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Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche. -
Sprache Der Gegenwart
SPRACHE DER GEGENWART Schriften des Instituts für deutsche Sprache Gemeinsam mit Hans Eggers, Johannes Erben, Odo Leys und Hans Neumann herausgegeben von Hugo Moser Schriftleitung: Ursula Hoberg BAND XXXVII Heinz Kloss DIE ENTWICKLUNG NEUER GERMANISCHER KULTURSPRACHEN SEIT 1800 2., erweiterte Auflage PÄDAGOGISCHER VERLAG SCHWANN DÜSSELDORF CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Kloss, Heinz: Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen seit 1800 [achtzehnhundert]. - 2., erw. Aufl. - Düsseldorf: Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann, 1978. (Sprache der Gegenwart; Bd. 37) ISBN 3-590-15637-6 © 1978 Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann Düsseldorf Alle Rechte Vorbehalten ■ 2. Auflage 1978 Umschlaggestaltung Paul Effert Herstellung Lengericher Handelsdruckerei Lengerich (Westf.) ISBN 3-590-15637-6 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 0. Vorbemerkungen 9 0.1. Aus der Geschichte des Buches 9 0.2. Zum Titel des Buches 10 0.3. Einstimmung: Spracherneuerung und Nationalismus 13 1. Der linguistische und der soziologische Sprachbegriff 23 1.1. Über einige sprachsoziologische Grundbegriffe 23 1.1. 1. Ausbau und Abstand 23 1.1.2. Weiteres von den Einzelsprachen 30 1.2. Ausbaufragen 37 1.2.1. Ausbauweisen 37 1.2.2. Sachprosa 40 1.2.3. Ausbauphasen 46 1.2.4. Ausbaudialekte 55 1.2.5. Dachlose Außenmundarten 60 1.3. Abstandfragen 63 1.3.1. Wie m ißt man den Abstand? 63 1.3.2. Plurizentrische Hochsprachen 66 1.3.3. Scheindialektisierte Abstandsprachen 67 1.3.4. Kreolsprachen: ein von der Forschung neu er schlossener Typ von Abstandsprachen 70 1.4. Zusammenfassung und Vorausschau 79 1.4.1. Zusammenfassung des bisher Gesagten 79 1.4.2. Zur Gliederung der im 2. Kapitel näher behandelten Ausbausprachen und Ausbaudialekte 82 1.4.3. -
Orthographies in Grammar Books
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 July 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0565.v1 Tomislav Stojanov, [email protected], [email protected] Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistic Republike Austrije 16, 10.000 Zagreb, Croatia Orthographies in Grammar Books – Antiquity and Humanism Summary This paper researches the as yet unstudied topic of orthographic content in antique, medieval, and Renaissance grammar books in European languages, as part of a wider research of the origin of orthographic standards in European languages. As a central place for teachings about language, grammar books contained orthographic instructions from the very beginning, and such practice continued also in later periods. Understanding the function, content, and orthographic forms in the past provides for a better description of the nature of the orthographic standard in the present. The evolution of grammatographic practice clearly shows the continuity of development of orthographic content from a constituent of grammar studies through the littera unit gradually to an independent unit, then into annexed orthographic sections, and later into separate orthographic manuals. 5 antique, 22 Latin, and 17 vernacular grammars were analyzed, describing 19 European languages. The research methodology is based on distinguishing orthographic content in the narrower sense (grapheme to meaning) from the broader sense (grapheme to phoneme). In this way, the function of orthographic description was established separately from the study of spelling. As for the traditional description of orthographic content in the broader sense in old grammar books, it is shown that orthographic content can also be studied within the grammatographic framework of a specific period, similar to the description of morphology or syntax. -
Differential Object Marking in Hungarian and the Morphosyntax of Case and Agreement
Differential object marking in Hungarian and the morphosyntax of case and agreement András Bárány Downing College, University of Cambridge November 2015 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Voor ⴰⵎⵓⵛⵛ Contents Declaration ix Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations xiii List of Tables xv List of Figures xvii 1 DOM, case and agreement 1 1.1 Introduction .................................... 1 1.2 Differential object marking ........................... 2 1.3 Person features and hierarchies ........................ 5 1.3.1 Hierarchies and functional approaches to DOM ......... 9 1.4 Case and agreement ............................... 10 1.5 Theoretical assumptions ............................. 14 1.5.1 Cyclic Agree ............................... 14 1.5.2 Agree can fail .............................. 17 1.5.3 Syntax and morphology ........................ 