DOCSLIB.ORG

Anishinabe Interest in Islands, Fish and Water

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anishinabe Interest in Islands, Fish and Water Anishinabe Interest in Islands, Fish and Water RHONDA TELFORD Historical Research & Consulting Services INTRODUCTION According to their oral traditions, the Anishinabe south of the height of land in Ontario: that is, the Ojibway of the north shores of Lakes Superior and Huron, the Chippewa and Mississagua of southwestern and central Ontario, did not surrender the water, land under water, fish or game to the Crown through treaties. Certain islands had at times been shared with the Crown through treaties; all other islands remained under First Nations ownership. Under the rules of the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the Crown could not dispose of Aboriginal property without Aboriginal consent obtained through a public assembly and Treaty.1 Prior to its fishing legislation of 1857, the Crown was supposed to have treated the Great Lakes fisheries as a public right. However, both the Crown Lands and Indian Departments had at various times issued licenses of occupation or leases to individuals or small companies. Some commen­ tators have argued that these dispositions were on crown lands fronting on desirable fishing sites.2 An examination of some of the pre-1857 fishery dispositions proves this to be incorrect. For example, in 1834 Crown Lands issued an order-m-council to the Huron Fishing Co. for the Fishing Islands, embracing land, water and land under water over which the Crown held no title. This order-m-council stated that "a License of Occupation during pleasure be Granted to the Huron Fishing Company for the Islands referred to in the annexed plan." The license included the Surveyor General's description, embracing 13 islands (shown on an attached map): ...commencing at a Point of Land in Lake Huron called Chief Point, then into Lake Huron west one mile and a quarter, then north 4 miles and three eights of a mile, then east two miles and a half more or less to the East Royal Proclamation, 7 October 1763. Revised statutes of Canada, 1985, Appendix 1. 2 Alan B McCullough, The commercial fishery of the Great Lakes (Ottawa: Canadian Parks Service, Environment Canada, 1989). ISLANDS, FISH AND WATER 403 Shore of Lake Huron, Then southerly along the waters edge of the Lake following the several points and Bays to the place of beginning.3 The Surveyor General's license did not refer to any length of term for the license. The fact that this license specifically included water boundaries was significant, indicating Crown recognition of Aboriginal water rights. The Saugeen Nation similarly understood that it owned the fish and water.4 The terms of this agreement were breached very early, but neither the Crown Land nor the Indian Department acted to protect Anishinabe inter­ ests. Furthermore, this lease, as well as subsequent ones, were not abro­ gated, but transferred to other users without Aboriginal consent.5 The suggestion that fishing was a public right was misguided and a colonial act of appropriation of resources which did not belong to the Crown. Fishing privileges could not be held by or disposed of to the public and others until title or sharing rights to the water, fish, islands or land required was obtained through a treaty with the appropriate First Nation. The passage of the Fishing Act in 1857 by the Crown Land Department was .. singular act of appropriation. Not only was it illegal from an Aboriginal perspective, since no "Great Lakes" First Nations had surren­ dered either water or fish to the Crown, it was also questionable from the public's perspective, since fishing had been held (although wrongly) to be a 'public' right. It is not at all clear under what legislative