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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Recent Titles in the Greenwood Press “Daily Life Through History” Series

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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Recent Titles in the Greenwood Press “Daily Life Through History” Series DAILY LIFE DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Recent titles in The Greenwood Press “Daily Life Through History” Series Cooking in America, 1840–1945 Alice L. McLean Cooking in Ancient Civilizations Cathy K. Kaufman Nature and the Environment in Pre-Columbian American Life Stacy Kowtko Science and Technology in Medieval European Life Jeffrey R. Wigelsworth Civilians in Wartime Africa: From Slavery Days to the Rwandan Genocide John Laband, editor Christians in Ancient Rome James W. Ermatinger The Army in Transformation, 1790–1860 James M. McCaffrey The Korean War Paul M. Edwards World War I Jennifer D. Keene Civilians in Wartime Early America: From the Colonial Era to the Civil War David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, editors Civilians in Wartime Modern America: From the Indian Wars to the Vietnam War David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, editors Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War Stewart Lone, editor DAILY LIFE DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION JAMES M. ANDERSON The Greenwood Press “Daily Life Through History” Series GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anderson, James Maxwell, 1933– Daily life during the French Revolution / James M. Anderson. p. cm. — (The Greenwood Press daily life through history series, ISSN: 1080–4749) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–33683–0 (alk. paper) 1. France—History—Revolution, 1789–1799. 2. France—Social conditions— 18th century. I. Title. DC148.A656 2007 944.04—dc22 2006034084 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2007 by James M. Anderson All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006034084 ISBN-10: 0–313–33683–0 ISBN-13: 978–0–313–33683–6 ISSN: 1080–4749 First published in 2007 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The publisher has done its best to make sure the instructions and/or recipes in this book are correct. However, users should apply judgment and experience when preparing recipes, especially parents and teachers working with young people. The publisher accepts no responsibility for the outcome of any recipe included in this volume. For Viv welcome to the world Contents Preface ix Chronology xi Maps xvii 1. The Setting 1 2. Economy 25 3. Travel 41 4. Life at Versailles 51 5. Clothes and Fashion 67 6. Arts and Entertainment 83 7. Family, Food, and Education 103 8. Health, Medicine, and Charity 125 9. Religion 143 10. Women 155 11. Urban Life 173 12. Rural Life 189 13. Military Life 207 viii Contents 14. Law and Order 225 15. Aftermath 239 Appendix 1: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 243 Appendix 2: The Republican Calendar 246 Glossary 249 Bibliography 257 Index 265 Preface For everyone in France, from the king to the lowliest peasant, July 1789 was either exhilarating or ominous. A rare person indeed would have been apathetic or unruffl ed by the social turmoil enveloping the country, for the July events and those that followed laid the foundations of a new society, a new state. The decisive actions that led to the overthrow of the old order were staged mostly in Paris, although the provinces, where most of the popula- tion resided, played no small part in an escalating crisis. The day-to-day life of the people of that time and place forms the major component of this book. Each chapter adds to a portrait of France before, during, and after the revolution. The book begins with a geographical overview, followed by a descrip- tion of the country’s diverse political, social, and cultural infl uences and of the major historical events that led to the revolution. Subsequent chap- ters deal with the economy; courtly, aristocratic, urban, and rural life; and details about people of all classes—their anxieties, pleasures, living con- ditions, health care, ethics, charity, and personal experiences; what they wore and ate; what they did to entertain themselves; and the infl uence of the church, crime, and revolutionary propaganda. The author owes a debt of gratitude to Sherry Anderson, whose perse- verance, encouragement and plain hard work made this book possible. Others who contributed in no small measure were Dr. Siwan Anderson, Dr. x Preface Katherine Connors, Dr. Patrick Francois, Richard Dalon, Georges Gottlieb of the Bibliothèque National de Paris, Howard Greaves, Dr. Rodney Roche, Drs. Bernard and Herbie Rochet. Thanks also go to Michael Hermann of Greenwood Press, who suggested the topic, and Sarah Colwell, assistant editor, Greenwood Press. Storming of the Bastille by citizens with guns and pikes. The heads of “traitors” were carried on pikes. Courtesy Library of Congress. Chronology 1770 Marriage of Dauphin to Marie-Antoinette. 