j Raptor Res. 28(3):186-191 ¸ 1994 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.

A RAPTOR ROADSIDE SURVEY IN WESTERN TURKEY AND EASTERN GREECE

WADE L. EAKLE 1 World WorkingGroup on Birdsof Prey and Owls, Wangenheimstr.32, D-1000 Berlin 33, Germany

ABSTR•CT.--Roadsidesurveys were conductedin westernTurkey and easternGreece in April-May 1993 to determine the relative abundanceof observedraptors. Ten diurnal species,as well as unidentified buzzardsand unidentifiedharriers, and one nocturnalspecies were observedduring 177 hr 30 min of observationover 4395 km travelled. Lesser kestrels(Falco naumanni), commonkestrels (F. tinnunculus), commonbuzzards (Buteo spp.) and harriers(Circus spp.) were the mostfrequently observed species. More individuals(N = 145) and species(N = 8) were observedin agriculturallands than other habitattypes. Indicesof relativeabundance were calculatedfor eachspecies based on the numberof individualsobserved p•erkilometer travelled. KEY WORDS: Greece;raptor roadside survey; relative abundance; Turkey.

Observaci6nde rapacesen rutas del oestede Turqula y el estede Grecia RESUMEN.--Unestudio de ruta fue hechoen el oestede Turquia yen el estede Grecia entre abril y mayode 1993, para determinarla abundanciarelativa de rapacesobservados. Se observarondiez especies diurnas,incluyendo Buteo spp. y Circusspp. no identificados,y una especienocturna, en un recorridode 4395 km realizadoen 177 hr 30 min. Falconaumanni, F. tinnunculus,Buteo spp. y Circusspp. fueron las especiesobservadas con mayor frecuencia.Se observaronmils individuos(N = 145) y especies(N = 8) en tierrasde usoagricola queen otrostipos de hilbitat.Se calcularonindices relativos para cadaespecie basadosen el nfimerode individuosobservados por ki16metrorecorrido. [Traducci6n de Ivan Lazo]

Raptor populationdensities in Turkey and Greece, eightnocturnal species in Greece,and Gensbol(1987) particularlyTurkey, are poorlydocumented. Belkis for 27 diurnal speciesin Greece and 28 diurnal et al. (1977) and Beaman and Porter (1985) sum- speciesin Turkey, but again,no discussionof meth- marized the statusof 37 diurnal raptors known to odsused to developthese population estimateswere winter or breedin Turkey. Vagliano(1977) reported providedby the authors. on the status of 36 diurnal speciesin Greece and Relative abundanceestimates have been widely summarizedtheir occurrenceby habitat types.Cos- used in raptor inventoriesand monitoring studies son (1985) recorded six diurnal and two nocturnal for investigatingpopulation dynamics, monitoring speciesbreeding on Rhodesand estimatedrelative status,and evaluating responsesto changesin the abundanceindices for the long-leggedbuzzard (Bu- environment (Fuller and Mosher 1987). Relative teo rufinus). Additionally, the number of breeding abundancegenerally refers to the contributiona spe- pairs and population trends for the four vultures in cies makes to the total abundance of that wildlife Greecewere estimatedby Handrinos (1985), while community(Jones 1986). There are severalways to Vagliano (1985) reportedon little owl (Athenenoc- estimaterelative abundance,including the number tua) populations on Crete. Hallmann (1985) re- of raptors seenper hr of observationor per linear ported that 26 diurnal speciesbreed in Greece, but distance,and the number of owl calls heard per hr providedno discussionof methodsused to derive this (Kochert 1986). In this study I used numbers of populationestimate. Handrinos and Demetropoulos individuals observedper kilometer travelled for a (1983) estimatedbreeding pairs of 36 diurnal and roadsidesurvey of raptors in western Turkey and easternGreece. These resultsrepresent perhaps the • Present address:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San first and most comprehensivelyreported indices of FranciscoDistrict, RegulatoryBranch, 211 Main Street, observedrelative abundance collected by suchmeth- San Francisco, CA 94105-1905 U.S.A. od for raptor populationsin this part of the world.