authority, or by what right the Crown subverted the Royal Proclamation or an alleged 'public' right. Certainly both 'communities' were injured here. However, the greater injury was perpetrated against the First Nation owners because the Crown officially appropriated jurisdiction and beneficial interest in an important part of the Aboriginal economy. This paper will examine the continuous chain of Aboriginal assertions and actions to an exclusive right to islands, fish and water. First Nation 3 AO, RG 1, A-VII, v. 10, No. 66, Order-in-Council, 21 May 1834. MNR, Crown Land Registry, LO #158, 30 May 1834, Surveyor General's Office, License of Occupation and attached map. 4 First Nations considered themselves as owners of the waters, see for example: NAC, RG 10, v. 1011:93-94, (Paudash Papers), 23 Jan 1840, General Council. Present were delegates from: Credit, Alderville, Rice, Mud and Balsam Lakes, the Narrows, Snake Island, Coldwater, Saugeeng, St. Clair and Muncey Town. 5 See for example, Victor Lytwyn, "The usurpation of Aboriginal fishing rights: a study of the Saugeen nation's fishing islands in Lake Huron." Co-existence9 Studies in Ontario-First Nations relations ed. by Bruce W. Hodgins, Shawn Heard and John S Milloy (Peterborough, 1992), 81-103. 404 RHONDA TELFORD interests were lost in the competing atmosphere of departmental and then federal/provincial disputes over the ownership and beneficial interest in Aboriginal lands and resources. In the aftermath of court cases between 1882 and the end of the century, it was clear, from a colonial perspective, that provincial rights over water and fisheries had won at the expense of central ones. It is common to point to the British North America Act of 1867 as creating the severance between Aboriginal People and the beneficial interest in their land and resources. This division can be summed up as that between section 109 giving ownership and beneficial interest in all land and natural resources in the province to Ontario and section 91 (24) giving Canada responsibility for Native peoples. This constitutional division led to severe disputes between Ontario's Crown Land Department and the federal Department of Indian Affairs. Both claimed the right to dispose of natural resources and to retain the beneficial interest.6 Except for seven crucial years between 1860 and 1867, these kinds of competitions between the two departments had existed before 1867. There had always been disagreements between the Crown Land and Indian departments over the disposal and beneficial interest in Aboriginal property. For example, during the first decades of government in Upper Canada, the Crown Land Department licensed unceded fisheries adjacent to Fighting Island in the Detroit River and the Fishing Islands in Lake Huron. It disposed of timber, minerals and land under licenses, leases and sometimes patents along the north shores of Lakes Superior and Huron, pocketing the money. Prior to 1857, the Indian Department (and/or its agents) occasionally leased Aboriginal fisheries, timber and land, but was supposed to retain the revenues for the benefit of the First Nation. In addition, there were disputes between some First Nations (especially 6 For a detailed discussion of the federal and provincial disputes see, Rhonda Telford "The sound of the rustling of the gold is under my feet where I stand; we have a rich country": a history of abonginal mineral resources in Ontano (Ph D dissertation,University of Toronto, 1996), ch. 3. ISLANDS, FISH AND WATER 405 Saugeen and Nawash) and the Indian Department over who had the right to construct fishing deals and how the monies would be retained and spent.7 APPROPRIATION AND RESISTANCE: THE FISHERY 1856-98 To reveal how the Crown appropriated Aboriginal fisheries and water a number