A Thesis Submitted to the University of Gloucestershire in Accordance With
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THE THEME (S) OF THE JOSEPH STORY: A LITERARY ANALYSIS James Bombo Sellee A thesis submittedto The University of Gloucestershire In accordancewith the requirementsof the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Humanities October 2003 ýý. All . r.. +ý F ". CL-Nm .1 Author's Declaration I declarethat the work in this thesis was carried out in accordancewith the regulations of The University of Gloucestershireand is based on my own work except where indicated in the thesis.No part of the thesishas been submitted as part of any academicaward. The views expressedare my own, and in no way representthose of the university. James B. Sellee 11 THE THEME (S) OF THE JOSEPH STORY: A LITERARY ANALYSIS ABSTRACT Since the 1970sthe application of narrative analysis to the JosephStory has enriched its reading. But those who apply this method to the narrative produce significantly different results in terms of what its theme is. The aim of this thesis is to investigatethe reasonsfor this and to articulate as objectively as possible the theme of the JosephStory. Chapter One establishes the context of this investigation by evaluating the major narrative readings of the Joseph Story. It reveals that those who apply narrative methodologies to the story come to different conclusions about what its theme is. It notes that the different results could be due to different narrative approaches, the literary context of the narrative, and the complex nature of the text itself. We choose Humphreys, Longacre, and Turner as our dialogue partners because they represent different narrative methods of reading the Joseph Story. The reference terms `narrative criticism' and `theme' are then defined. Chapter Two argues that the way to overcome the confusion concerning the theme (s) of the Joseph Story is to use a methodology that addresses the limitations of the literary approaches applied to the narrative and takes note of the wider literary context of Genesis and the rich nature of the text. This chapter then proposes a narrative methodology of `triangulation' that comprises plot analysis, text-linguistics and poetics. Chapters three, four and five apply this methodology to the entire narrative in Genesis 37-50 via a detailed analysis of Genesis 37,44-45, and 49-50, the beginning, middle and end of the narrative, respectively. The motifs that emerge from our analysis are family breakdown, power, providence, blessing, and land. Chapter six concludes that each of these motifs is a key concern of the Joseph Story but none by itself adequately articulates the story's theme. It is the ecology of these motifs that enunciates the theme: God's providential work with and through Jacob's dysfunctional family, preserving it and blessing others. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the following people without whose support this research would not have been possible: Langhain Partnership International for offering me a grant that covered my tuition fees and living expenses for four years in the UK; especially Dr. John Stott the founder of the partnership, Canon Paul Berg the Secretary General for scholarships, and the Scholarship Committee. Bishop Edward Neufville of the Episcopal Church of Liberia deserves to be thanked for his moral and financial support. Special thanks and appreciation go to Dr. Craig Bartholomew, my primary supervisor, for his painstaking reading of my many impossible drafts and his care and support that went beyond supervision, and Professor Gordon McConville, my secondary supervisor, for his superb advice and support. I remain eternally grateful to Professor Gordon Wenham, Professor Gordon McConville and Pat Green for teaching me Hebrew, Jürgen Nickel for teaching me German, and Dr. John Burne for proofreading this thesis, and Christine Hahn and Bernhard Schneider for checking my French and German respectively. I thank Rosemary Hales for her friendship and support. The moral and practical support of the following made my stay in the UK bearable and enjoyable: St. Matthew's Church for Christian fellowship and the right spiritual environment, my colleagues in the School of -Theology and Religious Studies, University of Gloucestershire, especially Alison Lo, Misgana Mathewos and his wife, Tsehai. I thank Dr. Herman and Versia Browne, Terry Halewood and Doreen Ingham, Margaret Johnson, David and Kristien Johnson, and Franklin, Violet