186 SEPTEMBER 1994 RAPTORS IN TURKEY AND GREECE 187

BULGARIA BLACK SEA Istanb

ALBAN Galltp• Ankara Bursa Canakkale ß SEA Troy REE •Nevsehtr Bersama TURKEY

•] ';' Selcuk

]ythto Dlros i Rhode• Kyth• Hanta Kastellt KarpathosRHODES • Samaria Gorse KaY,magiCRETE CYPRUS

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Figure 1. Raptor surveyroute in westernTurkey and easternGreece, including the islandsof Rhodesand Crete, 9 April to 13 May 1993.

21øC in Istanbul, 9-22øC in Ankara, 11-23øC in Bursa, STUDY AREA AND METHODS and 14-26øC in Izmir (Brosnahan 1990). WesternTurkey, which is part of Asia Minor, includes Eastern Greece, the southernmostof the Balkan states, easternThrace from the city of Edirne to Istanbul, the includesthe Peloponnesefrom the Mani to Corinthia and peninsulaof Gallipoli, the Sea of Marmara, the coastal Argolis (including Laconia and Arcadia), Thessaly, Mac- region of the Aegean Sea, and central Anatolia including edonia, and western Thrace. Roadside counts on the island the regionof Capadocia.On the southernshore of the Sea of Crete included the region near Iraklio to Kastelli on of Marmara are low hills usedfor grazing, farming and the western end of the island. Landscapesand land uses industry, and higher pine-forestedmountains, such as similar to thoseobserved in Turkey were found on main- Uludag (Mr. Olympus) near Bursa which reaches2583 land Greece and Crete. These included mountains in the m (Fig. 1). The mean annual rainfall in this region is Mani peninsula,plains and mountains (Mt. Olympus, approximately670 mm. The AegeanSea coastis a region 2917 m) in Thessaly, black pine (Pinus nigra) forestsin of plains and river valleys. Olive, fig and fruit orchards Macedonia, and the Evros River valley and Porto-Lagos can be seen on hillsides, and tobaccoand sunflower fields wetlands in Thrace (Fig. 1). in valleys.Central Anatolia which embracesCapadocia is On Crete, largest of the Greek islands, climatic and a vast plateau (rolling steppe)with a mean elevationof geographicconditions are similar to North Africa, al- 1000 m where sheepgrazing and wheat growing are pri- though mountains such as Mt. Ida (2456 m), are snow- mary land uses.The plateauis surroundedby mountain cappedfor severalmonths of the year (Handrinos and ranges with elevationsto 2500 m, some being volcanoes Demetropoulos1983). Lower mountain slopesand hills with snow-cappedpeaks (Dubin and Lucas 1989, Bros- supportlow phrygana or maquis vegetation,Kermes oak nahan 1990). (Querquscoccifera), locust (Ceratonia siliqua), and juniper In the month of March, the mean daily minimum and (Juniperusspp.; Handrinos 1985; Fig. 1). maximum temperaturesin Istanbul are 3-30øC, in Ankara My study area is classifiedas two biomes.The region 0-11øC, in Bursa 4-13øC, and in Izmir (on the Aegean around the Aegean Sea included Crete, the Sea of Mar- Sea coast) 6-16øC. In May, thesetemperatures are 12- mara, and Gallipoli was classifiedas evergreensclero- 188 WADE L. EARLE VOL. 28, NO. 3

Table 1. Surveyroutes, mode of travel, and distancetravelled for raptor surveysconducted in Turkey and Greece, April-May 1993.