18 1.6 The sample of languages ............................ 21 Part I Differential object marking in Hungarian 23 2 DOM in Hungarian 25 2.1 Introduction: Hungarian object agreement ................. 25 v Contents 2.2 The distribution of object agreement ..................... 27 2.2.1 Direct objects and subject agreement ................ 28 2.2.2 Direct objects that trigger object agreement ............ 33 2.2.3 “Unexpected” object agreement ................... 43 2.3 Summary ...................................... 45 3 A hybrid analysis of object agreement: syntactic structure and π-features 47 3.1 Introduction .................................... 47 3.2 Towards an analysis ............................... 48 3.2.1 Problems for semantic approaches ................. 48 3.2.2 Problems for syntactic approaches ................. 50 3.2.3 Syntactic structure and person features .............. 53 3.3 Evidence from possessive noun phrases in Hungarian .......... 58 3.3.1 Types of possessors: nominative, dative, pronominal ...... 58 3.3.2 Non-specific possessives and dative possessors .......... 61 3.3.3 Possessed noun phrases and object agreement ......... -
Hungarian Style Guide
Hungarian Style Guide Published: February, 2019 Microsoft Hungarian Style Guide Contents 1 About this style guide............................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Recommended style references .............................................................................................................. 4 2 Microsoft voice .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Choices that reflect Microsoft voice ..................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Flexibility ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.2 Word choice................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.3 Word-to-word translation.................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.4 Words and phrases to avoid ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Sample Microsoft voice text.................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Address the user to take action ................................................................................................. -
Typology ∧ Phonology
Frans Plank An implicational universal to defy: typology ⊃ ¬ phonology ≡ phonology ⊃ ¬ typology ≡ ¬ (typology ᴧ phonology) ≡ ¬ typology v ¬ phonology Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is twofold: first, to assess how typology has been dealing with phonology (§2), from early days (§2.1) to the present (§2.2); second, focusing on phonology (§3), to ask about an imbalance of phonology and syntax- inflection in general (§3.1) and about typological concerns in phonology itself (§3.2). Looked at from both angles, the phonology–typology relationship is seen to be special, and the impression is confirmed that, in comparison especially with syntax, phonological typology as well as typological phonology are behindhand in the quest for system in linguistic diversity. (Though not all is well about the syntax–typology relationship, either.) Explanations are suggested in terms of the substance of subject matters (§3.1) and of the attitudes to description and theory in different subcommunities in linguistics (§3.2). 1 The typological programme and where it is in arrears In linguistics, typology is a research programme, not a subfield or a theory, and its remit is (i) to chart linguistic diversity, (ii) to discover order or indeed unity in diversity, and (iii) to make sense of what has been charted and discovered. Regrettably but perhaps understandably, given how this enterprise has usually been named after Gabelentz (1894, 1901) and given the meanings of this term in other fields, typology has sometimes been taken to be about the classification of the discipline’s cherished cardinal individuals, namely languages, into types; but for linguistic typology “type” in this sense of “class” is really a secondary and indeed expendable concept. -
Lexiconordica
LEXICONORDICA Redaksjon Henning Bergenholtz (ansv.), Sven-Göran Malmgren Redaksjonskomité Martin Gellerstam, Dag Gundersen, Jón Hilmar Jónsson, Nina Martola, Knud Troels Thomsen Utgitt av Nordisk forening for leksikografi i samarbeid med Nordisk språkråd Tidsskriftet kommer ut hvert år i november og koster NOK 250 for ikke-medlemmer av Nordisk forening for leksikografi. Tidsskriftet kan bestilles hos Nordisk språkråd Postboks 8107 Dep N - 0032 Oslo Tlf.: +47 22 42 05 70 Faks: +47 22 42 76 76 ISSN 0805-2735 LEXICONORDICA 4–1997 Redaksjon Henning Bergenholtz (ansv.), Sven-Göran Malmgren Redaksjonskomité Martin Gellerstam, Dag Gundersen, Jón Hilmar Jónsson, Nina Martola, Knud Troels Thomsen Utgitt av Nordisk forening for leksikografi i samarbeid med Nordisk språkråd Innehåll Henning Bergenholtz/Sven-Göran Malmgren Förord ....................................................................................................... 