Škola: Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské náměstí 7 Šablona: III/2 – Inovace a zkvalitnění výuky prostřednictvím ICT Název projektu: Inovace výuky na GSN prostřednictvím ICT Číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/1.5.00/34.0940 Autor: Mgr. Rudolf Dostálek Tematická oblast: Od Napoleona k jaru národů (evropské a české dějiny 1. poloviny 19. století) Název DUMu: GFR: Directory and Consulate Kód: VY_32_INOVACE_DE.4.01 Datum: 23.10.2013 Cílová skupina: Žáci středních škol Klíčová slova: Thermidorians, Royalists, directory, Barras, Council of 500, Council of Elders, coup Anotace: Tato prezentace slouží k výkladu učiva tématu: Francouzské direktorium a konzulát (v anglickém jazyce) GFR: DIRECTORY AND CONSULATE THERMIDORIAN REACTION
• after the execution of Maximilien Robespierre and his radical Jacobine friends the executive powers went to moderate burgeoisie • the Jacobine Club dissolved • the Jacobines pursued and persecuted
NEW MEASUREMENTS
• the Christian cult restored • the lowest social classes disarmed • took several years to calm down the internal situation in France INITIAL SUCCESSES OF THERMIDORIANS • the economical problems which hadn´t been solved by the Jacobines and their centrally controlled economy were successively overcome • numerous victories of French armies NEW REPUBLICAN CONSTITUTION
• On 22nd August 1795 the new constitution was approved and declared • France remained a republic • the suffrage limited according to the census • Lower social classes excluded
THERMIDORIAN POLICY
• the new wealthy bourgeoisie against: • restoration of the pre-revolutionary times • return of aristocratic emigrants • realising Jacobine idea of the absolute civic equality EXECUTIVE POWERS
• in the hands of a 5-member government called DIRECTORY • Leader of Directory: Jean Paul BARRAS NEW NATIONAL CONVENTION
• they were appointed by the Council of Elders (upper house) • checked up by the Council of Five Hundred (lower house) of the Convention (parliament) • New constitution was submitted to a public assembly and approved HAND TOWARDS EMIGRANTS
• the word „revolutionary“ became inappropriate • all who left the country after May 1793 (the beginning of the Jacobine Dictatorship) were pardoned and could return • no more trials with aristocrats or clergymen due to their origin or occupation EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE
• the government of the Directory was still not very popular • radicals of both sides were unsatisfied • attempts of Royalists and Jacobines to realize a coup NEW PLAYER ON THE PITCH
• the most dangerous trial was resolutely and brutally suppressed by Napoleon Bonaparte, a young general • became a protector and a pet of both the Directory and the Convention • Barras introduced him to his ex-mistress Josephine de Beauharnais • She became Napoleon´s partner and wife
GROWTH OF HIS POPULARITY
• his popularity grew significantly because of numerous victories on battlefields in Coalition Wars • French troops conquered: • North Italy • Holland • the South Netherlands • forced Prussia and Spain to sign the peace treaty (1795 in Basel) BONAPARTE AT THE TOP
• in March 1796 Bonaparte became the Commander in Chief of the French army • after several defeats in Italy Austria had to sign the peace treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 DESTABILISING PROBLEMS
• poor crop, famine, purveying problems • inflation of the currency • massive corruption • popularity of Directors rapidly went down REACTION OF DIRECTORY
• tried to drag the public attention to the splendid war victories
• attempts to fill the Treasury with the loot from the conquered countries
BONAPARTE´S 1ST FAILURE
• Bonaparte focused on the war against Great Britain, the only rival left • he tried to weaken it with an expedition to Egypt and to dominate the Mediterranean • the French fleet, anchoring in Abukir Bay, was destroyed by English Royal Navy (H. Nelson)
2ND COALITION
• when he left Europe to conquer Alexandria Austria took its chance and joined in the Second Coalition with: • Great Britain • Switzerland • Russia RUSSIAN BONAPARTE
• French armies suffered several bad defeats in Switzerland and on the Rhine (Russian general Suvorov) DANCING ON THE EDGE
• the Directory ordered universal military service and raised taxes • the discontentment with the Directory reached its top • there was a serious threat of a civil war COUP OF 18TH BRUMAIRE
• Bonaparte was secretly asked to return (by his relatives and generals) • on 9th November 1799 he carried out a successful coup • supported by his loyal soldiers
CONSULATE
• he disposed the five directors and dissolved the lawmaking bodies • the executive power came to the hands of 3 consuls • Bonaparte became the first among them with massive lawmaking powers
CONSULATE´S POLICY
• the new regime recognized • equality before the law • freedom of enterprise • but the Declaration of the Rights of a Human was not considered into the new constitution • personal freedom was limited, being monitored by the state police CONCORDAT
• Signed in 1801 • Catholic Church got some of its lost positions • became supported by the government CONSUL FOR LIFE
• Napoleon used to submit important decisions to be approved by the public in plebiscites • On 2nd August 1802 such a plebiscite approved Napoleon to be appointed the First Consul for Life • As the First Consul he achieved several outstanding victories (crossing the Alps) • attached new departments (former territories of HRE) • made Great Britain to sign a peace treaty and return some colonies
NEW LAW CODE
• in 1804 he submitted to approval the new civil law code: Code de Civil • it included almost all civil rights gained during the French Revolution and later became a pattern for whole Europe
BIRTH OF EMPIRE
• Within 5 years the republic slowly turned into a monarchy • All the powers were in the hands of one man • The last step to be done was to change it into a hereditary monarchy… • Tento digitální učební materiál byl vytvořen pomocí software Microsoft Office 2007 • Materiál je určen pro bezplatné používání pro potřeby výuky a vzdělávání na všech typech škol a školských zařízení • Jakékoliv další využití podléhá autorskému zákonu