basins of Amudarya and covered a range of countries such as Chaganin, Termez, Huttal, Kobadian, Bakhsh, Shuman, Aharun, Kumed and so on. Obviously, its direct neighbor was on the north-west was Southern Sogd. Natural borders were created between these two regions by the Hissar mountain ranges, and through one of these ranges was a hollow way, which was mentioned in ancient scluptures as Temir kapig, and in Persian sources as Dar-i akhanin, in Arabic documents as Bab al-hadid which was deciphered as “Iron gates” – the only way connecting these two countries, Sogd and Tokharistan. -
The Silk Road in the Mongol Era
THE SILK ROAD IN THE MONGOL ERA THE SILK ROAD IN THE MONGOL ERA W.J. de Graaf Tilburg University Supervisor: Dr. T.G. Leesen Second reader: Dr. K. Pansters June 2018 THE SILK ROAD IN THE MONGOL ERA 2 Abstract This research aims to explain the causes for the success and decline of trade along the Silk Road in the Mongol Empire by examining to what extent religious freedom and political stability played a role. The success of silver as an intercontinental currency demonstrates that, in the time of the Pax Mongolica, intercontinental trade alongside the Silk Road flourished. This thesis examines to what extent the Mongol Empire promoted religious freedom and provided a stable political climate and to what extent that open climate facilitated the intercontinental trade along the Silk Road. The findings regarding religious freedom and political stability urge Central Asia to take note of this research as they are joining China’s new Silk Road Initiative. Keywords: Religious Freedom, Political Stability, Economy, Silk Road, Central Asia, Pax Mongolica, Yassa (law) THE SILK ROAD IN THE MONGOL ERA 3 Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4 Contextualization of the Research .................................................................................. 4 A. What is the Silk Road? ....................................................................................... -
Week 8: Chapter 14: Part 1: Terms
Week 8: Chapter 14: Part 1: Terms Example Answer Mongols/Mongol Empire - A nomadic culture that depended on the well-being of their herds of goats and sheep. Chinggis Khan (Temujin) – Under him the Mongols and many neighbors were formed into a mighty war machine. He was born in the 1170s by the name of Temujin. kuriltai - A meeting of all of the Mongol chieftains. He was elected to be the khagan of the Mongol tribes. khagan - Supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes tumens - The monogolian forces were divided into armies made up of fighting units called tumens, each consisting of 10,000 warriors. Tangut - Khan’s first campaigns humbled the Tangut of Xia-Xia in northwest China. Muhammad Shah II - He was a Turkic ruler of the Khwarazm ruler to the west. Khan demanded that he submit to Khan, but he was outraged and killed his envoys and sent their shaved heads back to Khan. Khan overwhelmed the empire. Karakorum - Khan established this as a capital on the steppes and had the wise and the clever come to live in lavish tents which made up a palace. shamanistic religion/beliefs - Khan’s belief system. They were focused on nature spirits. Batu – He was the son of Jochi and the grandson of Khan. Jochi died before Khan did, and Khan honored Batu with a share of the kingdom. Ogadei - Chosen by Khan to be his successor. He directed Mongolian energies into campaigns and conquests. Alexander Nevskii - He spared his city, Novgorod, from Mongolian invasion because he was willing to give in to their demands, instead of resisting. -
Altaic Languages
Altaic Languages Masaryk University Press Reviewed by Ivo T. Budil Václav Blažek in collaboration with Michal Schwarz and Ondřej Srba Altaic Languages History of research, survey, classification and a sketch of comparative grammar Masaryk University Press Brno 2019 Publication financed by the grant No. GA15-12215S of the Czech Science Foundation (GAČR) © 2019 Masaryk University Press ISBN 978-80-210-9321-8 ISBN 978-80-210-9322-5 (online : pdf) https://doi.org/10.5817/CZ.MUNI.M210-9322-2019 5 Analytical Contents 0. Preface .................................................................. 9 1. History of recognition of the Altaic languages ............................... 