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1966: Measuring the Southern Forest Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons Forestry Symposia School of Renewable Natural Resources 1966 1966: Measuring the Southern Forest Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/agrnr_symposia Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, "1966: Measuring the Southern Forest" (1966). Forestry Symposia. 15. http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/agrnr_symposia/15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Renewable Natural Resources at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Forestry Symposia by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 15th ANNUAL 66 FORESTRY SYMPOSIUM 19 LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS BATON ROUGE, LA. BOBBY G. BLACKMON FORESTRY 1966 15th ANNUAL FORESTRY SYMPOSIUM EDITED BY THOMAS D. KEISTER INSTRUCTOR, SCHOOL OF FORESTRY LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY MEASURING THE SOUTHERN FOREST PUBLISHED FOR THE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND THE GENERAL EXTENSION DIVISION BY LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS BATON ROUGE, LA. Copyright © 1966 by Louisiana State University Press Manufactured in the United States of America by J. H. Furst Company, Baltimore, Maryland E D IT O R ’S F O R E W O R D Measuring the forest and its products presents a continuing problem, to foresters. Much time and effort have been used in the attem pt to find geometric forms that will describe a tree. M any different log rules have been proposed as means of estimating the volume of squared material that can be cut from a cylindrical tree. The bushel and the pound are standard measures that are widely used with agricultural crops, but few such standard measures have been available to foresters. A cubic foot is a standard in square material, but the number of cubic feet estimated to be in a tree depends on the geometric model used to approximate the form of the tree. The cubic feet estimated to be in a single tree might vary considerably, depending on whether the tree is described as a para­ boloid, a neiloid, or a cone. A board foot is also standard, once it has been cut as lumber from a log, but a board foot estimated in a standing tree must be named Doyle, Scribner, or perhaps International before it is meaningful. As land and timber become more valuable, and as costs of producing forest products rise, it becomes increasingly important to have accu­ rate measures for forests and their products. Forest managers must assign values to the results of various forestry operations and there­ fore need to know the quantities involved. Research results usually must be quantified before they can be evaluated properly. Not only must current measurement methods be refined, but new methods also must be devised so that new products may be measured. Fortunately, foresters are more able now than ever before to meas­ ure forests. New equipment has been and is being devised so that faster and more accurate measurements may be taken. New tech­ niques in sampling and statistical design have been developed. Elec­ tronic computers now make possible mathematical techniques that were once considered completely impractical. New and improved measures of traditional forest products are being developed, and vi EDITOR'S FOREWORD methods that were not even needed a few years ago are being devised for measuring tasks. Unfortunately, many field foresters are only slightly aware of the usefulness of many of these new developments. As it is in many other fields, the communication between those performing the research and those who will need the research findings is not good. The field forester has little time to read all the literature and, in the case of many of the developments of forest mensuration, the forester is afraid to try new techniques because of new and seemingly complicated mathematics involved. Much of the current literature in mensuration seems to be written for other mensurationists and is filled with words like “ least-squares solution,” “ linear models,” or “ quantitative models that satisfactorily simulate living surfaces.” A profusion of such terms might well keep the average field forester from learning a useful new technique. In view of the many new developments in tools and techniques for measuring the forest, the theme “ Measuring the Southern Forest ” was selected for the Fifteenth Annual Forestry Symposium. Although the title seems to give a regional connotation to the meeting, the topics discussed were almost universal in application. The primary objective of the symposium was to bridge the gap between the mensurationist who has developed a new technique and the field forester who needs to