Dear Librarian, Sir Isaac Newton Was One of the Greatest Scientists

September 12, 2005

Dear Librarian,

Produced for PBS by the Sir Isaac Newton was one of the greatest scientists who ever lived. He invented calculus, WGBH Science Unit ﬁ gured out the composition of light, and determined the laws of gravity and motion. His 125 Western Avenue rules about how objects move were so accurate that—more than 300 years later—they are Boston Massachusetts still being used to launch rockets and understand space travel. 02134 But research is uncovering a Newton no one ever knew existed. The study of Newton’s own personal papers, many written in secret code, is bringing to light an intense, private Telephone 617-300-4340 Fax 617-300-1003 man for whom religion and science were inseparable. Historians now know that Newton www.pbs.org/nova owned more than 30 Bibles, and that he used alchemy as an avenue to study the nature of matter. On November 15, tune into NOVA’s “Newton’s Dark Secrets” to discover a Major funding is complete picture of this enigmatic man—his science, his personal beliefs, and the times provided by Google in which he lived. With generous support from the National Science Foundation, we’ve produced this library resource kit to accompany the program. The kit, which has been reviewed by a national board of public librarians, has been designed for libraries of all sizes and visitors of all ages. Use the display sheets to illuminate Newton’s work in gravity, light, and alchemy; conduct the activities to provide children with the sense of wonder Newton felt about the natural world; and engage visitors with handouts that offer doorways into Newton’s life and the science that excited him. We hope you will use this library kit to create science programming that helps your community gain insight into who Newton really was and how his science changed our view of the world. We would love to hear how this kit works for you; please send your comments to [email protected]. Your feedback will help ensure that future projects like this one are interesting and useful to all librarians.

Paula S. Apsell NOVA Executive Producer Credits The Newton’s Dark Secrets Library Advisory Board Resource Kit was producedproduced by the Frances L. Ashburn Educational Outreach department of North Carolina Center for the Book the WGBH Educational Foundation. State Library of North Carolina Raleigh, North Carolina Director, Educational Outreach Karen Barss Catherine M. Clancy Boston Public Library Manager, Educational Content Honan-Allston Branch Sonja Latimore Boston, Massachusetts

Editorial Project Director Kathleen T. Horning Karen Hartley Cooperative Children’s Book Center University of Wisconsin Assistant Editor School of Education Joan Pedersen Madison, Wisconsin

Writer Sue McCleaf Nespeca Margy Kuntz Kid Lit Plus Consulting Youngstown, Ohio Designers Peter Lyons Deb Robertson Rusha Sopariwala Public Programs Ofﬁ ce American Library Association Photo Researcher Chicago, Illinois Debby Paddock Lisa Shefﬁ eld Illustrator Transylvania County Library Hannah Bonner Brevard, North Carolina

Print Production Lenore Gibson

Major corporate funding for NOVA is provided by Google. NOVA is a trademark and service mark of the WGBH Educational Foundation.

Additional funding is provided by the Howard Hughes Medical Permission is granted for reproduction of this printed Institute, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and public material by schools and librarians for educational use television viewers. only. All other rights reserved. Other than as discussed above, no part of the Newton’s Dark Secrets Library Resource Kit maymay be reproduced,reproduced, storedstored in a retrievalretrieval Major funding for “Newton’s Dark Secrets” provided by the system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, National Science Foundation. This material is based upon electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or work supported by the National Science Foundation under otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Grant No. 9901978. Any opinions, ﬁ ndings, and conclusions WGBH Educational Foundation, 125 Western Avenue, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the Boston, MA 02134. author(s) and do not necessarily reﬂ ect the views of the National Science Foundation. NOVA is closed captioned and described by the Media Access Group at WGBH for viewers who are deaf, hard The NOVA television series is produced by WGBH Boston, of hearing, blind, or visually impaired. The descriptive which is solely responsible for its content, and distributed by narration is available on the second audio program (SAP) the Public Broadcasting Service. channel of stereo TVs and VCRs.

Using This Contents Who Was Sir Isaac Newton? Newton Activities Library Use this handout to help your patrons Use the activities with programs you discover more about the life of Sir host at your library or copy them to Resource Kit Isaac Newton. distribute to patrons. • Newton’s Discovery Welcome to NOVA’s Newton’s Dark Program Ideas and Tips (ages 4 and older) Secrets Library Resource Kit. This kit Find ideas to help you incorporate • Catch a Rainbow accompanies NOVA’s program about NOVA’s “Newton’s Dark Secrets” into (ages 5 and older) Isaac Newton—his work and his life— your event and program schedule and • Parachute Play which is scheduled to air November 15, tips for how you can work with partner (ages 6 and older) 2005, at 8 pm. (Check local listings as organizations to interest your audiences • Light’s Mysteries dates and times may vary.) We hope in Newton and other scientists. This (ages 8 and older) you will use this kit to create displays, section includes: • Marble on the Move conduct science activities, create library • Programs and Events (ages 10 and older) programs, and plan community events • Activities Using Library Resources • Who Am I? to help engage your audiences in the • Library Display Ideas (ages 12 and older) excitement of science. • Resources for Programs and Events Display Sheets Bibliography Use the display sheets to create or Use the bibliography to create displays supplement an exhibit on Newton. Copy Our Handouts! and activities using reference books, • Newton’s Apple Please feel free to copy any of the handouts or to help patrons learn more about • The Better to See Stars With in this kit. We have designed them to be Newton. The bibliography includes • Rainbow of Light reproducible. Find downloadable PDF resources for: • The Philosopher’s Stone color versions of all the pages in this kit at • Newton’s Life and Works www.pbs.org/nova/newton/lrk.html • Calculus, Physics, and Astronomy • History of Science and Mathematics

Science Lesson www.pbs.org/nova/teachers Provide local teachers with a classroom activity that explores alchemy. Find the activity (available in October 2005) on the NOVA Teachers site listed in the section “Teacher’s Guide by Program Title” under “Newton’s Dark Secrets.” For grades 6–8 and 9–12. Available in html and PDF formats.

