This document consists of 1 page Cnpy No. /of 150 Serios A

RADIOLOGICAL IVA RFLRE

STAFF STUDY

JUNE - AUGUST 1948

COIJTElJTS

Agenda

Tho RV Program - Becommondntions and Conclusions

Appendix A - Factors Determining Choico of Radiation for IU

Appendix B - Physiological Dosage Rcquiromonts for Internal and Extornal Irradiation

Appondix C - Production of Ihdionctioo lhtorials

I Appendix D - Contamination Requirements for hdiological Vfarfaro 3'

I, ... Appendix E - Shielding lcquirommts for Air Deliver?, L, Appendix F - Munitions for hdiologiccl ';Iarfnre

Appondix G - ihndiological Dofanso

Appendix H - U-235 E:c;,ondituro for hdiolosical Warfaro (Top Socrot) - On file in Division of Llilitary Application, AEC

Appendix I - Seaurity Clnssification of klndiological 'Uarfnro

Apponndix J - Evaluation of Rndioloyicnl ',Jarfaro (Top Secret) - On filo in Division of liilitary Applicntion, LEC

Appondix K - Racommcndctions for Pcrmnnont Program

t 1837bb . 931131 - 37 .I

Joi:it .W - AEC Panel on Radiological Warfare

Agenda for Meeting of August 29, 1948

9:OO A.M., Room 213 Public Health Building l9Ol Constitution Ave., IW

0900 Panel convenos.

Approval of minutes of previous meeting.

Outlino of the work of the Comrnissio~~’~€UT Staff during June - August l9f+E.

I200 Recess for Lunch. hlembors afforded opportunity to study Appendices portaining to Staff Is recon:mendations and conclusions.

1600 Panel reconvenes.

Discuss ion.

Executive session to vote formal recommendations et the call of the Chairnian.

.m 931131- 44 .. ,

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I__I-- 'rogram, June - hup,ust 194 ...... ~.

-.A"-_ The Joint Panel on Radio1.ogical Warfare has been requested by the Atomib Energy Cornmission and by the Iiatiorml Eilitary Establishment to rake 8 survey of the possibilities of radiological warfare and to make reconmendations as to feasibility with a view to tke pdssible inauguration of a program on this subject. The objective of the AEC !"lashington Staff has been to accumulate data and to pre'pare a report which would serve as a basis for making the aforementioned recomondations.

Much of the information necessary for makinp, recommendations was not available at the beginning of the surnn..er, parts are still not available. On the other hand the picture has now been considerably clarified and it is not believed that further infcrmntion v:culd materially chenge the situation as regards the next fe:v years.

Recommendations concerning the desirability of instituting an extcnsjve prosrnm on radiologic31 warEnre must be based on the following points: 1) Dosngcs requircd to produce vnrious physiological effects; 2) The deKrees of contamination which must be achieved so that persons occupying an fires will rcceived dosages sufficient to producc effects of niilitory value; 3) the present and poter,tial productive cnpocity for radio:~ctivi.c lcmants suitablc for rndiclogicnl warfare; 4,) the status of thc developecnt of munitions cnd othor dovicc's suitnble for nchieving the dcsired contaminaticn either on cnomy tarKcts or on nrcns for which cvacuntion by friendly troops is plonned; 5) thc possibility of using these dcvi ccs in worfarc; 6) thc status of protcctivc! and dccontnminntion mcnswcs.

Data for points l), Z), and 3) arc essential to provide an sstjrpate as to whether or not the cmount of rnsterial which could be made nveilnblc is sufficient to be of imnortnnoc in a militnry sense. Under point 2) it is essential to includc probability factors since no dcvicc could ~verbe developed which would cnsurc uniform contamination. Errors of aiming and logistics providc still furthcr fcotors, often difficult to assess, by which the desired. amount must be multiplied to give thc ornount which must be produccd to providc on the cv-rngc thc contcmin2tion of unit crca. Thc:s;! factors cunnot bc estimated with high precision and no attempt has bccn nude to include them quantitntivcly in the roport. It is evidcnt, hov:cver, thot productive ccpncity is at prcscnt mcirginal, i.0. it is by no mcc-ns certair. that unless productive cnpncity can be expanded an extensive program on offensi-e radiological wnrfsre would be warranted. Even 7 with the potential productive capacity which could bc visunlized for tho rcla- tively long range future it is ncccssory to i..:cognizc that radiological warfare would have to be confined to highly irr,portnnt t-rgets nnd that the nrcas which could bc contaniinntcd would prob3bly not be decisive in n militnry sensz.

Thc disscrninntion problem hns occupied the attention of thc Staff to 0 grcntcr dcgrcc than any othzr sincle phssc of the prosram. The solution of this problem sntisfactory to the militnry will be very difficult, but the obvious lincs of nppronch ~GVCbear, indicated by the results prosciitcd by various cooperoti!ig cgcncics. It is evident thot an cxtcnsive dcvclopmcnt r.nd ficld , testin: program is nccossnry beforc n satisfactory dcvicc would emerge. The use of radiological wirfarr: to contamirntc limited areas which or:! to be avncuatcd by friccdly troops is undoubtedly fcnsible but will be considerably complicatpd by the problems of logistics. If ccrtein areas or0 to bo subject to a planned evacuation as soon as hostilities start the logistic problems could bc solved, but random rind unpremeditatod use rfter the start of hostilities v;ould bc of doubtful vnluc in view of the mnny problcms which would hnvo to be solvod.

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I183I88 .! Extcrsive stiidics could bo rnodc for decontnrnineting arcns which heve beon contnminatod by methods visualized for use by the 6il.itary Estoblishrnont of tho Unitod States, but if usc of this typc of warfare by n potc1:ticl eneniy is feared the studios must bo comprchensivc enough to cover 011 othor mothods which he might use. For the moment this problem is probnbly not urgont, but an orderly prop-nm is essentinl. Pcrsounel protcction fnlls in thrcc cotcgories: 1) Prc- vcntion of the zntry of redionctivc substonccs into the body (mnsks, clothing, otc.; 2) Evncuttion of porsor.ni.1 not csscntinl to dccontnmination ni;d proper cor') of personnel who must ivork in thc urea to prcvcnt ovorexposure; 3) Decon- tnrniration. Thc first of thofie thrcc mottnrs is in gocd shcpc! and the cffactive- ness of tho devices depi.nds, in roelity, on sufficient det?ctirlg dovicFs being nonilable to provide ndequntc vrcrning of dncgcr. The sooorid is n mtter of cnroful plnnning by ci-~iliendcfcnse ogoncic-s and is the subjact today of careful study. The third j.s diffioult. It hos nlrocdy bccn the subject of extensive study by the Navy nnd by tho agencies of the Atcrnic EnorEy Commission. Furthcr rvork is nuedod.

The Staff hos found it neccssnry to obtain dntn from various sources and is very appr:.ciativc of the cxccllent cooperction it has received both from instollctions and cgencics of thc Armod Scrviccs nnd of tho Atomic Energy Comr.ission. Sow of tho pcrtincnt Jotn are ns follows: 1) Probcblc dose rc- quircd for scrious physiologiczl effects on pmn. The groups at the University of Rochastcr, thc University of Cillifornie, ond thc Univcrsity of Chicago have bean vory helpful in this connection; 2) The dosege VS. distnnce curve for c point scurcc of a gemme cmitter. The effect of scuttcrcd rndiation was unknown ocd could r;ot bo cnlculatod with cartciinty. The Ook Ridso 14::tional Laborntories hevo bocn very cooperativo in 3btoining thcso rl!ita nnd in cclrryirp, out p. tcst with sources distributed on a crid to oscertcin whcthcr area dosa:;es could be' ' cnlculatod qunntitntively from or.lucs for point sourccs; 3) The effect of gcmm rcdintion on high ~~pl~siv~s,dctmrtors, fiizes, ctc. Iriforrnntion of this type would bc essential if cny muniticr. were to be IlcvelnpeC which would involve burs tcrs, ejection ch?.r,?c-s, proximity fuzes, ctc. Thc Los Alamcs Labc,rntory, the Oak Ridgo l.iati3r.01 Lnbcrntsry, tho Nntioxr.1 Bureau of Stfindcrds, tho Chcnical 'flnrfe.rc Cc?nt,?r, urd P.berzlccn Proviny, Ground r.11 al3od in obtaining vnrious p3rts of this informotion; 4) Trcscnt :$r~i pctsntial prcductiv? copacity. The Oak Ridgo iqr!ti;nnl Lnbor".t.ry end the G:.wrnl Eloctric Crmpar:y, IInnf3rrl Engineer 'Jxks furnishzd ect3 nxl pcrfxmcd colculntisrs cn theso mcttors; 5) Rnrfinti3n scnttcr- ing, shiol3ir.g, ond muniti::ns rcquirom,-nts nore bnscl 5n dctn suppliod by tha Onk Ridgo Iietionol Lnboratnry. The uid furnished by tho Rand Project 16s nls:, incnluablc; 6) Munitions dovclopment. l'hs Army Chcmicel Center and the Chemical Ccrps instollctisn at Cornp Dotrick desorva pcrticular crodit f3r cnrrying forxsrj a difficult program un-ler high prizrity; 7) Dccmtnrnirrotion. The hrmy Chemj.cel Ccntcr and the Nnvy instclloticc et Iiuntcr's Point cerriod cut sevcrol tests dosigned to show the effectivpness of cosily svnileblo mcthcds; R) The Armod Forces Spocinl Wonpons Prajoct focilitnto2 c,>utccts with the Armed Services 6x1 rvorkod intimtcly with the Stcff, ir. tho prenerotion cf this Report nnd its Append ices.

The rccxnrr,en3?ti3,ns tc thc Pancl by the Staff wore the subject of long discussion 0.d cf uanninous ngrocrnont. The figures for dcssge, while subject to considoroblo unccrtair,tics, \&,illprobably r,$t be chnngo.3 by future work oncugh to ivarrcnt serious rcvisipn of the cstimete of rnjiclcgicel vmrfere capsbilities. The factor most npt t3 chongo during the next few yeers is the Q'btitUdo tovmrd methods of dolivery. Prescnt thinking by tho Air F'crce is 13-

confined almost solely to high altitude niissions, c1thour;h an occnsional low altitude mission is possible for short clistonces (not t:, excsed 700 miles). Tho cost of high altitude missions is ccntinuF.lly increasing nn:j it is impzssiblo to predict what the situction ;?.ill b:? in five to toi ycgrs. hay &roIJp charged with the responsibility jf Idevolopii:=, disserninstion dovioes must keep abrccst cf chanring attitudcs c.n this subject.

TI:e goncral ccnclusions of the Ltmic Enr.rgy Gxrmissinn Yiczhir-gtsn Staff are to the off'cct tLat s progron or, radii:loCicnl v:nrferc is ossolitinl, but thot cnc shoulj bc v?ry carofcl ?ict to rissurnc thnt this type of norfarr: erould be revo1utior:ary or that it wcluld of itsolf bo n docisivc (-:lcnir,nt iu nny largo scslo conflict.

