Receptive Multilingualism Across the Lifespan: Cognitive and Linguistic Factors in Cognate Guessing
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Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche. -
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Stratifying the Peopling of Madagascar
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES TO STRATIFYING THE PEOPLING OF MADAGASCAR Paper submitted for the proceedings of the Indian Ocean Conference, Madison, Wisconsin 23-24th October, 2015 Roger Blench McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Correspondence to: 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans (00-44)-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7847-495590 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm This version: Makurdi, 1 April, 2016 1 Malagasy - Sulawesi lexical connections Roger Blench Submission version TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................................. i ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................................ii 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Models for the settlement of Madagascar ................................................................................................. 2 3. Linguistic evidence...................................................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Overview 2 3.2 Connections with Sulawesi languages 3 3.2.1 Nouns.............................................................................................................................................. -
Zihlmann-Vowel Consonant Length
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2020 Vowel and consonant length in four Alemannic dialects and their influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German Zihlmann, Urban Abstract: Dass die Alemannischen Dialekte (ALM) die Vokalqualität des Schweizerhochdeutschen (SHD) prägt, wurde bereits mehrmals untersucht. Hingegen liegen noch keine systematischen Studien über die dialektale Prägung der Vokal- und Konsonantenquantität im SHD vor. Diese Studie erforscht deshalb bei vier Dialekten, wie sich ALM auf die Länge der Vokale (V) und Konsonanten (K) in den jeweiligen SHD-Varietäten auswirkt. Segmentdaueranalysen zweisilbigerWörter mit kurzen/langen V/K zeigten, dass (1) die vier Dialekte im Prinzip das gleiche V/K-Quantitätssystem aufweisen (trotz z.T. unter- schiedlicher Verteilung der Vokalquantitäten bei bestimmten Wörtern) und dass dieses System auch im SHD angewendet wird. (2) Statistisch signifikante Dauerunterschiede in den regionalen SHD-Varietäten wurden nur bei Wörtern gefunden, bei denen ein phonologischer Quantitätsunterschied zwischen den ALM- und SHD-Äquivalenten vorliegt. Diese Unterschiede sind jedoch nicht dialektspezifisch, sondern können bei allen Dialekten mit diesen Quantitätsunterschieden vorkommen. Other titles: Vowel and consonant length in Alemannic and Swiss Standard German Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-186717 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Zihlmann, Urban (2020). Vowel and consonant length in four Alemannic dialects and their influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German. Wiener Linguistische Gazette, 86:1-46. Vowel and consonant length in four Alemannic dialects and their influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German Urban B. -
Sprache Der Gegenwart
SPRACHE DER GEGENWART Schriften des Instituts für deutsche Sprache Gemeinsam mit Hans Eggers, Johannes Erben, Odo Leys und Hans Neumann herausgegeben von Hugo Moser Schriftleitung: Ursula Hoberg BAND XXXVII Heinz Kloss DIE ENTWICKLUNG NEUER GERMANISCHER KULTURSPRACHEN SEIT 1800 2., erweiterte Auflage PÄDAGOGISCHER VERLAG SCHWANN DÜSSELDORF CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Kloss, Heinz: Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen seit 1800 [achtzehnhundert]. - 2., erw. Aufl. - Düsseldorf: Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann, 1978. (Sprache der Gegenwart; Bd. 37) ISBN 3-590-15637-6 © 1978 Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann Düsseldorf Alle Rechte Vorbehalten ■ 2. Auflage 1978 Umschlaggestaltung Paul Effert Herstellung Lengericher Handelsdruckerei Lengerich (Westf.) ISBN 3-590-15637-6 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 0. Vorbemerkungen 9 0.1. Aus der Geschichte des Buches 9 0.2. Zum Titel des Buches 10 0.3. Einstimmung: Spracherneuerung und Nationalismus 13 1. Der linguistische und der soziologische Sprachbegriff 23 1.1. Über einige sprachsoziologische Grundbegriffe 23 1.1. 1. Ausbau und Abstand 23 1.1.2. Weiteres von den Einzelsprachen 30 1.2. Ausbaufragen 37 1.2.1. Ausbauweisen 37 1.2.2. Sachprosa 40 1.2.3. Ausbauphasen 46 1.2.4. Ausbaudialekte 55 1.2.5. Dachlose Außenmundarten 60 1.3. Abstandfragen 63 1.3.1. Wie m ißt man den Abstand? 63 1.3.2. Plurizentrische Hochsprachen 66 1.3.3. Scheindialektisierte Abstandsprachen 67 1.3.4. Kreolsprachen: ein von der Forschung neu er schlossener Typ von Abstandsprachen 70 1.4. Zusammenfassung und Vorausschau 79 1.4.1. Zusammenfassung des bisher Gesagten 79 1.4.2. Zur Gliederung der im 2. Kapitel näher behandelten Ausbausprachen und Ausbaudialekte 82 1.4.3. -