WWW.PBS.ORG/NOVA/NEWTON ©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All ©2005 WGBH rights Educational is reserved. Foundation. Permission granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. NEWTON’S DARK SECRETS AIRING ON PBS NOVEMBER 15, 2005

Newton’s Life

1642 Born in Woolsthorpe, England, Who Was Sir Isaac Newton? on December 25. 1654 Enrolls at King’s School in Grantham, Isaac Newton was one of the leading fi gures England, and boards with the town of the scientifi c revolution in the seventeenth apothecary, Mr. Clark. century. Considered one of the greatest scien- 1659 Leaves school and returns to Woolsthorpe to learn to manage tists who ever lived, Newton devoted his life the family farm. to the study of the natural world, discovering 1661 Enters Trinity College at the the laws of gravity and motion, analyzing light, University of Cambridge in England. 1664 Becomes more immersed in the study and developing the mathematics of calculus. of mathematics and optics. 1665 Graduates from Trinity. Newton was born prematurely on December 25, 1665–67 Plague breaks out in Cambridge. 1642, in Woolsthorpe, England, to a poor Newton returns to Woolsthorpe, farming family. His father had died before his where he establishes the fundamentals birth, and he grew up in the care of his mother of calculus and continues thinking about gravitation. and grandmother. At the age of 16, after his stepfather’s death, Newton was taken 1667 Made Fellow of Trinity College. out of school to work on the family farm. However, Newton preferred to spend his 1668 Builds the fi rst functioning refl ecting time reading. So, at his uncle’s urging, the family sent him back to school. telescope. 1669 Becomes the Lucasian Professor of Newton arrived at Trinity College, University of Cambridge, in 1661. He learned Mathematics at Cambridge University. Begins experiments in alchemy. of the scientifi c revolution that had been going on in Europe through the work of 1672 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society. Galileo Galilei, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and René Descartes. Newton Publishes his theory on light and color began to question the environment around him, including the nature of matter, light, in the Royal Society’s journal. and color. At the same time, to better understand the texts he was reading, Newton 1687 Publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. began to study mathematics in earnest, laying the foundation for his later discoveries. 1689 Elected as a Member of Parliament for Cambridge University. The summer after Newton graduated, in 1665, the plague was spreading in 1696 Appointed Warden of the Royal Mint, Cambridge. Newton, who had returned to the family farm for the summer, stayed and moves to London. there for the next two years. During this time, Newton established the fundamentals 1699 Becomes Master of the Mint. 1701 Resigns as Lucasian Professor. of what is now known as calculus. He also worked on the law of universal gravitation 1703 Elected President of the Royal Society, and began forming his three laws of motion. a post he holds until his death. 1704 Publishes Opticks. After the plague subsided in 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge, where he later 1705 Knighted by Queen Anne. became the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. Some people believe that in 1669, 1713 Publishes the second edition of the Newton began experimenting with alchemy (a medieval philosophy that sought, Principia. 1727 Dies on March 20. among other goals, to transform base metals into silver or gold) with the hopes of unraveling the nature and structure of all matter. A Note About Dates At the time Newton lived, the English calender In 1672, Newton was elected to the Royal Society. His theories on light and color were ran 10–11 days behind the calender used in published that year in the Royal Society’s journal. After his work criticized because of most of Europe and elsewhere. This time line possible plagiarism (a claim Newton denied), Newton vowed that he would no longer refl ects the English calender in use during Newton’s lifetime. publish scientifi c papers, a vow he kept for many years. Then, in 1687, after spending more than 20 years developing his ideas, Newton published what is generally acknowl- edged to be the greatest scientifi c book ever written, the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Tune In Mathematica. The book, which described Newton’s theories on celestial motion and Research is revealing new information gravity, established his reputation throughout Europe as one of the greatest mathemati- about who Newton really was. Find cians and scientifi c thinkers of his day. He published his second major work, Opticks, out more in NOVA’s “Newton’s Dark in 1704. Secrets” program airing on PBS November 15, 2005. (Check local After dedicating time to public affairs, Newton died in London on March 20, listings as dates and times may vary.) Visit the companion Web site at 1727, at the age of 84. He was the fi rst scientist to be honored with a burial in www.pbs.org/nova/newton Westminster Abbey.

