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« the Turn of the Word 1 » Discours Et Performances Chez Les Irish Travellers

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« the Turn of the Word 1 » Discours Et Performances Chez Les Irish Travellers UFR ALLSH Département Anthropologie « The Turn of the Word 1 » Discours et performances chez les Irish Travellers Master 1 – Anthropologie sociale Spécialité recherche Présenté par Estelle Shallon Sous la direction de Marc Bordigoni Année 2015 1 Expression de Mary Warde dans The Turn of the Hand : a Memoir from the Irish Margins (2010). Photographies de couverture : Haut : « A Storyteller », G.Gmelch (1972: 87). Bas : photo tirée du livre de Joyce (2000: 9). Remerciements Pour ses conseils, ses relectures, sa patience et son soutien, à Marc Bordigoni. Merci à Laurence Hérault. Merci également à Marie-Claire, Sonia, Léa, Lucie et Clément, pour les aides, commentaires et réflexions qu’ils ont pu apporter. Table des Matières Avant-propos ......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 4 Partie 1: Littérature orale, Pratiques langagières et Construction du Discours ...... 9 I - Littérature orale et Pratiques Langagières ................................................................... 9 a- Littérature orale .............................................................................................................. 9 b- Pratiques langagières, ethnographie de la parole ......................................................... 11 c- Genre et classification .................................................................................................. 13 d- Situation et contexte ..................................................................................................... 16 II - Production et transmission du discours ..................................................................... 19 a- Langage : la voix et le corps ........................................................................................ 19 b- Transmission et mémoire ............................................................................................. 20 c- Interlocuteur, auditoire ................................................................................................. 22 III - Construction du discours, Construction sociale ...................................................... 24 a- Performer, énonciateur ................................................................................................ 24 b- Intentionnalité, efficacité, performativité..................................................................... 26 c- La parole comme construction sociale ......................................................................... 28 Partie 2 : Langue, Origines et Histoire ........................................................................... 37 I - Langue et la recherche des origines ............................................................................. 37 a- Dénominations ............................................................................................................. 38 b- Nomades et Itinérants .................................................................................................. 39 c- Les Travellers d’Irlande ............................................................................................... 41 II - Histoire, ethnie et discours anti-Traveller .................................................................. 45 a- Le cas de l’Angleterre .................................................................................................. 46 b- Les Travellers d’Irlande ............................................................................................... 50 Partie 3 : Quelques éléments du mode de vie et des représentations ..................... 57 Economie, travail ................................................................................................................. 57 Mariage, alliances et réseaux................................................................................................ 61 Femmes et enfants ................................................................................................................ 64 Notions de pollution, propreté, pureté .................................................................................. 65 Le Voyage ............................................................................................................................ 68 Le nom .................................................................................................................................. 71 La langue .............................................................................................................................. 74 L’écrit ................................................................................................................................... 77 Partie 4 : Irish Travellers, Folklore et Discours .......................................................... 81 I - Ethnofolkoristique irlandaise et Irish Travellers ........................................................ 81 a- L’ethnofolkloristique irlandaise ................................................................................... 81 b- La place des Irish Travellers ........................................................................................ 83 c- Les études sur les Travellers ........................................................................................ 85 II - Irish Travellers : productions orales, musicales et écrites ........................................ 88 a- Storytelling et Musique ................................................................................................ 88 b- Style et Répertoire ........................................................................................................ 90 c- Thèmes du storytelling et musique .............................................................................. 91 d- Storytellers et musiciens .............................................................................................. 94 III - Quand les Travellers se racontent ............................................................................. 95 Travellers et Settled .......................................................................................................... 96 La route et la maison ........................................................................................................ 97 Apprendre et Travailler .................................................................................................... 98 Argent et addictions ....................................................................................................... 100 Relations familiales et conflits ....................................................................................... 101 Foi et Religion ................................................................................................................ 102 Les chevaux .................................................................................................................... 103 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 103 IV – Pratiques Langagières : quelques notes ................................................................. 105 Partie 5 : La Construction du Discours et l’Intérêt d’une Perspective Comparatiste ................................................................................................................................................ 113 I – Mémoire, Histoire et Transmission ........................................................................... 113 a- Inscrire la mémoire dans l’histoire ............................................................................. 113 b- Contradictions ............................................................................................................ 120 II - Répertoires ................................................................................................................. 125 a- Répertoires hommes-femmes ..................................................................................... 127 b- Répertoire premier et répertoire familial ................................................................... 128 c- Répertoire public/privé ............................................................................................... 129 d- Répertoire interne/externe .......................................................................................... 131 III - Attachement- détachement et le discours en interne ............................................ 137 a- L’événement de performance ..................................................................................... 139 b- Le concept de vérité dans le discours et dans la performance ................................... 141 c- Implications sociales .................................................................................................. 143 d- Attachement-détachement .......................................................................................... 145 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 150 Annexes ................................................................................................................................ 160 Annexe 1 : Deux exemples en Europe Continentale : la France et la Hongrie .................. 160 Annexe 2 : Pollution et rapports de sociabilité .................................................................
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