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Semantic Clusters: Warfare, Hunting and Shipping 380 BLACK ATHENA CHAPTER 16 SEMANTIC CLUSTERS: WARFARE, HUNTING AND SHIPPING n the late nineteenth century, Heinrich Lewy discarded abstract and broad-ranging nouns, adjectives and verbs from his list of Semitic loans into Greek. In Chapter 7 I discussed Michel Masson’s ap- I 1 proval of this step. To remedy the gap left by this self-denying ordi- nance, in the next two chapters, I shall concentrate on Greek borrowings from both Egyptian and Semitic in precisely the semantic fields ruled out by earlier scholars. These include weapons, warfare, hunting, ship- ping, society, law, politics and philosophy and religion. In this chapter I focus on the first three. In each section, I shall separate the two source languages, and, as mentioned in the introduction, the ordering of each will follow the con- ventions of the two disciplines. Egyptian in the Egyptological sequence listed in earlier chapters, starting with /Å/ and ending with the dentals and a final /d/. With Semitic, I simply follow the order of the Hebrew (Canaanite) alphabet, with h ° following h.≥ WEAPONS, WARFARE AND HUNTING Introduction Copyright © 2006. Rutgers University Press. All rights reserved. Press. All © 2006. Rutgers University Copyright Weapons, warfare and hunting are areas of potentially great historical significance. In French, for instance, the basic vocabulary of which is Bernal, M. (Ed.). (2006). Black athena : afroasiatic roots of classical civilization; volume iii: the linguistic evidence. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com Created from uhm on 2018-03-08 15:16:41. [CH. 16] WARFARE, HUNTING AND SHIPPING 381 overwhelmingly Romance, but among the extremely few words of Ger- manic origin, one finds canif, “small knife”; flèche, “arrow”; galant “war- like man”: hache, “ax”; hâte, “haste, violence”; harpon, “grappling iron”; heaume, “helmet”; héraut, “herald”; maréchal, “officer in charge of horses”; meutrir, “murder”; and guerre, “war” itself. These words confirm the mili- tary nature of Frankish rule over what later became France. On the other hand, much of the military vocabulary in English— corporal, sergeant, lieutenant, captain, major, colonel, general etc.—came from French not because of the Norman Conquest but as a result of the organizational prestige of later French armies. Thus, although the intro- duction of military terminology can be the result of conquest, it is not necessarily so. In this case the number of Egyptian and Semitic terms for weapons, warfare and hunting could come from supposed Hyksos settlements and dominance in parts of Greece. They could also have been acquired by Greek-speaking mercenaries in Late Bronze Age Egypt or from encoun- ters with Egyptian or Canaanite forces or possibly from deliberate re- modeling—or at least renaming—of Hellenic social and military organization. The clearest example of this comes from Sparta and will be discussed in Chapter 21. Whatever the route by which words in these semantic areas were introduced their social and political importance gives them special significance. Egyptian vocabulary Åbw Demotic Åb, ˆÅb, ňbe, wňbe “brand” was written with fire l (Q7) or became “mutilate” when written with a knife f (T30) of slaves or cattle. It provides a plausible etymology for lwvbh (H) “outrage, vio- lence, mutilation and subject of shame, or leper.” Chantraine accepts the conventional relationship with Baltic words, a supposed labiovelar and an initial s-, such as the Lithuanian slogà “scourge,” etc. The seman- tic parallels of this connection are plausibly but the phonetics are cum- bersome. Chantraine reasonably links lwvbhx “vulture” to lobe\ \. Åbh °“burn” has the extended sense of “ardor, fervor” providing a plau- sible etymology for the cluster around λα:βρος (H) “violent, impetuous,” Copyright © 2006. Rutgers University Press. All rights reserved. Press. All © 2006. Rutgers University Copyright for which, apart from the parallel Latin rabes, neither Frisk nor Chantraine has any Indo-European explanation. Bernal, M. (Ed.). (2006). Black athena : afroasiatic roots of classical civilization; volume iii: the linguistic evidence. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com Created from uhm on 2018-03-08 15:16:41. 