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THE : A TOLD THROUGH THE LIVES OF ITS GREATEST INVENTORS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

John R Gribbin | 646 pages | 10 Aug 2004 | Random House USA Inc | 9780812967883 | English | New York, United States THE SCIENTISTS | Kirkus Reviews

Though the names and discoveries become more and more prolific as the book reaches the 19th century, Gribbin does an admirable job of organizing his narrative around coherent topics e. View Full Version of PW. Gribbin, Author. More By and About This Author. But once science and technology got together, progress really took off. I will leave the debate about why the Renaissance happened when and where it did to the historians. If you want a definite date to mark the beginning of the revival of Western Europe, a convenient one is , the year the Turks captured Constantinople on 29 May. By then, many Greek-speaking scholars, seeing which way the wind was blowing, had already fled westwards initially to Italy , taking their archives of documents with them. There, the study of those documents was taken up by the Italian humanist movement, who were interested in using the teaching found in classical literature to re-establish civilization along the lines that had existed before the Dark Ages. This does rather neatly tie the rise of modern Europe to the death of the last vestige of the old Roman Empire. But an equally important factor, as many people have argued, was the depopulation of Europe by the Black Death in the fourteenth century, which led the survivors to question the whole basis of society, made labour expensive and encour- aged the invention of technological devices to replace manpower. Even this is not the whole story. Johann Gutenberg's development of moveable type in the mid-fifteenth century had an obvious impact on what was to become science, and discoveries brought back to Europe by another technological development, sailing ships capable of crossing the oceans, transformed society. A convenient round number is ; but from the present perspective an even better choice of date might be , the year published his great work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and, in the words of Alexander Pope, 'all was light'. The point I want to make is that the scientific revolution did not happen in isolation, and certainly did not start out as the mainspring of change, although in many ways science through its influence on technology and on our world view became the driving force of Western civilization. I want to show how science developed, but I don't have space to do justice to the full historical background, any more than most history books have space to do justice to the story of science. I don't even have space to do justice to all of the science here, so if you want the in-depth story of such key concepts as quantum theory, evolution by natural selection or plate tectonics, you will have to look in other books including my own. My choice of events to highlight is necessarily incomplete, and therefore to some extent subjective, but my aim is to give a feel for the full sweep of science, which has taken us from the realization that the Earth is not at the centre of the Universe and that human beings are 'only' animals, to the theory of the Big Bang and a complete map of the human genome in just over years. Home 1 Books 2. Read an excerpt of this book! Add to Wishlist. Sign in to Purchase Instantly. Members save with free shipping everyday! See details. He begins with Copernicus, during the Renaissance, when science replaced mysticism as a means of explaining the workings of the world, and he continues through the centuries, creating an unbroken genealogy of not only the greatest but also the more obscure names of Western science, a dot-to-dot line linking amateur to genius, and accidental discovery to brilliant deduction. By focusing on the scientists themselves, Gribbin has written an anecdotal narrative enlivened with stories of personal drama, success and failure. A bestselling science writer with an international reputation, Gribbin is among the few authors who could even attempt a work of this magnitude. Filled with pioneers, visionaries, eccentrics and madmen, this is the history of science as it has never been told before. He lives in Sussex, England. Read an Excerpt From the Introduction My aim is to outline the development of Western science, from the Renaissance to roughly the end of the twentieth century. Show More. Related Searches. Gribbin nominates William Gilbert, an Elizabethan Englishman, as the first true , citing experiments that laid the foundation for an understanding of magnetism and electricity. Galileo knew Gilbert's work and adopted his methods, emphasizing experiment as the one sure route to scientific truth. Gribbin traces that theme through the lives and work of scientists down the ages. Refreshingly, he avoids the temptation to paint his subjects as unique geniuses, often pointing out cases such as Alfred Russel Wallace's independently duplicating the work of Darwin. Newton was driven by his intense rivalries with almost every other scientist of his day, notably Robert Hooke, the leading light of the Royal Society at the time when it lay