learn and use this technique. Time permitted only a brief discussion of most of the topics, but hopefully, those who attended the sym­ posium and those who read these proceedings will now be aware of some of the new problems faced by the mensurationist, and of some new answers to some old problems in forest measurement. T h o m a s D . K e is t e r TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Editor’s Foreword v Measuring the Growth of Trees 3 S. F . G in g r ic h Construction and Use of Volume and Yield Tables 17 F r a n k A . B e n n e t t Weight vs. Volume for Use in Measuring Forest Products 30 W. J. B a r t o n Measuring Tree Quality 43 K e n n e t h D . W a r e Computers and Forest Measurements 64 G eorge M. F u r n iv a l Use and Misuse of Statistics in Forestry 71 W i l l i a m W a r r e n B a r t o n New Tools and Methods in Forest Mensuration 83 D a v id B r u ce Aerial Photos— Tools for Forest Measurement 93 T. E ugen e A v e r y Planning the Inventory to Meet Management Needs 105 O . F . H a l l Sampling Methods in Relation to Forest Inventory 121 C. A . B ic k fo r d Plantation Measurements 136 K e n n e t h R . Sw in f o r d Measuring the Forest Wildlife Resource 163 T . H . R ip l e y a n d L. K. HALLS vii LIST OF FIGURES Page 1. Relation between the number of trees per acre and the average tree diameter for fully stocked, even-aged hardwood stands. Yield trees = 105. 8 2. Relation between the number of trees per acre and the average tree diameter for even-aged upland hardwood stand showing full stocking (broken line) and recom­ mended minimum stocking (solid line). Yield trees = 220. 10 3. Height plotted over diameter. 18 4. Logarithm of height plotted over the reciprocal of diameter. 19 5. Map of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi showing the geographic provinces of the upper, middle, and lower coastal plain, and the distribution of sample plots by counties (shaded) and the number of plots in each county. 22 6. A generalized control system. 107 7. An industrial forest management system. 108 8. Long range forest planning. 117 9. Estimated Standard Error of the mean for one through eight random samples of three units each. 150 10. Comparison of sampling error, estimated on the basis of the range in sampling unit values, and calculated error for progressive sampling cruises of thirteen plantations in Alachua County, Florida. 153 11. Relationship of basal area per acre estimated by progressive sampling and basal area per acre estimated by high- intensity, fixed-acreage row sampling in thirteen slash pine plantations in Alachua County, Florida. 154 ix LIST OF FIGURES X 12. Comparison of sampling error, estimated on the basis of the range in sampling unit values, and calculated error for independent cruises of a merchantable slash pine plantation in Alachua County, Florida, by fourteen forestry seniors. 156 13. Illustration of tally and computation procedure employed in progressive sampling of plantations. 159 LIST OF TABLES Page I. A comparison of volume errors and the associated errors in growth based on successive measurements of the same tree 4 II. Rectangular distribution of sample plots 21 III. Distribution of plots by site and density for the upper coastal plain province 23 IV. An example of variation in board-foot volume as estimated by one-fourth-acre plots 25 V. Board feet Doyle Scale conversion factors per 1,000 pounds of logs of each diameter and log length class 36 VI. Weight per log table 37 VII. Comparative results of several inventories of a fifteen- year-old slash pine plantation in Alachua County, Florida 145 VIII. Multipliers for converting the range in individual sampling unit values into an estimate of the standard deviation and the standard error of the mean 147 IX . Multipliers for converting the mean range in sampling unit values of one through eight sampling sets into an estimate of the standard error of the mean 148 X . Comparison of results of VPR progressive sampling and conventional row sampling in thirteen merchantable plantations in Alachua County, Florida 152 X I. Results of VPR progressive sampling cruises of a slash pine plantation in Alachua County, Florida by fourteen senior forestry students 155 X II. Comparison of random progressive sampling and conventional systematic row sampling in four unmerchantable plantations, Alachua County, Florida 157 1966 15th ANNUAL FORESTRY SYMPOSIUM MEASURING THE GROWTH OF TREES S. F. GINGRICH U. S. Forest Service Northeastern Forest Experiment Station The measurement of growth is a central problem in forest manage­ ment. The basic concept of the forest as a renewable resource capable of producing a continuous supply of products depends on the ability of the forest to grow.
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