382 BLACK ATHENA ˆwÅ “longhorned cattle” a[or (H), aor—pronounced as a mono-, di- or even trisyllabic word—is normally translated as “sword.” Its meaning, however, was extended to many types of weapon or, even, equipment. The conceptual link between horns and weapons is quite tight. Take for example the French défenses “tusks.” Chantraine’s attempt to link aor to ajeivrw “suspend” because a sword can be suspended by a leather band is not very convincing. It may be that aor did not merely mean sword and may have retained an original meaning of “horn.” Its use to describe a rhinoceros’ horn is late (3CE), but Crusavoro" “golden aor” an epithet applied to Apollo, Demeter, and Artemis is generally translated “golden sword.”2 Hesiod is specific that the “golden aor” is a “sword” held in the hand.3 Against this interpretation is the relative lateness of swords and the fact that no iconographic evidence shows gods or goddesses with swords. They prefer more ancient bows, clubs or spears. On the other hand, many Greek divinities are represented as horned. “Golden horned” makes much more sense as a translation. Other bovine images include, most famously, bo-wpi"` “cow-eyed” or “cow-faced” to express the beauty of Hera and other goddesses. Hathor the Egyptian goddess of beauty was represented as a cow. In these circumstances, despite the semantic steps required and given the perfect phonetic fit ˆwÅ provides a reason- able etymology for aor. The derivation of o[llumi and ou\lo" “to destroy, destruction” from Œwň “harvest, rob, pillage” was set out in Chapter 15.4 Chantraine maintains that the Greek wjqevw (H) “to push hard, throw, repulse, deal harm” is the iterative form of *e{jqw, a form constructed from e{jqwn. The latter word occurs twice in the Iliad and has been inter- preted as either “valor” or “following his custom.” Chantraine sees all these as derived from a root *wedh “shake, bump” which he thinks is found in the Sanskrit vádhar “weapon of Indra” or vadar “weapon of jet.”5 He admits, however, that there is no trace of an initial w- in otheo\ .\ It would seem simpler to derive otheo\ \ from wdˆ “throw, shoot arrow, com- mit offense.” The Egyptian verb wdÅ “to set out, proceed” has as its correlate wdyt “campaign expedition, journey.” With the personal suffix -w/ eus in Chapter 6, it provides an excellent etymology for the name of the wan- dering hero par excellence jOdusseuv".6 Frisk toys inconclusively with Anatolian origins for the name. Chantraine provides no explanation. Copyright © 2006. Rutgers University Press. All rights reserved. Press. All © 2006. Rutgers University Copyright For Jernstedt’s proposal that a reconstructed *pÅ Œ˙Åwt(y) was the ori- gin of fw'", fwtov" “warrior,” see Chapter 9.7 Bernal, M. (Ed.). (2006). Black athena : afroasiatic roots of classical civilization; volume iii: the linguistic evidence. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com Created from uhm on 2018-03-08 15:16:41. [CH. 16] WARFARE, HUNTING AND SHIPPING 383 PÅqyt “shell of turtle, skull” provides a good etymology for phvlhx (H) “helmet, crest of a serpent.” Chantraine says “no etymology, possibly a loan.” The Late Egyptian verb *prt “to split open, tear” appears to be a loan from Semitic. A number of Semitic triliterals, however, are based on the Nostratic root √pr “to split, open, give birth.” James Hoch men- tions two possible sources: the first is the Akkadian palas\ u= “to dig, break through a wall,” which in Mishnaic Hebrew can mean “perforate.” Hoch is even less happy on phonetic grounds with a derivation from the Akkadian paras\ u= “to divide.” He prefers a borrowing from a root √prt found in the Talmudic Aramaic pErat “to divide, crush” or in Syriac “to divide, pierce.”8 Whatever the precise triliteral root or even source lan- guage, a Semitic or Egyptian *prt provides a suitable source for the Greek pevrqw (H) “to destroy, sack, pillage originally of towns.” Frisk and Chantraine agree that, although the word is of an Indo-European type, the etymology is “unknown.” Ancient lexicographers derived the name of the hero Perseuv" from pertho\ Chantraine is uncertain and considers the possibility that is pre-Hellenic. The reduplicated ptpt is to “tread roads, trample, trample enemies” and “smite.” Patevw (H) is “to walk, trample, crush.” Frisk sees this and the noun pato"v “trampled path” as deriving from a root found in povnto" “path.” While this etymology is quite possible, the violent Egyptian mean- ings seem closer to the Greek meaning. Chantraine maintains that mw'lo" (H) “battle, melee” comes from a sense of pain and effort. In this way he relates it to movli" (5) molis “pain, effort.” From here, he connects to the Old High German muodi “tired” and the Russian máju “exhaust.” Both in terms of phonetics and seman- tics, it would seem simpler to derive molos\ from the Egyptian mry “fight- ing bull” or mrw “bulls.” In Volume 2, I referred to the work of Alan Lloyd on the Egyptian “tauromachy” “bull fighting bull.”9 Chantraine describes the etymology of movli" (5) as “uncertain.” Mr “ill, pain” or mrt “pains” would seem plausible for this. Nrˆ is “to fear” or transitively “to overawe” and nrt, nure (S) nuri (B) in Coptic is “vulture.” The latter provides a good semantic basis for e[nara (H) “arms taken from a beaten enemy.” Chantraine tentatively relates enara to the Sanskrit sanóti “win” sánitar “victor.” He does admit the differ- Copyright © 2006. Rutgers University Press. All rights reserved. Press. All © 2006. Rutgers University Copyright ence in sense and the lack of the expected aspiration in the Greek word.
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