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Hist Orical Diction Ar Y of B Ulg Aria HDBulgariaOFFLITH.qxd 5/12/06 10:22 AM Page 1 EUROPE HISTORY HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE, NO. 46 DETREZ SECOND EDITION Few states have fought as hard or as long for establishment as the Republic of Bulgaria. Over the centuries, Bulgarians have created their Dictionary Historical own principalities, kingdoms, and republics only to have them crushed by stronger entities, such as the Byzantine and Ottoman empires. Recently, the communist regime was largely dominated by and overly submissive to the Soviet Union. About 15 years ago, a new republic arose and began revamping the economy, reviving political life, and forging a new place in Europe. of bulgaria This second edition of Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria contains more than 600 cross-referenced entries on Bulgarian historical periods, places, terms, organizations, events, and personalities. The number of entries dealing with historical figures and events has increased and all of the first edition entries are updated. The newest insights of Bulgarian historiography, as practiced in Bulgaria and abroad, are also reflected. In addition, the book includes a brief introduction to Bulgarian history from the earliest times through 2005 (including the formation of the cabinet); a chronology of Bulgarian history; lists of Bulgarian political parties, administrations, and leaders; and several maps. A comprehensive bibliography facilitates further reading. bulgarIA Raymond Detrez is professor of East European and cultural history, and director of the Centre of Southeast European Studies at Ghent University. He is the author of several specialized books and studies on nationalism, national identity, and ethnic conflict in the Balkans. For orders and information please contact the publisher SECOND SCARECROW PRESS, INC. A wholly owned subsidiary of EDITION The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-4901-3 RAYMOND DETREZ 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 ISBN-10: 0-8108-4901-1 Lanham, Maryland 20706 90000 1-800-462-6420 • fax 717-794-3803 www.scarecrowpress.com 9 780810 849013 06-154 (01) FM.qxd 5/8/06 2:00 PM Page i HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE Edited by Jon Woronoff 1. Portugal, by Douglas L. Wheeler. 1993. Out of print. See No. 40. 2. Turkey, by Metin Heper. 1994. Out of print. See No. 38. 3. Poland, by George Sanford and Adriana Gozdecka-Sanford. 1994. Out of print. See No. 41. 4. Germany, by Wayne C. Thompson, Susan L. Thompson, and Juliet S. Thompson. 1994 5. Greece, by Thanos M. Veremis and Mark Dragoumis. 1995 6. Cyprus, by Stavros Panteli. 1995 7. Sweden, by Irene Scobbie. 1995 8. Finland, by George Maude. 1995 9. Croatia, by Robert Stallaerts and Jeannine Laurens. 1995. Out of print. See No. 39. 10. Malta, by Warren G. Berg. 1995 11. Spain, by Angel Smith. 1996 12. Albania, by Raymond Hutchings. 1996. Out of print. See No. 42. 13. Slovenia, by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj and Carole Rogel. 1996 14. Luxembourg, by Harry C. Barteau. 1996 15. Romania, by Kurt W. Treptow and Marcel Popa. 1996 16. Bulgaria, by Raymond Detrez. 1997. Out of print. See No. 46. 17. United Kingdom: Volume 1, England and the United Kingdom; Volume 2, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, by Kenneth J. Panton and Keith A. Cowlard. 1997; 1998 18. Hungary, by Steven Béla Várdy. 1997 19. Latvia, by Andrejs Plakans. 1997 20. Ireland, by Colin Thomas and Avril Thomas. 1997 21. Lithuania, by Saulius Suziedelis. 1997 22. Macedonia, by Valentina Georgieva and Sasha Konechni. 1998 23. The Czech State, by Jiri Hochman. 1998 24. Iceland, by Gu∂mundur Hálfdanarson. 1997 25. Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Ante Cuvalo. 1997 26. Russia, by Boris Raymond and Paul Duffy. 1998 27. Gypsies (Romanies), by Donald Kenrick. 1998 28. Belarus, by Jan Zaprudnik. 1998 29. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, by Zeljan Suster. 1999 30. France, by Gino Raymond. 1998 06-154 (01) FM.qxd 5/8/06 2:00 PM Page ii 31. Slovakia, by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. 1998 32. Netherlands, by Arend H. Huussen Jr. 1998 33. Denmark, by Alastair H. Thomas and Stewart P. Oakley. 1998 34. Modern Italy, by Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nilsson. 1998 35. Belgium, by Robert Stallaerts. 1999 36. Austria, by Paula Sutter Fichtner. 1999 37. Republic of Moldova, by Andrei Brezianu. 2000 38. Turkey, 2nd edition, by Metin Heper. 2002 39. Republic of Croatia, 2nd edition, by Robert Stallaerts. 2003 40. Portugal, 2nd edition, by Douglas L. Wheeler. 2002 41. Poland, 2nd edition, by George Sanford. 2003 42. Albania, New edition, by Robert Elsie. 2004 43. Estonia, by Toivo Miljan. 2004 44. Kosova, by Robert Elsie. 