on the cutting edge of discovery. The French Revolution was a dangerous time for scientists, leading to the death of Lavoisier, the founding father of chemistry; Cuvier, a central figure in biology, rode out the Reign of Terror by making himself an indispensable administrator. The opportunistic Benjamin Thompson changed his coat and his nationality numerous times, while performing work that led to a basic understanding of heat. Physicist George Gamow was an inveterate trickster who added a colleague's name to one of his papers to get a play on words. Gribbin entertainingly records their triumphs and eccentricities, the near-misses and the rival claims for precedence of the giants and the spear- carriers, always with a firm eye to the main story. An authoritative, engaging study of plant life, accessible to younger readers as well as adults. A neurobiologist reveals the interconnectedness of the natural world through stories of plant migration. He smoothly balances expansive historical exploration with recent scientific research through stories of how various plant species are capable of migrating to locations throughout the world by means of air, water, and even via animals. They often continue to thrive in spite of dire obstacles and environments. One example is the response of plants following the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Mancuso also tracks the journeys of several species that might be regarded as invasive. Even without actual photos and maps, it would have been beneficial to readers to include more finely detailed plant and map renderings. Jahren transcends both memoir and science writing in this literary fusion of both genres. Both of these early influences engrossingly combine in this adroit story of a dedication to science. The Scientists by John Gribbin: | : Books

John Gribbin, PhD, trained as an astrophysicist at the University of Cambridge before becoming a full-time science writer. When you buy a book, we donate a book. Sign in. Halloween Books for Kids. Read An Excerpt. Aug 10, ISBN Add to Cart. Also available from:. Jul 30, ISBN Available from:. Paperback —. Also by John Gribbin. Product Details. Inspired by Your Browsing History. This View of Life. David Sloan Wilson. Everything All at Once. The Sirens of Mars. Sarah Stewart Johnson. Infinite Wonder. Scott Kelly. My Brief History. Stephen Hawking. The Glass Universe. Why Evolution Is True. Jerry A. Matthew Stanley. Andrew Berry , James D. Watson and Kevin Davies. Elemental Haiku. Mary Soon Lee. Improbable Destinies. Jonathan B. David J. The Wizard and the Prophet. Charles Mann and Charles C. Science in the Soul. Richard Dawkins. Calder: The Conquest of Space. My Inventions and Other Writings. Nikola Tesla. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. NOOK Book. From the Introduction My aim is to outline the development of Western science, from the Renaissance to roughly the end of the twentieth century. This means leaving to one side the achievements of the Ancient Greeks, the Chinese, and the Islamic scientists and philosophers who did so much to keep the search for knowledge about our world alive during the period that Europeans refer to as the Dark and Middle Ages. But it also means telling a coherent story, with a clear beginning in both space and time, of the development of the world view that lies at the heart of our understanding of the Universe, and our place in it today. For human life turned out to be no different from any other kind of life on Earth. As the work of and Alfred Wallace established in the nineteenth century, all you need to make human beings out of amoebas is the process of evolution by natural selection, and plenty of time. All the examples I have mentioned here highlight another feature of the story-telling process. But this does not mean that science has progressed as a result of the work of a string of irreplaceable geniuses possessed of a special insight into how the world works. Geniuses maybe though not always ; but irreplaceable certainly not. Scientific progress builds step by step, and as the example of Darwin and Wallace shows, when the time is ripe, two or more individuals may make the next step independently of one another. It is the luck of the draw, or historical accident, whose name gets remembered as the discoverer of a new phenomenon. What is much more important than human genius is the development of technology, and it is no surprise that the start of the scientific revolution 'coincides' with the development of the telescope and the microscope. I can think of only one partial exception to this situation, and even there I would qualify the exception more than most historians of science do. Isaac Newton was clearly something of a special case, both because of the breadth of his scientific achievements and in particular because of the clear way in which he laid down the ground rules on which science ought to operate. If Newton had never lived, scientific progress might have been held back by a few decades. But only by a few decades. Edmond Halley or Robert Hooke might well have come up with the famous inverse square law of gravity; Gottfried Leibniz actually did invent calculus independently of Newton and made a better job of it ; and Christiaan