Citra Perempuan Dalam Syair Jahiliyah

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Citra Perempuan Dalam Syair Jahiliyah CITRA PEREMPUAN DALAM SYAIR JAHILIYAH OLEH: DR. CAHYA BUANA, MA Mocopat Offset-Yogyakarta 1 CITRA PEREMPUAN DALAM SYAIR JAHILIYAH 2010 © DR. CAHYA BUANA ISBN 9799888972-2 2 PENGANTAR Eporia dan semangat keislaman untuk membedakan kondisi bangsa Arab sebelum dan setelah kedatangan Islam, membuat sebagian kelompok buta dan menutup mata dari realitas yang sebenarnya, sehingga terkesan pada masa Jahiliyah perempuan sama sekali tak bermakna baik secara individu maupun sosial. Perlakuan bangsa Arab Jahiliyah yang sangat buruk terhadap kaum perempuan, terkesan di blow up oleh umat Islam tanpa memperdulikan kenyataan-kenyataan lain yang terjadi. Hal inilah yang pada akhirnya menimbulkan fanatisme keagamaan yang berlebihan, sehingga bila ada informasi baru yang berbeda, dianggap bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai religi tanpa kompromi dan konfirmasi. Agama Islam sendiri sudah bersikap sangat netral, al-Qur’an tidak hanya memberitakan hal negatif tentang perempuan pada masa Jahiliyah, namun juga sisi positifnya. Di dalam al-Qur’an al-Karîm sebagai sebuah data yang paling otentik, ada dua versi tentang perempuan pada masa Jahiliyah yang merupakan fakta dan realita yang tidak dapat disanggah kebenarannya. Pertama, perempuan-perempuan yang memiliki kedudukan dan peranan yang mulia dan terhormat dalam struktur sosial masyarakat saat itu, seperti, ratu Balqis dari kerajaan Saba’, kedua istri Nabi Ibrahim as, dan lainnya. Bahkan di dalam al-Qur’an al-Karim, Saba’, kerajaan yang dipimpin oleh ratu Balqis, diabadikan sebagai nama sebuah surat. Hal ini sebuah indikasi, bahwa pada masa Jahiliyah, perempuan tidak selalu sebagai kaum yang tertindas, namun juga di antaranya memiliki peranan yang sangat besar. Fakta yang kedua yang juga tidak dapat disanggah kebenarannya adalah fakta yang menceritakan tentang nasib serta image buruk yang dialami kaum perempuan. Salah satu contoh nasib buruk yang dialami perempuan Jahiliyah adalah tidak adanya hukum yang melarang wa’d al-banât yaitu kebiasaan mengubur hidup-hidup anak perempuan. Sedangkan Image buruk perempuan 3 Jahiliyah, salah satunya ditunjukkan lewat tingkah laku dan perilaku Umu Jamil istri Abu Lahab yang suka mengadu domba dan memfitnah. Di sisi lain, syair dalam lintasan sejarah sastra Arab, memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam sistem sosial budaya bangsa Arab. Syair selain berfungsi sebagai media untuk mengekspresikan imajinasi dan emosi, oleh bangsa Arab digunakan juga untuk menginformasikan hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan kehidupan mereka, seperti untuk melukiskan peperangan yang mereka alami, kondisi lingkungan yang mereka tempati, hal-hal yang membanggakan, dan lain sebagainya, sehingga selain disebut dengan istilah syair ia juga dinamakan dengan dîwan al-Arab atau catatan sejarah bangsa Arab. Syair adalah karya sastra dan sastra adalah cermin dari sistem sosial yang ada dalam masyarakat, sistem kekerabatan, sistem ekonomi, sistem politik, sistem pendidikan, sistem kepercayaan yang terdapat dalam masyarakat. Sastra juga cermin dari sistem ide dan sistem nilai, serta gambaran tentang apa yang dikehendaki dan apa yang