Cognate Words in Mehri and Hadhrami Arabic
Cognate Words in Mehri and Hadhrami Arabic Hassan Obeid Alfadly* Khaled Awadh Bin Mukhashin** Received: 18/3/2019 Accepted: 2/5/2019 Abstract The lexicon is one important source of information to establish genealogical relations between languages. This paper is an attempt to describe the lexical similarities between Mehri and Hadhrami Arabic and to show the extent of relatedness between them, a very little explored and described topic. The researchers are native speakers of Hadhrami Arabic and they paid many field visits to the area where Mehri is spoken. They used the Swadesh list to elicit their data from more than 20 Mehri informants and from Johnston's (1987) dictionary "The Mehri Lexicon and English- Mehri Word-list". The researchers employed lexicostatistical techniques to analyse their data and they found out that Mehri and Hadhrmi Arabic have so many cognate words. This finding confirms Watson (2011) claims that Arabic may not have replaced all the ancient languages in the South-Western Arabian Peninsula and that dialects of Arabic in this area including Hadhrami Arabic are tinged, to a greater or lesser degree, with substrate features of the Pre- Islamic Ancient and Modern South Arabian languages. Introduction: three branches including Central Semitic, Historically speaking, the Semitic language Ethiopian and Modern south Arabian languages family from which both of Arabic and Mehri (henceforth MSAL). Though Arabic and Mehri descend belong to a larger family of languages belong to the West Semitic, Arabic descends called Afro-Asiatic or Hamito-Semitic that from the Central Semitic and Mehri from includes Semitic, Egyptian, Cushitic, Omotic, (MSAL) which consists of two branches; the Berber and Chadic (Rubin, 2010). -
Comparing the Cognate Effect in Spoken and Written Second Language Word Production
1 Short title: Cognate effect in spoken and written word production Comparing the cognate effect in spoken and written second language word production 1 2 1 Merel Muylle , Eva Van Assche & Robert J. Hartsuiker 1Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 2 Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium Address for correspondence: Merel Muylle Department of Experimental Psychology Ghent University Henri Dunantlaan 2 B-9000 Gent (Belgium) E-mail: [email protected] 2 Abstract Cognates – words that share form and meaning between languages – are processed faster than control words. However, it is unclear whether this effect is merely lexical (i.e., central) in nature, or whether it cascades to phonological/orthographic (i.e., peripheral) processes. This study compared the cognate effect in spoken and typewritten production, which share central, but not peripheral processes. We inquired whether this effect is present in typewriting, and if so, whether its magnitude is similar to spoken production. Dutch-English bilinguals performed either a spoken or written picture naming task in English; picture names were either Dutch-English cognates or control words. Cognates were named faster than controls and there was no cognate-by-modality interaction. Additionally, there was a similar error pattern in both modalities. These results suggest that common underlying processes are responsible for the cognate effect in spoken and written language production, and thus a central locus of the cognate effect. Keywords: bilingualism, word production, cognate effect, writing 3 Converging evidence suggests that bilinguals activate both their mother tongue (L1) and their second language (L2) simultaneously when processing linguistic information (e.g., Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002; Van Hell & Dijkstra, 2002). -
1 Roger Schwarzschild Rutgers University 18 Seminary Place New
