UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES IINI ; (JEDm6ur0b coition CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES IN TWENTY-TWO VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME III BRITISH DOMINION 1760-1840 PART I The Edinburgh Edition of ' Canada and its Provinces ' is limiled to 8'JS Impressions on All- Rag Watermarked Paper This Itnpression is Number. /^6 r7'^^x-<!-^^Ca<f<:^ ^^:.V '» >- CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES A HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS BY ONE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES GENERAL EDITORS: ADAM SHORTT AND ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY VOLUME III BRITISH DOMINION 1760-1840 EDINBURGH EDITION PRINTED BY T. & A. CONSTABLE AT THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS FOR THE PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION OF CANADA LIMITED TORONTO 1914 1 1. -^1 9 '-y Copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention r \ooS S55c V 3 CONTENTS BRITISH RULE TO THE UNION : GENERAL OUTLINES. By F. P. Walton ...... THE NEW REGIME. By DUNCAN M^Arthur THE CAPITULATION .... 21 MILITARY GOVERNMENT 23 THE TREATY OF PARIS 2S THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 27 GOVERNOR MURRAY .... 29 CIVIL versus military authority . 32 RETIREMENT OF MURRAY 34 GUY CARLETON .... 3S THE administration OF JUSTICE . 36 THE QUEBEC ACT .... 42 PONTIAC'S WAR. By T. G. Marquis CAUSES OF THE INDIAN RISING 53 TAKING OVER THE WESTERN POSTS S7 PONTIAC 59 DESIGNS AGAINST DETROIT . 60 CAPTURE OF THE WESTERN POSTS 63 BLOODY RUN AND BUSHY RUN 65 THE TRAGEDY OF DEVIL'S HOLE 67 CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR 68 CANADA AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. By William Wood 1. the contending forces ..... 73 A Widespread War—The Defences of Canada viii BRITISH DOMINION PACE II. THE INVASION ....... 79 American Victories—Carleton's Escape from Montreal III. ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY BEFORE QUEBEC . 83 The Continental Army—The Assault of the Fortress—De- feat and Retreat—A Humane Victor—Congress and the Savages CANADA UNDER THE QUEBEC ACT. By DUNCAN M"^Arthur THE AMERICAN WAR . 107 CARLETON AND THE COLONIAL OFFICE no CARLETON RETIRES . III FREDERICK HALDIMAND 112 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS "S HALDIMAND RESIGNS. iiS HAMILTON AND HOPE 120 A HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY 121 LORD DORCHESTER . ADMINISTR.\TIVE REFORM 125 ADAM LVMBURNER 127 THE CANADA BILL 129 THE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 133 LOWER CANADA, 1791-1812. By Duncan M'Arthur INAUGURATION OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 141 LORD DORCHESTER'S RETURN 143 RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES 146 DORCHESTER'S RESIGNATION ISO GENERAL ROBERT PRESCOTT 153 THE LAND-GRANTING SYSTEM IS4 ROBERT SHORE MILNES 156 RETIREMENT OF MILNES 158 SIR JAMES CRAIG 159 CRAIG versus FRENCH-CANADIAN NATIONALISM 161 CRAIG'S POLICY .... 16S UPPER CANADA, 1791-1812. By Duncan M'Arthur EARLY SETTLEMENT ..... 171 JOHN GRAVES SIMCOE .... 172 — CONTENTS IX rAGB SIMCOE'S IMPERIALISM : DEFENCE . I7S SIMCOE'S IMPERIALISM : SETTLEMENT 176 SIMCOE'S IMPERIALISM : GOVERNMENT 177 SIMCOE AND DORCHESTER . 180 SIMCOE'S RETIREMENT 181 FRANCIS GORE : POLITICAL DISSENSION 184 CANADA IN THE WAR OF 1812. By William Wood I. CAUSES OF THE CONFLICT ..... 189 Trade Rivalry—The Navigation Act—Anti-British Feehng The Desire to conquer Canada 11. ELEMENTS OF AMERICAN WEAKNESS .... 196 Cleavage between North and South—An Insignificant Navy An Undisciplined Army in. THE CANADIAN MILITARY SITUATION .... 203 An Unwelcome War—The Defences of Canada—The Cana- dian Militia—A Fusion of National Forces IV. THE OPENING YEAR OF THE WAR .... 216 First Fights by Sea and Land—Brock's Military Genius The Fall of Detroit—On the Niagara Frontier—The Battle of Queenston Heights V. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1813 ...... 236 A Year of Complex Operations—Varied Fortunes on the Lakes—Stoney Creek and Beaver Dam—The Battle of Lake Erie—Chateauguay and Chrystler's Farm—Operations along the Niagara River VL THE FINAL CAMPAIGN ...... 252 Minor Engagements—American Attack on Niagara—The Battle of Lund^s Lane^The British Counter-Invasion Prevost's Incompetence—Plattsburg and New Orleans—De- cisive Influence of -Sea-Power PAPINEAU AND FRENCH-CANADIAN NATIONALISM. By Duncan M'^Arthur SIR GEORGE PREVOST 275 THE IMPEACHMENTS . 278 SIR GORDON DRUMMOND 280 SIR JOHN COAPE SHERBROOKE 282 STUART AND PAPINEAU 286 THE DUKE OF RICHMOND 289 LORD DALHOUSIE 293 BRITISH DOMINION PACE A SCHEME OF UNION. 295 CONTROL OF SUPPLY . 299 LORD DALHOUSIE AND PAPINEAU 302 THE CANADA COMMITTEE 30s SIR JAMES KEMPT 307 LORD AYLMER. 310 THE PROGRAMME OF NATIONALISM 312 THE NINETY-TWO RESOLUTIONS 316 PAPINEAU AND NEILSON 318 LORD GOSFORD 320 THE REFORM MOVEMENT IN UPPER CANADA. By Duncan M''Arthur the war and upper canadian politics 327 robert gourlay 329 the alien question 331 the canada company 333 education and the clergy reserves 33S sir john colborne . 