of questions could be addressed. For example, was there a confluence of interests between Crown Lands and the Indian Departments in 1856 when the first reading of the fishery bill was made and when the Indian Department took hundreds of Aboriginal islands under various treaties? If there was no collusion, which office (Crown Lands, Indian or Colonial) or officer propelled the process of appropriation? Research to date indicates that the Crown Land Department as a singular entity, and specifically its head, Phillip Vankoughnet, drove the process. Competing interests and departmental aggrandizement may have been at the root of Superintendent General R. T. Pennefather's June 1856 islands treaties. These treaties embraced hundreds of islands (many of which were 7 The Crown Land Department issued a Licence of Occupation [hereinafter: LO] to Thomas Paxton for Fighting Island on 13 Sep 1827 and collected rent on the same for the following 29 years. See NAC, RG 10, v. 325:217982-4, 218038. Paxton and the Huron of Anderdon concluded a rental agreement for Fighting Island at the beginning of August of the same year. Payments were made in 1827 and 1828 with the knowledge of Indian Agent George Ironside. See 325:217,802-7. In 1829 and 1839 respectively, Ironside witnessed and endorsed copies of a 999 year lease and a deed from the Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottowatomi to Paxton: v. 2246:n.p. and v. 787: 92-4. Direct transactions regarding Fighting Island continued between Paxton and the DIA from 1840 to 1 870, including rental bonds, Arbitration, Patent and a federal order-in-council granting him fishing nghts around the island without payment of a fee. The two departments also issued a variety of documents dealing with the Saugeen and Nawash Fishing Islands. See for example: MNR, Crown Land Registry, LO, Crown Land Dept. to A. McGreggor, 15 Dec 1832. This LO was unilaterally abrogated by the Crown Land Dept. on 21 May 1834 and reissued to the Huron Fishing Co. as discussed above in the text. The Indian Dept. had knowledge of these transactions either at the time or shortly thereafter, and references to them appear on Indian Dept. files. Throughout the 1840s to 1857, the Indian Dept. also issued a number of leases (with and without Saugeen and Nawash First Nations knowledge and consent).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Descendants of Susanna Johnson
    Descendants of Susanna Johnson Generation 1 1. SUSANNA1 JOHNSON was born on 01 May 1812 in Weaverthorpe, East Yorkshire, England1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. She died on 27 Feb 1901 in Clinton, Huron Co., ON, CA7, 8, 9. She married (1) ALPHONSO S. ALLAN on 02 Apr 1832 in St James Anglican, Toronto, ON, CA10, 11, 12. He was born about 1812 in Vermont, USA13, 14, 15. He died before 186116. She married (2) WILLIAM WILSON on 28 May 1862 in York Co. (Toronto), ON, CA17. He was born about 1804 in England18, 19, 20, 21. He died on 29 Jul 18939. Notes for Alphonso S. Allan: He was in or near Toronto (York at the time) in 1830 and 1831 as evidenced by the letters waiting for him at the York post office. The Colonial Advocate published lists including his name for April 5, 1830 - A. S. Allen; June 5, 1830 - A. S. Allen; Sept 5, 1830 - Alphonso Allen; and, Dec 5, 1830 - A. S. Allen. In "Brown’s Toronto City and Home District Directory, 1846-1847", Alphonso Allen resided at Lot 6, Con 4, Toronto (township). {Leo & Walter Baldock, Henry Hetherington, possibly others were on same lot} In the 1880 census for New York, Co Niagara, Village of Lewiston, pg 11, ln 40, the following family: Alphonso Allen, aged 75, bo: Vermont Mary A, aged 43, Wife, bo: Canada Andrew, aged 19, son, bo: Canada Alphonso A, aged 17, bo: New York Frederick f, aged 14, bo: New York Michael C, aged 12, bo: New York Martha, aged 6, bo: New York Alexander, aged 4, bo: New York Could it be that our Alphonso simply left his first wife? Of course, he always gave Alphonso S, or A S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Canadian Parliamentary Guide
