Contents
Paul K. Moser and Arnold vander Nat General Introduction: Human Knowledge-Its Nature, Sources, and Limits, 3
PART I CLASSICAL SOURCES
Greek and Medieval Sources, 35
1. Plato (c. 427-c. 347 B.C.) Meno; Phaedo; Republic; Theaetetus, 39 2. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Posterior Analytics; De Anima, 63 3. Sextus Empiricus (A.D. 175?-225?) Outlines of Pyrrhonism, 80 4. Augustine (A.D. 354-430) Contra Academicos; De Civitas Dei, 90 5. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Summa Theologiae, 94
Early Modern Sources, 109
6. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Meditations on First Philosophy, 113 7. John Locke (1632-1704) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 126 8. Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) Introduction to New Essays on the Human Understanding, 146 x CONTENTS 9. George Berkeley (1685-1753) A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, 153 10. David Hume (1711-1776) An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 163 11. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, 178
PART II CONTEMPORARY SOURCES
Pragmatism and Empiricism, 195 12. William James (1842-1910) The Will to Believe, 203 13. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) Appearance, Reality, and Knowledge by Acquaintance, 214 14. A. J. Ayer (1910-1989) Verification and Philosophy, 223 15. Clarence Irving Lewis (1883-1965) The Pragmatic Element in Knowledge, 234 16. Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970) Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology, 245 17. W. V. Quine Two Dogmas of Empiricism, 255
The Analysis of Knowledge, 271
18. Edmund Gettier Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?, 273 19. Richard Feldman An Alleged Defect in Gettier Counter-Examples, 274 20. John Pollock The Gettier Problem, 276
A Priori Knowledge, 285
21. Clarence Irving Lewis (1883-1965) A Pragmatic Conception of the A Priori, 287 22. Roderick M. Chisholm The Truths of Reason, 292 23. Saul A. Kripke A Priori Knowledge, Necessity, and Contingency, 309 CONTENTS xi Justified Belief, 319 24. William P. Alston Concepts of Epistemic Justification, 321 25. Ernest Sosa The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge, 341 26. Alvin I. Goldman Strong and Weak Justification, 357 27. Stephen Stich Reflective Equilibrium, Analytic Epistemology and the Problem of Cognitive Diversity, 367
Skepticism, 381 28. G. E. Moore (1873-1958) Proof of an External World, 383 29. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) Cause and Effect: Intuitive Awareness, 395 30. P. F. Strawson Skepticism, Naturalism and Transcendental Arguments, 403
Epistemology and Psychology, 417 31. W. V. Quine Epistemology Naturalized, 419 32. Hilary Putnam Why Reason Can't Be Naturalized, 428 33. Alvin I. Goldman Epistemic Folkways and Scientific Epistemology, 439 Name Index, 455 Subject Index, 459