1 Tematiska bidrag Henrik Holmboe Hvad menes der med, at sprog er små? ................................................... 5 Henning Bergenholtz Polyfunktionale ordbøger ...................................................................... 15 Zakaris Svabo Hansen Leksikografi i et lille sprogsamfund – fordele og ulemper ................... 31 Birgitte Jacobsen OQAATSIT i tid og rum. Historie og status ......................................... 41 Jógvan í Lon Jacobsen Modersmålsordbogen som grundlag for andre ordbøger ...................... 65 Raimo Jussila Den finländska romanin och dess ordböcker ....................................... -
Receptive Multilingualism Across the Lifespan: Cognitive and Linguistic Factors in Cognate Guessing
Languages and Literatures \ Multilingualism research Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan Cognitive and linguistic factors in cognate guessing Jan Vanhove Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg in der Schweiz Genehmigt von der philosophischen Fakultät auf Antrag der Professoren Raphael Berthele (1. Gutachter) und Charlotte Gooskens (2. Gutach- terin). Freiburg, den 17. Januar 2014. Prof. Marc-Henry Soulet, Dekan. 2014 Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan Cognitive and linguistic factors in cognate guessing Jan Vanhove Cite as: Vanhove, Jan (2014). Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan. Cognitive and linguistic factors in cognate guessing. PhD thesis. University of Fribourg (Switzerland). Data and computer code available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.795286. Contents Tables xi Figures xiii Preface xv I Introduction 1 1 Context and aims 3 1.1 Cross-linguistic similarities in language learning . 4 1.2 Receptive multilingualism . 5 1.3 Multilingualism and the age factor . 8 1.4 The present project . 9 1.4.1 The overarching project ‘Multilingualism through the lifespan’ . 9 1.4.2 Aim, scope and terminology . 10 1.5 Overview . 13 II The lifespan development of cognate guess- ing skills 15 2 Inter-individual differences in cognate guessing skills 17 2.1 Linguistic repertoire . 18 2.1.1 Typological relation between the Lx and the L1 . 18 2.1.2 The impact of multilingualism . 19 2.2 Previous exposure . 26 vi Contents 2.3 Attitudes . 28 2.4 Age . 29 3 The lifespan development of cognition 33 3.1 Intelligence . 34 3.1.1 Fluid and crystallised intelligence . 34 3.1.2 Lifespan trajectories . -
The Hungarian Language a Short Descriptive Grammar
The Hungarian Language A Short Descriptive Grammar Beáta Megyesi Hungarian, also called Magyar, traditionally belongs to the Ob-Ugric languages (e.g. Khanty and Mansi) of the Finno-Ugric branch of Uralic. Hungarian is the official language of the Republic of Hungary, and has approximately fifteen million speakers, of which four million reside outside of Hungary. In this paper a description of Hungarian phonology, morphology and syntax follows. The sections are based on Benkö & Imre (1972), Rácz (1968), Olsson (1992) and Abondolo (1992). 1.1 Phonology Hungarian has a rich system of vowels and consonants. The vowel inventory consists of 14 phonemes of which one can distinguish 5 pairs, consisting of short and long counterparts; these are i - í, o - ó, ö - ö, u - ú, ü - ü. The remaining four are e - é and a - á. Short vowels, if they are marked, take an umlaut (¨), while long vowels are indicated by an acute (´) or with a double acute accent (´´) which is a diacritic unique to Hungarian. Long vowels are usually somewhat tenser than their short counterparts with two exceptions; e is low while é is higher mid and á is low whereas a is lower mid and slightly rounded (Abondolo, 1992). Vowel length is independent of prosodic factors such as stress. The vowels may be interconnected through the laws of vowel harmony which means that suffixes, which may assume two or three different forms, usually agree in backness with the last vowel of the stem. In other words, front vs. back alternatives of suffixes are selected according to which vowel(s) the stem contain(s) (Benkö & Imre, 1972). -
A Contrastive Study of the English and Hungarian Article. the Hungarian-English Contrastive Linguistics Project, Working Papers No