ditolak oleh masyarakat. Syair Jahiliyah sebagai karya sastra pada hakekatnya adalah gambaran tentang kehidupan masyarakat termasuk perempuan yang hidup pada masa itu, sehingga dengan mengkaji syair Jahiliyah diharapkan citra dan realita tentang perempuan Jahiliyah yang sesungguhnya dapat terungkap. Sebagai gambaran, buku ini dibagi ke dalam 5 bab. Bab I secara khusus berbicara tentang syair Jahiliyah dan kritik sastra feminis. Bab II berbicara tentang citra perempuan istana (hadlari) pada masa Jahiliyah. Bab III berbicara tentang citra perempuan badawi pada masa Jahiliyah. Bab IV berbicara tentang peran dan kontribusi perempuan pada masa Jahiliyah. Bab V Penutup. Demikian buku ini disusun, semoga dapat memberi manfaat. Wassalam Penulis 4 DAFTAR ISI Halaman PENGANTAR……………………………………………………………….........…… DAFTAR ISI ………………………………………………………………………….. BAB I : SEKILAS TENTANG KRITIK SASTRA FEMINIS DAN SYAIR JAHILIYAH A. Kritik Sastra Feminis …………………………………………. B. Syair Jahiliyah Antara Karya Sastra dan Fakta Sejarah ...…….. C. Bahasa Sebagai Simbol ………………………………………. BAB II : CITRA PEREMPUAN ISTANA (HADLARI) A. Latar Balakang Sosial Politik (Tiga Kerajaan Kecil) ………… B. Penyair Istana ………………………………………………… C. Citra Perempuan Istana (High Class Women) …………..……. BAB III : CITRA PEREMPUAN BADAWI A. Konstruksi Sosial Masyarakat Badawi ………………………. B. Penyair Badawi: Sha`âlîk dan Ghair Sha`âlîk ……………….. C. Citra Perempuan Sha’âlîk ……………………………………. D. Citra Perempuan Ghair Sha’âlîk …………………………….. BAB IV : CITRA DIRI PEREMPUAN JAHILIYAH: PERAN DAN KONTRIBUSI A. Perempuan Jahiliyah dalam Konstruksi Sejarah ………..…… B. Citra Diri Perempuan dalam Syair …………………………... C. Peran dan Kontribusi Perempuan Jahiliyah dalam Syair …..... D. Citra Perempuan Merdeka (al-hurrah) ………………………. BAB V : PENUTUP DAFTAR PUSTAKA ………………………………………………………………... DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP PENULIS..................................................................... 5 BAB I SEKILAS TENTANG KRITIK SASTRA FEMINIS DAN SYAIR JAHILIYAH A. Kritik Sastra Feminis 1. Feminisme dan Gender Feminisme dan gender adalah dua istilah yang satu sama lain saling berkaitan, dan merupakan sebuah fenomena kausalitas. Gender sebagai sebab, sedangkan feminisme merupakan akibat. Kaum feminis membedakan antara istilah seks dan gender, meskipun dalam kamus kedua kata tersebut adalah sinonim. Menurut Ensiklopedia Feminisme, gender adalah kelompok atribut yang dibentuk secara kultural yang ada pada laki-laki atau perempuan.1 Sedangkan seks adalah jenis kelamin yakni kondisi biologis seseorang apakah dia secara anatomi laki-laki atau perempuan.2 Jenis kelamin adalah suatu hal yang bersifat alamiah (takdir) yang seharusnya tidak menimbulkan diskriminasi antara laki-laki dan perempuan, sedangkan gender pada hakekatnya adalah persoalan sudut pandang dan penilaian sosial budaya masyarakat yang berbeda antara satu budaya dengan budaya lainnya.3 Untuk itu Kamla Bahsin menegaskan bahwa gender lebih bersifat sosial budaya dan merupakan produk manusia, merujuk pada tanggung jawab peran, pola perilaku, kualitas, kapabilitas, dan lain-lain yang bersifat maskulin dan feminine. Selain itu, gender juga bersifat tidak tetap, ia berubah dari waktu ke waktu, dari satu kebudayaan ke kebudayaan lainnya, bahkan dari 1 Maggie