    NUNC COGNOSCO EX PARTE THOMAS J. BATA LI BRARY TRENT UNIVERSITY us*<•-« m*.•• ■Jt ,.v<4■■ L V ?' V t - ji: '^gj r ", •W* ~ %- A V- v v; _ •S I- - j*. v \jrfK'V' V ■' * ' ’ ' • ’ ,;i- % »v • > ». --■ : * *S~ ' iJM ' ' ~ : .*H V V* ,-l *» %■? BE ! Ji®». ' »- ■ •:?■, M •* ^ a* r • * «'•# ^ fc -: fs , I v ., V', ■ s> f ** - l' %% .- . **» f-•" . ^ t « , -v ' *$W ...*>v■; « '.3* , c - ■ : \, , ?>?>*)■#! ^ - ••• . ". y(.J, ■- : V.r 4i .» ^ -A*.5- m “ * a vv> w* W,3^. | -**■ , • * * v v'*- ■ ■ !\ . •* 4fr > ,S<P As 5 - _A 4M ,' € - ! „■:' V, ' ' ?**■- i.." ft 1 • X- \ A M .-V O' A ■v ; ■ P \k trf* > i iwr ^.. i - "M - . v •?*»-• -£-. , v 4’ >j- . *•. , V j,r i 'V - • v *? ■ •.,, ;<0 / ^ . ■'■ ■ ,;• v ,< */ ■" /1 ■* * *-+ ijf . ^--v- % 'v-a <&, A * , % -*£, - ^-S*.' J >* •> *' m' . -S' ?v * ... ‘ *•*. * V .■1 *-.«,»'• ■ 1**4. * r- * r J-' ; • * “ »- *' ;> • * arr ■ v * v- > A '* f ' & w, HSi.-V‘ - .'">4-., '4 -' */ ' -',4 - %;. '* JS- •-*. - -4, r ; •'ii - ■.> ¥?<* K V' V ;' v ••: # * r * \'. V-*, >. • s s •*•’ . “ i"*■% * % «. V-- v '*7. : '""•' V v *rs -*• * * 3«f ' <1k% ’fc. s' ^ * ' .W? ,>• ■ V- £ •- .' . $r. « • ,/ ••<*' . ; > -., r;- •■ •',S B. ' F *. ^ , »» v> ' ' •' ' a *' >, f'- \ r ■* * is #* ■ .. n 'K ^ XV 3TVX’ ■■i ■% t'' ■ T-. / .a- ■ '£■ a« .v * tB• f ; a' a :-w;' 1 M! : J • V ^ ’ •' ■ S ii 4 » 4^4•M v vnU :^3£'" ^ v .’'A It/-''-- V. - ;ii. : . - 4 '. ■ ti *%?'% fc ' i * ■ , fc ' THE CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE AND WORK OF GENERAL REFERENCE I9OI FOR CANADA, THE PROVINCES, AND NORTHWEST TERRITORIES (Published with the Patronage of The Parliament of Canada) Containing Election Returns, Eists and Sketches of Members, Cabinets of the U.K., U.S., and Canada, Governments and Eegisla- TURES OF ALL THE PROVINCES, Census Returns, Etc.
    [Show full text]
  • 1960 - Tillsonburg Xmas Tree Burning
    LONDON FREE PRESS CHRONO. INDEX DATE PHOTOGRAPHER DESCRIPTION 1/1/60 JANUARY - copy...Wingham: Mr. W.J. Ritchie of Durham turns over books to daughter Mrs. R.C. Robinson Pittendreigh Ice and snow near Fordwich Turner Sarnia: New Year's babies; Garrison mess New Year's celebrations - Stratford: children on ice Wildgust Stratford ice storm repair crews - copy...Wingham: New Year's baby, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Fisher, and nurse Esther Hill Wildgust Stratford New Year's baby to Mrs. Jacob de Boer - copy...Wingham: New Year's baby to Mr. and Mrs. Graham Whitely, R5 Goderich Sallaway Port Stanley fatal crash; New Year's baby - Chatham: first Kent baby (Nicholson); first Chatham baby (Slater); Mrs. John Van Haren Blumson Skaters at Fanshawe Don Mrs. Doris Brown with twins, last and first born of 1959- 60 Blumson Basketball tournament at Thames Hall K. Smith New Year's mess tour 2/1/60 K. Smith Figure skating classes at London West Rink B. Smith Western vs. Livingstons B. Smith Winners of the junior hunt team at Pony Club trials B. Smith Aylmer vs. Toronto in finals for Purple and White championships at UWO Blumson Semi-final game between Catholic Central and East Elgin at Thames Hall B. Smith Albert Green, pulled from Thames River K. Smith Pony Club at Medway Farms Blumson 1959 Pontiac in showroom at London Motor Products 3/1/60 K. Smith Snowman on Tecumseh Ave Blumson Kids sliding down hill at Ski Club Chute Plane crash at Iona 1 LONDON FREE PRESS CHRONO. INDEX DATE PHOTOGRAPHER DESCRIPTION Turner Sarnia Township police sort cigarettes and tobacco recovered after break-in of Bright's Grove store 4/1/60 Jones Sarnia: fatal free year K.