15 1.1. History of descriptive and comparative research of the Turkic languages ..........15 1.1.1. Beginning of description of the Turkic languages . .15 1.1.2. The beginning of Turkic comparative studies ...........................21 1.1.3. Old Turkic language and script – discovery and development of research .....22 1.1.4. Turkic etymological dictionaries .....................................23 1.1.5. Turkic comparative grammars .......................................24 1.1.6. Syntheses of grammatical descriptions of the Turkic languages .............25 1.2. History of descriptive and comparative research of the Mongolic languages .......28 1.2.0. Bibliographic survey of Mongolic linguistics ...........................28 1.2.1. Beginning of description of the Mongolic languages .....................28 1.2.2. Standard Mongolic grammars and dictionaries ..........................31 1.2.3. Mongolic comparative and etymological dictionaries .....................32 1.2.4. Mongolic comparative grammars and grammatical syntheses...............33 1.3. History of descriptive and comparative research of the Tungusic languages ........33 1.3.0. Bibliographic survey of the Tungusic linguistics.........................33 1.3.1. Beginning of description of the Tungusic languages ......................34 1.3.2. -
The Nomadic Ally of Heraclius
The nomadic ally of Heraclius MLHALY DOBROVITS The empire of the Western Turks gained back its international importance during the reign of T'ung she-hu Khagan (618/619-630). The reconstruction of the name-element she-hu remained in Chinese transcription is d'ziap yuo, from which one can conclude to the form of title Yabyu, well-known from the name of Silzibulos. The only difference is that jawu or jiwu in the name of Silzibulos reconstructed by Ligeti has lost its intervocalic -y-, while it remained in the Chi- nese transcription. This period left us the first Turkic coin mint to the name of T'ung Yabyu Khagan. On the obverse of the coin there is a European-shaped male figure with a bit of Iranian characteristic. The diadem on his head is conjuring the last period of Xusro II. The inscription on the right side of the face is Tokharian sri iapgu saho. The obverse also shows the mintplace: the city of Abarsahr. Ghirs- man has already indicated that the coin might be assigned to T'ung she-hu Khagan. Referring to the conclusion of Ghirsman that the city of Abarshahr was not in the hand of the Turks in the T'ung she-hu period, as it was temporary oc- cupied only after 651, it can be ascertained that the Iranian mintplaces worked for the barbarians, especially for the Hephthalites. Another coin with the Pehlevi in- scription "yyp MLK"n MLK" was attributed to Khagan T'ung yabyu by Harmatta. Also Tibetan sources mentioned him as Ton yabyo Khagan. -
The Climate of the Khagan. Observations on Palaeo-Environmental Factors of the History of the Avars (6Th-9Th Century AD)* Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, OEAW (Vienna)
The Climate of the Khagan. Observations on palaeo-environmental Factors of the History of the Avars (6th-9th century AD)* Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, OEAW (Vienna) Pre-Print, published in: Jörg Drauschke – Ewald Kislinger – Karin Kühtreiber – Thomas Kühltreiber – Gabriele Scharrer-Liška – Tivadar Vida (eds.), Lebenswelten zwischen Archäologie und Geschichte Festschrift für Falko Daim zu seinem 65. Geburtstag (Monographien des RGZM, Band 150). Mainz 2018, pp. 311-324. Abstract Based on palaeoenvironmental, historical and archaeological data, the paper proposes possible climatic impacts on the history of the Avar Khaganate, which comprised the Carpathian Basin between the late 6th and the early 9th century AD. While the establishment of the Avars in East Central Europe took place within a period characterised by cold and dry climatic conditions (recently identified as “Late Antique Little Ice Age”), more stable climatic parameters may have favoured the stabilisation of Avar rule after a crisis in the aftermath of 626 AD. Data indicates growth of settlement and agricultural activity up to the mid-8th century. These developments did not necessarily strengthen central power, but may have contributed to a greater autonomy of various groups on the basis of increased resources. The Khaganate quickly disintegrated faced by the Carolingian advance of the 790s; the last decades of documented Avar presence were again accompanied by environmental vicissitudes. In an article published in 2016, Büntgen et alii on the basis of palaeoenvironmental data from Central Europe and Central Asia identified a prolonged cool period across Eurasia between 536 and 660 AD, initiated by a series of volcanic eruptions, which they described as “Late Antique Little Ice Age” (= LALIA) (fig. -
Political Complexity in Nomadic Empires of Inner Asia