Programs and Events Adults ✷ Invite a guest lecturer to deliver a topical lecture or slide show. Topics to consider include historical scientists, such as Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler; science in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; alchemy and allegory; everyday physics; and the impact of religion on scientifi c research and inventions. Contact a local college or university science, mathematics, or history department for presenters. ✷ Show videos about famous scientists and/or mathematicians. Present “Newton’s Dark Secrets” or another video about a notable scientist or mathematician, and have a facilitator lead a related discussion after watching. Program (Make sure that videos are cleared for public performance rights.) ✷ Offer a short class or workshop. Work with a representative from a local Ideas and amateur astronomy club or a college or university astronomy department Tips to host a class or workshop about planetary motion. Young Adults ✷ Invite a guest speaker to talk about Newton’s contributions to physics, General Tips astronomy, and/or math. Contact local high schools, colleges, and physics or astronomy organizations for possible speakers. Distribute copies of the • Contact the educational outreach “Who Was Sir Isaac Newton?” handout. person at your local PBS affi liate ✷ Host a young astronomers club. Work with local science teachers or astronomy to help plan and promote your organizations to host a young astronomers club meeting. Use the “Who Am I?” events. activity with participants. • Offer materials on your library ✷ Hold a science essay contest. Pose the question “How has science infl uenced Web site. Link to online your life?” Work with a local science teacher to develop contest guidelines and downloadable versions of the judging criteria. Award prizes. Display the essays in the library. handouts included in this kit. ✷ Plan a quiz show. Create a quiz-show format using questions drawn from Augment the resources with a books in the bibliography. Invite young adults from science clubs and area calendar of events and programs schools. Award prizes. or related books. ✷ Conduct a science-based activity session. Use the “Marble on the Move” and • Create and distribute posters “Who Am I?” activities to spark interest in Newton and present-day scientists. and fl iers announcing your event Create and distribute a bibliography that lists additional activity resources. or program. • Send event information to media Children outlets, such as newspapers, ✷ Make a rainbow. Do the “Catch a Rainbow” activity with children, which science center and club newslet- demonstrates that white light can be separated into its component colors. ters, and local radio and television ✷ Hold a book reading and craft event. After presenting a book on Newton stations. Supply the information or an early astronomer such as Edmund Halley, have children create models to local community, city, and of the planets and/or drawings showing how the planets move around the sun. schoolschool WWebeb sites. ✷ Organize a book reading or video presentation about a famous scientist. Present an age-appropriate book or video from the bibliography about Newton or another scientist. ✷ Conduct a science-based activity session. Use “Newton’s Discovery,” “Parachute Play,” or “Light’s Mysteries,” to introduce children to some of Newton’s science concepts. Create and distribute a bibliography that lists additional activity resources. Recruit high school students or science club members to help conduct the activities.

PROGRAM IDEAS AND TIPS • PAGE 1 OF 4 WWW.PBS.ORG/NOVA/NEWTON ©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All ©2005 WGBH rights Educational is reserved. Foundation. Permission granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. NEWTON’S DARK SECRETS AIRING ON PBS NOVEMBER 15, 2005

Activities Using Library Resources These activities are designed to encourage the use of library resources.

Adults ✷ Original documents. Plan a discussion around original scientifi c documents and where patrons might locate these materials. Share the resources that your library has to help fi nd these materials. ✷ Rare book room tour. If your library has a rare book or manuscript room that contains mathematical or scientifi c texts, arrange a guided tour for patrons. ✷ Bookmarks. Print bookmarks with resources for historical scientists or science themes related to Newton’s discoveries. Tailor the bookmarks for different age levels.

Young Adults ✷ Science trivia night. Plan a night that focuses on a particular scientist’s work or science subject. Invite a guest who is knowledgeable about that science topic to host the event, and recruit one or two young adults to assist. ✷ Scientifi c discovery time line. Provide teens with a list of scientifi c discoveries Contest Incentives and ask them to use library resources to fi nd who made each discovery and when each was made. Distribute the “Who Was Sir Isaac Newton?” handout and have Think about offering incentives teens compare their time lines to the dates when Newton made his discoveries. for contests and other events. ✷ Recommended resources lists. Have young adults create lists of recommended Some incentives might be tickets resources about Newton and related topics for their peers. Display the lists to a local museum or science center, during a presentation or event related to Newton. books or videos on Newton or ✷ Call numbers or keywords list. Prepare a list of call numbers or keyword search related topics, math games or terms related to Newton, other scientists and mathematicians, alchemy, calculus, manipulatives, construction toys, the history of science, physics, optics, astronomy, or other related topics. Then or science project supplies. Contact ask young adults to research the scientists listed on the “Who Am I?” activity local retailers—such as hobby and and correctly name the mystery scientists featured on the handout. craft stores, toy stores, and book- stores—for possible donations. Children ✷ Science word hunt. Give children a list of science terms commonly used in physics, optics, and/or astronomy. Ask them to use library resources to determine the meaning of each term. ✷ Resource posters or bookmarks. Have children help you create posters or bookmarks that can be used to identify the location of resources in the children’s area related to Newton, physics, and math. ✷ “Who Am I?” game. List three scientists, including Newton, at the top of a sheet of paper. Then list fi ve or six facts about each scientist elsewhere on the page. Have children use library resources to match the facts with the correct scientist. ✷ Science question contest. Have children use library resources to answer a set of developmentally appropriate science questions. Work with a local science teacher or school librarian to develop questions that can tie into school science curriculum.

PROGRAM IDEAS AND TIPS • PAGE 2 OF 4 WWW.PBS.ORG/NOVA/NEWTON ©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All ©2005 WGBH rights Educational is reserved. Foundation. Permission granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. NEWTON’S DARK SECRETS AIRING ON PBS NOVEMBER 15, 2005

Library Display Ideas Newton ✷ Newton books and videos. Display one or more pictures of Newton along with a time line, selected books and videos (see bibliography for suggestions), and one or more of the activity handouts. ✷ Newton’s discoveries. Highlight books and videos about some of Newton’s famous discoveries, along with posters illustrating his laws of motion. Have one or more of the activity handouts available for distribution.