MODE OF DATE SURVEYROUTE TIME OF DAY TRANSPORTATIONDISTANCE (km) 9 April Istanbul-Ankara 1030-1800 train 450 10 April Nevsehir-Derinkuyu 0900-1600 bus/foot 60 11 April Nevsehir-Goreme 1030-2000 bus/foot 20 12 April Goreme-Cavusin-Zelve 0900-1730 foot 15 13 April Goreme-Bursa 0700-1800 bus 695 14 April Bursa-Uludag 0900-1700 car/foot 65 15 April Bursa-Canakkale 1000-1430 bus 310 16 April Gallipoli 1000-1600 bus/foot 50 17 April Troy-Canakkale-Bergama 1000-2000 bus/foot 300 18 April Bergama(Pergamum) 1000-1700 foot 10 19 April Bergama-Seleuk 1200-1530 bus 180 20 April Selcuk (Ephesus) 0800-1600 foot 15 21 April Seleuk-Bodrum 1200-1500 bus 170 22 April Bodrum 1000-1600 foot 5 23 April Bodrum-Marmaris 1000-1330 bus 165 26 April Iraklio-Knossos 1000-1600 bus/foot 15 27 April Iraklio-Kalimaki 1130-1630 bus/foot 65 28 April Kalimaki-Hania 0800-1700 bus/foot 150 29 April H ania-Samaria-Kastelli 0730-2130 bus/foot 170 1 May Gythio-Caves of Diros 1000-1400 bus 70 2 May Gythio-Naphlio 0830-1630 bus 180 3 May Naphlio-Myceane 1000-1400 bus 65 4 May Naphlio 1030-1830 foot 10 5 May Naphlio-Athens 1000-1430 bus 145 10 May Athens-Thessaloniki 0700-1330 train 530 12 May Thessaloniki-Komotini 1400-2030 train 415 13 May Kabakca-Istanbul 0630-0730 train 70 Total distance 4395 Total observation time 177 hr 30 min