This rcport is bnsod upon tho wcrk cnd studS.cs cf the foll-wing:

I, *E. c * h .F .s .':I .P . --RiA;N D Dr. 'ti. Albert Nqyos, Jr. Dr. Hcrbcrt Scqvillr Dr. E. H. Plosset Dr. Warren Winscho Mcj. iV, 'Vi, Stone Mr. S, T. Cchon Dr. B. A. Fries Dr. ElGcr J. Murphy Lt. Col, S. J. Efnor Maj. Mexqvrell Dnuer

% 931131- 47 Recomnendctions of the Joint AEC-WlE Tone1 on Ibdiological Warfnrs

August 29, 1948

1: Thct tho Joint Chiefs of Staff bo informod that prescnt productivo

cnpr.city either of fission products or of synthetic rndioolements nnd tho

present stnto of ncthods of dissominntion nro such as to mako impossiblo tho

offcnsivo us0 of rndiologicnl vmrfnro for a poriod of at loast two ycnrs nnd

probnbly longcr;

2. That tho Joint Chiefs of Staff bo furthor informod that for the yoors

immcdintcly following the pcriod stbted in rccomnondction 1, tho shortago of

rnvi nntcrinl nnd producti~ocr,pc.city will limit thc uso of radiologicnl vrnrfnro

to cnrefully solectcd torgots and thct its usc would probnbly not bo a docisive

factor in n ridljor cor.flict;

3. Thnt tho USG of rndiocctivc mntorinln to clcny localizcd nrons end

importnnt infitnllntions during plcnncd cmicur;tion should bo mado fmsiblo in

cbout two ycnrs;

4. Thnt mnin nttcntion bc diroctcd to tho use of gnmma amittors for .

offons 0;

5. Thr.t studics on c lcborntory scc,lo only on other typcs of cmitters

bo contiriuod and th::t tho question of thoir us0 for offonso nnd for sabotago

bo rcopmod whon and if thc dntn so .:mrrnnt;

6. Thr.t primo rosponsibility for tho dovaloprncnt of disscminntion

nothods bo dclogutcd to tho Nationcl MilitorJ Estnblishmcnt;

7. Thr.t rosponsibility bo placotl within tho Ilntionrl Militnry Establish-

mont in such n wa;. ond r.t such n lovsl LIE to onsurc prosocution of a vigorous

program cnd of coordinr.tion of its vcrjous rolntcd pnrts; 1183111 931131- 49 8. Thai; tho prcgrnm ho such 2,s to cnsurc de-nlopsicnt if possible of

sntisfactcry disscnination mothcds within n period of two ycnrs;

9. Thst dovclopmcnt of yrotcction, dctcctix;, cnd doccntnminotion

mca.Turcs bc cnrricd forivclrd and thit ndequntc stcps bc tnkcn to cnsuro

assipnmcnt of rcsponsibility for tho rrnrious pzrts of this progrnm;

10. Thnt the Atomic GnorC;y Ccmnission assumo the responsibility for othcr '

I '...;/

phnses of thc proynm, particularly as rclatod tcl production, studics of ..I

.. . biologicel cffccts, otc. .. 11. Thst in the Atomic Enorzy Comnissicn progrm of rcnctor devclopmont ..

n high pricrity be sivon to rcscnrch an2 Ievciopincnt lending to tho incrcase

ir, production caycity of mntcrinls for radiologicnl wnrfaro;

12. Thnt thc scpar-ticn Of fissioi: products (Zr and Cb) from Redox

solutions be invcsti!;ntcd with such priority cis to cnsurc ccmplction of tho

lnborntory stsgcs within one ycar;

13. Thnt thc entire progrcn bc rcvivwod durinp; tho fall of 1949 to

asccrtnin whether in thc liEht cf thc tiic:: stctus of the offensive and dofensivo

progrnms a rocormngndntion should bo mada to cstnblish e stockpile of 8 suitablo

gemma cmittcr for immcdinto usc in tho ovcnt of n ml;ional omcrgency;

14. Thr.t the so'vcrnl Fhcscs of rndi3loL;icsl warfare be roclassificd a8

sot; forth ir. kppcnclix I; to the cnd that thc IiTational Llilitcry Establishment

and other intercstcd npncj.cs may adcquntely pursue progr5ms for civilian and

othcr dcfcnsc;

15. Thnt this Pancl hold XIO fuythor meetin? on Pionday, Docembcr 6, 1948,

to nsccrtnin what tictier, hns bccn t9lcon on the nbovc rcccrmncridations and to mako

such further rcoc:nncndntinns ns mny appocr advisnblc nnci with n view to tho

probnble iclischorC;c! of the Pnncl at thlit timc,

1183172 -2- 931131- %- I

I

11, Conclusions :

A. Type of hitter

1. Tho offocts of nlphb arid betn omittors ns vren?ons would be

uncertain, tho Fhysiological cffocts long dolaye? sxcept in tho rnro cvont

of hcavy oqosuro, nnd the "humano" aspects would bo complctaly oliminntod.

2. Gnmna emitters are tho only typo which ai)penr feasible for

radiolo~icnlwarfare becnuso they do not donnnd entrance into or contRct

with th3 body.

3. The sopnrntion of fission products from the ?roscnt Hnnford

waste 1s considerod ta bo feasi1;lo but not atlvisnblc bocnuso the present

procoss is to bo discontinuod an6 in nny cnso vroulr! involve considerablo

resoarch and the construction of nmr plants.

4. Evaporation or roduction ir. volumo of Hariford wcste solutions

by any sim?le procoss wquld lead to a product difficult to dissominnte

bocause of its bulk. Soprntion of the rolatively pu~efission products

should oliminato this difficulty.

5. Tho bost ~a~memittor new visunlizcrd for syr-thotic production

in prosont or i-rrojected piles is rndioactivo Ta. Othor passihlities sh.>ulL- /- be cor.siderod, hut nwe socm to holi! Kreater ?remise. Zr and Ch are the

host Karma enittors nmong tho fission ;,roducts.

B. Losage and Contnminntion Donsity

6. Tvro types of targsts noy bo visualized: (n) hirhly s?ocializod

tnrgots of small aron, i.o., one squnro milo or loss; (b) largo tcrgots, such

ns smnll cities or GFprociable fractions of lnrgo citios, i.o., areas of ton

or more squoro miles. Tho dosaco which must be nttained to be of military 11831V sipificnncc for smnll nrea targ~tsmust bo much lnrgor, porha~stu?- to 100 times larKer, thnn for larec nrcn tnrgots for which tho minimum effoctivo

cxposuro is bclioved to bo 30r for nersonnel per 24 hour day.

7. The nmount of rnfiocctivo matorin3 for random 1:istrihutSon would

bo more than thnt which wiluld bo nocessary with c~m7lotolyunifwm distribu-

tion. A factor whichwould give 50 pcrcant chance of covcring 80 percont of

the oren to the propcr extentehould beused. A further factorxmust be ktroducod

hbufitupnreas where tho po?ulaticn waul(! s?ontl on ap2rocinblc fraction of tho 24 hours shioldod in or ty huildine,s. 2 may bo as Great; as 100.

8. If 5 = 3, it is concluder! thqt lnreo nron targets, such as

cities of 100,000 tcj 1,000,000 irhnbitants would have to bo coritnoinntod to tho extont of about 1 megacurie per square mile. The use of even this qunn-

tity will permit a dctarminod enmy to rsnain in tho nrm for sufficiont

porioh ?f tino to carry on fiecnntaminntion, Rnd c?prucinblo fractions of .- tho area could bo occu;!icd inr!efinitel:r. In any case serious offacts would not bo observed for n Feriod of one to two weeks, mnd lothnl dnses vmuld he

acquired by many inhabitants of the nrca.

9. It is concludod thit it viould not ho profitnble to coctnminsto nn area of loss than ten square miles of c~ lares city at 30r por 24 hour . thy, thus necossitatinz tho usc of ton megncuries ond Con planes.

10. The psycholo~icaloffect of rnids with this weapon at exposuro

levels below that which ivroul? produco wmistnknblo physiolozicnl effects is

difficult to Tradict, nnr! it is cr.ncludorl thnt nt lcnst tho first (nnd perlinps all lator) raids would have to i>rovido levels of contcminntlcn adoquatc to produce rcal rosults. !I detorrnincd enemy would probobly quickly learn how to opornte in area8 not contaminotcd adcquotciy.

931131- ').7 11. Contnninstion of an nrca to such an extant r6s to prevent

travorsal oithor in notor vchiclcs or on foot is not feasible; A dosace

level of ovon 3,000r per 24 hour day r,oul rive only 30r for a 15 minute

Foriod. The Rroa to ho traversod would, thoreforo, have to te nt least 1 milo

in dinmotor for norsms on foot and 7 to 8 milos in dinnetor for motor

vehicles. Ever. thcn fcvr if any ?orsons trnvorsinr the nren wnulc' hnve n itico-

a5le efftcts, ur.d none 1voulC1 becomo serious casunltios

12. It is beliovoc! that attncks on tnricets, such as submnrino pens

nnd nthor buildings with thick stono or cement walls, would not bo effective.

13. Open targets, such as rnilwny mrshnllinp ynrrls, nn9 othor

limited tarcets such as power stctions, key f

attacked by hich cxplosivo and cont3ninotod simultlnoously or subscqucntly

with rndioactiva nmtorinls. An exFssuro 2f 5000r '?cr 24 hour day to mnke

working periods unsnfo if lon,-or than 30 minutes would seriously hindor

repair of damnee.

14. 110 account has boon taken of lopistics nnd of orrnrs in niming

in arrivinp. ct the nl-3ve fiEurcs. The numbor of mcp,acurics required for each

tnsk nust bo multiplied Ly an9ther fcctor 1 to obtain tho numbor of mopcuries

which must bo loader! into jilanos to nccomplish a Riven tnsk. Estimates of -y wry from 2 to 20. This factor v~ould, of course, npe? to- attacks with other wen3ons.

C. Productive Capncity

i. Fission Products

15. The proscnt mnxinun productivo capacity of fission product e,omrr.n

emitters (Zr - Cb) is about 1 me(;ncurio per vroek. The equilibrium stockpile f I83115 would bo about 10 mopcuries. If tho entire stockpile wore used at-onco, this

L,u:iL:1 NND 931131- " .. would bo baroly adoquatc to covor onc large ar'ea tnrget of nl-outlOsquaro milos. This could be repeated approximately every 3 months. Noglccting bombing nccuracy this qunntity rroulii be sufficiont to cover atout 1/3 Square mile of moll area target overy S months (par. 13).

ii. Tn Froduction Using Ekcess Iloncti-rity at hnford

16. If nll currently avnilable ~~XCGSSreactivity at Ihnford wero used and if all sjbocic.1 irradiations (oxcopt Po) wero discontinued, the mnxinwp productivo cnpncity for To would bo aFmt 1 mogncurio per month. The equilibrium stockpilo would be chout 5 negncuries. Even if thg wholo stock- pile wero usoc' at onco it would ncvcr contaninato a larco nroa tarcot sntis- fnctorily and woulc! caver only about 1/6 squnro mile of small area target por year.

iii. Tn Prcducticn in Enrichcd Hanford Piles

17. Tho mxinum productivo capflcity for Ta in a singlo Hanford pilo can bo ohtainor! by roplacinp. nll liraniurn with U235 and Tn. Such a pilo could maintain a stockpile of 200 megncuries. In removing Tn frsm the equilibrium stook:?ilc tho daily mithdrnnnl rate with maintenance of tho stockpilo vrmld nmount tc nbout 0.5 mop,ncuric por dny. Tho daily rate cmld bo increased by dischnrgins Tn more frequcntly but this would result in lowor snecific ncti- oity. Such n pilo would provent about 1600 kg. of U235 from being nvnilablo at any cno timo for other Furposos, such !:s atomic bgmbs, and vrould consume about 0.3 kj;. U235 par day. FIith this prsductive cnpncity n largo area targot of 15 - 20 square milos could be contaminated oach month, only about one fiquare milo could bo covarod as smll area targots oach month. Using tho whole stcckpilo at onco 230 squaro milos of largo arcn target and nbout 7 . squaro miles of small area targets could bo ccntnminatod.

- ~.NND931131-qq -17-

iv. Tn Production in High Flux deactors

18. Tlith a 30 megawott high flux reactor a stockrile of 13 mopcuries could .bo ostntlished. Tho daily discharge roto at maxixum specific rccctioity would bo 0.03 megacurio per day. Tho mount of U236 tied up in such a pilo would bo about 50 lq. and tho c'aily consumption of U235 would he abut 30 g.

