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RACCOLTA ARTICOLI Ottobre 2016 - Ottobre 2017 RACCOLTA ARTICOLI Ottobre 2016 - Ottobre 2017 Opinio Juris - Law & Politics Review è una rivista pensata per essere uno strumento di informazione e di approfondimento su tematiche di attualità giuridica e politica. Il nome, richiamando in parte l’elemento soggettivo della consuetudine, definisce la vocazione internazionale della rivista, la quale si propone di integrare uno spazio di condivisione di opinioni libere ed indipendenti, rimesso a professionisti, studenti ed appassionati di diritto e politica interna ed estera. La rivista consta di due sezioni principali Opinio e Jus. La prima sviluppa principalmente temi di attualità e si articola in aree dedicate ad approfondimenti di natura geopolitica e storica, analisi delle elezioni politiche nel mondo, nonché interviste ad esperiti del mondo accademico, a diplomatici e ad operatori umanitari. Jus, invece, è uno spazio riservato esclusivamente all’informazione giuridica. Esso si propone di contribuire al dibattito critico sulle principali tematiche afferenti il diritto italiano, comunitario ed internazionale, a tal fine pubblicando articoli, commenti e note a provvedimenti giurisdizionali redatti da professionisti ed operatori del settore. Completa l’offerta al lettore l’area Servizi, ove è possibile richiedere consulenze legali, attività di sponsorizzazione di progetti editoriali e fotografici, nonché eventi con finalità di dibattito e sensibilizzazione in linea con i contenuti della rivista. 21 ottobre 2016 - 21 ottobre 2017 INDICE I - Opinio C’è dell’immigrazione in Danimarca - Alexander Virgili 5 Origini e dinamiche della crisi nordcoreana. L'influenza dell’ideologia e della struttura sociale sulla strategia di Kim Jong Un - Alessia Angiulli 7 La democracia protegida de Pinochet - Alvaro Delgado Martinez 11 Yemen: la bomba ad orologeria - Aurelia D’Ambrosio 14 Senghor e la Négritude - Camillo Casola 18 Di lobbying e lobbisti, parliamone - Anita Nappo 22 Le origini delle contese Mediorientali: dall'accordo segreto Sykes-Picot alla dichiarazione Balfour - Domenico Nocerino 27 Iniziazione sessuale in Africa - Elisabetta Santirocchi 31 Il terrorismo islamico nel sud-est asiatico - Federica Fanuli 34 L’elezione del Presidente degli Stati Uniti d’America - Francesco di Marzo 36 Il conflitto del Nagorno-Karabakh: tra passato e presente - Giorgia Pilar Giorgi 38 L’estrazione di petrolio non convenzionale: tra sostenibilità ambientale ed economia globale - Norma Maccari 41 La crescita dei rapporti tra Italia e Moldova - Domenico Letizia e Roberto Galanti 45 Azerbaijan: Informazione libera per conflitti e pace - Valentina Spagnolo 47 Sabra e Chatila: cronache di un massacro - Vincenzo Romano 49 I Maroniti Libanesi: da un piccolo monastero alla nascita di una Nazione - Deborah S. Iannotti 55 Sudan: un ponte tra due mondi - Giuliana Ghia 64 II - Jus La libertà religiosa ed il principio di laicità alla luce della giurisprudenza della Corte Europea dei Diritti dell’Uomo - Alfredo J. Veneziani 66 Old habits die hard: la Repubblica italiana non ha dato compiuta attuazione alla direttiva 2004/80/CE del Consiglio dell’Unione del 29 aprile 2004 relativa all’indennizzo delle vittime di reato - Domenico Pone 75 Principi e garanzie applicabili alle richieste, avanzate a Paesi membri da Paesi terzi, l'estradizione di cittadini di altri Paesi membri: la prevalenza del diritto dell’Unione sugli accordi bilaterali - Gaetano D’Avino 80 3 Opinio Juris - Law & Politics review Il valore delle parole del richiedente asilo - Gianfranco di Maio 85 Ne bis in idem: l’incidenza della Convenzione Europea dei Diritti dell’Uomo sulla disciplina nazionale - Arnaldo Bernini 87 V° e VI° Rapporto alle Nazioni Unite sulla condizione dell'infanzia e dell'adolescenza in Italia - Giovanna Marciano 89 Intercettazioni a mezzo "agente intrusore" - Ilaria Stellato 92 Il contributo del sistema di risoluzione delle controversie OMC all’emergere di principi di diritto amministrativo nell’ordinamento giuridico internazionale - Matteo Mirti 98 Contrasto al riciclaggio e cooperazione internazionale - Sergio Maria Battaglia e Angelo Russo 120 La presunzione di innocenza in Italia alla luce della direttiva UE 2016/343 - Roberta Barone 130 III - Interviste Dialoghi sul Medio Oriente: gli Alauiti, Assad e l'Iran - intervista ad Alberto Negri - Redazione 135 Dialoghi sul Medio Oriente - Intervista al Prof. Massimo Campanini - Redazione 140 Attualità internazionale: intervista a Germano Dottori - Redazione 146 Bitcoin: quale futuro? - Intervista a Gian Luca Comandini - Maria Salerno 151 La scelta americana - intervista a Lucio Caracciolo - Fabio Manno 153 Ruanda 1994 , il ruolo della comunità internazionale - Intervista alla Prof.ssa Liliana Mosca - Redazione 156 Fondamentalismo: tra aspetti