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 121 072 EL 007 535 AUTHOR stephanides* Eva TITLE A Contrastive Study of the English and Hungarian Article. The Hungarian-English Contrastive Linguistics Project, Working Papers No. 5. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Linguistics I nst. SPONS AGENCY Ford Foundation, New York* N.Y.; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. PUB DATE 71$ . NOTE 132p. AVAILABLE PROM Dorothy Rapp, Center for Applied Linguistics, 1611 N. Kent St., Arlington* Virginia 22209 ($3.00) EDRS PRICE ME-$0.83 HC-$7.35 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS Applied Linguistics; *contrastive Linguistics; *Determiners (Languages); *English; *Form Classes (Languages); *Hungarian; Interference (Language Learning); Language Instruction; Morphology (Languages); Second Language Learning; Synchronic Linguistics; Syntax ABSTRACT This is a two-may contrastive analysis of the use of the article in English and Hungarian. The study works in both theoretical and applied contrastive linguistics by stating the rules governing determination and developing a methodology for analysis, and by noting language acquisition difficulties to reduce language learning interfe,.ence. Part One deals with means for expressing determination in English and Hungarian noun phrases* contrasted from the standpoint of article use. The main differences concerning the relation of demonstratives and possessive determiners to articles are discussed. In noun classification, the system of English countable and uncountable nouns is contrasted with Hungarian. The distinction between English quantifiers "much" and "little" and numericals "many" and "few" is analyzed. Individual and non-individual features of Hungarian countable common nouns are observed. Part Two gives a contrastive analysis of English and Hungarian articles showing usage rules and examples. -
Inflectional Marking in Hungarian Aphasics
BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 41, 165-183 (1991) Inflectional Marking in Hungarian Aphasics BRIAN MACWHINNEY Carnegie Mellon Universiry AND JUDIT OSM~N-&I Hungarian Academy of Sciences How do aphasics deal with the rich inflectional marking available in agglutinative languages like Hungarian? For the Hungarian noun alone, aphasics have to deal with over 15 basic case markings and dozens of possible combinations of these basic markings. Using the picture description task of MacWhinney and Bates (1978), this study examined the use of inflectional markings in nine Broca’s and five Wemicke’s aphasic speakers of Hungarian. The analysis focused on subject, direct object, indirect object, and locative nominal arguments. Compared to nor- mals, both groups had a much higher rate of omission of all argument types. Subject ellipsis was particularly strong, as it is in normal Hungarian. There was a tendency for Broca’s to omit the indirect object and for Wernicke’s to omit the direct object. Across argument types, Wemicke’s had a much higher level of pronoun usage than did Broca’s. Broca’s also showed a very high level of article omission. Compared to similar data reported by Slobin (this issue) for Turkish, the Hungarian aphasics showed an elevated level of omission of case markings. Addition errors were quite rare, but there were 14 substitutions of one case marking for another. These errors all involved the substitution of some close semantic competitor. There were no errors in the basic rules for vowel harmony or morpheme order. Overall the results paint a picture of a group of individuals whose grammatical abilities are damaged and noisy, but still largely functional. -
Festskrift Till Staffan Hellberg Den 18 Februari 2007
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in Scandinavian Philology NEW SERIES 42 Språkets roll och räckvidd Festskrift till Staffan Hellberg den 18 februari 2007 Karin Milles och Anna Vogel (red.) Stockholms universitet Illustration omslaget: © Agnes Stenqvist Foto motstående sida: Åsa Carlson © Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis och författarna, Stockholm 2007 www.nordiska.su.se ISSN 0562-1097 ISBN 978-91-85445-55-4 Tryck: Elanders, Vällingby 2007 Distributör: Almqvist & Wiksell International Staffan Hellberg gratuleras på 65-årsdagen den 18 februari 2007 Viveka Adelswärd Gunilla Byrman Åtvidaberg Växjö Ronald Alfredsson Ylva Carlsson Stockholm Västerås Sture Allén Yvonne Carlsson Göteborg Stockholm Jens Alwood Ulla och Peter Cassirer Göteborg Göteborg Anders-Börje Andersson Lisa Christensen och Annika Stenqvist Lund Göteborg Judith Chrystal Lars-Gunnar Andersson Johanneshov Göteborg Lars Cleve Roger Andersson Stockholm Stockholm Ann-Catrine och Lars-Erik Edlund Thorsten Andersson Holmsund Uppsala Jan Einarsson Eva Aniansson Lund och Växjö och Heimir Pálsson Anders Eklund Uppsala Knutby Stina Aulin Ulla Ekvall Stenungsund Täby Sture Berg Lennart Elmevik Göteborg Uppsala Anders Björkvall Charlotte Engblom Sydney och Stockholm Gävle Ann Blückert Elisabet Engdahl Uppsala Göteborg Mona Blåsjö Hans-Olav Enger Stockholm Stavanger Eva Engfeldt Gunilla Jansson Bromma Uppsala Cecilia Falk Gunilla och Bengt Jansson och Lars Emilsson Årsta Malmö Håkan Jansson Johan Falk Göteborg Stockholm Kristinn Jóhannesson Mats Forsgren Göteborg Stockholm