    [Show full text]
  • 694 STATISTICAL YEAR-BOOK the Following Are the Lists of The
    694 STATISTICAL YEAR-BOOK The following are the lists of the members of the several Provincial Legislatures :— PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. LEGJSLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1903. SPEAKER—Hox. WILLIAM A. CHARLTON. CLEKK—CHAS. CLARKE. Constituencies. Representatives. Constituencies, Representatives. Addington Reid, James Middlesex, West. Ross, Hon. Geo. W. Algoma Smyth, W. R. Monck Harconrt, Hon. R. Brant, North Burt, Daniel Muskoka Vacant. Brant, South Preston, Thomas H. Nipissing, West.. Michaud, Joseph Brockville Graham, Geo. P. Ni pissing, East.. James, M. Bruce, Centre.... Clark, Hugh Norfolk, North .. Little, Archibald Bruce, North Bowman, Chas. M. Norfolk, South. Charlton, Hon. W. A. Bruce, South Truax, R. A. NorthumbTnd,E. Wilkmghby, William A. Cardwell Little, E. A. Northumb'l'nd, W Clarke, Samuel Carleton Kidd, G. N. Ontario, North .. Hoyle, W. H. Dufferin Barr, John Ontario, South... Dryden, Hon. J. Dundas Whitney, J. P. f Murphy, Dennis Durham, East.... Preston, Josiah Ottawa. Powell, C. B. Durham, West... Rickard, William Oxford, North... Pattullo, Andrew Elgin, East Brower, C. A. Oxford, South.... Sutherland, D. Elgin, West Macdiarmid, Finlay G. Parry Sound Carr, Milton Essex, North Reaunie, Joseph C. Peel Smith, J. Essex, South Auld. John Allan Perth, North .... Brown, John. Fort William and Perth, South Stock, Valentine Lake of the Woods Cameron, D. C. Peterborough, E. Anderson, William. Frontenac Gallagher, John S. Peterborough, W. Stratton,Hon. J. R. Glengarry McLeod, Wm. D. Port Arthnr and Grenville Joynt, R. L. Rainy River ... Conmee, James Grey, Centre Lucas, J. B. Prescott Evanturel, Hon. F. E. A. Grey, North Boyd, G. M. Prince Edward... Currie, Morley Grey. South Jamieson, D. Renfrew, North.. Vacant.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring 2018 — Volume 3, Issue 1
    A FREE magazine for adults 50+ Spring 2018 — Volume 3, Issue 1 TRAVEL UNBELIEVABLE BUCKET LIST Fascinating UTAHWhy you must see this FJORDSFJORDS under-the-radar state HEALTH SHINGLES How to protect yourself FREE! FROM THE PUBLISHER CONTENTS KINCARDINE We did it! We made it through another Huron/Perth winter! Meditation • 4 office now open Shingles • 6 My family spent a lot of time at the arena, cheering on our daughter’s hockey team, Thursdays! as well as those of our friends’ children. I love how the community comes together Unbelievable Utah • 12 at the rink, especially for those exciting playoff games! However, I look forward to If These Walls Could Talk • 18 fewer Zamboni fumes and the absence of snow, salt and ice, and I can’t wait for green grass and temperatures above zero! In the Kitchen With... • 24 Dueling Newspapers • 26 New Patients My thanks goes to all of you who provided feedback on our Winter 2017/18 issue! We love to hear from our readers, so be sure to reach out and tell me what The Bucket List • 30 and Walk-Ins you enjoy, and if you have story ideas for future issues please touch base. Also, if My ‘Living Funeral’ • 34 Welcome! you have a minute, please fill out our readership survey, which provides us with important information about how to best serve you! Find the link on our Facebook Game Changer • 37 page or go to https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/RFDGGNH. Events • 38 We have curated another awesome issue of Boomers for you this spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Congratulations