phyllus forests,scrub or woodlands,and central Anatolia Thrace) on 13 May 1993. Surveytimes ranged from 0630- as cold winter (continental) desert and/or semi-desert 2130 H. Weather conditions were variable during the (UNESCO 1987). surveyperiod, but mostly without any precipitation. Roadsidecounts were conductedprimarily by meansof I usedthe methoddeveloped by Woffindenand Murphy public bus, but someroutes were surveyedby train, car, (1977) to calculatean index of observedrelative abundance and on foot. All meansof transportationprovided excellent for each raptor speciessighted: viewing opportunities,allowing two observersto focuson locatingand identifying raptors on both sidesof the road Index= Totalnumber ofa species observed x 1000 or railroad track. Unfortunately,driving speeds were vari- Total kilometers travelled able and not always known, nor was it possibleto stop the vehicleto identifydistant birds or estimatethe distance RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of the raptor from the surveyvehicle. Visibility was com- parable for busesand trains. Data recordedfor each ob- Nearly 4400 km were travelled and approxi- servationincluded date, time, location, species,age and mately 177 hr of observationtime logged(Table 1), sex(if possible),number, habitat type, activity,and perch- yielding1.05 individualraptors sighted per hour of •ng substrate. observationtime, or 23.7 km travelledper bird sight- Surveyswere conductedin western(Asian) Turkey from 9-23 April 1993, and in easternGreece, including Crete, ed (0.04 individualraptors sighted per kilometer). from 26 April to 12 May 1993. Additional data were Lesser kestrels (Falco naumanni) and common collectedin northwestern (European) Turkey (eastern kestrels(F. tinnunculus)were the mostcommonly SEPTEMBER 1994 RAPTORS IN TURKEY AND GREECE 189 observedraptor species,followed by unidentifiedBu- Table 2. Frequencyof sightingsand observedrelative teo species,long-legged buzzards, and unidentified abundanceindices of raptors sightedduring surveysin Circusspecies (Table 2). Lesserand commonkestrels Turkey and Greece,April-May 1993. accountedfor 71% of individual raptors sighted,fol- lowed by Buteo species(16%; Table 2). The un- INDEX identified buteos(N = 20) were most likely long- NUM- KM OF REL- legged buzzards and common buzzards (B. buteo) BER TRAVELLED ATIVE given the time of year and location of the survey OB- PER IN- ABUN- route (Gensbol 1987 and C.G. Vlachos pets. com- SPECIES SERVED DIVIDUAL DANCE a mun.). Lesser kestrel Most of the speciesobserved are migratory over (Falco naumanni) 75 58.6 17.1 a portion of their range, but some are year-round Common kestrel residentsin Turkey and Greece. During March (Falco tinnunculus) 57 77.1 13.0 through May, many of these speciescould be mi- Buteospp. 20 219.7 4.5 grating through the region to more northern breed- Long-leggedbuzzard (Buteorufinus) 10 439.5 2.3 xng grounds or returning to local nesting areas Circusspp. 9 488.3 2.1 (Gensbol 1987). Speciesthought to be year-round Eleonora's falcon residents in the region include the griffon vulture (Falco eleonorae) 3 1465.0 0.7 (Gypsfulvus), sparrowhawk (Accipiternisus), and Common buzzard common and long-legged buzzards. Both harrier (Buteo buteo) 3 1465.0 0.7 species(western marsh harrier [C. aeruginosus],and Black kite Montagu's harrier [C. pygargus])that breedin Tur- (Milvus rnigrans) 2 2197.5 0.5 key and Greecegenerally return to nestingareas in European hobby April (Gensbol 1987). Three of the four falcons (Falco subbuteo) 2 2197.5 0.5 Griffon vulture observedare long distance migrants and summer (Gypsfulvus) 1 4395.0 0.2 throughoutGreece and Turkey. The lesserkestrel Sparrowhawk xs often seen in small flocks on spring migration (Accipiternisus) 1 4395.0 0.2 (Gensbol 1987), and in fact, 10 flocks of kestrels Bootedeagle with asmany as 19 individualswere observedduring (Hieraaetuspennatus) 1 4395.0 0.2 the survey. The common kestrel is a year-round Little owl resident. (Athene noctua) 1 4395.0 0.2 Lesser and common kestrels accounted for over a Analysisof relativeabundance after Woffinden and Murphy (1977) 75% of the raptorssighted in agriculturallands (Ta- ble 3). Agricultural lands supportedthe greatest number of species(61%) and individuals observed which can vary by species,activity, habitat, and (78%). Harriers, long-leggedbuzzards, unidentified havior (Fuller and Mosher 1987). Millsap and Buteo species,lesser kestrels,and common kestrels LeFranc (1988) believedseveral assumptions are were sightedmore frequentlyin agriculturallands violatedin many raptor road transectstudies, and than all other habitat typesencountered (Table 3). suggestedpresenting results based on volumeof hab- UnidentifiedButeo species were observedin six hab- itat searchedfor more direct comparisonof results itat types,while all other specieswere observedin between studies.However, their method requires threeor fewer habitat types. additionaltime to measurevegetation variables nec- Road transects are often used to obtain indices to essaryto calculatevolume estimates. Kocheft (1986) raptor abundanceor densityin order to assessor recommendedrecording all birdsseen on roadcounts comparepopulation structure, seasonal population usedas line transects,and measuringtheir perpen- changes,habitat use, distribution, yearly population dicular distances from the transect centerline re- trends, and to determineactivity (Millsap and gardlessof their distanceand analyzingthese data LeFranc 1988). However, road counts are affected with a line transectcomputer program. by a numberof biases.Perhaps the mostsignificant The problemof speciesdetectability was encoun- inherentbias associated with road countsis species tered during the roadsidesurveys in Turkey and detectability,or the detectabledistance of a raptor, Greece.Habitat typesthat providedthe highestspe- 190 WADE L. EAKLE VOL. 28, No. 3

Table 3. Numbers of raptors observedin habitat types in Turkey and Greece,April-May 1993.

