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THE SELF-HELP COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN LOS ANGELES, 1931-1940 by ABDURRAHMAN PASHA A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Political Science and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2014 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Abdurrahman Pasha Title: The Self-Help Cooperative Movement in Los Angeles, 1931-1940 This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Political Science by: Joseph Lowndes Chair Gerald Berk Core Member Daniel Hosang Core Member Daniel Tichenor Core Member Ocean Howell Institutional Representative and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research and Innovation; Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded March 2014 ii ©2014 Abdurrahman Pasha iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Abdurrahman Pasha Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science March 2014 Title: The Self-Help Cooperative Movement in Los Angeles, 1931-1940 This case study examines the Self-Help Cooperative Movement (SHCM). Largely ignored by social scientists for the past eighty years, the movement took place during the Great Depression and, while national in scope, it was concentrated in Los Angeles. This movement combined traditional protest tactics with pre-figurative politics; its goal was to provide full employment for all Americans through the proliferation of worker and consumer cooperatives. Despite a very promising start in 1931, the movement collapsed and disintegrated by 1940. This dissertation examines the reasons for the SHCM’s early successes and later its failures. The SHCM’s early successes were made possible through their alliances with Japanese farmers (who lived on the outskirts of Los Angeles) and people of color in general, Los Angeles businesses and conservative business leaders, and with sympathetic politicians and state agencies. These alliances were, in turn, made possible by the inherent ambiguity of the SHCM’s politics, which incorporated both conservative practices (e.g., self-help) and socialist practices (e.g., workplace democracy). This unique mixture, what the Los Angeles Times called “voluntary communism”, generated widespread support among hundreds of thousands of unemployed workers and among conservative, socialist, and liberal political actors. iv In 1933, the SHCM underwent a profound transformation when Upton Sinclair and the End Poverty in California movement assumed leadership of the cooperatives and the California Democratic Party, promising to place state support behind the cooperative movement and in the process both end unemployment and undermine capitalism. The gubernatorial campaign of 1934 became a referendum on the cooperatives. Over the course of the prolonged bitterly fought campaign the cooperatives became associated with communism, and their liberal and conservative allies responded by discontinuing their support. With the loss of this political and financial assistance the SHCM slowly faded away. While the movement failed to achieve its specific goals, its impact on California politics, along with other Utopian Socialist movements in Los Angeles during this period, was immense. By the 1940s both political parties in California were supporting liberal and socialist initiatives (e.g., universal health-care and mass university education). v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Abdurrahman Pasha GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene University of Michigan, Ann Arbor DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Political Science, 2014, University of Oregon Master of Science, Political Science, 2011, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, Political Science and History, 2004, University of Michigan AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: American Politics Political Theory PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Teaching Fellow, University of Oregon, 2005-2011, 2013 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My committee members were incredibly supportive of this dissertation. They provided theoretical guidance, practical advice, and support within the department. The “Identities Reading Group” and the critical feedback from Joseph Lowndes, Daniel Hosang, Priscilla Yamin, Joshua Plencer, and Elizabeth Beard was invaluable in helping me think through and move past my early drafts. The detailed feedback provided by Ocean Howell, who went above and beyond the usual role of the outside committee member, was equally invaluable. I am particularly thankful of the theoretical guidance and patience of Gerald Berk and Joseph Lowndes. Sean Parson provided detailed feedback that helped me address a number of critiques. The numerous conversations with other graduate students in the Political Science and Sociology departments during my nine years as a graduate student honed my political positions and helped me think through my own work. Finally, I thank Andrea Gifford for her support, patience, and love during this last hectic year. vii This study is dedicated to those struggling to make Democracy and Socialism a living reality all over the world. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. POLITICAL AMBIGUITY AND THE SELF-HELP COOPRATIVE MOVEMENT ............................................................................................................ 1 The Self-Help Cooperative Movement ................................................................. 3 Political Science and Cooperative Studies ........................................................... 10 Studies of the Self-Help Cooperative Movement ................................................. 13 New Deal Studies .................................................................................................. 16 Political Ambiguity and the Self-Help Cooperative Movement ........................... 25 Sources .................................................................................................................. 31 Chapter Outline ..................................................................................................... 33 II. HISTORICAL CONTIGENCY, RACE, AND THE ORIGINS OF THE SELF-HELP COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT, 1931-1933 ....................................... 38 Japanese Immigrants and California Agriculture ................................................. 38 The Self-Help Cooperative Movement and Race ................................................. 45 The Laziness and Incompetence of the Cooperatives ........................................... 58 Rising Anti-Japanese and Nativist Movements ................................................... 65 The New Deal Work Programs ............................................................................ 71 III. POLITICAL AMBIGUITY AND CONSERVATIVE BUSINESS SUPPORT FOR THE COOPERATIVES, 1931-1933 ................................................................. 75 Building Alliances with Los Angeles Businesses ............................................... 77 ix Chapter Page The Ambiguous Politics of the Cooperative Movement and Its Complicated Relationship with Businesses and Local Government .......................................... 82 The Success of Los Angeles Businesses in Crushing the Labor Union Movement in the Late 19th and Early 20th Century ............................................... 91 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 97 IV. FACTIONAL INFIGHTING, THE EPIC SHIFT, AND THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL SUPPORT: CRITICAL TURNING POINTS IN THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT, 1933-1934 ............................................................. 98 The Unemployed Cooperative Relief Association and the Mass Phase of the Movement ............................................................................... 100 The Arrival of the New Deal, Internal Fights, and the End of the Mass Phase of the Movement ......................................................................................... 104 The EPIC Shift in Discourse and Business Opposition ........................................ 112 The Business Response to EPIC: From “Self-Help” and “Cooperative” to “State Socialism” and “Communism” ............................................................................. 118 The Aftermath of the 1934 California Gubernatorial Election ............................. 123 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 128 V. LAST DITCH EFFORTS IN THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF SELF-HELP COOPERATIVES, 1934-1940 .................................................................................. 130 The Production Phase and Ideological Battles within the State Division of Self-Help Cooperatives ..................................................................................... 131 Winslow Carlton and the “Unregulated”, “Laissez-Faire” Period ........................ 133 The “System of Controlled Cooperatives” ........................................................... 139 The End of the Movement .................................................................................... 142 x Chapter Page Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 145 VI. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 147 Thematic Summary of the Self-Help Cooperative
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