From one high flux pile the area coverage would 110 about the snmo as for Zr-

Cb fission products (par. 15). D. Munitions 19, Pellcts or cnrticles of tho order of mapnitude of 1 mm. in clinmotor soom to bo most feasible for dissemination. The use of aerosols #. or fine dusts (100 microns in dicmetor opnroximatcly), tho disscmination :)f which depends on mote,)rologicnl conditions, is not feasible bocauso of diffi- culty in nlccing on tho target.

20. Tho dovolo7mont of the toc', jquo for IONaltitude missions would reduce tho difficultios of dovoloping dissominntion methods.

21. For use duriny, tho noxt few years emphasis should ?robably bo plncod on high altitudo dolivory.

22. No presently stondardizod munition is suitnblo for dolivory of gamma mi tt ors .

23. Only on0 munition now prqjccted (a cluster type involving base ojoction shntcun sholls) nip,ht p06sll-ly bo adapted to this typo of dissominn- tion. This munition is nore in tho research than in the devolopmant stngo at the present time. Shiel?inp, prahlloms would offer some difficulty but

?robably could bo solved.

24. It is prshnble that a munition consisting of a multiple cluster can be dovolopod. 25. It is probable that n turret cwld be devcl3pei' with 20 or more

20 m. innchino guns ench firlnc small shollG of tho Snso ejoction tyy. The

disadvantnKe wn~ldbo tho rolr.tively snoll number 3f ?ursts pcr unit dis-

tonce >orpm?icular to tho directicln of flicht of the plcno, but tho

ndvnntagos would be uniformity of pattorn and control of the pttorn. Tho

problem of shioldint in a plane cnrrying ?ersonnel unl0~6tho personnel

wore localized in one part of the plano would bo wry rrent.

I t 83178 NPTE 931131- rl w!! t t' , APPEMDIX -4

FACTOE DEXT~UMINGCHOICE OF RADIATION FOR RADIOLOGICAL WARFARE

General Considerations

The military tasks proposed for radiological weapons include denial of either specific treas or general torrain and casualty production. All three typos of natural radioactivity (elpha, beta and garrmn) are potentially usoful for purposes of radiological warfaro. Tho solaction of one or more of those radiations must bo bascd on physical oharactaristics such as penotrating powor and half-life, on relative biological offectivcnese of thoso radiations, and on ability to disscminnte theso radioactivo matorials for optimum biological rcsults. Iimodiato casualty production with this weapon is not feasible,

For purposes of extornal oxposure, nlpha radiation is completely ineffectivo, beta radiation hns limited uscfulcoss and, consequontly, only gam radiation is of irnportanco. For internal radintion ell throo typcs aro offoctivo, but mor0 particularly alpha and botn. Tho rolntive offoctivcnefis of various Alpha and beta omitting isotopcs is dotorminod by such factors as half-life, radiation oncrgy, offactivo half-lifo in the hody, cnd loous of doposition within tho body.

Ex& orniil Irradic.t ion

Sinco ge.mma radiation is offoctivc over long distances in air nnd through con- sidcrablo shiolding matorial, its disporsal nood not bo as uniform 0s for alpha and bota radiation. Howover, optimum disporsion of gammn emittors is ono of high uniformity,

Intarnal Irradiation

For intornal radiation alpha and beta mitting isotopes must bo introduced into tho body, tho mothods of ontry being inhalction snd ingostion, For inhala- tion, tho matorial must bo set up in tho form of e.n ncrosol or fino dust, thus requiring largo amounts of matcrinl for cxtcmivc arm oovorrigo. Tho offoct would bo subjoct to mcteorological conditions and tho rrutorial mny bo too widely disseminatod for optimum biological results. Tho proper pnrticlo sizo for most officiant distribution mny bo difficult to obtain, whilo good porsonnl protcction is affordod by prdsontly standQrdizod gns rrasks or colloctivo protoctors. For ingostion, contnmination of food and rvnter supplios my bo ccnsidcrcd. Gcstro- intostinal absorption of most availahlo nntorials is vory low. That which is absorbod is usunlly woll rotninod, hovo:.or, hg tho bono, $0 that tho rat03 of elimination from tho skolctori aro gonorclly loss thnn tho ratos of radiocctioe deoay. If locnl food supplios art' cor.tamin~tod, food nllght bo importcd from ul-nF~'*~ctiulni Una. If t.110 onmd cnnnot bo done for vrntor supplies, distillation I I

is probably adoquate, In tha event thnt a rosorvoir woro contaninnted thore is soma question RS to xhether any activity would comu out the fauoots. Thero is considerablo opportunity for tho radioactivity to bo removod by ndsorption on dirt particlos or by plant life or in :rator purificntion (flocculation) systtms.

"kcuto" offccts from alpha and beta cuttors would roquiro large amounts of radioootivity, probably of the ordor of rr.illicuries for alpha matorials and tcns or hundrods of millicurios of beta rr.ntori3ls in the lungs or gnstro-intostirial tract, Chronic, long-dulayed affects night requiro dosos only ono-hundrodth or one-thousandth as groat, but such dolayod effects would hardly influcnco tho imodiato military situation. Tho psychological factor might bo of somo impor- tunce hero, but without inunodicte domonstrntion of sickness or fntalitics, this factor is difficult to assess.

Conclusions

1. Ektcrnal garma radiation is tho most suitnblo typo for radiological war- fnre, Such rndintion is affective over long distances and disporsnl of gama miittors presonts fmior problems than the dispersal of alpha or beta omittors. hposure to the rudiation is unavoidable (cxcopt insofar as attenuation by buildings, otc., occurs) and thoro is no porsonnl dofcnso oxcopt that of distanco and dacontnminntion.

2. Incorporation of alpha nnd betn emitting mntorial into tho body is probably tho locLst prcdictablo form of rndiologiccl rvnrfflro. Evon though tho mntorial vay bo dissminatod in a suitabla mnnnor, many individuals will bo unaffected bocnuso of tho possibilitias of porsonnl dofcnsc. hrthwmoro, tho physical form of alpha and bota omitting mntorinl most likoly to cause ir.tornn1 contamination is probably tho form most cusily docontaninatod.

3. Tho production of long dolnyod (i.0. yoars) biological CffQCtS from in- tornel contamination doe6 not constituto n charactoristic dosirod of rndiological weapons. It should -. jiotod that ovcn vihoro extornal gamma rndintion is tho primary goal, some intornnl effects may be producod as a rosult of accidontal incorporntion of such patorials into tho body.

4. Thoro is considcrnblo nuisance mluo to tho dissemination of large nnounts of bota activity. Although tho rnngc in air of this radiation is n mattor of only a fow foot, it ncvortheloss constitutes an axtcrnal radiation hazard.

5. Tho widosproad dissominntion of long-lived nlphn nntorinl in the form of a dust night produco a prolongad, continuous hazard. The rosults ore unprodictable, but this typo of contnminntion night bo usuful in a vary longthy conflict nnd whore occupntion by f'riondly troops is not antici- pated for n long timo.

-A-2- 1183180

931131- S3 PHYSIOLOGICAL DOSAGE REQUIRE%fEX?l'S ."OR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL IRRADIATION

Intornal Alpha and Bota hitting Contnlr.innn&

Estirrates of tho "toxicity" of intornal clpha and bet& omitting coiitaminnnts aro largely based on the rosults of nnincl experinontation. Tho effocts of whole body irradiation on man havo been ostimted.

The dcta for tho toxicity ostimtos of plutonium and polonium nre largoly basad on studios with rnts in which thoso nlpha onittors hove boon administared intravonously. Based on such ovidenco tho ;?:imated hwnn LD 50 3osage for polonium at 20 days is about 2.5 milicurios and at 300 days is about 0.5 milli- curio. In mnn lcss thnn lC$ of tho ingcstcd doso is absorbod. Thoro aro no doto on poloniun inhalation in man, but possibly 30-80$ cay bo oxpectod to bo rctnined in tho lung in mnn as in tho rat. Plutonium toxici.ty studies indicato thnt Pu is nbout ono-hclf ns toxic (on n nillicurio bnsis) as Po, vrhon cdministurod intra- venously. In turn, for ncuto offects plutonium is about 25 tiinas as toxic os rndiun.

In torms of long dclnyod offccts the nmounts of thoso nlphn-onitters roquired for lethal offccts nrs vory much lcss. Tho uppor toloronco limit for plutonium fixed in tho body is 5 micrograms vrhilo the lethal linit is nbout 50 mjcrograms (3 microcurios). Tho limits for polonim havo not boun ostnblishod.

The toxic nffocts of intornnlly ndministcrcd fission product betn emitters have also bocn studiod in animn1.s. Tho nature nnd tho locus of tho toxic action is dotcrminod nninly by thc absorption of those clenonts by tho body. In genoral, these isotopcs aro poorly absorbod from tho intostinn1 trnct (with tho excaption of strontiun, bnrium, and iodino) ; however, tho absorbod portion is usually wall rotnined in tho slcoloton nnd is only slovily oliminntod. V,hoon those fission pro- ducts nro introduced diroctly into the lungs, thoso olorionts Rot roadily absorbod fron tho digostivo tract nro rotninod by tho lungs to a considcrnblo dogroo and for prolongod periods of time, In thoso COSOS tho lungs nrc pnrticularly SUS- ccptible to damago.

It is difficult to ostnblish "ncuto" toxic doscgo mlucs, but it is gencrally agrcod that tens or oven hundrods of millicuries of thoso botn miittors must bo abscrbcd for prompt offocts. Long dolayod offocts (such ns lnto bone Cunora) roquiro doses possibly only ono-tk,ousC.ncith 7s c,ront.

1183181 I-

d'.

Exbornal Gnm Irrcdic,tion

Date. on doses of aholc body irradiation roquircd to produco incnpncitation or death in hunnn subjocts :,re n9t reodily obtnincblo. Thcro is gcnernl agroe- mant on tho ordor of' magnitudo of doses rilquirod, but wide limits of arror aro plccod on thoso figuras. On tho basis of nvailablu data, ostimatcs havo bean mndo of ths dosagos roquircd to produce sublethcl end lethal offacts.

Tho onsct or' tho symptoms of irrc.dir\tion nnd their sovority dcpcud upon tho intensity of tho radiation, its rate of n&ninistrr.tirln, tho total dosage rOcOivod and tho individual diffcroncos with rogord to rndintion rcsistanco to bo found among any population. Tho symptoms vary (with incronsing dcgroe of severity) through the following stcgos: no nc?ticochle cffoct, fntiguc, nclusea with fntiguo, vomiting with prostration, comploto prostrnticn and death.

The factor of snfety botwccn spptomtic dosos and lothnl dosos is vory smcll. Dosos that tire capablo of producing nnusen in r. fcx days may provo lcthnl to a fair proportion of tho populntion. VJitii 1ovr intensity of dose a 1Gthnl mount mey hrkvo boon nccmulntcd hofora prostrction occurred.