Calculus, Physics, and Astronomy ✷ Science activities. Showcase one of the science activities from the activity handouts. Have the chosen handout available for distribution. ✷ Light and color. Create a table display that provides illustrations or samples of prisms, lenses, color fi lters, and the electromagnetic spectrum. Have copies Display Tips of the “Light’s Mysteries” activity handout available for distribution. • When creating display titles, use ✷ Orbits of the planets. If possible, display an orrery (a mechanical model of the solar a few short words in large type size system) or diagrams of early devices that model the relative positions and motions and alliterative phrases to grab of the planets alongside selected books and videos about astronomy. patrons’ attention (i.e., “Newton’s ✷ The physics of sports, amusement parks, and/or space fl ight. Highlight Notable Achievements” or “Mar- applications of physics by displaying photographs, posters, and models of real-world velous Mathematicians”). items, along with selected books and videos (see the bibliography for suggestions). • Use fabric instead of paper for Have copies of the “Marble on the Move” activity handout available for distribution. bulletin board backgrounds—it ✷ School science fair projects. Display selected science fair projects created by local lasts longer and is easy to reuse. students. Contact science curriculum coordinators in local school systems for referrals. • Place one or more small boxes Also contact local homeschool groups regarding science project development. or stands on a table to create risers. Then cover tables with cloth or History of Science plastic tablecloths. Highlight one ✷ Famous scientists and mathematicians. Select titles and resources based on a book or display item on each riser theme, such as women scientists, famous European scientists, or mathematicians who to create an appealing table display. contributed to the fi eld of calculus (see bibliography for suggestions). Display drawings • To create a poster-size picture for or photographs of the highlighted people. Consider featuring scientists who are known display, photocopy a copyright-free in your city, region, or state. image onto a transparency, then use ✷ Historical science and mathematical documents. Profi le several key historical an overhead projector to magnify it scientifi c or mathematical books, such as Newton’s Principia, Euclid’s Elements, onto a large piece of paper taped to and Kepler’s New Astronomy. a wall. Trace the outline of the ✷ Evolution of scientifi c thought. Display books and videos that highlight the image and then color it in to make evolution of key ideas in science. the poster. Alchemy ✷ Alchemists’ laboratories. Create a display highlighting the type of instruments commonly used in alchemy. Include enlarged illustrations of early equipment along with modern-day beakers, mortars and pestles, and crucibles. Contact local science and/or history museums for possible display items.

Use copies of the bibliography, activities, and display sheets provided in this kit to enhance your displays.

PROGRAM IDEAS AND TIPS • PAGE 3 OF 4 WWW.PBS.ORG/NOVA/NEWTON ©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All ©2005 WGBH rights Educational is reserved. Foundation. Permission granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. NEWTON’S DARK SECRETS AIRING ON PBS NOVEMBER 15, 2005

Resources for Programs and Events The following is a listing of selected Web resources to help you locate experts, partners, target audiences, and materials for your events, programs, and activities. You can ﬁ nd these links online at www.pbs.org/nova/newton/lrk.html

Schools, Colleges, and Universities ✷ American Association of Community Colleges www.aacc.nche.edu Furnishes state-by-state listings of local community colleges (choose “Community College Finder” at the top of the page). Contact information and links to college home pages supplied. Most linked sites include listings for academic departments and faculty. ✷ U.S. Universities by State www.utexas.edu/world/univ/state Provides listing of colleges and universities by state with links to home pages of each institution. Most organizations have department listings or public affairs offi ces that can connect you with experts in a fi eld of interest. PBS Local Station Finder ✷ Yahoo! Directory: K–12 Schools www.pbs.org/stationfi nder/ dir.yahoo.com/Education/K_12/Schools index.html Provides a listing of elementary, middle, and high schools with links to each Type in your Zip code or choose school’s home page. Regional listings provide state breakdowns by cities or your state to fi nd a listing of local counties. Many linked sites have staff listings. (Not all schools are listed.) stations and a link for contact information. Museums, Science Centers, and Planetaria ✷ The Virtual Library: Museums in the USA www.museumca.org/usa/index.html Lists more than 100 U.S. museums and science centers by name, state, and/or type, and provides direct links to museum home pages. Allows searches by keyword. ✷ Smithsonian Institute www.si.edu Provides background information and resources on historical events and discoveries, art and culture, and famous mathematicians and inventors. Provides lesson plans and a media catalog. ✷ The Astronomical Society of the Pacifi c: Planetaria www.astrosociety.org/resources/linkplanetaria.html Furnishes links to planetarium and observatory home pages by state.

PROGRAM IDEAS AND TIPS • PAGE 4 OF 4 WWW.PBS.ORG/NOVA/NEWTON ©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All ©2005 WGBH rights Educational is reserved. Foundation. Permission granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. NEWTON’S DARK SECRETS AIRING ON PBS NOVEMBER 15, 2005

Newton’s Life and Works Books In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton: The Greatest Scientist Isaac Newton and His Times of All Time by Gale E. Christianson. by Margaret J. Anderson. Free Press, 1984. Enslow, 1996. Examines the scientist’s reclusive Provides a biography of Newton’s life. c personality, recreates the turbulent Isaac Newton: Organizing intellectual atmosphere of seventeenth- the Universe century Europe, and details Newton’s by William J. Boerst. discoveries in physics, optics, and Morgan Reynolds, 2004. astronomy. a Describes Newton’s life and explores his Isaac Newton accomplishments in relation to historical Bibliography by James Gleick. events within the scientifi c community. Pantheon Books, 2003. Includes reproductions of period paintings, This bibliography contains resources Looks at Newton’s signifi cant letters and drawings, and documents. cYa about Newton; calculus, physics, and unpublished notebooks to illuminate the Isaac Newton: Reluctant Genius astronomy; and the history of science importance of his work in physics, optics, by D.C. Ipsen. and mathematics. and calculus. a Enslow, 1985. Isaac Newton Provides a look at Newton and some by Paul Mason. of his discoveries, including the theory of Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 2001. gravity, the secrets of light and color, and Explains Newton’s contributions to the system of calculus. Ya science and how the bubonic plague and Isaac Newton and the Scientifi c political and religious changes affected both Revolution Newton and society. Illustrated with maps, by Gale E. Christianson. diagrams, photographs, and reproductions Oxford University Press, 1996. of paintings. Includes primary-source Relates a biography of Newton as quotes. c both a great scientist and a man with Isaac Newton and Gravity all-too-human faults. Explores his by Steve Parker. rivalries, working style, and his interest Chelsea House, 1995. in alchemy. Ya Relates Newton’s accomplishments as well Let Newton Be! as interesting vignettes of his life. Includes by John Fauvel, ed. illustrations of his experiments. c Oxford University Press, 1988. Isaac Newton: Discovering Laws Explores the diverse facets of Newton’s life That Govern the Universe from mathematics to theology, mechanics by Michael White. to music, and optics to alchemy. a Blackbirch Press, 1999. The Life of Isaac Newton Presents a biography of Newton with by Richard S. Westfall. illustrations, boxed quotes, and a time line Cambridge University Press, 1993. of important events. cYa Examines Newton’s personal life and Key: scientifi c career. a c=Children Ya=Young Adult a=Adult

