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De Oorlog Voorbij 320 Een Nieuw Begin 321 Terug Naar Huis 321 Gesneuveld En Vermist 325 UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) ‘Eenige wakkere jongens’: Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers in de Britse luchtstrijdkrachten 1940-1945 van Loo, P.E. Publication date 2013 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Loo, P. E. (2013). ‘Eenige wakkere jongens’: Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers in de Britse luchtstrijdkrachten 1940-1945. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:10 Oct 2021 ‘Eenige wakkere jongens’ ‘Eenige Wakkere Jongens’ Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers in de Britse luchtstrijdkrachten 1940-1945 ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT Ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college van promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op vrijdag 15 november 2013, te 13:00 uur door Pieter Erwin van Loo geboren te Duiveland Promotor: Prof. dr. H. Amersfoort Copromotor: Dr. J.A.M.M. Janssen Overige leden: Prof. dr. J.C.H. Blom Prof. dr. P. Romijn Prof. dr. W. Klinkert Dr. R.J. van Ginkel Prof. dr. B. Schoenmaker Prof. dr. J.S. van der Meulen Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen | Inhoud Inleiding 8 Vliegers in het Vuur 8 Het Nederlandse luchtwapen in Groot-Brittannië 9 Historiografie 11 Vraagstelling en opbouw 14 hoofdstuk 1 De vleugels uitgeslagen 18 Onherkenbare metamorfose 19 Een vliegclub voor nette heren 19 Aarzelende expansie en modernisering 26 In oorlog 31 Buitenlandse inbreng 35 Een strijd om overleving 39 De Fleet Air Arm verder uitgebouwd 45 Voorzichtig in het offensief 48 Kerende krijgskansen 52 D-Day en daarna 57 Conclusie 61 hoofdstuk 2 Europese bondgenoten 64 Buitenlandse inbreng 65 Doorvechten vanuit Groot-Brittannië 65 Aansluiting bij de raf 73 Zes contingenten 82 Rekrutering, training en inzet 92 De oorlog ten einde 105 Conclusie 110 hoofdstuk 3 Strijdend onder Britse vlag 114 Onder buitenlandse vleugels 115 Inkapseling in de raf 115 De mld neemt het voortouw 121 De legervliegdienst weer in de steigers 132 Opleiding via Britse kanalen 135 Gevechtstraining 144 In Britse squadrons 147 Van Normandië tot Duitsland 151 INHOUD 5 Opereren op de oceaan 161 Ook een Spitfire-squadron 167 De krachten gebundeld 172 Conclusie 175 hoofdstuk 4 De oorlogsvlieger doorgelicht 178 De Nederlandse oorlogsvlieger 179 De vooroorlogse militaire vliegergemeenschap 179 Selectie en keuring 182 Geografische herkomst 186 Uit alle windstreken 192 Engelandvaarders 201 Sociale achtergrond 210 Godsdienstige achtergrond 213 Conclusie 217 hoofdstuk 5 In de lucht 220 Een gevaarlijke professie 221 Operationeel 221 De talloze gevaren 227 Angstgevoelens 233 Wapenen tegen angst 238 Breken of doorzetten 243 Decoratiebeleid 246 Morele dilemma’s 253 Neer in vijandelijk gebied 258 Het leven achter het prikkeldraad 265 ‘The Great Escape’ 269 Conclusie 273 hoofdstuk 6 Op de grond 276 Leven in een carrousel van emoties 277 Een heterogeen gezelschap 277 Spanning en ontlading 285 Verlof 291 Verveling 298 Eenzaamheid 301 Seksualiteit, liefde en relaties 307 Conclusie 317 hoofdstuk 7 De oorlog voorbij 320 Een nieuw begin 321 Terug naar huis 321 Gesneuveld en vermist 325 6 INHOUD De raf verlaten 333 Weer in de burgermaatschappij 344 Een leven met vallen en opstaan 352 Het beeld van de oorlogsvlieger 360 Conclusie 367 Conclusie 369 Een veranderende organisatie 369 Het Nederlandse aandeel 373 De Nederlandse oorlogsvlieger 378 Nawoord 385 Bijlagen 387 i Door Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers vernietigde, waarschijnlijk vernietigde en beschadigde vliegtuigen in luchtgevechten 387 ii Britse dapperheidsonderscheidingen uitgereikt aan Nederlandse oorlogs­­ vliegers 390 iii Krijgsgevangen gemaakte en (tijdelijk) geïnterneerde Nederlandse oorlogs- vliegers 392 iv Aan krijgsgevangenschap ontsnapte Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers 396 Noten 399 Samenvatting 467 Summary 477 Geraadpleegde bronnen en literatuur 487 Afkortingenlijst 505 Personenregister 509 Illustratieverantwoording 515 INHOUD 7 | Inleiding Vliegers in het Vuur In maart 1962 wendde de bekende kinderboekenschrijver Klaas Norel zich enigszins wanhopig tot de Luchtmacht Voorlichtingsdienst in Den Haag. De voormalige journalist en verzetsstrij- der liet weten dat zijn uitgever, na de grote successen van zijn eerdere boeken Engelandvaarders (1945) en Varen en