Humm, Ensiklopedi Feminisme, terjemah Mundi Rahayu, (Yogyakarta: Fajar Pustaka Baru, 2002), hal. 158 2 Maggie Humm, Ensiklopedi Feminisme, hal.421 3 Menurut konsep gender, jenis kelamin dan gender adalah dua hal yang berbeda. Setiap orang lahir sebagai laki-laki dan perempuan, namun setiap kebudayaan memiliki cara pandang tersendiri dalam menilai laki-laki dan perempuan, serta cara memberikan mereka peran. Semua proses ‘pengemasan’ sosial dan budaya yang dilakukan terhadap perempuan dan laki-laki semenjak lahir itulah yang dinamakan dengan pengenderan (gendering). Kamla Bhasin, Memahami Gender, (Jakarta: Teplok Press, 2001), hal. 1-2 6 satu keluarga ke keluarga lainnya. Suatu hal yang pasti adalah bahwa gender merupakan sesuatu hal yang dapat dirubah.4 Menurut Mansur Fakih, gender adalah suatu sifat yang melekat pada kaum laki- laki maupun perempuan yang dikonstruksi secara sosial maupun kultural. Misalnya, bahwa perempuan itu dikenal dengan sifatnya yang lemah lembut, cantik, emosional, dan keibuan, sedangkan di sisi lain laki-laki selalu dianggap kuat, rasional, gagah, dan perkasa..5 Perbedaan perlakuan akibat penggenderan (gendering) tersebut kemudian menjadi persoalan karena menimbulkan banyak ketidakadilan bagi kaum perempuan, sehingga selanjutnya menimbulkan reaksi menentang fenomena tersebut. Muncullah kemudian sebuah gerakan yang diberi nama feminisme. Untuk itu yang dimaksud dengan feminisme, menurut Moelino ialah gerakan perempuan yang menuntut persamaan hak sepenuhnya antara kaum perempuan dan laki-laki.6 Sedangkan menurut Goefe, feminisme ialah teori tentang persamaan antara laki-laki dan perempuan di bidang politik, ekonomi, dan sosial, atau kegiatan terorganisasi yang memperjuangkan hak-hak serta kepentingan perempuan.7 Untuk itu di dalam kamus sosiologi disebutkan bahwa semua varian teori feminis cenderung mengandung tiga unsur atau tiga asumsi pokok, pertama, gender adalah suatu konstruksi yang menekan kaum perempuan, sehingga cenderung menguntungkan kaum laki-laki. Kedua, konsep patriarkhi atau dominasi laki-laki dalam lembaga sosial, dianggap sebagai landasan utama konstruksi tersebut. Ketiga, untuk itu, pengalaman dan pengetahuan kaum perempuan harus dilibatkan dalam mengembangkan suatu masyarakat non-seksis di masa mendatang.8 Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka yang dimaksud dengan feminisme secara umum adalah ideologi pembebasan perempuan. Hal ini terlihat dari semua pendekatan yang 4 Kamla Bhasin, Memahami Gender, (Jakarta: Teplok Press, 2001), hal. 1-2 5 Mansour Fakih, Analisis Gender dan Transformasi Sosial, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2003), hal. 8 6 Sugihastuti, Wanita di Mata Wanita; Perspektif Sajak-sajak Toeti Heraty, (Bandung: Nuansa, 2000), hal. 37 7 Sugihastuti, Wanita di Mata Wanita; Perspektif Sajak-sajak Toeti Heraty, hal. 37 8 Adam Kuper & Jessica Kuper, Ensiklopedi Ilmu-ilmu Sosial, (Jakarta: PT Rajawali Grafindo Persada, 2000), cet. 1, jilid 2, hal. 354 7 digunakannya yang berkeyakinan bahwa perempuan mengalami ketidakadilan akibat jenis kelaminnya.9 Dengan demikian, feminisme pada intinya adalah gerakan untuk menuntut persamaan gender. 2. Sastra feminis dan kritik sastra Sebelum membahas secara detail tentang kritik sastra
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