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How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs De Lacy O Leary D.D How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs By De Lacy O’Leary D.D. ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ ¡ £ © ¡ ¢ ¤ ¢ ¡ ¤ ¡ ¡ § ¦ ¤ ¨ ¦ ¨ ¤ ¥ ¢ ¡ ¤ ¤ © ¢ ¤ ¡ £ © ¡ £ ¡ ¤ ¡ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ ¡ £ © ¡ § ¦ ¤ ¨ ¦ ¨ ¤ ! ¤ ¢ ! ¤ ¢ ¤ " # $ % & & " ¢ ' ( ¦ £ " ) ' ¤ ' " ( ¨ * * © £ " + , % ) ¢ - ! ¤ ¢ ¤ " £ ¤ " . £ £ / 0 / 1 " 2 ! 3 ¢ ¡ ¤ ¡ ¢ ¤ ¢ ¡ ¤ ¡ § $ ¨ ¡ ¢ ¥ © ¡ 4 £ $ ¦ § ¢ ¦ ¨ " ! 4 ¤ ¨ 5 ! ) / / / / Assyrian International News Agency Books Online www.aina.org 1 How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs Contents CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER II ............................................................................................................................... 8 HELLENISM IN ASIA ........................................................................................................... 8 (1) HELLENIZATION OF SYRIA ..................................................................................... 8 (2) THE FRONTIER PROVINCES .................................................................................. 10 (3) FOUNDATION OF JUNDI-SHAPUR ....................................................................... 13 (4) DIOCLETIAN AND CONSTANTINE ...................................................................... 14 CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................................ 16 THE LEGACY OF GREECE ............................................................................................... 16 (1) ALEXANDIUAN SCIENCE ...................................................................................... 16 (2) PHILOSOPHY ............................................................................................................ 17 (3) GREEK MATHEMATICIANS .................................................................................. 23 (4) GREEK MEDICINE ................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER IV ........................................................................................................................... 28 CHRISTIANITY AS A HELLENIZING FORCE ................................................................ 28 (1) HELLENISTIC ATMOSPHERE OF CHRISTIANITY ............................................. 28 (2) EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY ............................................................................ 31 (3) ECCLESIASTTCAL ORGANIZATION .................................................................... 33 CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................................ 35 THE NESTORIANS ............................................................................................................. 35 (1) THE FIRST SCHOOL OF NISIBIS ............................................................................ 35 (2) SCHOOL OF EDESSA ............................................................................................... 37 (3) THE NESTORIAN SCHISM ...................................................................................... 38 (4) DARK PERIOD OF THE NESTORIAN CHURCH .................................................. 45 (5) THE NESTORIAN REFORMATION ........................................................................ 46 CHAPTER VI ........................................................................................................................... 53 THE MONOPHYSITES ....................................................................................................... 53 (1) BEGINNINGS OF MONOPHYSITISM .................................................................... 53 (2) THE MONOPHYSITE SCHISM ................................................................................ 54 (3) PERSECUTION OF THE MONOPHYSITES ........................................................... 57 (4) ORGANIZATION OF THE MONOPHYSITE CHURCH ......................................... 61 (5) PERSIAN MONOPHYSITES .................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER VII .......................................................................................................................... 68 INDIAN INFLUENCE-THE SEA ROUTE .......................................................................... 68 (1) THE SEA ROUTE TO INDIA .................................................................................... 68 (2) ALEXANDRIAN SCIENCE IN INDIA ..................................................................... 73 CHAPTER VIII ......................................................................................................................... 77 INDIAN INFLUENCE II-THE LAND ROUTE ................................................................... 77 (1) BACTRIA ................................................................................................................... 77 (2) THE ROAD THROUGH MARW .............................................................................. 81 CHAPTER IX ........................................................................................................................... 84 2 How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs BUDDHISM AS A POSSIBLE MEDIUM .......................................................................... 84 (1) RISE OF BUDDHISM ................................................................................................ 84 (2) DID BUDDHISM SPREAD WEST? .......................................................................... 85 (3) BUDDHIST BACTRIA .............................................................................................. 88 (4) IBRAHIM IBN ADHAM ............................................................................................ 90 CHAPTER X ............................................................................................................................ 92 THE KHALIFATE OF DAMASCUS .................................................................................. 92 (1) CONQUEST OF SYRIA ............................................................................................. 92 (2) THE FAMILY OF SERGIUS ..................................................................................... 96 (3) THE CAMP CITIES ................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER XI ......................................................................................................................... 102 THE KHALIFATE OF BAGHDAD ................................................................................... 102 (1) THE 'ABBASID REVOLUTION ............................................................................. 102 (2) FOUNDATION OF BAGHDAD .............................................................................. 103 CHAPTER XII ........................................................................................................................ 108 TRANSLATION INTO ARABIC ...................................................................................... 108 (1) THE FIRST TRANSLATORS .................................................................................. 108 (2) HUNAYN IBN ISHAQ ............................................................................................. 114 (3) OTHER TRANSLATORS ........................................................................................ 117 (4) THABIT IBN QURRA .............................................................................................. 119 CHAPTER XIII ....................................................................................................................... 122 THE ARAB PHILOSOPHERS .......................................................................................... 122 NOTES .................................................................................................................................... 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 135 3 How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION THERE is a certain analogy between civilization and an infectious disease. Both pass from one community to another by contact, and whenever either breaks out, one of our first thoughts is, Where did the infection come from? In both alike there is the unanswered question, Where did it first originate? Do all outbreaks trace back to one primary source, or have there been several independent starting points? In reading the autobiography of that distinguished Orientalist Sir Denison Ross, there is a letter received from some inquirer which contains the sentence remarking what a good thing it would be if we could find out “how, and in what form, the Greek and Latin writers found their way to ¤ © % £ ¤ © $ ¨ " the ken of the Arab or Persian or Turkish student” (Sir Denison Ross, n.d., p. 286). The author of the book makes no comment on this letter, but it may be noted that the way in which Greek literature passed to the Arabs and Persians, thence to the Turks, is not so unexplored as the letter suggests, and it may be traced
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