BIBLIOGRAPHY • PAGE 1 OF 4 WWW.PBS.ORG/NOVA/NEWTON ©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All ©2005 WGBH rights Educational is reserved. Foundation. Permission granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. NEWTON’S DARK SECRETS AIRING ON PBS NOVEMBER 15, 2005

Newton’s Life and Works (cont.) Books Videos & DVDs Newton’s Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Biography: Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World A&E Home Video, 1998. by David Berlinski. Profi les Newton as one of the Free Press, 2000. greatest minds in history. Yaa Follows Newton’s life from childhood Newton’s Dark Secrets through adulthood, outlining his many WGBH, 2005. advances in scientifi c and mathematical Examines Newton’s life and work, thought. Yaa and chronicles his interest in alchemy On the Shoulders of Giants: and religion. Yaa The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy Web Sites by Stephen W. Hawking, ed. NOVA—Newton’s Dark Secrets Running Press, 2002. www.pbs.org/nova/newton Places selections from Newton’s Principia Find articles, interviews, interactive in the context of selected writings of activities, and resources in this companion Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Einstein. Web site to the program. cYaa Includes biographies of each scientist. a Footprints of the Lion Opticks: Or, a Treatise of the www.lib.cam.ac.uk/exhibitions/ Refl ections, Refractions, Infl ections Footprints_of_the_Lion and Colours of Light Presents a broad view of Newton’s by Isaac Newton. life through a collection of original Dover, 1952. documents held by the Cambridge Describes Newton’s own experiments University Library. Examines the with spectroscopy, color, lenses, refl ection, expanse of Newton’s work and the refraction, and more in easy-to-understand extensive thought behind it. a language. Based on the Fourth Edition The Newton Project (London, 1730). Includes a foreword www.newtonproject.ic.ac.uk by Albert Einstein. a Features a high-quality electronic The Principia: Mathematical facsimile of Newton’s papers, consisting Principles of Natural Philosophy of digital images alongside text-encoded by Isaac Newton. transcriptions. Yaa University of California Press, 1999. Sir Isaac Newton Presents, in Newton’s own mathematical www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ terms, the principles of time, force, and Mathematicians/Newton.html motion that have helped to guide the Provides a comprehensive time line of development of modern physical science. Newton’s life and accomplishments. a Corrects errors and modernizes language of earlier translations. a

Key: c=Children Ya=Young Adult a=Adult

BIBLIOGRAPHY • PAGE 2 OF 4 WWW.PBS.ORG/NOVA/NEWTON ©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All ©2005 WGBH rights Educational is reserved. Foundation. Permission granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. NEWTON’S DARK SECRETS AIRING ON PBS NOVEMBER 15, 2005

Calculus, Physics, and Astronomy Books Videos & DVDs Calculus for the Utterly Confused Life by the Numbers by Robert Oman. Monterey Video, 1998. McGraw-Hill, 1999. Offers seven one-hour programs that Explains and applies calculus concepts to explain the role of mathematics in real such fi elds as business, medicine, physics, life, such as in sports, technology, and and health. a space exploration. CYa The Handy Physics Answer Book Roller Coaster by P. Erik Gundersen. WGBH Educational Foundation, Visible Ink Press, 1999. 1993. Contains more than 800 questions Explores the science of roller coasters. and answers on a number of topics. cYa CYaA The Kingfi sher Young People’s Web Sites Book of Space Amusement Park Physics: by Martin Redfern. Roller Coaster Kingfi sher, 1998. www.learner.org/exhibits/ Introduces topics such as the Big Bang parkphysics/coaster.html and life in the universe. c Allows users to design and test-drive Nightwatch: A Practical Guide their own online roller coasters. YaA to Viewing the Universe Astronomy Picture of the Day by Terence Dickinson. antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ Firefl y Books, 1998. astropix.html Provides an introductory how-to Provides a daily image or photograph for nighttime viewing. Yaa of the universe. CYaA The Rainbow Mystery Fear of Physics by Jennifer Dussling. www.fearofphysics.com Kane Press, 2002. Illustrates the laws of physics behind Presents a story that explains the colors sports and everyday activities. Includes of a rainbow. c homework help and a physics dictionary. Six Easy Pieces: Essentials of Ya Physics Explained by Its Most Visual Calculus Brilliant Teacher archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus by Richard P. Feynman. Features a collection of modules that can Addison-Wesley, 1995. be used to study or teach calculus. Various Discusses gravity in a simplifi ed manner. YaA plug-ins are needed to view some of the pages. YaA Waves: Principles of Light, Electricity, and Magnetism by Paul Fleisher. Key: Lerner Publications, 2002. Offers an overview of light, electricity, c=Children and magnetism within a historical context. Ya=Young Adult CYa a=Adult

BIBLIOGRAPHY • PAGE 3 OF 4 WWW.PBS.ORG/NOVA/NEWTON ©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All ©2005 WGBH rights Educational is reserved. Foundation. Permission granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. NEWTON’S DARK SECRETS AIRING ON PBS NOVEMBER 15, 2005