Huygens's superior wave theory of light was held back by Newton's espousal of the rival particle theory. None of this will stop me from telling much of my version of the history of science in terms of the people involved, including Newton. My choice of individuals to highlight in this way is not intended to be comprehensive; nor are my discussions of their individual lives and work intended to be complete. I have chosen stories that represent the development of science in its historical context. Some of those stories, and the characters involved, may be familiar; others I hope less so. But the importance of the people and their lives is that they reflect the society in which they lived, and by discussing, for example, the way the work of one specific scientist followed from that of another, I mean to indicate the way in which one generation of scientists influenced the next. And once it got started, by giving a boost to technology it ensured that it would keep on rolling, with new scientific ideas leading to improved technology, and improved technology providing the scien- tists with the means to test new ideas to greater and greater accuracy. Technology came first, because it is possible to make machines by trial and error without fully understanding the principles on which they operate. But once science and technology got together, progress really took off. I will leave the debate about why the Renaissance happened when and where it did to the historians. If you want a definite date to mark the beginning of the revival of Western Europe, a convenient one is , the year the Turks captured Constantinople on 29 May. By then, many Greek-speaking scholars, seeing which way the wind was blowing, had already fled westwards initially to Italy , taking their archives of documents with them. There, the study of those documents was taken up by the Italian humanist movement, who were interested in using the teaching found in classical literature to re-establish civilization along the lines that had existed before the Dark Ages. This does rather neatly tie the rise of modern Europe to the death of the last vestige of the old Roman Empire. But an equally important factor, as many people have argued, was the depopulation of Europe by the Black Death in the fourteenth century, which led the survivors to question the whole basis of society, made labour expensive and encour- aged the invention of technological devices to replace manpower. Even this is not the whole story. Johann Gutenberg's development of moveable type in the mid-fifteenth century had an obvious impact on what was to become science, and discoveries brought back to Europe by another technological development, sailing ships capable of crossing the oceans, transformed society. A convenient round number is ; but from the present perspective an even better choice of date might be , the year Isaac Newton published his great work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and, in the words of Alexander Pope, 'all was light'. The point I want to make is that the scientific revolution did not happen in isolation, and certainly did not start out as the mainspring of change, although in many ways science through its influence on technology and on our world view became the driving force of Western civilization. I want to show how science developed, but I don't have space to do justice to the full historical background, any more than most history books have space to do justice to the story of science. I don't even have space to do justice to all of the science here, so if you want the in-depth story of such key concepts as quantum theory, evolution by natural selection or plate tectonics, you will have to look in other books including my own. My choice of events to highlight is necessarily incomplete, and therefore to some extent subjective, but my aim is to give a feel for the full sweep of science, which has taken us from the realization that the Earth is not at the centre of the Universe and that human beings are 'only' animals, to the theory of the Big Bang and a complete map of the human genome in just over years. Home 1 Books 2. Read an excerpt of this book!

A bestselling science writer with an international reputation, Gribbin is among the few authors who could even attempt a work of this magnitude. Filled with pioneers, visionaries, eccentrics and madmen, this is the history of science as it has never been told before. From the Hardcover edition. He lives in Sussex, England. Any Condition Any Condition. See all 14 - All listings for this product. No ratings or reviews yet No ratings or reviews yet. Be the first to write a review. Best Selling in Nonfiction See all. Bill o'Reilly's Killing Ser. When Women Pray Hardcover T. Jakes Christian Inspirational No ratings or reviews yet. Save on Nonfiction Trending price is based on prices over last 90 days. You may also like. History Hardcover Books John Green. Hardcover Earth Science. Science Fiction Hardcover Books. This item doesn't belong on this page. Be the first to write a review About this product. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. The scientists : a history of science told through the lives of its greatest inventors Item Preview. EMBED for wordpress. Want more?

