Syair Dalam Struktur Sosial Bangsa Arab Jahiliyah A

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Syair Dalam Struktur Sosial Bangsa Arab Jahiliyah A SIMBOL-SIMBOL KEAGAMAAN DALAM SYAIR JAHILIYAH (KAJIAN HERMENEUTIK SASTRA) Oleh: Dr. Cahya Buana, MA KATA PENGANTAR Sebagai manusia biasa, terkadang kesibukan selalu menjadi alasan kita agar diberi maaf untuk menunda atau bahkan meninggalkan kewajiban. Di sisi lain, kita juga terkadang tidak menyadari bahwa ada kekuatan lain di luar batas kemanusiaan yang membantu kita dalam menyelesaikan segala beban kehidupan, selagi kita tetap mau berusaha dan berdoa. Sebuah kekuatan supranatural yang diyakini oleh hampir semua makhluk di muka bumi ini, kekuatan yang disebut dengan keyakinan Ilahiyah. Untuk itulah puji dan syukur kami panjatkan pada Sang Empunya kekuatan Allah SWT yang tidak pernah segan untuk membantu manusia yang dikehendakiNya sehingga penulisan buku ini akhirnya dapat diselesaikan, meski jauh dari kesempurnaan. Kebahagiaan dan kesejahteraan yang abadi semoga selalu tercurah untuk hamba terbaikNya, Nabi Muhammad saw. yang telah membawa pesan dari langit melalui simbol-simbol yang kita maknai sebagai ajaran agama. Penelitian ini pada dasarnya tidak mungkin terealisasikan, tanpa bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu kami mengucapkan terima kasih pada Dr. H. Abdul Wahid Hasyim, MA selaku Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora dan seluruh jajaran dekanat periode 2010-2014 yang telah memberikan motivasi, baik secara mental maupun financial pada kami untuk melakukan penelitian sebagai salah satu wujud dari tridharma perguruan tinggi. Ucapan terima kasih ini juga kami sampaikan untuk semua karyawan perpustakaan Utama dan fakultas yang telah membantu memperlancar proses penelitian. Dan semua pihak yang telah membantu kelancaran penelitian ini yang tidak dapat kami sebutkan satu persatu. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengungkap simbol-simbol agama yang terdapat dalam syair-syair Jahiliyah, serta sejauh mana simbol-simbol tersebut mampu mengungkap realitas kehidupan beragama masyarakat Arab pada masa Jahiliyah. Melalui kajian tafsir sastra atau yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah hermeneutik sastra, penelitian ini berhasil mengungkapkan beberapa realitas kehidupan beragama pada masa Jahiliyah, di antaranya, masyarakat Arab pada masa Jahiliyah sudah memiliki keyakinan terhadap wujud supranatural, hal ini dibuktikan dengan banyaknya simbol-simbol lafaz Allah yang digunakan dalam berbagai konteks dalam syair mereka, seperti untuk bersumpah, mencela, berdoa, maupun sebagai kekuatan ghaib yang mampu menolong mereka di saat sulit. Namun demikian, mereka khususnya masyarakat Arab Badawi baru sampai pada tahap keyakinan dan emosional keagamaan belum pada makna agama yang sebenarnya. Lafaz Allah yang sering mereka ucapkan sepertinya hanya sebuah simbol bahasa yang mereka gunakan untuk wujud supranatural yang dianggap memberikan kekuatan pada mereka, atau bila melihat dari aspek sejarah, lafaz Allah telah familier di telinga mereka dengan telah masuknya agama Yahudi dan Nasrani di wilayah Jazirah Arab, tanpa mereka bermaksud untuk menganut kedua agama tersebut. Di sisi lain, simbol-simbol kehidupan beragama dalam karya penyair Nasrani dan