Roger Schwarzschild Rutgers University 18 Seminary Place New Brunswick, NJ 08904 [email protected] to appear in: Recherches Linguistiques de Vincennes November 30, 2004 ABSTRACT In some languages, measure phrases can appear with non-compared adjectives: 5 feet tall. I address three questions about this construction: (a) Is the measure phrase an argument of the adjective or an adjunct? (b) What are we to make of the markedness of this construction *142lbs heavy? (c) Why is it that the markedness disappears once the adjective is put in the comparative (2 inches taller alongside 2lbs heavier)? I claim that because degree arguments are ‘functional’, the measure phrase has to be an adjunct and not a syntactic argument of the adjective. Like event modifiers in extended NP’s and in VPs, the measure phrase predicates of a degree argument of the adjective. But given the kind of meaning a measure phrase must have to do its job in comparatives and elsewhere, it is not of the right type to directly predicate of a degree argument. I propose a lexically governed type-shift which applies to some adjectives allowing them to combine with a measure phrase. KEY WORDS adjective, measure phrase, degree, functional category, lexical, adjunct, argument, antonymy. Measure Phrases as Modifiers of Adjectives1 1. Introduction There is a widely accepted account of expressions like five feet tall according to which the adjective tall denotes a relation between individuals and degrees of height and the measure phrase, five feet, serves as an argument of the adjective, saturating the degree-place in the relation2. -
Are Doubly-Filled Comps Governed by Prosody in Swiss German? the Chameleonic Nature of Dass ‘That’1
Are doubly-filled COMPs governed by prosody in Swiss German? The chameleonic nature of dass ‘that’1 1. Introduction Several decades ago, Chomsky and Lasnik (1977) stipulated the doubly-filled COMP filter according to which the co-occurrence of a wh-constituent and a complementizer is banned. In those days, COMP was a single position that could either contain a wh-constituent or a complementizer, but not both. Nowadays two positions, SpecCP, hosting maximal projections, and C, hosting heads, correspond to what was once labelled as COMP. There is thus no a priori reason why a wh-constituent in SpecCP could not co-occur with a complementizer in C, since these two elements do not compete for the same position. Indeed, many languages exist that violate the doubly-filled COMP filter. In some, doubly-filled COMPs (DFCs) are obligatory, e.g. West Flemish (see Haegeman 1992) and in others, DFCs are optional, at least to a certain extent, e.g. Bavarian and Alemannic (see Bayer and Brandner 2008a, 2008b; Bayer 2015; and Penner and Bader 1995; Penner 1986 for Bernese Swiss German; Schönenberger 2010 for Lucernese Swiss German) and Belfast English (Henry 1995). In yet others, they seem to be banned, e.g. Standard German and Standard English, but this may be due to normative pressure, since earlier stages of these languages allowed them. Zwicky (2002), for instance, lists various examples with DFCs produced by speakers of different varieties of modern English (see [1] and [2]). (1) We asked what sort of health care that they rely on. (2) What a mine of useless information that I am! Based on acceptability judgement data, Bayer and Brandner advance a structural account for DFCs in Alemannic and Bavarian, in which wh-words are generally incompatible with dass ‘that’ while wh-phrases generally require the presence of dass. -
Palatalization/Velar Softening: What It Is and What It Tells Us About the Nature of Language Morris Halle
Palatalization/Velar Softening: What It Is and What It Tells Us about the Nature of Language Morris Halle This study proposes an account both of the consonantal changes in- volved in palatalization/velar softening and of the fact that this change is encountered before front vowels. The change is a straightforward case of feature assimilation provided that segments/phonemes are viewed as complexes of features organized into the ‘‘bottle brush’’ model illustrated in example (4) and elsewhere in the text, and that the universal set of features includes, in addition to the familiar binary features, six unary features, which specify the designated articulator(s) for every segment (not only for consonants). Keywords: phonetics, palatalization, velar softening, features, articula- tors For Ken Stevens, friend and colleague, on his 80th birthday My purpose in this study is to present an account of the very common alternation between dorsal and coronal consonants often referred to as palatalization or velar softening. This alternation, exemplified by English electri[k] ϳ electri[s]ity, occurs most often before front vowels. In spite of its extremely common occurrence in the languages of the world, to this time there has been no proper account of palatalization that would relate it to the other properties of language, in particular, to the fact that it is found most commonly before front vowels. In the course of working on these remarks, it became clear to me that palatalization raises numerous theoretical questions about which there is at present no agreement among phonologists. Since these include matters of the most fundamental importance for phonology, I start by exten- sively discussing the main issues and the views on them that seem to me most persuasive at this time (section 1). -