and Godson Rogers for providing practical support that made me unwind from time to time. I owe 'a debt of gratitude to my fiancee, Korlah Sangai, for her love and care at all times. Above all I thank Almighty God for what and where He has from taken me and to what and where He is taking me. This thesis is dedicated to my late Kpanah grandmothers, Konah and Mama Ngasowo who made it possible for me to go to school. iv , Table of Contents Author's Declaration ii Abstract lll Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents V Abbreviations Xll Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Narrative Readings of the Joseph Story 1 1.1.1 The Art of Biblical Narrative 1 1.1.2 The Poetics of Biblical Narrative 3 1.1.3 Joseph and His Family: A Literary Study 4 1.1.4 Joseph: A Story of Divine Providence 5 1.1.5 Announcements of Plot in Genesis 6 1.1.6 Narration and Discourse in the Book of Genesis 8 1.1.7 Word Biblical Commentary 9 1.1.8 Reading for Good 10 1.1.9 Genesis: The Story We Haven't Heard 11 1.1.10 Genesis: A Commentary 12 1.1.11 Differences in the Narrative Readings of the Joseph Story 12 1.2 The Purpose of this Study 13 1.3 Defining and Describing the Two Key Components of This Study: Narrative Criticism and Theme 15 1.3.1 On Narrative in General and Biblical Narrative in Particular 15 1.3.1.1 Narrative Criticism: Definition 16 1.3.1.2 Narrative Components 16 1.3.1.3 The Elements of Narrative 19 1.3.2 Defining Theme 22 V 1.3.3 Definitions 22 1.3.4 Deriving the Theme From a Work 25 Chapter Two: An Appropriate Narrative Methodology for Reading the Joseph: `Triangulation' 29 2.1 An Appropriate Narrative Methodology for this Study 29 2.1.1 Plot Analysis 31 2.1.2 The Rise and Potential of Text-linguistics 32 2.1.2.1 The Origins of Text-linguistics 32 2.1.2.2 The Diverse Nature of Text-linguistics 33 2.1.2.3 The Aims of Text-linguistics 34 2.1.2.4 Text-linguistics and Biblical Studies 35 2.1.2.5 Tagmemics and Its Potential 36 2.1.2.6 The Key Features of Tagmemics 37 2.1.3 The Poetics of Narrative 44 2.1.3.1 SomeWorking Definitions of Gaps 47 2.1.3.2 The Opening of Gaps 48 2.1.3.3 Types of Gaps 49 2.1.3.4 The Rationale of Gaps 49 2.1.3.5 Gap Filling 50 2.1.3.6 Norms That Guide Gap Filling 52 2.1.4 SelectedTexts for FocusedAnalysis 55 2.1.5 This Study and the Rest of Genesis 56 2.2 The Assumptions and Presuppositions of This Study 57 2.2.1 A Synchronic Reading of the Joseph Story 57 2.2.2 The Historical Critical Approach and This Study 57 2.3 The Plan of This Study 59 Chapter Three: Narrative Analysis of Genesis 37 60 V1 3.1 Plot Analysis of Genesis 37 60 3.1.1 The Structure of Genesis 37 60 a. Deciding the Scenes of Genesis 37 62 b. Does the Joseph Story Begin With Genesis 37: 1? 65 3.1.2 The Scenes of Genesis 37 67 3.1.3 Characters in Genesis 37 71 3.1.4 Cause and Effect 75 3.1.5 The Relevance of Joseph Encountering a Strange Man 76 3.1.6 Core Concepts and Theme (s) of Genesis 37 76 3.2 Text-linguistic Reading of Genesis 37 78 3.2.1 Scene Divisions of Genesis 37 79 3.2.2 Exposition of Genesis 37 (1-4) 81 3.2.3 Scene One: Joseph's Dreams (5-11) 84 3.2.4 Scene Two: Jacob Sends Joseph After His Brothers (12-17) 88 3.2.5 Scene Three: The Brothers Plot Against Joseph (18-22) 93 3.2.6 Scene Four: Joseph Is Sold (23-28) 95 3.2.7 Scene Five: The Impact of Joseph's Absence on His Family (29-35) 99 3.2.8 The Peak of Genesis 37 and Its Significance 102 3.2.9 Dialogue and Genesis 37 103 3.2.10 The Implications of Our Text-linguistic Reading of Genesis 37 105 3.3 The Poetics of Genesis 37 108 3.3.1 Repetition 108 3.3.2 Point of View 112 3.3.3 Disparity of Knowledge 114 3.3.4 Gaps of Genesis 37 115 3.4 `Triangulation' and Genesis 37 119 Chapter Four: Narrative Analysis of Genesis44: 14-45:28: The Question Of Conflict Resolution and the Theme (s) of the Joseph Story 125 4.1 The Reasons for Beginning Our Analysis at 44: 14 125 vii 4.2 A Summary of the Events Between Genesis 37 and 44-45 in 38-43 126 4.2.1 Genesis 38 and the Rest of the Joseph Story 126 4.2.2 The Rise and Fall of Joseph (39-41) 128 4.2.3 The Brothers' First and Second Visits to Egypt (42-43) 129 4.3 Plot Analysis of Genesis 44: 14-45: 28 130 '4.3.1 The Structure of Genesis 44: 14-45: 28 130 4.3.2 The Scenes and How They Are Connected to Each Other 131 4.3.3 Characters in Genesis 44 and 45 136 4.3.4 The Central Ideas That Unite the Scenes 139 4.4 Text-linguistic Analysis of Genesis 44: 14-45: 28 143 4.4.1 The Syntactic Structure of Genesis 44 and 45 144 4.4.2 The Scenes of Genesis 44: 14-45: 28 145 a.