Yahudi tampak jelas, dan membuktikan bahwa mereka adalah penganut ajaran samawi. Hal ini terbukti dari simbol-simbol keagamaan yang mereka ungkapkan dalam syair yang pada dasarnya hanya dapat diketahui melalui wahyu-wahyu ilahi, seperti pemahaman akan takwa, akhirat, malaikat dan tugasnya, wahyu dan lain sebagainya. Kepercayaan bangsa Arab Jahiliyah adalah sebuah kepercayaan yang sangat sederhana, sesederhana kehidupan mereka. Namun demikian, mereka adalah manusia-manusia yang berakal yang mampu menangkap bahwa ada kekuatan lain di luar kekuatan mereka. Semoga tulisan ini dapat memberi manfaat bagi yang membacanya. Amiiin!!! Wassalam Penulis DAFTAR ISI Halaman KATA PENGANTAR…………………………………………………………... DAFTAR ISI …………………………………………………………………..... BAB I : PENDAHULUAN BAB II : AGAMA DAN HERMENEUTIKA SASTRA A. Agama: Pengertian dan Ruang Lingkup ……………………… B. Hermeneutika dalam Kajian Sastra ………………………...... C. Bahasa Agama sebagai simbol……………………………..…. D. Posisi Hermeneutik dalam penelitian ini …………………….. BAB III : SYAIR DALAM STRUKTUR SOSIAL BANGSA ARAB JAHILIYAH A. Syair Jahiliyah Sebagai Teks Sejarah ……………………………. B. Definisi dan Karakteristik Syair Jahiliyah ……………………..... BAB IV : SEJARAH SOSIAL BANGSA ARAB JAHILIYAH A. Makna Jahiliyah ………………………………………………... B. Letak dan Kondisi Geografi Bangsa Arab …………………..…. C. Asal Usul Bangsa Arab dan Bahasanya ……………………..…. D. Sistem Sosial Politik Bangsa Arab Jahiliyah ……………………. E. Kontak bangsa Arab dengan bangsa asing ……………………….. F. Tradisi Perang (Ayyâm al-Arab)………………………………... G. Konstruksi Ekonomi dan Keilmuan pada Masa Jahiliyah ……... BAB V : SIMBOL-SIMBOL AGAMA DALAM SYAIR JAHILIYAH A. Kategorisasi Syair Jahiliyah………………………...………. B. Simbol-simbol Agama Dalam Syair Badawi ………………. C. Simbol-simbol Agama dalam syair Nasrani ……………..... D. Simbol-simbol Agama dalam Syair Yahudi ……………..... BAB VI : PENUTUP DAFTAR PUSTAKA …………………………………………………………….... BAB I PENDAHULUAN Menelusuri sejarah agama, tidak ubahnya dengan menelusuri kembali sejarah penciptaan manusia. Sepertinya ada kesepakatan tidak tertulis, bahwa manusia tercipta dan lahir dengan sebuah agama, meski tanpa disebutkan jenis agamanya. Bahkan sejak penciptaan Adam sebagai manusia pertama, tercatat bahwa ia terlempar ke dunia dengan berbekal sebuah keyakinan akan adanya sang Pencipta yang harus ia sembah. Lalu apa sesungguhnya yang dimaksud dengan agama itu sendiri? Kata agama pada dasarnya adalah sebuah kata yang sangat mudah diucapkan, namun sulit untuk didefinisikan. Hal tersebut menurut W.H.Clark oleh karena pengalaman beragama pada dasarnya lebih bersifat subyektif, intern dan individual, sehingga setiap orang akan merasakan pengalaman agama yang berbeda dengan orang lain.1 Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka dapat dipastikan bahwa agama bukanlah hak mutlak suatu golongan atau kelompok, namun merupakan hak universal setiap manusia di setiap masa. Pada saat membicarakan tentang sejarah agama, maka bagi umat Islam masa Jahiliyah adalah sebuah masa yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari konteks sejarah Islam. Dan mungkin yang terlintas pertama kali dalam benak kita tentang realitas keagamaan pada masa Jahiliyah adalah sebuah masa di mana manusia tidak mengenal Tuhan dengan baik. Hal ini dapat kita lihat dari ungkapan beberapa