2004 45. Ukraine, by Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, and Myroslav Yurkevich. 2005 46. Bulgaria, 2nd edition, by Raymond Detrez. 2006 06-154 (01) FM.qxd 5/8/06 2:00 PM Page iii Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria Second Edition Raymond Detrez Historical Dictionaries of Europe, No. 46 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2006 06-154 (01) FM.qxd 5/8/06 2:00 PM Page iv SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2006 by Raymond Detrez All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Detrez, Raymond, 1948– Historical dictionary of Bulgaria / Raymond Detrez.— 2nd ed. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of Europe ; no. 46) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-4901-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-4901-1 1. Bulgaria–History–Dictionaries. 2. Bulgaria–Chronology. I. Title. II. Series. DR65.D48 2006 949.9003–dc22 2005034747 First edition by Raymond Detrez, European Historical Dictionaries, No. 16, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, MD, 1997 ISBN 0-8108-3177-5 ϱ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. 06-154 (01) FM.qxd 5/8/06 2:00 PM Page v Acknowledgments The first edition of this Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Bulgaria was prepared in the mid-1990s when Bulgaria was going through the most turbulent years of its recent history—the transition from a Soviet- style communist dictatorship with a centrally planned economy to a modern Western parliamentary democracy with a free-market economy. It was an unrewarding task to write a historical dictionary of Bulgaria at that particular time. Many personalities from the communist period, al- though performing their swan song, were still playing prominent parts in Bulgarian politics, while it was still unclear who of the many newcom- ers would finally win a lasting place in Bulgarian history. The same ap- plied to the plethora of political parties and movements that mush- roomed. Most of them turned out to be ephemeral, but at that moment it was impossible to predict which of them would develop into sustainable formations and which ones would disappear almost without a trace. As a result, the 1997 first edition of the Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Bulgaria, which was intended to reflect “contemporary history” as well, included many entries that have subsequently become obsolete. There was more. In the mid-1990s, Bulgarian historiography itself underwent a period of transition as well. Previously unknown docu- ments were published for the first time; well-known historical events and developments were reinterpreted; some young historians and soci- ologists dared challenge “sacrosanct historical truths.” This particular dynamic of Bulgarian historiography was also reflected in the 1997 edi- tion of the Historical Dictionary, although many of the discussions were still going on at the time. This new edition of the Historical Dictionary is compiled in a time of slow but steady economic recovery and relative political stability in Bulgaria. It offers better opportunities for a serene assessment of per- sonalities, organizations, and events to be included in a book like this. v 06-154 (01) FM.qxd 5/8/06 2:00 PM Page vi vi • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dictionary is not intended to diminish the first edition, which re- mains a reliable guide through Bulgarian history and a valuable source of information about the early years of Bulgarian transition, but rather to stress the particular nature of this new edition. In this volume, due at- tention is paid to contemporary facts and developments, but in a more selective way, from a genuine “historical” point of view. Many of the entries in the first edition have been omitted from this edition, and even more new entries have been added. Almost all of the entries of the first edition that have remained were updated, adjusted, and—whenever necessary—corrected. Information on important new facts and insights that Bulgarian and foreign historians brought to the fore have been in- corporated in this second edition to the extent that they are of interest to a non-specialized readership. The author 06-154 (01) FM.qxd 5/8/06 2:00 PM Page vii Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff ix Acronyms and Abbreviations xi Maps xvii Chronology xxi Introduction xliii Reader’s Note xlv THE DICTIONARY 1 Bibliography 499 Appendixes A. Rulers of Bulgaria 609 B. Bulgarian Prime Ministers and Their Terms of Office 615 C. Bulgarian Political Parties and Organizations 619 D. Bulgarian Cabinets November 1989 to Present 627 About the Author 637 vii 06-154 (01) FM.qxd 5/8/06 2:00 PM Page viii 06-154 (01) FM.qxd 5/8/06 2:00 PM Page ix Editor’s Foreword In 1990, after the collapse of the Soviet Empire, a new Republic of Bul- garia emerged.
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