Sinco most cstirnotos of hmcn irrcdictiori flre br.sod on oxporimntation with other rnnmals, some portinont rosults of anj.mnl oxporimcnts nre discussod hare. For singlo ncuto totnl body axposures tho following ncdinn lothal dosos hnve bocn roportad:

Spocics LD50 Typo of Radiation ( ro cntgons ) (X-rF,y

325 200 KV 335 1000 KV

Mnncncus rhesus 500 ' 250 KV

Albino rat 600 200 Kv E50 250 KV 800 1000 KV

Rnbbit €300 200 KV

Yhori thc redintion is distributcd Gv2r n pariod nf tino, n cortclin nriount of rccovory tctkos plnco, such that an accurnulntod doso groatcr than tho single LD50 doso is roquirerl. In rats tho rcc.>vcry has boon ostimtod to bc nbout 6% pcr clay, Tho man survivnl timc of rats rscoivinp, 42 r/dny daily vio-s 48 days frm tho dnto of first oxposure; at 25 r/day, tho modian surviiml tine was 249 days. IL vory sharp break occur8 at 50 r/dr.y in n plot of monn survivnl tino vorsus dnily doso. BO~OVJ50 r/dny tho survivnl tirnu is vory prolongod; abovo 50 r/day

-E-2- NNE 931131- s.8 tho surviml time is not npprccinbly shortsnod by incronsing the amount of exposure. This is connectod with the fact thnt death is not instantanoous e7on nf'tor extronioly lnrgs sinzlo dosos. Rats which roceived 24,000 r during a pfiriod of 4 hours showod n mecn survivnl time of 3 days; nt 600 r the moan surdvnl timo WOE 10 dnys. For distributod doses a ninimun is found for the mean nccmu- lnted doso vrhon tho dosago rnto is 100 r/dc.y.

k sinilnr picture has been obtnined with dogs. Dogs rocoivinf; 40 50 !-/day of 200 KV X-rays diod nf'ter nccunulntiag nbout 900 r. Tho poriod of surviwl was nbout thc so.nc as for dogs rocoiving a singlo ocuto oxposuro (LD50 :300 r) and tho dogs showod tho snco clinicnl symptoms. Tho maximm efficiency of irroc?it?tii.n NQS sbtninod nt dosos (If 25-50 r/&.y. At lovrar rntos recovory wns sufficiorit to pornit cccunulntinn of granter dgsus, arid at hiGhor rr,tos a gror,tor totnl doso wn3 given during tho period of two or throe vrocks rquircd far donth. thnn wcs necqssiry t3 kill in thnt porind. Doscs of i:.5 r/dny or less vioro "subncuto" in their ability to kill and tho cliniccl picturo at dcith was difforont; nnomia apparrmtly being tho most likoly cause of doath.

Tho oxtrnpolation of dnto on cnilwls to .mn is not without risk; hcvrcvor, sone genornlizctions crln be :?i:cio. blost PI,IXIF,~S ccn tolornto a sing12 cxposuro of 160 r without gross effccts. i!nlniso in humnns is seon frcquontly nft:Jr vihcle body oxposuros to 100 r. Torininnl cancer pnticiits cxposcd to 10 - 20 r/day for n totnl of 300 r do not show symptoms cnsily distinguishnblc from thoso duo to their disonse.

For 'singlo ncuto oxposures of humins, thc LDS0 doso, whon adciiriisterod during n period of an hour or so, is ostimtcd to bo nbout 400 - 600 r. In orclor to account for tho dirninuticn of biologicnl effoct resulting from tho distribution of the closo ovor n longor puriocl of tino, such ns 21 hcurs, the LD50 should bo increascd about 25% to 500 - 700 r. Tho ndministrntion of the dose over P. 48 hour poriod probably nocossitntos on Rdditional incronso of 26%.

If tho lavol of ground contmiinntion woro such thnt an individunl rocoivod 10 r/dny, but irrogulnrly distribiltod, say over an 8 hour dny, no subjoctivo offocts night bo oxpoctod for c pcriod of 30 dnys or noro. Vory prolongod oxposuros at this lovcl ovcntuslly would rosult in tho dcnth of many individuals, but sinco clinical syfiiptcm would bo a very 1r;te dovolopnunt, thoro would bc littlo stimulus to lcnvs thu nron boforo a lnrgo nunbar hnd boen oxposod to fntal clsscs. If the 10001 of contnninr.tion rosultod in closes of 25 r/2ay, oxposuro mi!,ht bo tolcrr.tcd for nl; 1mst tyo wcoks, and fcw, if nny, fntalitios would ho cxpectod. Xirthor cxposuro would hrS.nE on clinical synptom r:nd a nwbor of cnsunltios. ~ndividunlsrucoivinc r:Lriir?tisn :~osngcs of 50 r/dny wc.ulci protmbly bocono lncnpacitutod cftor (1 viook cir tcii d::v? r.r,ti fntalitifJS would cipponr if tho oxposure woro continuo?.. With dosqos iio hi;;h cs 100 - 150 r/dny incnpncitntion would bo o;:poctcd In n dny ar two nnd prompt cvacuntion woulil bo inporntivo to provont lnrgo loss of lift].

-B-3- i 183183 9311.31- W The fnctor of sofety bct:.reon tho radiotion dosngc which produccs subjoctivo nymptnrns nnd thnt which produccs fatnlitics is low. Howevor, in contomplating tho dissom,ination of rndiocctivo nutorials ovcr a largo populntod nrea, random- ness of distribution will result in regions of high nnd lov rndiation intensity nnd soma individuals nay rocoivo fntnl dosos.

Conclusions

1. The sgfoty fe.ctor botvreon sy;mptoimtic and lothfil dosagos to whola body gn:?mn rndiation is small. Consequcntly, with usa of thc roletivoly long-livoi! gnr;.nn onittors being considorod for rndjo- logicnl vinrfnro purposos (Ta, Zr-Cb), there is not much dimoronce betwwn tho concepts of compliito and limited donial of tarrain. Tho levo1 of conti:minc:ticn to produce effective liwitad denial is probnbly gront onouch to rusult in conploto denial, urovidod rnlinnc o is placed sololy nr, physiological symptoms. Carcful moni- toring would pormit linitcd uso of cvon very honvily contnninnted arenG.

2. Tho dosnge requirod to produce ccisunltios rapidly is about 100 - 150 '/?by. For individunls to rccoive such dosngos, the luvol of oxposuro must bo considornbly grm2?,' I' than this. Snnller dosos will not be offoctivc until ?roloctcr! exposuro hns tnkon placo, e.t which tir.0 n grcct portion sf tho population mr.y bc doonod.

3. If Q onsunlty vroapon is r?esircd, it would bo worthwhile not to warn tho attacked. Holrevcr, if donifil of nren is dosirod, tha attacked should bo vmrned nnd incitcd to pmic if possiblo. Tho psychologiccl factor nay incroascl tho vtilue of tho vrcapon and decreaso tho expcnnd- itura of radionctivo imtorial.

Hofcronc es :

1. Project roport %le37 2. Project report ).I-1902 3. Projoct roport CF-2860 2. Lottor, J. W. €Iovrlnnd, Univorsity of Rochostor, to bjor M. Doucr, kEC, July 30, 1940 5. Srirtmnry, E.!or',ical Rcscorch Propnri, 1943-1926, A. H. Dortdv 6. J, G. Hamilton, E?etabolisin of tho Fission Products end tho Honvicst; Elonunts, RndiOlOGY 19, 325 (SCJl>t. 1947)

-B-4- t 383184 NND 931131- 57 7. A. 18. Brues, Panel bIeeting, bhy 23, 1948 8. Lottor, W. F. Bnlo nnd T. 2. Iiooncn, University of Xochoster, to W. A. Noyos,Jr., July 22, 1948 9. R. S. ,Stolio, Appendix to S-1 Comittos Roport (J. B. Concnt, A. H. Cnmpton , t:nd H. C. Uroy), 1913 10. Lottcr R. S. Stone, University of Cnlif'ornin, to B. h. Frios, AEC, August 13, 1948 11. Project Itaport CH 3875 12. Project Roport CH 3658 13. Shiolds bhrren, Panel ldecting, Thy 23, 1948 14, Lottor, F. C. kLenn, Univorsity nf Chicngo, to W. fi. Noyos, Jr., ;.E, July 29, 1948

-B-5-

-_---- JCTIOW 0 F R;.DIOACTIVE !/IATFRU*LS

ihdionctivo mnterinls for rndiological warfare purposes may bo produced by the irradiation of specific mtorials jn tho piles (ex. Po, Ta) cnd by the rucovory of :vaste products from nile oporntions (a.fission products). Tho production of one or mora radioactive mtorinls, prefornbly, should not intorfcro with othor vital produc- tion nssocir,tod vith bomb mnnufocturo.

A. Production of Alpha Ihterinls

Thoro hi-0 two clphn emittors propnro2 in sufficiont quantitios to bo of intorust as intornsl poisons. Those aro plutonium and polonium. Tho disradvantagcs of intornal alpha contnminnnts, such as difficulty of administration arid :!elayotl offccts, aro discussod in anotkior section (Appendix A). IIoivovcr, thoir ?ott;:itial. production is considered hore.

Briscd on toxicity estirmtos for Po and Pu (sea Appondix B), it is estimated that nhout lo5 "ccutti" Iothnl d,oscs of Po nnd about lo4 "acute" lothal doses of Pu cnn bo mnnufncturod daily. Thoso nmounts Rre amil- nblc, lio~~icvor,oiily by divorting nll Pu from bomb production and by utilizing most of thc cxccss ronctivity of the Hnnford pilos for Po production.

Thoso ostimatos do not tnkz into account tho incorporation of theso mtcrials into tho body. Tho 101-1ordora of incorporntion indicate that tho ovornll offoct will bo rulativaly smnll. In torrns of long dolayod oi'focts, tho numbor of lcthnl dssos may bo incrensod ahovo thoso in- dicctod horo.

E. Production of nota and Gnmrr.n kktorinls from Fission Products

Tho choriicol process wsstas from tho rJlutoniun rocovory plnnt rop- roscnt n supply of hotF. snd ~ommcctivo mtorinls. Theso fission products nro now p1r:nt vmstcs; thcro is no roquironkcnt for changes in pile opcrntions or for nbsorptian of noutrons: and thoir rocovory is tochnicnl fonsibl o.

Thoro cro two sourccs of tl?eso fission products. Tho first sourco is tho rlnily production iinsto solutions rosulting from tho processing of 3 tons of urcniun ptr c!ny. TI:c chmgoovor from tho prosent rocovary schcmo to tho Iloriox process vi11 chorigo tho nnturo of tho msto solu- tion but not tho nvcilahility of fission products. A socorid source CCllsists of tho undorground storsgo vmstos cccunulntod from sovoral yonrs oporntlon, This lrtty7r source is in D difficult condition to

NND 931131- handlo sincc tho solution is alkalinu, riuch of tho mtorinl hns procipi- tqtod out nnd tho bulk or’ the intarnodinto-livod nctivity has decayed. This mntorial might bo of sozo importance for long-lived activity when uranium rccovory from those wastos is contomplatod.

The batn nnd gnnm nctiTro isotopos of practical half-lifo, onorgy of radiation and fission yiold ere surnmnrizod in tho following tablo tciken from the ncmorandum of Swnrtout, at al, prosonted at tho hy 23, 1948, pnriol mooting. Tho data aro sumrnarizod for a 200 ton U pilo opcrnting at 250 IN for 200 days and coolod for 60 days. Sone time nust bo allowfld for processing nnd delivery, which will reduca tho activiti es 1isted .

-c-2-

I I83181 TABLE I

Fission Products

Gama Dilitting Fission Prcducts

Half Energy of Fission Yield at 60 days Stockpile Isotope Life Radiation Yield % of total Gama curies: Equilibrium Goma per ton U .kctivity -(MeV) (%) Curies (curies)

Foal5 95 35d Gz0.75 6.L 43 3.0 x lo4 1.4 x 10' Cb - To ta1 Zr Er cb 75 5.5 104 4.8 106

Eeta Emitting Fission Products

Half EnerFy of Fission Yield at 60 days stockpile Isotcpe Life Radiation Yicld $--of tctal kta curies Equilibrium BGta per ton U Activity (ikv) (e) Curies (curies)

\JI E2 -2 5 0.3 570 Y9O 65h G-0

50.35 Ce 275d G=O I ,5*3 '/ -____-- The only gama activity listed is the Zr-Cb pair, Since these isotopes represcnt 75s of the total gam2 activity after 60 days cooling, the other garma isotopes are of little significance, The beta activkties listed ;ire those with thc highest fission yield and most energetic beta particlcs.

SGvcral possible schemes be considered with regard to the re- covery of thcse isotopes.

1. Recovery of pure beta-eciitting fission products for internal adndn- istretion and external irradiation. In this case the radiochemical purity is of little importance, except insofar AS associated ganlnia activity and gamr11a impurities conplicete the handling problem by requiring shielding. A mall amount of shieldirig is anticipated in any case due to Bremsstrahlung.