penulis seperti Philip K. Hitti yang menyatakan bahwa berdasarkan syair-syair Jahiliyah, orang Arab Badawi tidak banyak yang memeluk agama. Mereka kurang antusias, atau bahkan bersikap tidak peduli terhadap nilai-nilai religius-spiritual. Ritual-ritual yang mereka lakukan hanyalah untuk menuruti tradisi yang diwariskan nenek moyang mereka secara turun 1 Heny Narendrany Hidayati dan Andri Yudiantoro, Psikologi Agama, (Jakarta: UIN Press, 2007), hal. 3, dari Walter Housten Clark, The Psychology of Religion, (America: Macmilan Company). Meskipun kata agama itu sulit untuk didefinisikan, namun beberapa ahli teologi tetap berusaha memberikan pengertian dan batasan-batasan agama. Pembahasan ini akan dibahas pada bab berikutnya, sebagai batasan dari pengertian agama. 1 temurun.2 Selain itu penulis buku Buhûts fi al-Adab al-Jâhili, menganalogikan masyarakat Arab Jahili dengan lautan yang bergelombang, atau bagai gunung berapi yang mendidih, mereka tidak memeluk satu agama atau ideologi yang menjadi pegangan. Sebagian menyembah matahari3, sebagian lainnya menyembah bulan4 dan bintang5, ada juga yang menyembah malaikat atau dewa dan lain sebagainya, atau bahkan ada yang tidak memegang kepercayaan apapun seperti atheis. Namun demikian yang paling dominan adalah kepercayaan mereka terhadap berhala (watsaniyah). Kehidupan bangsa Arab sangat dipengaruhi oleh berhala-berhala tersebut. Untuk itu mereka rela memberinya persembahan dan kurban, dan bersumpah atas namanya. Hal itu berlangsung hingga kedatangan Islam. 6 Agama masyarakat Arab Badawi mempresentasikan pola keyakinan bangsa Semit paling awal dan primitif. Sebagaimana keyakinan bangsa primitif, maka mereka sesungguhnya adalah pemeluk kepercayaan animisme. Perbedaan yang nyata antara kehidupan oasis dan gurun pasir, telah memberikan mereka konsep ideologi awal yang paling penting, yaitu kepercayaan mereka terhadap dewa yang dianggap sebagai penentu. Roh pemilik tanah yang subur kemudian dipandang sebagai dewa pemberi kebajikan, sementara roh pemilik tanah yang gersang dipuja sebagai dewa jahat yang harus ditakuti.7 Kondisi ideologi yang terdapat dalam masyarakat Arab ini tidak banyak diceritakan dalam syair-syair Jahiliyah. Hal itu menurut penulis buku Buhûts fi al-Adab al-Jâhili disebabkan para penyair lebih mengutamakan hal-hal yang bersifat konkrit dan kasat mata dan sulit untuk mempercayai hal-hal yang di luar kemampuan akal mereka. Biasanya mereka menyebut berhala dalam syair untuk bersumpah, dan itu pun 2 Philip K. Hitti., History of The Arabs, (terjemah), (Jakarta: Serambi, 2006), hal. 120 3 Terkadang di dalam masyarakat Arab seseorang diberi nama Abd. Al-Syams (hambanya matahari) 4 kabilah yang terkenal dengan menyembah bulan adalah Kinanah 5 Sebagian dari kabilah Lakhm, Khuza’ah dan Quraisy menyembah bintang Sirius (Dog Star) 6 Ibrâhîm ‘Ali Abu al-Khasab dan Ahmad Abd al-Mun’im al-Bahâ, Buhûts fi al-Adab al-Jâhili, (tp: al-Bayân al-‘Arabi, 1961), cet. 1, hal. 26. lih. Juga Al-Iskandari dkk., al-Mufashshal fi al-Adab al-‘Arabi, hal. 34 7 Philip K. Hitti., History of The Arabs, (terjemah), hal. 121 2 jumlahnya tidak banyak, seperti menyebut nama Latta dan Uzza dalam syair Aus ibn Hajar berikut ini: وباللتا والعزى ومن دان دينها وبالله إن الله منهن أكبر Demi
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