religiosi, natura politica e logiche sociali - Intervista al Prof. Enzo Pace - Redazione 160 ISSN 2531-6931 4 C’è dell’immigrazione in Danimarca a cura di Alexander Virgili L’immigrazione vista dall’interno del Regno ed i suoi effetti in Europa e nel mondo Negli ultimi mesi si è molto discusso il ruolo del Nord Europa nei confronti delle recenti crisi che hanno visto numerosi flussi di immigrati e richiedenti asilo spostarsi nel vecchio continente in cerca di un paese pronto ad accoglierli. In questa crisi un ruolo molto discusso hanno avuto i Paesi scandinavi, in particolare la Danimarca. Stare al passo con la normativa danese sull’immigrazione è estremamente difficoltoso. Stando ad uno studio del Danish Refugee Council, il Regno di Danimarca ha apportato cambiamenti significativi alla Legge circa 68 volte dall’inizio del 2002 ad oggi, ovvero un cambiamento ogni tre mesi. Gli aggiornamenti introdotti sono stati sempre volti a rendere meno accessibile la cittadinanza o la residenza sul territorio e questa politica è stata perseguita sia da governi di centrodestra che di centrosinistra. “I numerosi cambiamenti apportati alla legge sull’immigrazione rende molto difficile per chi lavora nel settore legale trovare un senso a tutto ciò. Alla lunga crea dei veri e propri problemi legati ai diritti umani” afferma Lucienne Jørgensen, esperta di diritti umani. Preoccupa in particolare l’introduzione da parte della Danimarca di una manovra che consente alle autorità di prelevare ai richiedenti asilo tutto ciò che supera il valore di 1.450 USD (eccetto oggetti dal valore personale e sentimentale). Questa manovra ha incoraggiato altri Paesi europei ad introdurre Leggi simili, come è successivamente successo in Svizzera (ma per il valore di 1.000 franchi) e se ne sta discutendo in alcuni Stati meridionali della Repubblica Federale di Germania. Le restrizioni legate all’accesso alla cittadinanza ed alla residenza che in questi anni sono state introdotte e rafforzate sono numerose. Gran parte del lavoro svolto dal governo tuttavia include manovre tese a sfatare il mito e l’immagine di un Paese aperto e conveniente per i richiedenti asilo e gli immigrati. Nell’agosto del 2015 la Danimarca ha ridotto del 45% il budget riservato ai servizi offerti proprio a queste categorie. Il governo danese ha poi proceduto a pubblicizzare il taglio ed altre misure di questo tipo anche su giornali stranieri, tra i quali quelli in Libano che ha una percentuale relativa di richiedenti asilo in Danimarca più alta rispetto ad altri Paesi. Recentemente un portavoce del partito di governo, Venstre, ha dichiarato che queste misure sempre più restrittive legate all’accesso al Paese ed alla cittadinanza sono un “male necessario” dovuti alla “più grande crisi di rifugiati di tutti i tempi”. Queste manovre sono in parte spinte dal secondo più grande partito dalle scorse elezioni, il Partito Popolare Danese, di impronta populista e contraria all’immigrazione. Anche se il PPD non è un membro 5 Opinio Juris - Law & Politics review formale del governo in carica, il suo supporto è essenziale per far rimanere in carica il partito del Primo Ministro. La Danimarca si trova incastrata tra i due Paesi più attrattivi per i richiedenti asilo, ovvero la Germania e la Svezia, rendendo il territorio danese strategico anche per il passaggio di tali flussi migratori. Nel 2015 i richiedenti asilo nel Regno di Danimarca erano circa 21.000, contro i 14.815 del 2014 ed i 7.557 del 2013. Numeri, questi, che il welfare dello Stato danese non riesce a gestire (la Danimarca conta circa 5 milioni di cittadini, quanto la sola regione Campania in Italia). Dunque i danesi non sono un popolo ospitale come spesso si immaginava prima? Rimanendo sui numeri di una popolazione relativamente piccola, un flusso di immigrati come quello attuale crea dei cambiamenti osservabili ad occhio. Le persone provenienti da altri Paesi presenti in Danimarca sono sempre più presenti nelle scuole e nei posti di lavoro, rendendo palpabile la situazione. I cittadini danesi sono abituati ad un welfare molto elevato, che già si è molto ridotto negli ultimi anni, rendendo ancora più difficile alle autorità consentire un accesso al Paese da parte di numerosi richiedenti. Questo principalmente per due motivi connessi. Il primo è appunto, un calo dei servizi e della qualità del welfare all’interno dello Stato, coincidente con questi flussi, creando scetticismo da parte della popolazione riguardo a questo tema. Il secondo motivo è un aumento dei gruppi politici e sociali spinti da ideali anti-europeisti ed anti-immigrazione, creando scontenti e scontri non nella norma per un piccolo e pacifico Paese scandinavo quale la Danimarca. L’immigrazione ed in particolare l’immigrazione musulmana, è un problema perenne nel dibattito pubblico in Danimarca
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