Both of these early influences engrossingly combine in this adroit story of a dedication to science. The heroes in this tale are the plants that the author studies, and throughout, she employs her facility with words to engage her readers. We learn much along the way—e. We are each given exactly one chance to be. Each of us is both impossible and inevitable. Every replete tree was first a seed that waited. This is her story, after all, and we are engaged beyond expectation as she relates her struggle in building and running laboratory after laboratory at the universities that have employed her. Already have an account? Log in. Trouble signing in? Retrieve credentials. Sign Up. Pub Date: Nov. Page Count: Publisher: Random House. No Comments Yet. More by John Gribbin. Page Count: Publisher: Other Press. Review Posted Online: Dec. That is the way to grow scientific discoveries exponentially and make our world a better place to live for all. John Gribbin is a good writer who makes the Western world's scientific discoveries accessible to someone like me, who has no training in physics, chemistry, or biology. I had fun reading this book. Jul 08, Daniel Parker rated it it was amazing Shelves: history , spiritual. What a book! Engaging, informative, and full of curiosity. I cannot imagine the amount of time it must have taken for the author to research the history of science and how it has brought us to where we are today. As a non-scientist, I enjoyed reading this even if I do not understand all of the findings. The author goes to great lengths to include a bit of history on the scientists, some of whom had previously been lost to history by more notable names. The reader will leave with a greater unders What a book! The reader will leave with a greater understanding of scientific progress against the backdrop of human history, and how much we have learned through human determination and curiosity in a really small window of time. This book is an excellent introduction to the history of science with an emphasis on individual scientists and their accomplishments and struggles - all told along a timeline from to I am a community college instructor of physics and astronomy, and often read history of science books so that I can add interesting details to class lectures. This book has helped me see the interconnectedness and persons behind the development of the various sciences: biology, chemistry, physics, geology This book is an excellent introduction to the history of science with an emphasis on individual scientists and their accomplishments and struggles - all told along a timeline from to This book has helped me see the interconnectedness and persons behind the development of the various sciences: biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and astronomy. I recommend this book to anyone wanting to understand the people behind the evolution of natural philosophy into modern science. Dec 27, Jon Lisle-Summers rated it really liked it. This book needs the word Western inserted between Of and Science. Otherwise, it's a tremendous excursion through the minds and achievements of 'modern science" which has, until quite recently, dominated the globe. Indian, Chinese and Islamic science don't get a look-in here at all, which is a pity. In reality, some of the shoulders of giants upon which Isaac Newton stood came from these other great traditions. Nevertheless I still enjoyed it, was entertained and educated by it. Aug 07, Robert Crow rated it it was amazing. Engaging personal stories about many prominent and lessor-known but important scientists. Readers are treated to a wonderful ride through history of science to today. I enjoyed it much and recommend it to those who are curious about how sciences came about and evolved. Dec 07, Rebecca rated it really liked it. The biographical approach to the history of science makes this topic accessible and interesting to those who are more literature and arts minded. Aside from this slight criticism, I highly recommend this book. Aug 15, Bo Howell rated it liked it. An ambitious overview of science since the middle ages. If you can make it to the end, you'll be happy you did and happy that you're done. Gribbin's writing is crisp and precise, but at times the material is dry and it can be slightly complex. This book tries to tell the history of science though both the experiments and the scientists. The science parts were fun, but all the personal stories were quite similar and could actually have been left out. Aug 19, Bryan Higgs rated it it was amazing Shelves: science , physics. Just an excellent book. May 07, Greg Parrott rated it really liked it Shelves: own. A view of the history of science from the biographical notes of the scientists showing how each built on the prior work of the others; sometimes in a good way. Nov 08, Jason rated it really liked it. Very enjoyable non-fiction read. Not too tough, but something you would like in doses. I will try to keep reading the history of science over the next year. CH 1 and 2. Shelves: science , history , dan-s. In this case the journey is from Ptolemy, Copernicus and Gallileo to Einstein and Feynman with a lot of stops in between. At times the author delves a little deeper into the personal history of some of the scientists than was necessary for this reader. And being British and understandably writing primarily for his home audience, he at times assumes a greater knowledge of, and interest in, British history than perhaps the typical American or non-Anglo reader might possess. But these are only very minor criticisms. Overall I found it an enjoyable read, and in some instances quite surprising. Another example of this sort was in when in John Michell predicted the existence of black holes based on his knowledge of the speed of light and the density and