337 financial adjustments 342 william lvon mackenzie . 343 report of committee on grievances 349 sir francis bond head 352 responsible government . 354 THE 'bread and BUTTER' ASSEMBLY 355 THE CANADIAN REBELLIONS OF 1837. By Duncan M''Arthur the rebellion in lower canada 361 the rebellion in upper canada 364 NATIONALISM AND THE REBELLION 368 BRITISH POLICY AND NATIONALISM. 369 NATIONALISM AND GOVERNMENT . 371 PAPINEAU AND NATIONALISM 377 CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN UPPER CANADA 378 PRIVILEGE IN CHURCH AND STATE. 380 MACKENZIE AND THE REBELLION . 382 COMPARISON . • . 383 ILLUSTRATIONS BRITISH SOLDIERS DRAWING WOOD FROM STE FOY TO QUEBEC, 1760 .... Frontispiece From the painting byJ. H. Maciianghton in tlu Chdtcaii de Ramezay JAMES MURRAY Facingpage 'io From the painting in the Dominion Archives SIR GUY CARLETON (LORD DORCHESTER) . „ 36 From the engraving by A. H. Ritchie FRANCIS MASERES ,,40 From the drawing by Charles Haytcr RICHARD MONTGOMERY .... „ 88 From the engraving by K. Whitecliurch ROBERT PRESCOTT IS4 From an engraving in the Dominion Archives SIR JAMES CRAIG „ 160 Frotn a portrait in the Dominion Archives JOHN GRAVES SIMCOE ,,172 From the bust in Exeter Cathedral SIR FRANCIS GORE ,,184 From a drawing by E. U. Eddis SIR GEORGE PREVOST ,,204 From the painting in tlie Dominion Archives ' xii BRITISH DOMINION SIR ISAAC BROCK Facingpage 7.1% From the miniature owned by Miss Sara Mickle, Toronto THE 'SHANNON' AND THE 'CHESAPEAKE' IN ACTION ,,236 Fainted by G. Webster under lite direction of Lieut. Falkiier of the ' Shannon CHARLES DE SALABERRY . „ 248 From a portrait in the Dominion Archives SIR JOHN COAPE SHERBROOKE . „ 282 From a lithograph in the Dominion Archives LORD BATHURST ,,286 After the painting by T. Phillips CHARLES LENNOX, DUKE OF RICHMOND . „ 290 From an engraving in the ChAteau de Ramczay LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU . „ 318 From a lithograph by Maurin, Paris LORD JOHN RUSSELL 322 From an engrai-iiig by D. J. Pound SIR JOHN COLBORNE (LORD SEATON) , . „ 338 From an engraving in the Dominion Archives WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE .344 From the painting byJ. 11'. L. Forster SIR FRANCIS BOND HEAD . „ 352 From an engraving in the Chdteau de Kamtzay BRITISH RULE TO THE UNION GENERAL OUTLINES VOL. Ill BRITISH RULE TO THE UNION: GENERAL OUTLINES period of Canadian history terminating witli THEthe Union of the Canadas presents a vivid contrast to the preceding period which ended with the Cession. Through the French period there breathes the spirit of romance. The voyageur exploring unknown rivers and untracked forests, the heroic missionary facing death in its most fearful forms, the sturdy Norman peasant fighting the wilderness and having at the same time to keep watch and ward against the treacherous and crafty Indian, the newness and strangeness of existence in a world so little known, give to the early history of Canada a perennial fascination. Even the country life of the more peaceful and settled days has a colour and character entirely its own. We see transplanted to the new world the system of feudalism, an institution so venerable and so penetrated with historical associations that to find it on the virgin soil of Canada strikes us with a shock of surprise such as one might feel at meeting a knight in chain armour on the banks of the St Lawrence. It is true that the feudalism of Canada was of a very benignant type, and it is by no means unlikely that its trans- plantation into that country by the French statesmen of the time was the wisest thing that could have been done. For there was, in fact, hi this new world a reproduction of some of the conditions out of which European feudalism had sprung. In the early days of that great system in Europe it was because the tillers of the soil had to be ready at any moment — 4 BRITISH RULE TO THE UNION to take arms against savage invaders in the defence of their homes that it was of prime importance to have in every community a leader to organize the Httle fighting force. There was the same vital need for such a lord and leader in the seventeenth century in Canada as in the seventh century in Gaul. And when the daily peril from the redskins had passed away, the seigniory was still a most useful bond to hold together the simple, easily contented habitants. The seigneur and the cure—natural and traditional allies—were the leaders, advisers and friends of the peasants grouped round the manoir. The Cession inevitably struck a deadly blow at this system, though it actually lingered on until after the Union. Many of the seigniories had passed into English hands, and a Protestant seigneur, who probably knew little or no French, fitted very ill into the old scheme. He might be well disposed towards his feudal tenants, but between him and them there could hardly exist that happy and patriarchal relation born of mutual sympathy and intimate knowledge, of which we have such pleasant pictures under the ancien regime in Canada. One of the marked features of British rule between the Cession and the Union is the decay of the feudal system and its growing unpopularity.