Ein „Migranteroman“ Aus Dem Sozialismus

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Ein „Migranteroman“ Aus Dem Sozialismus EIN „MIGRANTEROMAN“ AUS DEM SOZIALISMUS Калинка Минкова, Антоанета Михайлова Югозападен университет „Неофит Рилски“ Summary A deviant protagonist, an extraordinary setting, an excentrictitle, an unthinkable ending. The novel Allemagne, conte cruel by the Bulgarian musician and writer Viktor Paskov is partially based on his personal experiences in the distant 1968 when he was a “gastarbeiter” in the GDR after the Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czecho- slovakia. A time of repression to which one had to adapt. The atmosphere in the inn sheltering the characters is cruel, ugly and inconsolable reflecting the interpersonal relationships of its lonely and miserable tenants who are unable to make their dreams come true. The role of Stasi and the German United Socialist Party as well as some negative features of the two nations are disclosed in a situation where there is no room left for human dignity and integration. Although written 25 years ago, the novel sounds up-to- date and sensitive. Unlike the other of Paskov`s works, this novel is the only one untranslated into German. Годишник на департамент „Чужди езици и култури“, т. 1 (2018), стр. 421-429 421 ДЯЛ ЧЕТВЪРТИ. ЛИТЕРАТУРА И КУЛТУРА EIN In den letzten Jahren ist die Migrantenproblematik „MIGRANTEROMAN“ besonders aktuell in (West)Europa geworden – wegen AUS DEM SOZIALISMUS der Tausenden politischen und Wirtschaftsmigranten aus „allen Herren Ländern“, die aus verschiedenen Gründen gezwungen sind, ihre Heimatländer zu verlassen. Parallel dazu steht auch die sogenannte Migrantenliteratur immer öfter im Mittelpunkt der Besprechungen, trotz der Tatsa- 1 1 In seiner Doktorarbeit che, dass dieser Begriff umstritten ist . “Schreiben ohne festen In Bulgarien macht die Literaturkritik schon einen Wohnsitz – Literaturwis- senschaftliche und soziolo- strengen Unterschied zwischen Emigrantenliteratur und 2 gische Untersuchungen zur Immigrantenliteratur . Als Emigrantenliteratur bezeich- ‘Migrationsliteratur’” (2013) net man die Werke der bulgarischen Schriftsteller des 19. behandelt Karim Khadhra- Jahrhunderts, die für bulgarische Leser in bulgarischer oui alle in diesem Zusam- Sprache und zu „bulgarischen“ Themen geschrieben ha- menhang in den Jahren gängigen Begriffe: Gastar- ben. Als Immigrantenliteratur bezeichnet man die Werke beiterliteratur, Ausländerli- der Autoren des 20. Jahrhunderts, die nicht in Bulgarien teratur, Migrantenliteratur, leben und in einer Fremdsprache vorwiegend für die aus- Migrationsliteratur, eine ländischen Leser schreiben. nicht nur deutsche Literatur, Brückenliteratur, Literatur Kein bulgarischer Literaturkritiker hat aber bis heute von Autoren nicht deutscher die Werke des Autors, von dem wir hier referieren möch- Herkunft. 