POLI 333B. Issues in Comparave Polics: Social Revoluons

Agusn Goenaga Department of Polical Science University of Brish Columbia Summer 2013 SESSION 5. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (2) Map of the Lecture

1. 1791-1794: The Radicalizaon of the Revoluon and the Jacobin Republic 2. 1794: Thermidorean Reacon 3. 1795-1799: The Directory 4. 1799-1804: The Consulate

Break

5. 1793-1801: The French Revoluonary Wars 6. Historiography of the French Revoluon 7. Recap

…in last week’s episode:

• A polical revoluon, led by the bourgeoisie and disaffected aristocrats, is pushed further by poor urban-dwellers (sans-culoes) and by the peasantry (The Great Fear).

• The Constuon of 1789-91 is moderate, defends a constuonal monarchy, abolishes privileges, nobility, feudalism, corporaons, and raonalizes taxaon and bureaucracy.

• The Civil Constuon of the Clergy (1790) generates tensions.

• Intrigues by Louis XVI with émigrés and European monarchs intensify demands for Republicanism.

• War with Austria and with other European powers.

• King is captured and dethroned. Naonal Convenon becomes the new execuve power. IV. 1791-1794: The Radicalizaon of the Revoluon and the First French Republic (1792-1794)

The Polical Clubs: Jacobins, Cordeliers • The schisms within the Jacobin Club: Feuillants, Girondins, Montagnards

The Naonal Convenon:

• Trial and Execuon of Louis XVI • War efforts: mass conscripon and a war economy • The republican constuon of 1793: popular, radical, with a an important emphasis on noons of fraternity and providing for the lower classes Counterrevoluon: The Vendée revolt (1793)

Religion, polics, and the peasantry against the regime:

• Catholicism

• Royalist and counterrevoluonary

• Forced Conscripon (levée en masse)

• Beneficiaries of the expropriaon of ecclesiascal land (bourgeoisie) The sans-culoes: social queson, direct democracy, and representaon

Paris Commune (1792-1794): Military muscle of the Convenon

Price controls De-Chrisanizaon of France Acons against counterrevoluonary forces

Marat: L’ami du peuple Hébert: Le Père Duchesne

Commiee of Public Safety and The Terror: The Reign of Terror (summer 1793- summer 1794)

Governing bodies: • Commiee of Public Safety • Economics: Law of General • Commiee of General Security Maximum (September 29, 1793) • Paris Commune • Religion: Violence and terror: – De-Chrisanizaon • Law of Suspects (September 17, – The Cult of the Supreme Being 1793) • Acons against counterrevoluonary efforts in the Provinces • Guillone • ~250,000 people killed 1794: Thermidorean Reacon

• Danton (Girondins) & Robespierre (Jacobins)

• 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794)

• Execuon of Robespierre (100 Robespierrists killed; 70 members of the Paris Commune)

• White Terror (Muscadins in Paris and other groups against Jacobin supporters, atheists and revoluonaries all over France) 1795-1799: The Directory

• Constuon of 1795: A return to the principles of of 1791, but now under a republic.

• Parliamentary government based on property qualificaons • Bi-cameralism: The Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients

• Repeal of “radical” provisions concerning popular parcipaon and social welfare (Law of the General Maximum and abolion of assignats->inflaon)

• Freedom of worship

• Military victories abroad but incapable to solve economic crisis; some defeats in 1798-99

• Some aempts of rebellion: Babeuf and the Conspiracy of the Equals (1796), as well as royalist uprisings 1799-1804: The Consulate

• Bonaparte’s Coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) • Lack of popular mobilizaon • Instuonal experimentaon • Limits to popular suffrage • Concordat of 1801 • Peace of Amiens (1802) • Naonal Referendum (1802): Napoleon becomes first consul • 1804 Senate passes a bill creang the French Empire and making Napoleon’s posion hereditary 1793-1801: The French Revoluonary Wars War of the First Coalion (1792-1797)

– April 20, 1792: War on Austria – August 1792: Bale of Valmy-Stop the Allies’ offensive – 1793: Execuon of Louis XVI; War on Britain, Holland and Spain – 1793: Vendée counterrevoluonary revolt – 1793: Mass conscripon => Series of victories in Belgium – 1795: Control over Holland, Prussia and Spain sign peace with France. War connues against Britain and Austria. Emigré landing in Quiberon. – 1796: Bales in Northern Italy (Napoleon) – 1797: Invasion of Austria & Peace of Campo Formio War of the Second Coalion (1798-1802) • Hoslies with Britain but stand-off

• 1798: Bonaparte sends force to Egypt to serve as a springboard to aack Brish India.

– Nelson destroys French Fleet in Egypt in August 1798 – Aacks from Ooman Empire – Napoleon returns to France in October 1798 – 1801: Turkish & Brish forces expel the French from the region

• New coalion in Europe: Britain, Russia, Austria, Turkey, Portugal

• Treaty of Lunéville with Austria (1801) and Peace of Amiens with Britain (1802) Historiography of the Revoluon

• Jacobin-Marxist approach (Mathiez, Lefebvre, Soboul) • Tocquevillians (Furet, Rosanvallon) • Revisionism (Cobban, Furet, Ozouf, Doyle) • Post-revisionism (Hunt) Recap: The French Revoluon

• Structural Factors • Actors and their interests / Movaons • Outcomes