1775 Coronation of Louis XVI. 1776 American Declaration of Independence. 1786 Anglo-French commercial treaty. 1788 Estates-General convoked for May 1789. 1789 February Publication of Sieyès’ What Is the Third Estate? May 5 Estates-General convene. June 13 First parish priests break ranks. June 17 National Assembly proclaimed. June 27 Orders unite. July 14 Bastille falls. Late July The Great Fear. August 4 Abolition of feudalism and privileges. August 26 Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. xii Chronology October 5–6 King and National Assembly move to Paris. November 2 Church property nationalized. December 11 Assignats introduced. 1790 February 13 Monastic vows forbidden. May 21 Paris sections established. June 19 Noble titles abolished. July 12 Civil Constitution of the Clergy. July 14 Feast of Federation. August 16 Parlements abolished. August 31 Mutiny at Nancy. November 27 Oath of the clergy. 1791 January 2 Roll-call on clerical oath. March 2 Guilds dissolved. April 13 Pope condemns Civil Constitution. June 10 Royal family’s fl ight to Varennes. July 16 Reinstatement of Louis XVI. September 14 Annexation of Avignon. Louis XVI accepts Constitution. September 30 National Assembly dissolved. October 1 Legislative Assembly convenes. October 20 Call for war. November 9 Decree against émigrés. November 12 Louis XVI vetoes decree against émigrés. November 29 Decree against refractory priests. December 19 Louis XVI vetoes decree against priests. 1792 April 20 War declared on Austria. April 25 First use of guillotine. Chronology xiii May 27 New decree against refractory priests. June 13 Prussia declares war. June 20 Sans-culottes invade the Tuileries. July 22 Legislative Assembly declares the country in danger. July 25 Brunswick Manifesto. July 30 Marseilles fédérés enter Paris. August 3 Paris sections demand dethronement of king. August 10 Storming of the Tuileries; monarchy overthrown. August 19 Prussians cross frontier. Defection of Lafayette. September 2 Fall of Verdun. September 2–6 September massacres. September 20 Battle of Valmy. September 21 Convention meets. September 22 Republic proclaimed. December 3 Decision to try Louis XVI. 1793 January 21 Execution of Louis XVI. February 1 War declared on England and Holland. February 21 Line and volunteer regiments joined. February 24 Decree conscription of 300,000 men. February 25–27 Food riots in Paris. March 7 War declared on Spain. March 10 Revolutionary tribunal created. March 11 Revolt in the Vendée. April 5 Defection of Dumouriez. April 6 Committee of Public Safety created. April 11 Assignats made sole legal tender. April 29 Federalist uprising in Marseilles. May 4 First Maximum decreed. xiv Chronology May 31 First anti-Girondin uprising in Paris. June 2 Purge of Girondins from Convention. June 7 Federalist revolt spreads to Bordeaux and Caen. June 9 Vendeans capture Saumur. June 24 Constitution of 1793 accepted. July 13 Marat assassinated. July 17 Final abolition of feudalism. July 26 Death penalty for hoarding. July 27 Robespierre joins Committee of Public Safety. August 23 Decree of levée en masse. August 25 Marseilles recaptured. August 27 Toulon surrenders to the British. September 5 Government by terror begins. September 17 Law of Suspects. September 29 General Maximum introduced. October 3 Girondins sent for trial. October 5 Revolutionary calendar introduced. October 9 Fall of Lyon. October 10 Revolutionary government declared. October 16 Marie-Antoinette executed. October 17 Vendeans defeated at Cholet. October 31 Execution of Girondins. November 10 Festival of Reason at Nôtre Dame. November 22 Parisian churches closed. December 4 Revolutionary government created. December 12 Vendeans defeated at Le Mans. December 19 Fall of Toulon to French. 1794 February 21 Price controls revised. February 26 Confi scation of émigré land. Chronology xv March 3 Distribution of émigré land among the poor. March 13 Arrest and execution of Hébertists. March 27 Revolutionary armies disbanded. April 5 Danton and Desmoulins executed. June 8 Festival of the Supreme Being. July 5 Wage controls introduced in Paris. July 28 Robespierre sent to guillotine. September 18 State renounces all subsidies to religion. November 12 Jacobin club closed. December 8 Surviving Girondins reinstated. December 24 Maximum abolished; invasion of Holland. 1795 February 17 Pacifi cation in the Vendée. February 21 Freedom of worship restored. April 1 Uprising of Germinal (12 Germinal). May 20 Uprising of Prairial (1 Prairial). May 31 Revolutionary tribunal abolished. June 8 Death of Louis XVII. June 27 Royalists land at Quibéron; defeated three weeks later. July 22 Peace concluded with Spain. October 1 Annexation of Belgium. October 5 Uprising of Vendémiaire. October 26 End of Convention. November 3 Directory constituted. December 10 Forced loans from the wealthy. 1796 February 19 Withdrawal of assignats. March 2 Napoleon appointed commander in Italy.
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