2, Recovery of gmma emitting isotopes for external irradiation! This scherie is essentially limited to Zr and Cb. The radiochcmical pur- ity has no real importance, lxlt high chemical purity may be desired in order to reduce the total amount of material and consequently the shielding requirar,ents.

3. Recovery of mixed gama and beta isotopes - "Shotgunll activity. The total amounts of beta an3 gama activity available after 60 days cooling from a 200 ton U pile cpcrated at 250 IN for 200 days are 1.9 x lo5 and 8.4 x lG4 curiss per ton of' uranium, respectively. The recovery of such mixed actjvities vrauld probably result in a ratber large load emphasizing the shielding difficulties. Rather than stockpiling this material to large amounts of activity, it might be more useful if incorporatad in a f6w bombs and used along with high explosive bombs durirg 2 mission. The presence of large arrmnts of radioactivity in a localized area would certainly handi- cap the repair of facilities in thaf area. Here, the weapon is a nuiselice one. The use of such aixed activities will result in very long periods of contamination, due to the presence of very long-lived prcducts, which may be undesirable where occupation is contemplated.

The estimted total beta activity which my be produced daily at I-i3nford is approrirratsly 2 x 105 curies assurLne 100% reccvory (Table I). If tens and possibly hundrsds of millicuries must be absarbed to produce ~~acute~leffects, than the nurnher of lethal doses which may be produced daily is of thc order of lo6, In terms of long-delayed effects, the riwiber is increased appreciably. Problems of incorporation of this me- terial into the body are not ccnsidered here,

With respect to gama actj-vity the production is assessed in terms of the quantity of activity requirod to contaminate an area to a given radiation level (see Appendix D ), The daily praduction of Zr-Cb (assw- ing 100% recovery) amountsrtn 1.5 x lo5 curies if a 60 day cooling period is considered and 1.0 x lo-' curies after 90 days cooling. The level of the stockpiles whi.ch may be 'milt up in these two cases is 14 and 8 mega- curies, respectively. Since epproximately three half-lives are required to reach 9G$ of the equilibrium value, a psriod of about six months is necessary to reach this vduc in the case of Zr-Cb, & 183189 -c-4- hm.931131- In) .. _...... ’.,

The specific activity of the gamm material is important in con- nection with the total am:unt of material which must be distributed and shielded. F3r the fissioii prducts, the mxciirium specific activity is sveilable clt their tii>ie of raccvcry from thc waste solutions. AS the stzckpilc: is accumulsted, the spccific ectivity decreases, This is in coi;trast tc the neutron irradintion of pavticuhr materials where the i:iaxidmum specific activity is re.?choi! when the equilibrium stockpile has bzen built up. Using the results from a 60 clay cooling period, there are approxidmately 225 ,ps of elernentnl Zr and Cb recovered per day. Assuming that these isotopes aro recovered as pure chemical conpounds (frec sf carriers), then their tctal weight would be at most only twice tht above weight cr about LOO gas. Since thc-se 400 gms. would contain about 1.5 x lo5 curies, the initial specific activity wculd be about 2.6 kg/megacurie. If the isotopes are accumulated for about 180 days, the specific activity would be about 6 kg/riiegacurie, A practical figure for ths specific activity, but one which does not consider the need for cheniical carriers in Zr-Cb recovfry or the incorporation of the activity into a particular munition for delivery purposes, is therefcr abcut 3 - 6 kg/ciegacurie

C, Prcduction of G.;mma Active hiaterials by Specific Irradiation.

An altern..te method fcr the prcpa.ration of large amounts of garma activity invplves the irradiaticn of suitatle elements in a pile of high Veutron flux, The factsrs which determine the ch2ice sf the element to be irradiated include. 1 mer?. cf radiation, 2) half-life, 3) activa- tim cross-section, 4 j nalural2Lndance of isotopic pcrent, and 5) com- mercial availability. ;In;cng several possible elements, such’as scandium, titsnium, silver, antimcny, iridium and tantalum, tantalum most favorably satisfies all the requirements. Thc parent isotope, Talgl is the only natural isotope, its activntion cross-section is nhcut 20 barns and the clmsnt is cormercially available in large amounts. The radio-isotope, Ta1g2, has a half-life of 117 days and very Energetic prrma activity; abcut 37$, 1.13 MeV and 57$, 1,22 ?.lev,

Scne adiXtima1 advcintoges appear pcssi ble in this procedure of specific irradizticn; namely, that the material nay possibly be irradi- ated in a final useful form which avcids chemical handling, that a stock- pile may be accumulated by leaving the material in the pile indefinitely and thst production may ‘E expxided by usin enriched piles, although this latter will tie up large anountsof u23f-

Prsductim of Tantalum in Present Hanford Piles.

In each Hanford pile ab:xt 200 inhours ($$ k) of reactivity are available fc\r the producticn of isotopes, If‘ thi.s reactivity were em- plvyed fcr prcduction, thc sncunt prcduceci daily in cne pile wculd be appri:xidnately 10,000 curies, Such a prsductic;n rate would permit the accurnulati.cn rjf c? stnckpile of 1.7 magncuries. If all three operating piles mre 30 einployed, the stockpile wrdd nmount to 5 mega- curios.

IWD 931131- Production crf Tzntaium in Enriched Iianfcrd Piles.

The pri.ducticn of tantslum in existing Hanfsrd piles could be in- creased markedly by the utilizatim nf enriched uranium, Thc enrich- ment n:iGht be nizcie by replacing ncrmcal uraniun slugs with pure U235- Al allcy slups or by using pclrtielly enriched urenium in the usual slu!:a.

The maxinun productive capacity which could be obtained wculd in- v-lve the replaceincnt of all the uranium with U235 and Ta. Such a pile mnintaiiiad al, a power lovel cf 250 megawatts would require 1650 kg cf relntively pure u235, 19 tcris of Ta and rn cCnsme abut 320 ems U235/d0y. The daily prcduction rate of Ta !a. would be a little over :ne iiiegscurie per day, mtl a stijckpile of nearly 200 megacuries could be niainteined.

Kanne hns estimated thzt if 100 tubes were replaced with an alloy containing twics the normal U235 content, thus requiring 160 kg U235, 28 iiieeacuries would be available at equilibrium. The prcduction rate wculd be abcut 0,16 mcg;curies/dny.

Smith hes cnnsidered tantalum production with respect to the enrich- ment c.f the uranium. The mcurlt cf U235 is held canstant. Whereas Kanne obtained thc abcve prsducticm by dcubling the U235 content in 100 tubes, Smith obtains the sime production by halving the amount of U2j8 in 200 tubes. The equilibrium amounts Gf Tal8* are abcut the sme a3 well as the investment of U235, Wble 11 shsws productionestimates for two cases; one in vhich the whcle pile is enriched, the other in which cnly the central me-tenth is enriched. The power leyel is maintained at 250 megawatts, .. I.

Table I1

h!egacuries of in Equilibrium (Storage) and Yield per Day (Y/D) .with Various Degrees of Enrichment,

Calculation based on irradiation for one mean life (170 days) and at 250 megawatt power level.

Enrichment Fraction -. . T~~~~ Production Factor $35 in u Whole Pile ' Central.1/10 ---rage Y/D Storage Y/D - 1 0,0072 1.23 0,005 1.125 0,0080 19 0.073 3 #7 0.015 1.25 o.ocq0 34 0.131 6.6 0.026

1.5 0.0107 55 0.22 11 0.044 2 0.0143 82 0.33 16 0.064 10 0,0672 147 0959 29 0.120

20 0,126 156 0.62 31 0.124

100 0.41~ 162 0.65 32 0.128 1.00 164 0.66 33 0* 132

-c-7-

NND 931131- 67 I

I

Summary of Productive Capacity at Hanford.

An abstract of a memorandum from David F. Shaw, Assistant Manager, OHDO, is presented here to summarize potentiel tantalum production with Hanford-type piles,

1.. Madmum Productive Capacity. I_- Case A. No interference with Po and Pu schedules.

By utilizing curretitly available reactivj. ty and discontinuing all special irradiations cxcept Po, approximately 0.78 megacuries of could be prnduced per month during the first six months of 1949. Assuming activation of H pile on July 1, 1949, production could be in- crecsed to 1.5 megacuries per month.

Case 9. Interference with Pu, but not Po schedules.

Sy discharging all the uranium from a single pile and replac- ing it with U235 and ;a, it would be possible to produce approfimately 30-35 megacuries TaleL pi'r month, 'No piles could be used for such ser- vice until July 1, 1949, and a third added after that date assuming activation of H pile on thst dste, Plutonium production would be re- duced to the amount obtsined from one pile,

2, Inventory Accumulation,

Case A.

By utilizing 100 inhours of current reactivity a stockpile of one megacurie of could be built up during 1949.

The accumulation of a 10 megacurie invc:ntory requires 1000 inhours of reactivity. Since this amount will not be available under any circumstanccs until the activrtion of H pile, the hildirig of this stockpile would be delayed until the middle of 1950 at thc earliest. An inventory of 8 megacuries could be zccumulzted during lCi49. --Case B. a. The USE of U235 to obtain the 100 inhours required for a one megacurie invatcry does not appear attractive enough to warrar,t consideration.

b. By loeding 26 tubes in one of the existing piles with a qusntity of 1J235, it would be possibli: to accumulate a 10 megacurie stoc 110 during 1949, Theoretically, only 20 tubes of full 9'u 35 content (approximately 16 kg would be required, but by charging 26 tubes xith 16 kg U 435 greater flexibility in tho operetion of the pile could be maintained, The 16 kg 1.s approxLnately 25% less than the $35 content of

-C-A- 931131- 66 the norral uranium rsylacw’ in the 28 tuLos used. There vrould he no intorfarenco with Po production while Pu pro- duction wotild be reduced loss thm l%,

Production of Tantalum in High Flux Reactors.

. A high flux reactor using pure U235 for its fuel may be employed for the production of Tal8*. The higher neutron flux from this type of pile would yicld a tantalum vrith a higher specific activity than that obtained from a Hanford-type pile, A 30 mega watt high flux reactor, such as that designed bj Oak Ridge National Laboratory, could maintain an equilibrium stockpile of about 1 megacuries. This pile would require an initial charge of 3 kg of U’35, but because of the frequent replacement of the 3 h-g charge (ca. every 12 days) and because of the long time delay involved in the eventual recovery of the U 235 (ca. 6 months cooling period), a total of about 50 kg of U235 is tied up in such a pile. The deily ccnsuiiption of U235 is about 30 Improveinents in the recovery scheme, such that the holdup of Ugs’iS reduced, would make tha use of a high flux reactor quite attractive.

Specific Activity of Tantalum,

The highest specific activity which may be obtained for the gamma emitCer is desired in order to keep at n minimum the total amount of material and the shielding. In the Hanford piles the producfion of isotopes per unit reactivity absorbed is greater when the material is located near the edge of the pile; however, the s ecific activity is accordingly reduced. The specific activity of at equilibrium in a central slug is estirriated at abut 190 kg/megacurie, Since the average flux for the whole pile is about one-half the central flux, by locating the tantalurn avay fron the ceiiter, the specific activity ob- tained might be 400 kgpegacurie.

Using a high flux reactor a somewhat greater specific activity could be obtained, In the 30 megawatt reactor although the central flux is considerably greater than in a Hanford pile, the flux through the outer breeder blanket falls off rapidly. An estimate for this reector indicates e specific activity of the order of 100 kg/megacurie.

Comparison of Zirconiuu-Colmbium snd Tantalum Production.