2 ten, weder der Emigrantenliteratur noch der Immigranten- S. z. B.l Aretov (2009) =Ар етов, Николай: Българска- literatur zugeordnet, weil Viktor Paskov genau so leicht та емигрантска литература: und gut auf Bulgarisch wie auch auf Deutsch und Franzö- поглед от дома - http://www. sisch schreibt. Seine ersten Werke wurden auf Bulgarisch slovo.bg/showwork.php3?Au geschrieben, seine späteren – auf Deutsch. Der hier be- ID=38&WorkID=16629&Le sprochene Roman erschien zuerst auf Französisch3, wurde vel=1 [02.07.2017] 4 3 Victor Paskov. Allemagne: 1992 ins Bulgarische übersetzt und hat noch nicht seinen Conte cruel, Traduction deutschen Übersetzer gefunden. Unserer Meinung nach Marie Paskov, Editions de soll der Titel auf Deutsch „Deutschland – ein trübes Mär- l’Aube, Collection Regards chen“ heißen. Schon im Titel ist die Allusion an Heinrich Croises, 1992, 269 pp. 4 „Германия - мръсна при- Heines „Deutschland – ein Wintermärchen“, erschienen казка“. София: Христо Бо- 1844, zu merken und die Intertextualität wird klar. Der тев, 1992, 220 с. Roman enthält die wichtigsten charakteristischen Merk- 5 Der amerikanische Wis- male der Postmoderne5. senschaftler I. Hassan zählt folgende Aspekte der Post- Was den Stil von Viktor Paskov betrifft, so kann mit moderne auf: Unbestimmt- Sicherheit gesagt werden, dass die Ironie und der Sar- heit, Fragmentierung, Deka- kasmus in allen seiner Werke überwiegen und dass die nonisierung, sichtbare reale Darstellung, Ironie, Hybridi- gewählte Lexik vorwiegend einer niederen Sprachschicht sierung, Karnevaleskisches, angehört – es wimmelt von Beleidigungen, Fluch- und Irationalität, Rückzug von Schimpfwörtern bis zu Vulgarismen, Zitaten aus Liedern 422 ГОДИШНИК ДЕП. „ЧУЖДИ ЕЗИЦИ И КУЛТУРИ“, Т. 1 (2018) Калинка Минкова, oder Anspielungen an solchen. Die Texte von Paskov Антоанета sind eine echte Dekonstruktion der klassischen Litera- Михайлова turwerke, ein Mix von Absätzen über die schöne Natur und die schmutzigen Wohnungen der Emigranten, über die erhobene Liebe und den wilden Sex, über die Hoff- nung auf Freiheit und die demagogische Realität der so- zialistischen Gesellschaft, über … Es sind Texte über den Einzelgänger, der die traditionellen Verbindungen zu der Familie abgeschnitten hat, der seine Freunde verliert und keine neuen sucht, der sich auf der ständigen Suche nach der Darstellungstiefe. Dijana Ivanova (2002) untersucht in seiner eigenen Identität befindet, ohne Aussicht, zu einem ihrer Arbeit folgende Aspek- positiven Ergebnis zu gelangen. Das Rationale im Pas- te der Postmoderne in den kovs Schaffen tritt zurück und schafft für erschütternde Werken von Viktor Paskov: Emotionen, amoralisches Handeln, Abkehr vom Alltag Intertextualität, die Ideolo- und Zurückziehen in sich selbst freien Raum. gie als Philosophie des Zei- chens, die depersonalisier- Der Schaffensweg von Viktor Paskov ist manchmal ten Protagonisten, die sich skandalös und ziemlich abwechslungsreich. Er ist am in einem Zustand der Suche nach der eigenen Persön- 10.09.1949 in Sofia geboren, schließt 1976 die Musikaka- lichkeit befindenden Prot- demie in Leipzig ab, bleibt weitere vier Jahre in der DDR, agonisten und das schöpfe- wo er als Komponist, Jazz- und Opernsänger arbeitet. rische Experiment Paskovs 1980 kehrt er nach Bulgarien zurück und wird für sieben mit der Sprache. Jahre Redakteur bei dem fremdsprachigen Wochenblatt 6 Paskov wurde von seinem „Sofioter Nachrichten“. In den Wendejahren 1990-1992 Posten im Bulgarischen Kul- turzentrum in Berlin zwei- lebt er in Paris. Nach der erneuten Rückkehr im Heimat- mal gekündigt, nicht ohne land wird er Direktor des Theaters in Burgas