History of Science and Mathematics Books The Crest of the Peacock: The Non- Science in Ancient Greece European Roots of Mathematics by Kathlyn Gay. by George Gheverghese Joseph. Franklin Watts, 1998. Princeton University Press, 2000. Discusses theories and discoveries of Focuses on non-European mathematics— ancient Greek philosophers and scientists, the infl uence of the Egyptians and and the impact of their discoveries on Babylonians on the Greeks; the major modern science. Provides an experiment creative contributions of the Arab for readers to conduct at home. CYa people; and the mathematics of India Science in Early Islamic Culture and China. A by George Beshore. Everything’s Relative: And Other Franklin Watts, 1998. Fables from Science and Technology Outlines the scientifi c discoveries of by Tony Rothman. the Islamic world after the birth of Wiley, 2003. Mohammed in A.D. 571, and discusses Chronicles milestones in the history the impact of the discoveries on Western of science, emphasizing omissions and civilization. CYa inaccuracies in long-accepted accounts of invention and discovery. YaA Videos & DVDs Galileo’s Battle for the Heavens Eyes on the Universe WGBH, 2002. by George Reed. Examines Galileo’s astronomical Marshall Cavendish, 2001. discoveries, shares his correspondence with Summarizes the history of astronomy. CYa his daughter, and explores his clash with the Catholic Church. YaA Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Infi nite Secrets Roots of Modern Science—From WGBH, 2003. the Babylonians to the Maya Profi les Archimedes’ life and work, by Dick Teresi. and the science involved in the restoration Simon and Schuster, 2002. of the Palimpsest. YaA Examines scientifi c advances made by early non-Western societies and looks Web Sites at the impact of the advances on MacTutor History of Math Archive Western science. YaA www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/ Math and Mathematicians: history/index.html The History of Math Discoveries Includes numerous biographies of notable Around the World mathematicians, searchable by name, by Leonard C. Bruno. location, time, or subject. YaA UXL, 2003. Windows to the Universe: Compiles biographies of mathematicians History and People throughout history and provides articles www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/ Key: describing math concepts and principles. Ya people/people.html c=Children Provides information about ancient Ya=Young Adult and modern philosophers, astronomers, a=Adult and scientists. CYaA

BIBLIOGRAPHY • PAGE 4 OF 4 WWW.PBS.ORG/NOVA/NEWTON ©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All ©2005 WGBH rights Educational is reserved. Foundation. Permission granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. NEWTON’S DARK SECRETS AIRING ON PBS NOVEMBER 15, 2005

Newton’s Discovery For ages 4 and older. Color Code Sir Isaac Newton wondered what made N = black objects fall to Earth. As the story goes, e = brown he was sitting under a certain kind of w = blue tree when the answer came to him: t = green It was gravity that caused things to fall o = red to Earth, the same force that keeps n = white (leave blank) planets in orbit. What was it that fell from the tree that might have helped Newton think about gravity? Uncover the answer by using the color code to color the picture below.

n n w n w n w n n w w w w t w w t w w w t w t t w e w w t e w w t t t NNe o o o o w o o w w o w w o o o o o n n o o o o w o w o o w o w o o w w o o o o w w o o o w o w w o o w w o o w w w w w n n n n w w w w w w

Catch a Rainbow For ages 5 and older. What to do Learning More Have you ever seen a rainbow in the 1. Set the jar on a windowsill or a Bubbles, Rainbows and Worms: sky? Rainbows happen when sunlight table in front of the window. Science Experiments for Preschool passes through raindrops in the sky. 2. Look for the jar’s shadow in front Children When this happens, light becomes of the jar. by Sam Ed Brown. separated into a rainbow of colors— 3. Place the sheet of paper where you Gryphon House, 2004. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo see color. Includes experiments about plants, the (blue-violet), and violet. In this activity, 4. Watch the rainbow appear on environment, air, water, and the senses. you can make your own rainbow. the paper. What Makes a Rainbow? 5. On another sheet of paper, draw a by Betty Ann Schwartz. rainbow that has red, orange, yellow, You will need Piggy Toes Press, 2000. green, blue, indigo (blue-violet), and Explains what makes a rainbow, and pops • clear glass jar 3/4 ﬁlled with water violet. Label each band by the ﬁrst up a different-colored ribbon on each page. • a sunny day and a windowsill that letter of its color. receives direct sunlight 6. You can learn the colors of the Try This! Indoor Rainbow • sheets of white paper rainbow by remembering the www.nationalgeographic.com/ngkids/ • red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo name ROY G BIV! Some people trythis/try6.html (blue-violet), and violet crayons remember the colors by the phrase Details how to make a rainbow without “Richard Of York Gave Battle In the sun. Vain.” Can you think of a phrase to help you remember the colors of the rainbow?

Newton and Light Newton experimented with how colors of light pass through glass. He used a prism to learn that white light was actually made up of multiple colors. He did this by ﬁrst using a prism to break light up into its component colors and then he used another prism to return all of those colors to white light.