The maximum d;?ily production of Zr and Cb after 60 and 90 days of cooling is 0.15 and 0.10 megacuries, ~spectivily,while the stockpile quantities in these! two cases are I4 and 6 mrgscuries, respectively. This producticn can ke expanded only by the construction of additional pi1L.s and tho prGcessing of more urnniun per day, by opera.tint: piles at higher power lzvzls or by shorteriing the cooling time of the slugs after discharge. None of those methods appacr likely at the present, unless it be the construction of edditional piles with simultaneous increased plutcniw production. Since the equilibrium ,stockpile for Zr and Cb is reached in about six moriths, a second stockpile could be

-0-9- .-

- built up vrithin the year if the first were disposed.

i3y rnnlcing use of all the exccss resctivity in all the Hanford piles and thersby discontinuing all othcr isotopc production, the amount cf tantalun which could be produced would be somewhat less then the Zr-Cb production, Consaquently in order to bring Ta production to a higher level than Zr-Cb, special procedures for its production must be undertaken. These include the bvelopment of enriched Hanford piles or high flux reactors, A singlc 30 megawatt high flux pile would pro- duce an amount of Ta comperable to Zr-Cb,

Conclusions, I, The amounts of alpha-emitting material produced by pile irradiation and the amounts of beta-emitting fission prociucts which may be rscovered 30 not appsar to be significant for radiological warfare purposes. Suitable means do not exist for affecting a large portion of the population attacked with the XflJUntS of material available, and, furthermore, .. defensive measures are probably adequate. .. . -. . 2. The amounts of gamma-ernittine, fission products (Zr and Cb) which may ba recovcred are limited. The stockpile which may be accumulated is cf the order of 10 megacuries. About six months are required for its growth.

3. The use of all the excess reactivity in all the present Hanford piles ~%llnot produce as much radiaactive material by activa.tion of tantalum as tiiat activity available from the Zr-Cb fissicn products, Special procedures must be undertaken in order to produce larger amcunts of tantalum, These procedures include the development and use of enriched U235 for enrichment of Hanfcrd piles and the development and use of high flux piles. Tne amounts of U235 required to produce amounts of tantalum comparable to and greater than Zr-Cb are not excessive,

4. The type of pile developed for increased tantalum production depends on the amount of U235 which is available for invest- ment and thc time factor available for develcpment. The high flux pile is still a long rango development but has the advantage of yielding a greater specific activity. In the long run this pile represents the most favorable futura development. In terms of more iin:nediate prcblems, modification of the Hanford-type pile is possible, A stepvise development can be conceived in which the replacenent of normal uranium with U235 can be carried out gradually, while the pile engineer- ing involved can be studid simultaneously.

-c-10- I I

References

Ref e rence s

1. iiemo. the Production of Gamma Ray Activities in Megacurie Arnountslj., 14, fiurvritz, Jr. and W, R. Icanne. l!ay 23, 1948. 2. G. E. Memo - WK-2. ))The Production of Gamma Activity by Neutron Irradiation,)! W. R. Kamie and I!. Hurvdtz, Jr. Kay 23, 1948. 3. Hanford HI; 16339. Wroduction of ~al82," P. F, Gast. 4. Memo. David F. Shiv, Assishnt Manager, Office of Hanford Directed Operations to Carroll L. Wilson, General Maniger, AEC, Subject: Radiological Warfare Program. July 23, 1948,

5. Memo, N. It. Smith, Jr., to A. M. lWinberg, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Subject1 Production of Radioactive Isotopes for Radiological IVarfare. August 9, 1948.

-c-11-

--_-__L) r, CI I- CONTA?AINATI ON REQUIREMENTS FOR RADIOLOGICAL WARFARE

This appendix describes the mthods usod for cstnblishing tho amount of radionctivc matcrinl rcquircd for dcnicl of an nrec by radio ical oxposuro. Tcntativo results nro givcn for radioactioo Zrg5-Cbg5 nnd Toi8'. It is assumed hcrc that a radiologicnl dosngc ratc oorrcsponding to 30 roontgcns por day or 1.25 r/hr, is the minimum vcluc worthy of military consideration. Tho vnluc of 30 r/dny scrvcs as n bnsis for discussion. Rndionctivc roquircmcnts for highor dosogos may hc obttsincd by simplv multiplication, sinoc in all cascs, the dosago rato is diroctly proportional to tho quantity of rcdionotivo mntorinl pcr unit aroa.

The discussion is dividod into tho fol1owir.g sactionst

1. Formulation for cnlculcticn of tho dosoge rntc in an opcn nrca from,

(a) A singlc point sourco,

(b) Multiple point sourcos, rcgulnrly spaced,

(c) Multiple point sources, rardomly spnced, and

(d) Extondcd sourcos, that is, a uniform lnycr.

2. Thc target complex.

A qualitativo discussion is givcn under itom 2 of tha radionctivc intcnsitios rc- quircd for such targats as built up industricl or rosidcntinl croas.

The formulntions nrc boscd on lorgcly thcorcticnl analysos of gamma-ray bchnvior. Tho a1:olyscs hcvc bccn satisfootcrily vcrificd by cxpcrimcnts conduotod by tho Oak Ridge Nntional Laboratories. Tho ncthods should not lacd to crrors grontcr than ~5%.

a) The Singlo Point Sourco

Tho single proooss of interaction of gcmnn-rcys with nir is Compton scattoring, which is accuratoly dcscribcd by the Klein-Nishina formulac.

The mcnn frco pnth, ), , thct is thc avcrrngc distnncc of travcrso of a gammc- photon bcforc collision -- of the gnma-rny hnvirp the sir.glo cncrgy 1.2 Mcv is about 400 ft. > for thc gnnmr.-rays from ZriS-Cbg5 of cncrgy oa. 0.78 Mov 1183191 fu?JD 931131- 70 is about 350 foot, For distcnccs <<,A md for a singlc sourco, thc dosagc rnts vctiation is givcn by th3 simplo oxponcntial oxprcssion,

whcrc Ro is oxprossnd in r/hr, I, tho sourco intcrisity in curics, XI the distnnco in fcct,& , tho cncrgy pcr photon cmittcd from tho souroc,&@), tho total Klein-Wishina scattoring cross soction, and k, c cozvc.rsicn fnztor. For distnnoos up to about h/4, i.o,, XelOO for both rndicsc:;3.vc n:n+,oricis, a valuo, Rl, within ,102 of thc truo valuc, is obtnincd by j!:,cJ-i,3;x: t5.3 cxtribu- tion from tho first scattorcd bonn, R,. This is the boo I:] r.f g;.:i.sa:t-rn:;'s &vhich hnvo suffurod on0 collision anywhcro in tho cir (i,c., bctvr:.cx Lr hcyor.-l tho sourco and point of nxasurorncnt), boforo rcnching thc point X distalit. For Ta182, 1.06 x 10" )I'o-0.227 x 10-'X Rl z Ro + Rs = x

For Zrg5 - Cbg5, -0.283 x 10-2X R1=(--;i-4*9. 1.07 x lom2 ) X -x 1.0

Expcrimcntal vclucs of R h2vc bccn owilcblc only for a En I4O 140 sourco (0.59 Mcv nnd 1.5 hicv). Dosc 60 curvos for Rex2 vcrsus X of ;kTs2 and 2r95-Cb95 havc bcon cxtrnpolated iron tho oxpcrivonta lByrvo on s umpt i on that thc highcr ordcr scatterin tri I? ions for Ta and Zr9%b8' how tho snmc rolativc m~nitudcas for Eny"-I,n?*3. The cxtrapolatcd curvo for wns used to prcdict thr: dosogos from a multiplc grid of 156 sourcos. Prodictod and mcasurcd vnlucz wrc within nxpcrincntal crror. Curvos for Tal@ and ZrS5-Cbg5 orc shcwn in figuros 1 o~ld2. b) --Multiplo P0ir.t Sotxcos, Rc~ularlySpncod ___

Sipco tho radiaticns from nultiplo SOU~CCS, or cxtrsndcd singlo sources, aro complctcly incohorcnt, tho dosago from cn aggrogctc is nrithmctricolly additivo,

LvJD 931131- 71 7

Thc rcquircmonts for n minimum dosnze rcttc nt any point of 30 '/day in a plnnc 3 fcct nbcrc thc Crmnd arc tabulntcd bcloe in Tnblc I, Tho intensitios to givc nn avcrago dosngc ratc of 30 r/dny in thc snmo plane nro of courso lowcr, sinco tho dosngc fluctuatcs bctwcon a minimum vnluc cyuidistnnt from sourcos to a maximum vnluc ndjnccr.t to n source. - TABLE I

Concontrntion Roqulrcnonta for 30 '/day rcgularly spacod sourcos

.- - __ .. . . . __- I I I 1 Kadicaotivo Conoontration roquirod in Uniform spncing, ft, I iT.c gn cur i c s /mi 2 bctwccn point sourcos '______I_.__ - I of uniform strccgth 1 Llinirnum dosagc of Avoragc dosago i 30 r/day of 30 '/day I Ta 182 Zr-Cb Tale2 Zr-Cb -. . -. . . . __ ...... - -j------J -- .. 4.- --- .._ - .. ______- 40 foot / .26 -96 .18 .27 I I I 80 fcct i .38 .53 .18 .27 1 I

c) Multiplc Pcint Sourccs - Rnndonly Spnced.

Munitiaiis rclonsod either by clustcrs or by multiplo drops orrivo in tho tcrgct arcn in somc directcd rnnrlcm mnnncr.. If corrootions havc bcon mado for those munitiofls which niss ttic targct Rrca or nalfunction, thcrc rornnins thc possibility thnt one or rnorc largo pntchcs will oxist in tho tnrgct area frco frm munitions end agent. In order to kccp tho possibility srnoll thnt thoso areas coincido with cspocially important rogions of tho toreot, cortain critoria of randomoss nust bc sot.

A rigorsus solution of this problon cculd be mdo by taking into account tho cxpoctcd distribution pnttcrns from oporetional tcsts. While this nppronch is straight-forward, thc lobor involvod is grcnt. Similar problcrns havc boon encountorcd in Chcrnicnl i'farfnrc ar.d an approximate method dovclopod which hns oorrolatcd viol1 vtith operationnl tcsts. Bricfly doscribod, this consists of dctcrmining an cffootivc aron pcr munition, nnd rcquiring a fifty pcr cont chanco of covoricg cishty por cont of tho targct with nr offoctivo oxposure rato..

Tho cffcctivc aron cnn bc coinputc3 in a mmcr sirtitar to that found satis- faotory for chomical wnrfnrc ngcnts. For a sixglc lounition it is thc aroa ovcr which tho cxposure rntc is oqunl to or aljcvc tho rcquircd, plus thc remaining nroa tirnos tho ratic of thc nvorngc oxposuro rntc on this nr.!n to tho roquirod rato. Tho eight por cent covcrngc roquircmcnt can bc dcvclopcd from sinplo probability thcory as 1.61 timos tho ratio of the targct nrcn tc thz offcctivc nroa por individue 1 munition. (Ro foroncc 1)

-D-3- Tho roquircmcfits conputc? on this bnsis to givo an cffoctivo ooverago of 30 r pcr 24 hr day r.rc givcr, in tho following tahlc.

ThBLE 11

Rndionctivity Roquiremcnts for 30 r per day with blultiplo Point Sourcos, Randomly Spaced -. __---- I I I I cu r i r) s/p o i r. t TnlQ2 Cb 95-Zr 95 I- i points/ I sq. mi. _. -__I___I__r__ I 25 I 12000 18000 .45 I 100 I 5500 .55 I 3600 400 I 1100 I 1000 l 530

2500 i 270 4 10 1.02

4000 I 100 .73 2 70 1410 - --_ --L

It would ECG~liknly thnt thc numbor of points per square milc would bo high. This implios that tho additionnl intcnsity rcquirc:l duo to tho random distri- bution should bo lcss thnn 100%.

d) Extcndod Sourcos

Considor D lnycr of radionctivz material to bc sprcod or smcarod uniformly ovcr tho surfacc of thc ground. Furthor, nssum thnt nbsorption oithcr within the sourcc nr.d by thc groucd to bc trivinl. Roflnction by tho ground is ostimntod to bc trivinl. Multiplo scnttoring by thc cir contributos loss than 4% to tho totnl pma-intcnsity and iG, thcrcforc, not includod in thc formulno. Tno dosaTc, R, in r/?ay at n hcight, h, ir. fcot, nbore the ground is givcn by,

for Tale2 2 R =-3.7 x IG Ei (-0.227 x 10- h) , and

for Zrg5-Cbg5

H c-2.6 x IG Ei (-0.279 x 10'2b) ,

whoro IG is the :round coiicontration in curics/mi2, and Ei Is tho oxponcntial lntcgral

-D-4- I183800 - As h npprocchcs zrro, R nppronchcs infinity lognrithmically; the dosagc with. in n n;otcrio.l o’sjoct of finitc thickncss rcnnins finite, howcver. Variation of R with ticight is ir.(lic~tedin ths Tnbl.2 111 below.