    Brant North Women's Institute set up a recycling display at the Lynden Park Mall in Brantford. A lot of interest was indicated in the material the women had available. Recently appointed Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food Deputy Minister Rita Burak, left, visited the Federated Women's Institutes of Ontario Board meeting in August. She is pictured here with FWIO President Margaret Munro, centre, and FWIO President Elect Peggy Knapp. Ms. Burak came to OMAF finm the Ministry of Housing. Prior to that she was Assistant Deputy Minister with OMAF. Congratulations . Congratulations to the following groups on the recent celebration of anniversaries . Burford WI, Brant South . 90 Branchton WI, Waterloo South . 85 Kintore WI, Oxford North . .85 Moorefield WI, Wellington North . .85 Wellington Centre WI . 85 Cavan WI, Durham East . .75 Dungannon WI, Huron West . 75 Jarratt-Cre igton WI, Simcoe North . .75 Maple Valley WI, Simcoe West . .75 Rushview WI, Dufferin North . .75 Gleneden WI, Grey South . 70 Princeton-Woodbury WI , Brant South . .70 Fairfield WI, Leeds East . 65 Pittsburgh WI, Fro ntenac . .. 65 Derry West WI, Peel South . 60 Summerville WI, Oxford South . .60 Tyendinaga East WI . 60 South Line Brant WI, Bruce East . .55 Bolsover WI, Victoria West . 40 Palmyra WI, Kent East . 40 Since 1985, the Tweedsmuir Committee of the Magnetawan Women's Institute has Lookout Bay WI, Prescott . .35 collected photos and histories on all the houses and buildings in the village. This Gillies Hill WI, Bruce East . .30 summer, the work culminated in a community display of the information . Pictured North Emily WI, Victo ria West .
    [Show full text]
  • Frank Anglin Joins the Bench: a Study of Judicial Patronage, 1897-1904 James G
    Osgoode Hall Law Journal Article 8 Volume 18, Number 4 (December 1980) Frank Anglin Joins the Bench: A Study of Judicial Patronage, 1897-1904 James G. Snell Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj Article Citation Information Snell, James G.. "Frank Anglin Joins the Bench: A Study of Judicial Patronage, 1897-1904." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 18.4 (1980) : 664-673. http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol18/iss4/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Osgoode Hall Law Journal by an authorized editor of Osgoode Digital Commons. Note FRANK ANGLIN JOINS THE BENCH: A STUDY OF JUDICIAL PATRONAGE, 1897-1904 By JAMES G. SNELL Though of intrinsic interest and importance, historical evidence of the process of judicial appointment in Canada is often difficult to uncover. How- ever, in the case of Frank Anglin, who eventually became Chief Justice of Canada (1924-1933), there is a good deal of material in some of the country's archives. The story that these records reveal is one of interest, involving a Toronto lawyer with a powerful compulsion to become a judge, an important minority group that was able to voice effectively its demands and by whose needs Anglin was able to profit, and a federal government coping with various pressures and claims as it dealt with the requirements of the judicial system and of the Liberal Party. After appointment to the Supreme Court of Ontario in 1904 and to the Supreme Court of Canada in 1909, Anglin J.'s service on the bench was noteworthy.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislators and Legislatures of Ontario : a Reference Guide
    Msktor^s Ijegisl/itivcUkmy isktors a ofOntum a tvfenmceguide n/oCume 4/1984-1991 dt m m. Ontario Le^sktiveL3mt Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Forman, Debra, 1956- Legislators and legislatures of Ontario 4. 1984-1991. Contents: v. 1. 1792-1866. - v. 2. 1867-1929. ~ v. 3. 1930-1984. - v. - 0-7743- ISBN 0-7743-9021-2 (set). - 0-7743-9022-0 (v. 1). - 0-7743-9023-9 (v. 2). 9024-7 (v. 3). - 0-7729-9328-9 (v. 4). 3. 1. Ontario. Legislative Assembly-History. 2. Ontario-Politics and government. Legislators-Ontario-History. I. Ontario. Legislative Library. II. Title. JL273.F6 1984 328.713'09 84-093008-9 1 1 Contents Foreword v Introduction vii Errata viii General Elections 1984-1991 1 Presidentsof the Executive Council 1984-1991 2 Alphabetical Index of Members 1792- 1991 3-27 Executive CouncUs of Ontario 1 984- 1 99 29-5 Death Notices Former Ontario MPPs 1984-1991 53-54 32nd Legislature 55-87 33rd Legislature 88-109 34th Legislature 110-181 35th Legislature 182-201 ® IV Foreword Approximately 5,200 men and women have served as Members of the House of Assembly of the Province of Upper Canada (1792-1841), as Members from Canada West in the Legislative Assembly of the united Province of Canada (1841-1867), and as Members of the legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario (1867-1991). In the past, identification or verification of a particular Member, Legislature or Electoral District has proved to be a tedious and time-consuming task for those researching Ontario's political history because the information is scattered in a great many sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Charted Lakes List