Political Complexity in Nomadic Empires of Inner Asia Sergey A. Vasyutin Kemerovo State University ABSTRACT The nomadic empires of Inner Asia are a unique historical phenomenon. Large mountain and steppe territories allowed hundreds of thousands of nomadic families to pursue their economic activities, creating the condi- tions that led to their integration into big imperial communities. The long border in the South with empire-civilization and world-system center China was one of the major ‘challenges’ for steppe people, the ‘answer’ to which was often the creation of semi-peripheral imperial polities, as only the common military capacity of the Inner Asia stockbreeders guaranteed them at least temporary military and political equality and even supremacy during periods of weakening of the Middle Kingdom. The established opin- ion on the similarity of the nomadic empires in this region is mostly the result of a long period of research on nomadic economies, social and polit- ical structures, and the relations between nomads and China (evolutionism, positivism, Marxism). In the last few decades, the concept of multi-linearity (non-linearity) of sociogenesis and politogenesis has been applied to this field of study, allowing us to focus on the peculiarities of the Inner Asia nomadic empires, creating a solution to the old issues surrounding the na- ture of the power systems among nomads, the existence or absence of state- hood, and the typology of imperial structures according to their level of complexity. INTRODUCTION The issues concerning the characteristics of political regimes of medieval nomadic empires have provoked fierce debates among researchers and have become especially important during the last decade. -
Batu, Khan of the Golden Horde
RESOURCES BOOK REVIEW ESSAYS BOOK REVIEW ESSAYS Batu, Khan of the Golden Horde Religious tolerance existed in the khanate because Chinggis believed in The Mongol Khans Conquer Russia the shamanistic concept of the “Great Blue Sky.” In his view, the prophets of the religions he encountered were all “Speakers to Heaven” and were not in (The Silk Road Series) opposition to his belief system, which formed no small part of his Yasak (or- By Diane Wolff ders). The only solid prohibition dictated by the Great Blue Sky was against bathing in streams or rivers, lest the spirits of the water be disturbed. Dietary Genghis Productions, 2020 prohibitions in other religions—as the prohibition against pork in Islam, for 182 pages, ISBN: 978-0578780894, Paperback example—were not in accordance with the Great Blue Sky, and Chinggis was perplexed at the notion that someone would choose not to eat wild boar, Reviewed by Christy Davis but did not feel Islam needed to be discarded in favor of the Great Blue Sky tradition. As a matter of fact, when the khan took over Muslim land in 1220, istory, as we know, is written by the he carefully interviewed imams to determine their beliefs, then declared that victors. But what happens when the Islam did not run contrary to the edicts of the “Great Blue Sky.” He gave the victors write nothing down? In the imams orders to return to their faithful and report back that he was a “friend Hcase of the Mongols, history was written by the to Islam.” He also became a “friend to Nestorian Christians” and later often vanquished, despite exceptional Mongol brutal- welcomed emissaries from the popes in the churches of Rome and Constan- ity, and carries with it all the prejudice and bit- tinople, as well as the Russian Orthodox Christian leadership and Nestorian terness of defeated empires and kingdoms. -
Neo-Traditionalism in Self-Identification in Modern Mongolia1
Volume 3 Issue 2 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND September 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Neo-Traditionalism in Self-Identification in Modern Mongolia1 Prof. Tatiana D. Skrynnikova Head of the Department of Central and South Asia, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia Abstract This article deals with the national language-discourse of post-socialist Mongolia, based on the symbolism of the “roots” and “blood and soil” typical of the identity’s practices of the modern Mongolian society. The self-identification is realized in accordance with the existing common ideas of belonging to some larger whole. The formation of the Mongolian identity by the ruling elite in the late 20th century was based on the historical paradigms of self-identification worked out much earlier. The language of that discourse is not solely designed by the national elite and reflected in the media, scholarly publications, and literature; it finds its way into everyday life. The language gets saturated with archaic ideas supplemented with the “invented tradition”. For most of the Mongolian world, especially important for the reconstruction of the identification notions are presently the lexemes “Mongolian Empire” and “Chinggis-Khan” which have acquired a high semiotic status in forming the ethnic self-identification and political mythology. They have become mythologemes or ideologemes implicitly restoring the textual myth with its symbolism and ritual. Keywords: language-discourse, self-identification,