gravity of stars. I had no idea the concept of black holes went back that far. At least up to the time of Darwin it seems as if most of the scientists were born wealthy and often originally destined to become priests, ministers or monks. Many studied medicine or law, which aside from theology were the two other main professions of the time. It was the rare individual who managed to distinguish himself in science but also came from humble means. And in the same vein it was in this book that I learned that a woman, Rosalind Franklin, had most likely discovered the structure of DNA prior to Crick and Watson, and that they had even relied on her data and X-ray photography without her knowledge in order to construct their model of the DNA double Helix. I would have loved to have given this book four stars instead of three were it not for another minor criticism: the overuse of long parenthetical phrases.. I frequently found myself having to read such sentences twice to be sure I understood the meaning. The editor is as much or more to blame as the author. View all 4 comments. May 10, Kimberly rated it it was amazing Shelves: science , want-to- own. The Scientists is a fantastic book describing the history of Western science through the lives of many well known and even more lesser know scientists. The book is grouped chronologically into five parts, each of which is further divided into chapters by scientific discipline. I appreciated this format because it preserved the overall historical arc while organizing the development of various fields into coherent stories. The chapters are rather long and packed with information — this is definit The Scientists is a fantastic book describing the history of Western science through the lives of many well known and even more lesser know scientists. The chapters are rather long and packed with information — this is definitely not a quick read — but it was not boring or tedious at least for this science enthusiast — I would not recommend it for the average reader. The explanation of the science seemed geared at someone with an understanding of general biology, chemistry, and physics. One of the things I appreciated most about this book was that it did not turn into a compilation of biographies of individual scientists. Rather, Gribbin did an excellent job of using the biographies to trace the progress of scientific knowledge as well as highlight several themes about the of science and scientific inquiry over time as promised by the subtitle. At the same time, he shared amusing anecdotes about many of the scientists that made the history personal, interesting, and inspiring. One of the only challenges of reading this book was keeping the names of all the scientists straight, particularly when a few showed up in multiple chapters. He chose to begin the book with Copernicus and his heliocentric model of the solar system and then wrapped the book up with the discoveries of galaxies beyond ours. He tied these two together by stating that science has essentially proven that we are insignificant. While this theme makes a convenient literary bookend, it felt like he was selling science short, as if all science was doing was poking a finger at us and teaching us a lesson. Rather, when I finished the last chapter, I felt awed and fascinated by how beautiful science and its explanations of the world is, and I was expecting a more profound conclusion from Gribbin. Perhaps this is a matter of personal preference and perspective. But I did really appreciate his conclusion regarding scientists themselves. He claims that it is not greed or desire for fame that drives most scientists, but a burning curiosity to understand the world around them, which I thought was profound. Overall, The Scientists was an excellent read, one that further ignited my passion for science, and I am planning on buying a copy for myself to own soon. I recommend this to anyone who has a deep interest in science and the people who have been a part of it over the past few centuries. Dec 26, Ushan rated it really liked it. An attempt to tell the history of science from Copernicus till the present in pages. A whirlwind of the scientists' names, biographies and brief explanations of the scientific work of each. A reviewer criticized Norman Davies's Europe: A History being really a history of Poland in disguise; Gribbin's book is really a history of astronomy in disguise. Much more attention is given to astronomy and physics Gribbin is an astrophysicist by education than to biology and medicine, and none to log An attempt to tell the history of science from Copernicus till the present in pages. Much more attention is given to astronomy and physics Gribbin is an astrophysicist by education than to biology and medicine, and none to logic and computer science; when Fourier series are mentioned, it is said that they are still used today by astronomers measuring the variability of stars and quasars. The century between and was of course when science advanced the most: in , conservation of energy had just been discovered by Mayer and Joule, and in quantum electrodynamics was being actively developed by Feynman, Bethe and others. By the law of diminishing returns, much less has been accomplished since then despite a much greater number of professional scientists and a much greater percentage of the gross world product being devoted to scientific research. However, the 17th century was the coolest. Gribbin doesn't believe in Kuhnian paradigms; he does believe in a shift from mysticism to science around , with Kepler still a mystic and Galileo already a scientist. I am unconvinced by his examples that there is really such a large difference between the two. Copernicus believed that planets revolve around the Sun in circles because the circle is a perfect figure; we