TABLE 111

Variation in Dosago rntc with I!oight nbovo Ground for Unifcrn Contmination ___~.~___.______..______I_ Dosago Rnto ‘/day I 1 j .< I I ._ - .- Ih I Tal82 I Zrg5-Cbg5 21 I (foot) 0.18 no ga curio s /mi 0.2 7 mcpcur ios/h ._-- ‘1. ___ -___ ~ I 0.5 41 i 42 I iI ! I 30 $3 30 I I I 12 21 i 19 i i i 14 13 I 30 I 11 1 10 ,I 50 -----___.__._.~,.._____I(I Coqmrative rcyuircncnts for scvcral typcs of radioactivo distributions nro tcbulatcd in Totlo IV. TABLE IV

S mnr y of Con t r. in i r.a t i on R o qu i r o nont s .---.- ______Typo distributioc ‘ Intensity rcquircd Intensity rcqr ired I i mpcurics/ni2 for mc ga curi c s /mi 2 for I minimum doscgc rate dosago rnto i’ --i

Multiple sourc”, rogulcr spacing, 0.36 0.18 0.27 40 fcct

Multiplo sourco, roEulnr spacing, 0.38 0.53 0.18 80 fact

Multiplc source,* ___ _.__- -- I *Aocording to thc critorior, cstoblishod prcyiiously (SO~,IC) e Thc rndioactivc intcnsity for o built up rcsidcntiql or ir.dustria1 arca is largcly'spcoulntivc. An attcmpt is rsdc below to cstnblish thc rnnge of values rcquirod.

Schcmntizc a fnctcry as thc sirnplc structurc bclm. Thc lcngth is vcry lorgc . comparod to tho width. Thc X hatching rcprcscxts uniform contamination of Ta182 or ~r95-~'~95.Tho height of thc structurs is tnlccn to inclu3c possihlo roof slopc.

Ground

If thc dosogc rntc nt 3 fcct above thc open ground is to bo takcn os unity, tho attcnuntians with rospcct to tho opcn Eround valuc at points A and B arc thoso givcn in Tablc IV as functions 3f wnll thichcss, stctcd in tcrms of equivnlcr,t thickncss of concrctc. h is 3 fcct nhovo thc ground an3 adjaccnt to tho outor vmll; B, 3 foct nbovr: tbc ground or83 nidvroy bctviccn thc walls. The cffcct of skylights mry bc ipfcrrcd fr3m thc rcsults for a roof of zcro thickncss. Tho cffcct of v;ii:dows is bolicvcd to hc small or ncp,liCiblc unlcfis tho windcvm rcach to within 3 foct or lcss of tho grounl.

Thc valuos quotcd balow arc, uiilnrstcndably, rnthcr crudo,

-D-6-

1183802 931131- 7 '- ... .,-

TADLE V Attcnuntion of dosn,:c rate by industrial structuro __ ------___.______I_-.- 1 Att::curltion factor for radiaticn passing 7 Thicknoss of I roof and walls throuch v:alls and rocf I ______I______---- 7,I in oquivnlont P'oint k Point B inches of concreto'I , __-______. p_-_.__ I i I iioof Walls Totcl Rocf walls Toto1 I Alone Alone-,--- .___ .=.! l.020.:= $L2!L---.-7=:ir-=1_ z-L-z7.:-Tz=-..-.___i __. - -.._ ___ - .-.__ -. i!

20 2 2 20 4 0

30 3 3 30 6 2

80 12 12 ao 24 6

400 40 40 400 80 12 1 -. ______-_ ___.

Tho ntt-nuation by cmcrctc is cnlculatcd by tho mcthod of Appondix E. Thc valucs tnbulate,l apply to oithnr Tala2 3r Zr95-Cb95.

kn cpnrtrncnt houso nay bo schomatizcd similarly. Considor a structuro of 5 stories nr?d hnscmont, oech 10 fcct hizh.

k---50 ft. 2q

I 50 ft.

Onrr e.rcn I Opon aron c- i i~3gE3 -i' ___L___f

Ground

-D-I- I183803 7 NND 931131- 7~ Total attenuations nr; tnbulcteil be low, Tablo VI, for zero thickness walls and roof, Thc effects of the wnlls and roof arc similar t thoso indicated in Tablo V. As bofore, thc figuros apply to oithor Top82 or ZrS5-Cbg5,

TABLE VI

Attcnuntion by Apartment Housos

I B5 1

1183804 -D-D- NND 931131- ‘7‘ Sumry

1. Tniting 30 r/dny ns thc mininum radiological dosngo rata worthy of military considorntion, tho radioactivo intonsitics roquirod for nn opcn nrca arc: -.__ for Tn 182* 0.4 to 0.5 mogacurios/mi2, and

for Zrg5-Cbg5: 0.5 to 0.6 mogacurics/rni 2 .

2. For built up areas, tho intonsitics roquirod nro bclicvcd to bo in tho rango I 2 for' Tn 182* 1 to 5 mogacurios/ni , and 2 for Zrg5-Cbg5: 1 to 7 mcgacurics/mi ,

3. For n highcr dosage, the roquirod intcnsity must bo raisod in diroot . proportion.

4. All thc vnlucs quotod abox rcprcsont lowcr limits end apply to point souroos, rnndol;'.ly distributed, viith cn nvoragc separation of distanoos up to nbout 200 fcct.

Rofcrcnccs

1. Toohnionl Aspoots of Chcmical Yiarfhrc in thc Fiold, Part 2, App. 3 Projcot Coardinction Stnff, April 1946.

2. Singlo Souroc Lanthanum Tcst - AHRW Program, K, 2. Morgan, OF3L datod July 23, 1918. 3. Gamma Radintion: Thcorotical cnd Expcrimontnl - Compilation on the Tcchnicnl iispccts of Rndiologioal Wnrfaro, S. TO Cohon, Elugust 194 8.

-D-9-

NNE 931131- 7 / , , i..,, >'. ' .I,

he

in Icd Jor I 8 38 1 rn DIOLOG IC AL DEFENSI+

The pnssivo defonsivo monsuros requirod in rndiological wnrfnro nro in nnture quito simil0.r to those roquired for dofenso against atomic bombs. In fact, tho undorvntcr type dctsnntion such as Tost Bckor at Bikini is ossontinlly a form of rndiological vrarfnro in which tho bomb is used as tho means of dis- pcrsnl. In this pnrticulor test P large quantity of mdioactivo mntorial squim- lont to grenter thnn 1O1O curios nt 10 ninutos nftor tho dotcnntion wns cnrriod aloft in tho cloud nnd thon sprcnd ovor n vory lnrgo area by tho rain from tho cloud and tho mist from the base surgo. This producod vory honvy contnminntion ovor an nrca groator than fivc squaro miles mid the bnso surgo IMS E highly rGdionctivo cloud. Air-burst ntolric bonbs involvo somo~:hnt different problens, since in this casc, tlia contnninatod nroa is rolntively sm11 or oven non- cxistmt and most of tho nuclear radiation effects occur at tho instant of detonation. Movorthcloss, horn too most of tho radiological dofenso mathods will be quito similnr to thoso roquirod for Bi nlthough tho scopo of tho problom may bo difforcnt,

Bccnusc of sinilnrity to tho undorvrntsr typo dotonotian, defonsivo procoduros for B'I are in tliis country rolntivoly woll cdvnncod anc' far mor0 cloarly dofinod than nro tho offunsivo pcrts of tho croblom. Probably tho most important phnso of tho dofonse apinst rndiological vmrfnro will involve tho dotoction nnd avoid- nnco of contaminntod nroas , Prompt datoction rnd omluntion of radiological hazards will bo primo rcquisitos of any dofonso.

Instrunentation nnd Dotcction

hs a result of dovclopmont work originotcd by thc Phnhnttnn Project and con- tinuod by tho AEC and Armoci Servicos, a numhor of industricl concorns nro now cnpablo of mnnufncturing ficld instrumonts for usc in measuring, the oxtrnt of contaminated urea (rcforcncos 1 and 2). Sovcrnl difforont modols of ion chambers and goigcr counters for moasurmont of gcmm nr.d in somc cnsos bota rndintion war0 givon oxtonsivo fiold tosting undor strinLont conditions during tho rocently conducted opurntions rit hiwctok. Tho mnge of intcnsitics nonsurod by tliosc instrumonts includos those which mi&ht ronsonnbly bo oxpoctod to bo encountercd jn radiologicnl wnrfare. Somo of tho prosent modols of ion chnrnbcrs flre cnpnblo of mensuriny; up to GOO r por ?cy, whilu tho mor0 sonsitive goigor countors give recisonably good rosults dov:n to .a05 r por rhy. Tho dovolcpmcnt of instrunants cnpnblo of r>iocsuring cvon liighor iiitilnsitics (100 r por houi-) is now proposod by tho Xritlod Survic os in connoctian with their rndiologicnl dofenso program. Vlhilo nono ef thc ficld instrumonts which war0 tostod at Aiiwotok woro considcrod com- plotoly sntisfnctory, sovoral models woro quito nc!oqui.to und nppoaroc! to bo cnpnblo of boing niloptcd as stcmdnrd modols with ocly slight nodificntions. hlthough tha presant inventory of dotcction instruionts is not vory oxtensivo, fncilitios nro amilablo for production,of largo nunbcrs of cortnin typos within 90 clnys of tho rccoipt of orders. ,d It83808 .-2.l,' .. s.L

Tho rnthor pronising situation which oxists in tho dovolopmont of field instruncnks for nonsuring gr.cmn and botn rndintion docs not similnrly oxist for the monsuromont of nlpha radintion in tho fiold. Sovoral models, which wore con- sidorod to bo ths bost of those nvnilablo, woro tosted nt Operation SJ.NDSTONE and found to bd conplotoly unsctisfactory. It nppcnrs thnt (!ovelopmant of a SntiS- fnctory instrur.ioiit for fiold r.~cnsurcrnent of alphn rndintion will bo oxtromoly c!ifficult and roquire considorablo offnrt nnd timo. Lnborctory analysos appear to offor the only irrmodintely nynilnhlo ncthod of detoction. Yfhilo this is not too sorious fron tho point of vimv of ntonic honh dotoimtions, whore largo amounts of both cnmn nnd botn radifltion vrill bo presrmt ilt tho snmo timc as tho alpha radiation, it mic;ht bo oxtroincly sorious in tho o7or.t of radiological warfaro if pura nlphn onittors wora usotl. In this situntion, hoviover, it is possiblo.that oxistini; nlphe. noasuring instruments vroulrl bo moro satisfactorJ sinco one diffi- culty is their innhility to mcasuro smll amounts of alpha rudiction in tho prcsonco of lnrgo nmounts of bda Rnd garma. At prosont alphn omittors appear to prosont a much nor0 sorious dotcction problon than do gamn or botn omittors.

Sinco nn attack vrith rnclionctivo mntoriols may bo initiated without warning, thero mill he a groat nootl for r,lnrc: dovicos to dctoct my such attack. Those devices nieht bo plaocd in policc and fi~ostctions sild othor strategio locctions throughout all large citios. Tho dovolopnont cof such instruments is nlroady a pnrt of the progrnn of tho hmod Sorviccs and tho AEC, but incronsod priority should probably bo givon to thoir dovolopnont.