Parachute Play For ages 6 and older. What to do Learning More If something falls or is dropped, it heads 1. Write your initials on the bottom Janice VanCleave’s Gravity toward Earth. But why? Isaac Newton of your cup. Place the plastic sheet by Janice Pratt VanCleave. (1642–1727) thought about why objects ﬂat on a table. Tape a piece of string Wiley, 1993. on Earth drop down when they fall. to each corner of the sheet. Features 20 simple experiments and Gravity is a force that causes objects to 2. Tape the string ends to the rim of projects that allow children to explore fall toward the ground. Newton studied the cup. Make sure the string pieces the concept of gravity. and learned a lot about gravity. In this are an equal distance apart from On a Flying Guitar activity, you will investigate whether each other. (sound recording) your parachute will overcome gravity. 3. You made a parachute! Pick it up by Steve Roslonek. by pinching the top center of the SteveSongs, 2000. plastic. Hold your parachute as high You will need Includes a song on gravity. above your head as you can, and • 5-by-5-inch plastic sheet (cut from drop your parachute in front of you. Aviation and Space Education a small plastic bag) Watch it. Does it go up or down? Outreach Program • 4 pieces of thin string, each 6 inches 4. Now it is time to experiment. www.faa.gov/education/curric/ long What happens if the parachute is prekite.cfm • small paper cup (not wax coated) dropped from a greater height? Ask Describes an activity that demonstrates • masking tape a grown-up to drop the parachute how a kite ﬂies. • pencil or crayon for you. Does it go up or down? Why do you think you got the results you did? Newton and Gravity Many years ago, people didn’t understand why things fell downward and why the planets orbited the sun. Newton helped people understand that gravity is the force that holds us on Earth, causes objects to fall toward Earth, holds the moon in its orbit around Earth, and holds the planets in their orbits around the sun. Though it is a weak force (otherwise we would be sucked into Earth), it has played a big role in shaping the universe.

Light’s Mysteries

For ages 8 and older. 3. Turn on the flashlight and shine Learning More it on the paper. Note the color of Have you ever noticed the colors of the Science for Fun: Light and Color the light. rainbow or the colors that sometimes by Gary Gibson. 4. Place a colored filter over the appear on the wall when light passes Copper Beech, 1995. flashlight lens. Make sure the filter through a glass of water? In 1666, Sir Includes simple experiments relating is placed flat (no bunches) over Isaac Newton (1642–1727) conducted a to the basic principles of light and lenses. series of experiments that showed that the lens. Hold the flashlight about Science, Optics and You “white” light is actually a combination 2 inches from the paper. What color micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/ of colors mixed together. In 1704, do you see? How does it compare index.html Newton published his findings in a to the color of the cellophane? 5. Provides background information, book titled Opticks. Experiment with different-colored filters. Take notes about the hands-on activities, and interactive different things you try. What simulations regarding several aspects You will need happens to the color of the light of optics and light. • flashlight when only one filter is used? Next, • red, green, and blue transparent try holding two different filters over cellophane the lens. What happens? Try • scissors different color combinations. The Colors of White Light 6. Make a prediction. What do you • sheet of white paper Light is a form of energy. What we think will happen to the color of the see as colors are actually different light if you place a red, green, and What to do wavelengths of light. For example, blue filter over the lens at the same light with a long wavelength 1. Cut the cellophane into pieces large time? What color is the light on the appears red, while light with a short enough to be wrapped around the paper? Try placing the filters over the wavelength appears violet. White flashlight lens. lens in a different order. Does the light contains all the different 2. Darken the room but not so much order change the color of the light wavelengths of visible light. that you cannot see the different in any way? Record and compare colors of the light filters your results. Why do you think you (the cellophane). got the color you did?

Marble on the Move For ages 10 and older. What to do Learning More Sir Isaac Newton studied other 1. Work with a partner. Label each Isaac Newton: The Greatest scientists’ ideas and thought a lot about of your index cards with a different Scientist of All Time how things on Earth and in the universe law of motion. by Margaret J. Anderson. move. After a great deal of work, he 2. Work together to make a maze by Enslow, 1996. developed three important laws that taping the rectangles to the inside Presents the life and work of Isaac Newton explain how and why things move as base of the box (all walls should be as well as hands-on experiments related they do. His three laws of motion are: 1 inch high). Make the tape the to Newton’s theories of motion and 1. An object at rest will stay at rest, same length as the long side of the gravitation. and a moving object will keep rectangle. Place the tape on a long Janice VanCleave’s Physics for Every moving in a straight line with side of the rectangle so half the tape Kid: 101 Easy Experiments in Motion, constant speed until a force acts on sticks to the rectangle and half does Heat, Light, Machines, and Sound the object. not. Tape the rectangle to the inside by Janice Pratt VanCleave. 2. An object accelerates (speeds up) base of the box so that it stands up. Wiley, 1991. because a force acts upon it. Secure the rectangle by taping its Provides a number of easy-to-do 3. For every action there is an equal opposite side to the base. experiments and activities that illustrate and opposite reaction. 3. Continue taping rectangles to the physics principles. base to complete the maze. Leave In this activity, you will make a maze spaces so a marble can travel from ZOOM’s 3 Puck Chuck and use a marble to investigate these one end to the other. pbskids.org/zoom/games/3puckchuck laws. 4. Conduct the following three steps Features a game in which players must with the marble: account for Newton’s laws of motion as You will need • Place the marble in the maze so they adjust the speed, direction, and that it is still. How can you make physical properties of a virtual puck. • cardboard box (flat lid of a shoebox the marble move? How can you is best) make the marble move faster? • 4 of each of the following sized What is the force responsible for rectangles (made from oak tag, index making the marble move? Newton’s Laws of Motion cards, or manila folders) 1 by 2 inch, • Place the marble at rest. Why does Sir Isaac Newton was born in 1642. 1 by 3 inch, and 1 by 5 inch the marble stay still? Tilt the box He studied at the University of • masking tape and observe. What causes the Cambridge in England. Many • 2 small marbles marble to move? What causes the scientists of his time wanted to • pencil marble to stop or slow down? know more about motion on Earth • 3 index cards • Place one marble in the maze. and the motions of the planets. Roll another marble into it. What Newton was the first to understand happens to the two marbles? both of these. His three laws of Where does the energy of the first motion have helped scientists marble get transferred? understand orbits and develop 5. After you have done these three rockets and spacecrafts. tasks, look at your index cards that contain Newton’s laws of motion. Match each law to a different step

you performed. Explain your choices.

law of motion. of law

law of motion, and the third step illustrates his third third his illustrates step third the and motion, of law

ﬁrst his shows step second the motion, of law second

The ﬁrst step demonstrates Newton’s Newton’s demonstrates step ﬁrst The Answer:

Who Am I?