    LAKE LIST United States and Canada Bull Shoals, Marion (AR), HD Powell, Coconino (AZ), HD Gull, Mono Baxter (AR), Taney (MO), Garfield (UT), Kane (UT), San H. V. Eastman, Madera Ozark (MO) Juan (UT) Harry L. Englebright, Yuba, Chanute, Sharp Saguaro, Maricopa HD Nevada Chicot, Chicot HD Soldier Annex, Coconino Havasu, Mohave (AZ), La Paz HD UNITED STATES Coronado, Saline St. Clair, Pinal (AZ), San Bernardino (CA) Cortez, Garland Sunrise, Apache Hell Hole Reservoir, Placer Cox Creek, Grant Theodore Roosevelt, Gila HD Henshaw, San Diego HD ALABAMA Crown, Izard Topock Marsh, Mohave Hensley, Madera Dardanelle, Pope HD Upper Mary, Coconino Huntington, Fresno De Gray, Clark HD Icehouse Reservior, El Dorado Bankhead, Tuscaloosa HD Indian Creek Reservoir, Barbour County, Barbour De Queen, Sevier CALIFORNIA Alpine Big Creek, Mobile HD DeSoto, Garland Diamond, Izard Indian Valley Reservoir, Lake Catoma, Cullman Isabella, Kern HD Cedar Creek, Franklin Erling, Lafayette Almaden Reservoir, Santa Jackson Meadows Reservoir, Clay County, Clay Fayetteville, Washington Clara Sierra, Nevada Demopolis, Marengo HD Gillham, Howard Almanor, Plumas HD Jenkinson, El Dorado Gantt, Covington HD Greers Ferry, Cleburne HD Amador, Amador HD Greeson, Pike HD Jennings, San Diego Guntersville, Marshall HD Antelope, Plumas Hamilton, Garland HD Kaweah, Tulare HD H. Neely Henry, Calhoun, St. HD Arrowhead, Crow Wing HD Lake of the Pines, Nevada Clair, Etowah Hinkle, Scott Barrett, San Diego Lewiston, Trinity Holt Reservoir, Tuscaloosa HD Maumelle, Pulaski HD Bear Reservoir,
    [Show full text]
  • Huron-St. Lawrence Iroquois Relations in the Terminal Prehistoric Period
    23 Huron-St. Lawrence Iroquois Relations in the Terminal Prehistoric Period James F. Pendergast An introductory summary of Jefferson County level. Although it has the appearance of being a topography and archaeological history, including shoulder of the Precambrian Adirondack Moun- reference to the question of archaeological connections tains, it is in fact an Ordovician limestone feature with Ontario, provides the background against which to examine and compare certain Jefferson County St. of the Appalachian Plateau. Generally the terrain Lawrence Iroquois archaeological traits with their Huron on the Plateau is more rugged than the Eastern On- counterparts. Ossuary burials, pottery, ceramic and stone tario Hills particularly along the line of the escarp- pipes and bone tools from the two regions are examined in ment where bedrock limestone cliffs occur. The detail in the context of their similarity. A wide-ranging Plateau is overlain with glacial debris: till, kamic discussion considers viewpoints expressed by early moraines and isolated drumlins (Stewart 1958). scholars regarding the destruction of the Iroquois in Jefferson County by the Huron as well as some current North Sandy Creek and South Sandy Creek rise hypotheses regarding the disappearance of the St. on the Plateau and flow through the Eastern On- Lawrence Iroquois. tario Hills to Lake Ontario on approximately parallel courses. Both Creeks have cut prominent watercourses. In some areas the valleys are broad and flanked with high hills while at other locations, Introduction particularly in the vicinity of the Plateau escarp- Environment ment, they are narrow and deep with sheer walls. Jefferson County is located at the east end of In the region north of Black River, bounded by Lake Ontario where it encompasses the land at the the Adirondack Mountains, the Tug Hill Plateau headwaters of the St.