und danach Skandale. Das erste Mal Programmdirektor bei dem Bulgarischen Fernsehen. Von wurde er beschuldigt, dass 1995 bis 2004 ist Paskov mit einer Unterbrechung von er mehrere Tausend DDR- drei Jahren Leiter des Bulgarischen Kulturzentrums in Mark für unbestimmte Zwe- 6 cke vergeudet hat, das zweite Berlin . Nach seiner aktiven Teilnahme an der Wahlkam- Mal – wegen mehreren Ver- pagne des späteren Präsidenten Georgi Parvanov 2006 gehen: nicht gut formulier- wird Paskov als Kulturreferent in der Schweiz angestellt, ter Text für die Einladungen wo er am 16.04.2009 an Lungenkrebs stirbt. anlässlich der Abschieds- feier für den Botschafter Die schöpferische Tätigkeit Paskovs beginnt 1964, Nikolai Apostolov, die Ab- als er seine ersten Gedichte publiziert. Bekannt wird er lehnung der Ausstellung des durch sein zweites Buch, den Roman „Ballade von Georg in Deutschland lebenden bulgarischen Malers Dimi- Henig“, erschienen 1987, der dem Autor mehrere Aus- ter Vojnov, die Wegstellung zeichnungen bringt und in mehreren Sprachen übersetzt der Installationen der Teil- wird. nehmer am internationalen Ostensiv-Projekt vor dem Im Folgenden wollen wir uns mit dem in französi- Abschlussdatum u.a. scher Sprache verfassten Roman von Paskov Allemagne, 423 ДЯЛ ЧЕТВЪРТИ. ЛИТЕРАТУРА И КУЛТУРА EIN conte cruel aus dem Jahr 1992 auseinandersetzen in der „MIGRANTEROMAN“ Absicht beweisen zu versuchen, dass es auch eine, ob- AUS DEM SOZIALISMUS wohl nicht massenhafte, Emigration aus einem sozialisti- schen Land in ein anderes sozialistischen Land gegeben hat, die nicht leichter und nicht zufriedenstellender war, als die Emigration von großen Menschengruppen heut- zutage. Der Roman ist „den toten Freunden“ gewidmet und hat als Motto das Lied eines Troubadours aus dem 13. Jahrhundert. Eine ziemlich leihenhafte Übersetzung die- ses Liedes ins Deutsche könnte folgenderweise klingen: Von den Freunden keine Nachricht. Früher einmal nah gewesen, hab‘ ich alle lieb gehabt. Heute keine Spur von ihnen. Kundig nur der Wind sein kann. Und die Liebe ist gestorben. Die Widmung und das Motto lenken die Aufmerk- samkeit der Leser auf die ewigen Themen der Liebe, der Freundschaft und des Todes. Seine Freunde aus der Ju- gendzeit lässt der Ich-Erzähler, der auch der Protagonist im Roman ist, in kurzen Abschnitten sterben. Einer wird erschossen, ein anderer stirbt an seiner Leberkrankheit, ein dritter an Überdosis, eine schwangere Freundin bei der Abtreibung, einer ertrinkt, einer wird erstochen, eine Freundin begeht Selbstmord… Der Tod ist bei fast allen überraschend und unheimlich, verursacht durch die Liebe zu dem Leben und zu der Freiheit. Am Ende bleibt der Protagonist allein, fern von Freunden und Bekannten, von allen vergessen und selber alle vergessen. Die sogenannten Tabu-Themen scheinen dem Autor sehr beliebt zu sein: er beschreibt und analysiert jeden Todesfall, jeden Geschlechtsakt, jede Verbindung Mu- sik-Sex-Liebe in verschiedener Reihenfolge. Er ist der Meinung, dass die Musik Grundlage, Ursache und Im- puls für schöpferisches Schaffen ist und dass ein Mensch nicht im Stande ist zu musizieren, wenn er nicht verliebt 424 ГОДИШНИК ДЕП. „ЧУЖДИ ЕЗИЦИ И КУЛТУРИ“, Т. 1 (2018) Калинка Минкова,
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