HABITAT TYPES a

SPECIES W A F S U C O R L

Black kite -- -- 1 -- -- 1 ------Griffon vulture -- -- 1 ...... Circusspp. 1 8 ...... Sparrowhawk ..... 1 ------Common buzzard -- 1 ..... 1 1 Long-leggedbuzzard -- 9 ------1 ------Buteo spp. 1 14 1 1 1 2 ------Booted eagle -- 1 ...... Lesser kestrel -- 57 -- -- 15 3 ------Common kestrel -- 53 -- -- 1 -- 3 -- -- Eleonora's falcon ...... 3 -- -- European hobby -- 2 ...... Little owl ..... 1 ------Total species 2 8 3 I 3 6 2 I 1 Total individuals 2 145 3 I 17 9 6 I 1 a Habitat types(W = wetland,A = agriculturalland, F = pine forest,S = steppe,U = urban, C = chaparral/scrub-shrub,O = ocean/ coast,R = riparian/riverine, L = lake shore.

ciesdetectability clearly includedthe vast, open ag- LITERATURE CITED ricultural lands of central Anatolia, Thessaly, Mac- BEAMAN, M. AND R.F. PORTER. 1985. Status of birds edonia, and Thrace, as well as some urban areas of prey in Turkey. Pages52-56 in R.D. Chancellor near Ankara, Bursa, and Thessaloniki, and along and B.-U. Meyburg [EDs.], Bull. No. 2 of the World the coast of the Aegean Sea. Speciesdetectability Working Group on Birds of Prey. Berlin, Germany was lowestin habitat typeswith greaterplant species and Paris, France. and structural diversity (e.g., black pine forest and BELKIS, A., M. BEAMAN AND R.F. PORTER. 1977. Status riparian areas).Accordingly, species such as kestrels and migrationof birdsof prey in Turkey. Pages182- 187 in R.D. Chancellor [ED.], World conferenceon and buzzards that were more likely to be observed birds of prey, Report of Proceedings,International in open habitats were recordedin greater numbers. Council for Bird Preservation.Hampshire, U.K. Substratesfor perching,such as power and telephone BROSNAHAN,T. 1990. Turkey--a travel survival kit. poles, were also typically locatedalong roads and Lonely Planet Publ. Berkeley,CA U.S.A. railroad tracks. COSSON,F. 1985. Some recent data of the raptors of Rhodes(Greece). Pages 57-60 in R.D. Chancellorand B.-U. Meyburg fEDS.],Bull. No. 2 of the World Work- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ing Group on Birds of Prey. Berlin, Germany and A. Baycin and C.G. Vlachosprovided logistical support Paris, France. in Istanbul, Turkey and Thessaloniki, Greece, respec- DUBIN, M. AND E. LUCAS. 1989. Trekking in Turkey tively. L.A. Barekman assistedin the field. P.J. Scheetz Lonely Planet Publ. Berkeley,CA U.S.A. preparedthe figureof Turkey and Greece.M.R. Jennings, FULLER,M.R. ANDJ.A. MOSHER. 1987. Raptor survey R.W. Mannan, T.G. Grubb, D. Ledig, D.K. Garcelon, techniques.Pages 37-65 in B.A. Giron Pendleton,B.A A. Fish, and C.G. Vlachos providedcritical commentson Millsap, K.W. Cline and D.M. Bird fEDS.I, Raptor a first draft of the manuscript.The manuscriptwas im- management techniques manual. Natl. Wildl. Fed., proved by reviews by B.A. Millsap and two anonymous Washington, DC U.S.A. reviewers.B.-U. Meyburg providedstudy endorsement from the World Working Group on Birds of Prey and GENSBOL,B. 1987. Collinsguide to the birdsof prey of Owls (International Council for Bird Preservation [ICBP] Britain and Europe,North Africa andthe Middle East and SpeciesSurvival Commission[SSC] of the Interna- Collins, London, U.K. tional Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural HALLMANN,B. 1985. Statusand conservationproblems Resources[IUCN]). of birds of prey in Greece.Pages 55-59 in I. Newton SEPTEMBER 1994 RAPTORSIN TURKEY AND GREECE 191

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