For ages 12 and older. Learning More Newton has often been called the father Career Ideas for Kids Who of physics because his fundamental Like Science investigations into motion and gravity by Diane Lindsey Reeves. became the foundation of our Facts on File, 1998. knowledge of the physical world. Describes 15 science careers and provides Today’s physicists are much more likely advice on choosing a career direction. to specialize in a main area of interest. Scientist 2: ______Match three of the present-day 145 Things to Be When Born in France and raised in Germany scientists below to their descriptions, You Grow Up and California, this scientist already had and then see if you can answer the by Jodi Weiss and Russell Kahn. a successful career in journalism when question about each scientist. Random House, 2004. she returned to school to earn a Ph.D. Profiles 145 professions and offers inform- Jocelyn Bell Burnell in physics. She helped develop satellites ation on high school activities, college France Anne Cordova such as the X-ray Multi-Mirror Satellite majors, and work experience that will Alan Guth observatory, known as the XMM- help students achieve their career goals. Stephen Hawking Newton. She has written more than Roscoe L. Koontz 100 scientific papers. She is currently NASA Quest’s Biography Vera Cooper Rubin chancellor of the University of and Journal Locator Jill Tarter California at Riverside. She was the questdb.arc.nasa.gov/bio_search.htm Neil deGrasse Tyson youngest person—and first woman— Choose job titles or occupations from a list to hold a prestigious NASA position. and search for biographies and journals of current NASA employees. Scientist 1:______What was the position? This astrophysicist was born on January Vocational Information Center 8, 1942, in Oxford, England. He likes www.khake.com/index.html to think big. He works as a cosmologist, Includes information such as daily a person who studies the origin, present activities, skill requirements, and salary state, and future of the universe. One of and training required for a variety of his greatest contributions has been in science and engineering jobs. the understanding of black holes, which are objects that have such a strong gravitational pull that not even light can escape from them. But even famous Scientist 3: ______scientists sometimes make mistakes. Born in The Bronx, New York, in 1959, What famous error did this scientist this scientist’s current work focuses declare in 2004? primarily on dwarf galaxies and the bulge at the center of the Milky Way. This scientist’s sixth-grade homeroom teacher wrote of him: “Less social involvement and more academic

diligence is in order.” In 1996, he

He looked up at the moon through a pair of binoculars. of pair a through moon the at up looked He

Neil deGrasse Tyson (1959–) Tyson deGrasse Neil became the youngest-ever director 3: Scientist

of the world-class Hayden Planetarium 1993–1996. from Scientist Chief NASA as served She

France Anne Cordova (1947–) Cordova Anne France

in New York City. What inspired this 2: Scientist

scientist when he was a young boy that all. after lost really isn’t hole black a

caused him to want to pursue a space in up swallowed matter about information wrong—that He conceded his original thinking about black holes was was holes black about thinking original his conceded He

Stephen Hawking (1942–) Hawking Stephen science career? 1: Scientist

NEWTON ACTIVITIES WWW.PBS.ORG/NOVA/NEWTON ©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All ©2005 WGBH rights Educational is reserved. Foundation. Permission granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. S T E R C E S K R A D S ’ N O T W E N Newton’s apple law of gravitation. simple equationthat hecalled theuniversal held together. Hedescribed this force inone realized that gravity is what keeps theuniverse and keeps objects heldHealso to Earth. force that causes things to fall to theground Newton realized that gravity is theinvisible objects close fall to Earth toward Earth. encouraged Newton to think about why do believe that afalling apple may have Probably not,although somescholars Newton to develop his law of gravitation? Did afalling apple really inspire Isaac 5 0 0 2 , 5 1 R E B M E V O N S B P N O G N I R I A N O T W E N / A V O N / G R O . S B P . W W W

©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All rights reserved. Permission is granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. Better toSee The S T E R C E S K R A D S ’ N O T W E N Stars principle as Newton’s ﬁrst design. on aneyepiece. Most of today’s large telescopes work onthesame second smaller mirror, which inturn, focuses thelight to apoint In his reﬂecting telescope, onemirror focuses thelight onto a Newton designed atelescope that used mirrors rather than lenses. appeared around theedges of theimages. To solve this problem, was viewed through these telescopes, afuzzy spectrum of colors of glass lenses mounted inatube. But whenlight from objects The earliest telescopes—called refracting telescopes—consisted With 5 0 0 2 , 5 1 R E B M E V O N S B P N O G N I R I A N O T W E N / A V O N / G R O . S B P . W W W

©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All rights reserved. Permission is granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. S T E R C E S K R A D S ’ N O T W E N Rainbow of Light the opposite endwhere the violet color appears. red endof thespectrum; theshortest reside on of colors. The longest wavelengths occur onthe wavelengths are separated andshow upas aband light. When white light enters aprism, its different made upof different colors—or wavelengths—of a prism to determine that white light is actually Isaac Newton wanted to understand Heused light. 5 0 0 2 , 5 1 R E B M E V O N S B P N O G N I R I A N O T W E N / A V O N / G R O . S B P . W W W

©2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. All rights reserved. Permission is granted for reproduction of this printed material for educational use only. S T E R C E S K R A D S ’ N O T W E N Philosopher’s Stone better understand great truths about nature andtheuniverse. Newton pursued alchemy with thehopes that it might helphim ancient mystical chemical philosophy. Some people believe that gold. Finding thestone was oneof the ambitions of alchemy, an disease, confer immortality, andturn ordinary metals like lead into The Philosopher’s Stone was amythical substance believed to cure The 5 0 0 2 , 5 1 R E B M E V O N S B P N O G N I R I A N O T W E N / A V O N / G R O . S B P . W W W