    [Show full text]
  • Attend Your County A...-Ual
    • Ie Vol. 39, No.1 0 39th Year OCTOBER 1, 1961 Publi h d n hI • Attend Your County A......- ual Mee I ---------------------~--~----------------~--------------------t:l A Challenge in Citizenship What Will be Determined 96 In Con-Con is Next Round on This i cities, whereas the Detroit metro- J. DELBERT WELLS politan area turned out a fairly Say Family Program Division light vote. Memb r 'While at Washington a few As a result "outstate" Michi- Bure u ro r years back, I learned two politi- gan may pretty well dictate what cal lessons. type of a state constitution will CLARENCE E. PRENTICE be submitted to the voters next Secretary-Manager of Michigan Farm Bur u The first lesson is that "you year. never know the results until the As a member of Michigan Farm Bur u ur t- votes are cast." The second lesson that I learned This axiom can certainly be while on the Washington scene tendance at your County Farm Bur u annu t- called to our attention as it re- was that "one round doesn't win a fight" and whether you win or ing in October is most important to F rm u lates to the September 12th Con Con election. Many Farm Bureau lose on one vote there is gener- and to you. ally a follow up. Hence you don't people won seats and many other people who support Farm Bureau stop, you start preparing for the It is your opportunity to h lp build th progr m next bout. ideals also won. of your organization and to el t w 11qu lifi d d I - It seems to me that now since In spite of all the newspaper we know who will write the next gates to the Michigan Farm Bur u annual m tin talk and commentators' analyses state constitution, we as citizens Governor Swainson October as Co-op Mon h of what happened, both pro and November 8-9-10.
    [Show full text]
  • D I R E C T O
    PORT HURON MICHIGAN MARYSVELLE GARDENDALE BLACK RIVER SPARLINGVILLE DISTRICT BEACHES City and Suburban DIRECTORY 1950-51 Comprising an Alphabetical List of Names, Business Departments, Churches, Schools, Street and Road Directory. In the Street and Road Directory, the bell (4) following the name indicates a telephone at that address. In the Alphabetical Department, the married man's name is followed by his wife's given name in parenthesis (). The Alphabetical address will show the correct R. F. D. number. Subscription Price .... $25.00 Non-Subscribers . $30.00 THIRTEENTH EDITION • Published by E. A. LESTER & SONS Port Huron, Michigan INTRODUCTION In this latest edition of our city directory, we have listed the largest number of names ever recorded in the history of Port Huron. The direc• tory, therefore, reflects, as nothing else can, the growth of the community and the prosperity which it has enjoyed the past few years. It is, of course, a source of great satisfaction to us, as it should very well be to every pro• gressive and loyal citizen of Port Huron. There are many things which have combined to make Port Huron a wonderful place in which to work and do business. Nature, in the first place, gave it an incomparable location at the foot of the greatest and most beautiful of our inland seas, Lake Huron, and on the blue and spark• ling St. Clair River through which passes practically all the shipping of the Great Lakes. Nature has also presented us with a city of beautiful trees, wonderful bathing beaches, splendid factory sites, and, in fact, everything which goes to make a Metropolitan community.
    [Show full text]