Vechten (1961), hem had verzocht een nieuwe verhalenbundel over de oor- logsperiode te schrijven. Die moest dit keer gaan over Nederlandse vliegers tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. De Fries was enthousiast met het vooronderzoek voor zijn nieuwe schrijfop- dracht aan de slag gegaan. Binnen korte tijd had hij al de nodige informatie over het onderwerp kunnen vergaren. Zo leverde een bezoek aan het Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (riod) ‘ruimschoots voldoende materiaal’ op over de luchtacties door Nederlandse militaire vliegers tijdens de meidagen van 1940. Over de inzet van de vaderlandse gevechtsvliegers die na de capitulatie vanuit Groot-Brittannië de strijd hadden voortgezet, was Norel echter weinig wij- zer geworden. De schrijver hoopte nu dat de voorlichtingsafdeling van de Koninklijke Lucht- macht hem verder van dienst kon zijn.1 Hij was daarbij aan het goede adres. Op verschillende manieren kreeg hij informatie toegespeeld waardoor in 1963 de trilogie Vliegers in het Vuur kon verschijnen. In deze drie boeken, die diverse keren zouden worden herdrukt, schetst Norel in zijn bekende nostalgische stijl en op stichtelijke wijze de avonturen van Nederlandse gevechts- vliegers in de Britse luchtmacht, de Royal Air Force (raf), en bij de vliegdienst van de Britse marine, de Fleet Air Arm (faa). De drie delen zijn getiteld ‘Met de Rug tegen de Muur’, ‘Trillende Evenaar’ en ‘Voorwaarts!’. Centraal staan de belevenissen van zes Nederlanders – Bob Baars, Huig Terlinden, Joost de Wolf, Frans Matter, Gijs Pontier en Klaas Zwart – die eerst tijdens de meioorlog van 1940 en vervolgens vanuit Groot-Brittannië tegen de Luftwaffe de wapens oppak- ken. Dit gaat gepaard met veel avonturen die lang niet altijd goed aflopen. Baars komt tijdens de vliegoperaties zelfs om het leven. Vliegers in het Vuur is in alle opzichten een historisch kinderboek. De karakters van het boek zijn weliswaar fictief, maar zij besturen dezelfde toestellen, opereren vanaf dezelfde bases en nemen deel aan dezelfde gevechtsoperaties als de echte Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers in de jaren 1940-1945. De hoofdpersonen worden bij de uitvoering van hun oorlogstaak voornamelijk gedre- ven door vaderlandsliefde. Zij leggen continu veel doorzettingsvermogen en dapperheid aan de dag. Tegelijkertijd is niets menselijks hun vreemd: bijna allemaal zijn ze bang om te sneuvelen.2 Zij laten zich hierdoor echter niet uit het veld slaan, temeer daar zij zich gesteund voelen door hun geloof. Vliegers in het Vuur schetst, samengevat, een beeld van de Nederlandse oorlogsvlie- gers als eerzuchtige, patriottistische en avontuurlijk ingestelde jongemannen van protestantse huize die, ondanks hun vrees om te sneuvelen, met ongekende felheid ‘aan de overkant’ de strijd voortzetten. Daarbij oogsten zij, deel uitmakend van de Britse luchtstrijdkrachten, heel wat lau- weren, maar lijden ook gevoelige verliezen. Hoewel het boek beslist een ware pageturner is, doet 8 INLEIDING Militairen van de Militaire Luchtvaart nemen begin juni 1940 aandachtig de kranten door op zoek naar nieuws over de Duitse opmars op het continent. het de historisch geïnteresseerde lezer tegelijkertijd ook verlangen naar het ware verhaal achter de Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers. Het Nederlandse luchtwapen in Groot-Brittannië De Nederlandse oorlogsvliegers die na mei 1940 vanuit Groot-Brittannië de strijd voortzetten, maakten deel uit van een veel grotere groep vliegend en grondpersoneel van het continent, dat rond de capitulatie van zijn vaderland naar Groot-Brittannië wist uit te wijken en zich bij de Britse lucht- strijdkrachten aansloot.3 Eind december 1940 telde de raf al meer dan tienduizend militairen uit Polen, Tsjecho-Slowakije, Noorwegen, Nederland, België en Frankrijk. In de volgende jaren groeiden deze buitenlandse contingenten stapsgewijs. De uitbreiding was echter beperkt. Dit kwam vooral doordat zij niet op reguliere wijze in eigen land nieuw personeel konden rekruteren, maar voorna- melijk afhankelijk waren van de aanwas van vrijwilligers en dienstplichtigen van buiten Europa en de versterking met jongemannen die uit bezet gebied hadden weten te ontkomen: de zogenaamde Engelandvaarders. Daardoor zou het totale aantal buitenlandse oorlogsvliegers in de raf nooit boven de 30.000 man geraken. Overigens worden onder de term ‘oorlogsvliegers’ niet alleen vlie- gers (piloten)
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