Jicaque As a Hokan Language Author(S): Joseph H
Jicaque as a Hokan Language Author(s): Joseph H. Greenberg and Morris Swadesh Source: International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Jul., 1953), pp. 216- 222 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1263010 Accessed: 11-07-2017 15:04 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1263010?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of American Linguistics This content downloaded from 12.14.13.130 on Tue, 11 Jul 2017 15:04:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms JICAQUE AS A HOKAN LANGUAGE JOSEPH H. GREENBERG AND MORRIS SWADESH COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 1. The problem 2. The phonological equivalences in Hokan 2. Phonological note have been largely established by Edward 3. Cognate list Sapir's work.3 The Jicaque agreements are 4. Use of lexical statistics generally obvious. A special point is that 5. -
Typology ∧ Phonology
Frans Plank An implicational universal to defy: typology ⊃ ¬ phonology ≡ phonology ⊃ ¬ typology ≡ ¬ (typology ᴧ phonology) ≡ ¬ typology v ¬ phonology Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is twofold: first, to assess how typology has been dealing with phonology (§2), from early days (§2.1) to the present (§2.2); second, focusing on phonology (§3), to ask about an imbalance of phonology and syntax- inflection in general (§3.1) and about typological concerns in phonology itself (§3.2). Looked at from both angles, the phonology–typology relationship is seen to be special, and the impression is confirmed that, in comparison especially with syntax, phonological typology as well as typological phonology are behindhand in the quest for system in linguistic diversity. (Though not all is well about the syntax–typology relationship, either.) Explanations are suggested in terms of the substance of subject matters (§3.1) and of the attitudes to description and theory in different subcommunities in linguistics (§3.2). 1 The typological programme and where it is in arrears In linguistics, typology is a research programme, not a subfield or a theory, and its remit is (i) to chart linguistic diversity, (ii) to discover order or indeed unity in diversity, and (iii) to make sense of what has been charted and discovered. Regrettably but perhaps understandably, given how this enterprise has usually been named after Gabelentz (1894, 1901) and given the meanings of this term in other fields, typology has sometimes been taken to be about the classification of the discipline’s cherished cardinal individuals, namely languages, into types; but for linguistic typology “type” in this sense of “class” is really a secondary and indeed expendable concept. -
Lexiconordica
LEXICONORDICA Redaksjon Henning Bergenholtz (ansv.), Sven-Göran Malmgren Redaksjonskomité Martin Gellerstam, Dag Gundersen, Jón Hilmar Jónsson, Nina Martola, Knud Troels Thomsen Utgitt av Nordisk forening for leksikografi i samarbeid med Nordisk språkråd Tidsskriftet kommer ut hvert år i november og koster NOK 250 for ikke-medlemmer av Nordisk forening for leksikografi. Tidsskriftet kan bestilles hos Nordisk språkråd Postboks 8107 Dep N - 0032 Oslo Tlf.: +47 22 42 05 70 Faks: +47 22 42 76 76 ISSN 0805-2735 LEXICONORDICA 4–1997 Redaksjon Henning Bergenholtz (ansv.), Sven-Göran Malmgren Redaksjonskomité Martin Gellerstam, Dag Gundersen, Jón Hilmar Jónsson, Nina Martola, Knud Troels Thomsen Utgitt av Nordisk forening for leksikografi i samarbeid med Nordisk språkråd Innehåll Henning Bergenholtz/Sven-Göran Malmgren Förord ....................................................................................................... 1 Tematiska bidrag Henrik Holmboe Hvad menes der med, at sprog er små? ................................................... 5 Henning Bergenholtz Polyfunktionale ordbøger ...................................................................... 15 Zakaris Svabo Hansen Leksikografi i et lille sprogsamfund – fordele og ulemper ................... 31 Birgitte Jacobsen OQAATSIT i tid og rum. Historie og status ......................................... 41 Jógvan í Lon Jacobsen Modersmålsordbogen som grundlag for andre ordbøger ...................... 65 Raimo Jussila Den finländska romanin och dess ordböcker .......................................