believe that the laws of physics are invariant with respect to translation in spacetime because this is simpler than if the laws of physics were invariant with respect to translation in spacetime except in a certain part of space for a million years, where they were different. Readers also enjoyed. About John Gribbin. John Gribbin. John R. Gribbin is a British science writer, an astrophysicist, and a visiting fellow in astronomy at the University of Sussex. The topical range of his prolific writings includes quantum physics, biographies of famous scientists, human evolution, the origins of the universe, climate change and global warming. His also writes science fiction. John Gribbin graduated with his bachelor's degree in phy John R. John Gribbin graduated with his bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Sussex in Gribbin then earned his master of science M. In , Gribbin worked as one of Fred Hoyle's research students at the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, and wrote a number of stories for New Scientist about the Institute's research and what were eventually discovered to be pulsars. In , Gribbin published, along with Stephen Plagemann, a book titled The Jupiter Effect, that predicted that the alignment of the planets in quadrant on one side of the Sun on March 10, would cause gravitational effects that would trigger earthquakes in the San Andreas fault, possibly wiping out Los Angeles and its suburbs. Gribbin repudiated The Jupiter Effect in the July 17, , issue of New Scientist magazine in which he stated that he had been "too clever by half". In , Gribbin published In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality, the book that he is best known for, which continues to sell well 28 years after publication. It has been described as among the best of the first wave of physics popularisations preceding Stephen Hawking's multi- million-selling A Brief History of Time. Gribbin's book has been cited as an example of how to revive an interest in the study of mathematics. In , Gribbin took part in a BBC radio 4 broadcast as an "expert witness". Books by John Gribbin. Escape the Present with These 24 Historical Romances. This does rather neatly tie the rise of modern Europe to the death of the last vestige of the old Roman Empire. But an equally important factor, as many people have argued, was the depopulation of Europe by the Black Death in the fourteenth century, which led the survivors to question the whole basis of society, made labour expensive and encour- aged the invention of technological devices to replace manpower. Even this is not the whole story. Johann Gutenberg's development of moveable type in the mid-fifteenth century had an obvious impact on what was to become science, and discoveries brought back to Europe by another technological development, sailing ships capable of crossing the oceans, transformed society. A convenient round number is ; but from the present perspective an even better choice of date might be , the year Isaac Newton published his great work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and, in the words of Alexander Pope, 'all was light'. The point I want to make is that the scientific revolution did not happen in isolation, and certainly did not start out as the mainspring of change, although in many ways science through its influence on technology and on our world view became the driving force of Western civilization. I want to show how science developed, but I don't have space to do justice to the full historical background, any more than most history books have space to do justice to the story of science. I don't even have space to do justice to all of the science here, so if you want the in-depth story of such key concepts as quantum theory, evolution by natural selection or plate tectonics, you will have to look in other books including my own. My choice of events to highlight is necessarily incomplete, and therefore to some extent subjective, but my aim is to give a feel for the full sweep of science, which has taken us from the realization that the Earth is not at the centre of the Universe and that human beings are 'only' animals, to the theory of the Big Bang and a complete map of the human genome in just over years. Home 1 Books 2. Read an excerpt of this book! Add to Wishlist. Sign in to Purchase Instantly. Members save with free shipping everyday! See details. He begins with Copernicus, during the Renaissance, when science replaced mysticism as a means of explaining the workings of the world, and he continues through the centuries, creating an unbroken genealogy of not only the greatest but also the more obscure names of Western science, a dot-to-dot line linking amateur to genius, and accidental discovery to brilliant deduction. By focusing on the scientists themselves, Gribbin has written an anecdotal narrative enlivened with stories of personal drama, success and failure. A bestselling science writer with an international reputation, Gribbin is among the few authors who could even attempt a work of this magnitude. Filled with pioneers, visionaries, eccentrics and madmen, this is the history of science as it has never been told before. He lives in Sussex, England. Read an Excerpt From the Introduction My aim is to outline the development of Western science, from the Renaissance to roughly the end of the twentieth century. Show More. Related Searches. Congratulations, you are a Science Nerd. I am the creator of Pressman's Rock Trivia which sold over half million copies worldwide. My experience is in pop culture and music which has allowed me to know my market, so that I can provide the best concepts in View Product. Over the past two decades, no field of scientific inquiry has had a more striking

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