In ad2ition t!) instruconts for dotocting and merimring the oxtont of the contnrtination, dovic os \vi11 bo rquircd to dctornino tho accumulated exposure obtoinorl by personnol workins in contnninstod areas. Far this purposo both qucrtz-fibor pockot dosimcters and film badges nro cdcqun.tc. Existing dosirnotors nro not too satisfactory for mon.surinz high cxrosuros, but a nwnber cnpnblo of measuring up to 50 r woro usod with rcnsonnhle offoctivmoss durinc Oporntion SXI\'LETONE. For gcni;ral us0 films nro prohcbly hcst, Gince thcy aro oasy to carry around nnd cnn bo mndo capnblo of covoring nny dosirod oxposuro. Thc primnry objoction to film is tht thoy rcquiro procossing bsforo thGy can bo rcad. Rosoarch is being conductod vrith n viovr to dovolopmoEt of diroct roading colori- rcotric dosinotors. Sovornl mntorinls hnvo shovm considornhlo promiso, but much work is roquirod bofore this typo of dovico cm bo Konarnlly usod.

Tho provantion of ingostion of rndionctivo mkorinls presonts a somervliat difformt problon. If tho rndionctivo mtcrinls wore insortod into tho wntcr supply or diroctly jnto fsor!stuffs, a vcrj difficult prgblom might result. i.lunicipn1 vratcjr supI'lics could bo canstnntly sumplod, r.nd tho prcsmco of rndio- nctivs mntorinl confirmod by loborntory nnalysis, it is prohnblo thnt sapling oach day vou1.c~bo sufficicntly froquont in order to provcnt the ingostion of lothcl nm:wnts of' rnntoricl by aq sizcnblc numhor of it:diviclunls. This snmpling might bo somowhct nor0 difficult if tho rndionctivo :antorial vmro introduced diroctly into tho ianics instond of into tho roscrvoirs, but s2ot chocks at vnrious points within tho city supply ini&it sorvo ts discovcr tho proscnco of tho contaninating mtorial. OIico contnminntim had boon discovorod tho application of ordincn; wntor purification mothods nii;ht bo satisfnctory for somo agonts. If thoso aro not suitablo, thcn distillation mcthods as used on nnml vossols might bo triod.

Tho problen of dotooting contaninnticn in foodstuffs would be ovon nare difficult thnn in Imtor sinco it is probably inpossible to spot chock ndoquatoly ull food sourcos. If a suhvorsive ngont wishor! to cffoct n small group of s?ocinl indiviiluals in this my, thoro socms littlo hopa of boing nblo to detect cnd pro- vont such action. It would obviously be impossible to rr,onitor all food used by individuals. Doninl of nccoss to tho food to any possiblo onomy qont apponrs tho only ncthod of combatting this typo of nttack if nn onorrry c'eomod it dosirnblo.

Mold Lnborntori os

In tho ovont of rndiologicnl marfnro thoro will hc n considornblo donnnd for field lnhorntcri-s cnp,:blo of crirryine out fairly oxtonsivo radiochomicnl nnalysas in ordor to r'otormino tho naturo of tho contminrting nntsrial. This roquironent will bo for groator thnn with cn atomic bomb nttack bccnuso with tho bomb a nixturo of all tho fissisn products an(! any rosic!unl unfissionod mtorial will nlvmys bo prosent. In ordor to plan ndoquatoly nny dofonsivo oporntion followinp; n ai attack, it will ba nccossnry to rlotonino irnmedintaly tha nature of tho contnniinatinc nntorinl. This sill raquiro oithor tho dovalopmcnt of good fiold laborntorios or tho osteblishiaont of G considcrablo numhcr of rogional lnborn- torios to which samplos could bo s0r.t rnpidly, It rrtjulr! also roquiro considomblo advnnco resonrch on methods of anrlysis for oxtrcmoly snflll amounts of possiblo RII agcnts. To dnto tho Jirmod hrces hnvo incluciod tho davolopnont of fiold labor- atory oquipmcnt nnmg thcir projects in tho field of rQdicloeicnl instrumantation, but this dovolopmont is still in its initicl sta[;os. Tho basic mothods of nnnlysis for tho more common fissicrn products hnvo, hovrovor, nlroady boon perfectod by XEC,

Shielding

One of tho most sorious nspocts of radiological v~~rfcrofrom a dofansivo point of vim rosults froni tho fnct, thut no typo of indivl.hn1 prctoctivo dovico will ho of nny us0 in roducing oqosuro to gnm radiation. The nbsorption coofficiont for gnm rn(liaticn or' tho onergics which would bo involvod in rndioloy,ical war- fnro is so low for all nntorinls thnt it would not bs fonsiblo to provido individ- ual protoctisn. IIowovor, spocinlly constructod sholtsrs and ovan brick, stono, or coccrfito buildings will provi:io considornble iirotcction to pcrsonnol insido if tho nctivc mntorinl is confinod to oxpQsoc1 locntions. For oxninplo, about 28" of c,mcreto, 3/4" of stool, and of lonr! will rcduco tho intonsity of tho gamma rnys from tnntnlum by r, factor of nhout two. Bucnuso of Leoniotrical conditions n houso with 22'concrotc vmlls will sorvo to rcducc tho intonsity insido by a factor sunavhnt grcntor than two. In n city vrhoro hauzos nro closo togothor and tho vrnlls in mny C~SOSarc quito thick, norsons intlmrs my bo amply protoctod against nny containination which nn onony mifjht bo able to nchiovo. For oxamplo, porsonnol insido n subncrino pon could snfoly work indcfinitoly reprdloss of tho contnminat ion outside. 1183810 -G-3- Individual Protectivo Equipnent

While it is im;>ossil)ln to prcvido individunl protoction apinst gamma rays, tho snrno is not truo for hctn cnd alpha radiations. Those rndictions are readily nhsorhed hy ovon thin lnycrs of zntorinl so that thoy provide primarily n hazard only whon ,introduced into tho body. Therefore, if hoavy oxpJsuro to this typo of cmittcr is c.nticiptod, coution should he tcLkcn to pre-Jcnt ingostion or irihnlntior. of tho nctivo ~nc~torinl.Tto stnridnrd hrrny Er.s 1r06li is sntisfactcry for rcmooing innctivc c!ust nt lenst of pnrticle dirmctor lnrgor thnn ?%bout0.1 micron nnd is ?roka?,ly quite sntisfactory for rcdionctivo dust as wall. Soma tosts wore carried out in Operation SA!JBTONE with nasks plnced in drono plenos which travollorl with- in tho cloud. )

Decontanlinntion T osts

Ono of tho first stops in thc ovcnt af ct radislcgical warf9ro nttnck will be an sttompt at docrintai~iii:ltior 'of nffectod nrons. In opn nrens whoro tho ground is quito ssft this deccntnninatinn my sirqly tako tho form of scrcping away tho conturninntion with biilldozors cnd covarini; with r. sufficient lnyor of uncontnni- nntctl c?irt so thnt tho cxtornnl radiation is roducod to a srfo valuo. "turning over" oporation using stradard phm miciit suffice.

In hujlt U;I nrons, liosin~the matorizl into the cuttors and down tho drnins miCht viol1 ba tho first sto?. Proliminnry oxporimonts on tho docontnminntion of ~nicadcinnnd concroto xoro carried out nt Huntcrs Point. (So0 roforenco 3.) Two pnrticlo sizos of nntorirtl (mgnn flux) viere usod in this stu6y. Thoso inrlicatod thnt for dcnsoly contn1nin:itod arons, i.o., lcr~emssos uf matoricl per unit nron, hosin[; is clnost 99 per cent effoctivo in remqdny, dust pnrticlos of 0.75 m in dimetor. Littlo difforonco wns observed botwocn tho cffoctivonoss for rmtovini; padiclos 0.75 ind .012 mc, in dicmctor. Similar oxporincnts using n l~rushstreet clonnor also inilicntoti th-.t the rcniovnl of dust wns not too diffi- cult, but thct this mothod :Ins not ns sntisfsctory as tho sinplo h

Sinco tho nbovo tosts indicated thnt tho offoctivcnoss cf tho dccontanination dccronsod when tho co:itnrniriatim dansity wns loworod, ad?itionnl tcsts wore run using mdioactivo tantulum with n contnmination c?ensity oquimlont to about 000 lbs ./sq. mi. in orclar to npproximrrte nsro r!carly cpor-ntisncl conditions. (Soc roforoncc 4.) Thclso tocts usiiq; Tn notnl (0.1 nnd 1 ::nin dinmotor) and Te205 (400 nosh) s!iovroc! thnt hosinc cffuctiooly ronovod noru thcn 9Q: of nll mtoricls. The 1 11-n Tn ;)irticlec vitro com;jloto13; rcrncvc3 t~yn sint;lo hosing from both can- crotc and nricr~d~i:surfaces rilthou[;!l thi, smll tcst nrc!i usod .mkes tho RbS'3lUtO mluos obtainud n

1183811 -G-4- 931131: w- '. .

I.

Hosing tests witb 0.1 nnd 1 m rndi?nctivc tnntr.lum powdcrs wore also ccn- clucte2 by tho Arny Cho:;iir;nl Centor in comioctim with thoir program of disporsnl of thcsc mntcrials. (So0 rofersr!co 5.) Panels of tho fo1lor:ing matorinls were used for those oxporinonts: plastor, ccncrcti., tar, pninted an2 unpainted lUIIlJCr, asliostcrs shingles, csi-rugatec! and slioct metal, troo hark, stucco, and 1:rick. In a sxios of tasts in rrhich tho active ;>owdars wero nllower! to fall froely an tho surfaces, tlic hosing Mms nlnosi; complotcly 6uccossfu~in removiqg the contariinflti.ln. Askestos shinglos vier0 tk.0 mst difficult to decontaminntc but evsn in this cnsti nbout two-thirds cf the mtsrinl tvns ranoved. The docon- tnminrtiim of tho rnrticlcs :vas n:,?arontly slightly easier thnn of tho '7ar e 7smai et-cn OS In tho tosts in which pnnels i7ora oxposod fivo md ton yards frnm on i?x;llodoc! munition cantnining tho nctivo rrnt orial the rosults wore quito difforont . Ikmovnl hy hosing cf tho nctivo mcterinl which becnno imbe,eddod in tho par.01~ ' 'proved to to l

Dof cxso Progrnm

Tho Office of Civilinn Dofmnsc Plnnning is prosently dmwinlng up $nns f3r a prop0602 civilinn dofcnsc orgnnizntim (rcfsrcnce 6). These plcns include thp formtion af n rcdiologicnl lofjnsc ?.ivicion with the respcnsihility for f!O'JelOiP

inG nethoc's for rninimizin; tho hnzards i!uo to rndiocctivity and to eZucnto the , genornl pulnlic ori this subject. To dntu thoir plans hnve hoen bnsed primarily on thc rndintion cffocts fc?l.lowii~gnn atomic bsmh dotonntion, but ns pointed out enrlior, nlr,iost tho snino Trnc crlurcs VKJU~dbo used npinst rndiological vmrfare. The plnn proposcs n pcncctino civilinn radiolo(;icnl dofonso orgnnization involv- iny, naticnnl, stnts, nnc' conxiunity nctivities. It cclls for tho omploynent at vorious lovo~sof t~~chnicnllytrainc:! ;icrsc:incl frola Gmcngst high 6ch501, colloge, wid univorsity tonchirq; striffs in ardor to tnko !idvni!tnco of tho sciontific man- powor of thr c.:ui;try. This plan Fro;i?sas tho fcrmrtii-n of civilinn rndj~lsgicnl rloi'snsc units which coull bo riishoul to nny nran subjoctod to n rnrlir)locicnl attc?clc. Tho ni1.it~1-yestnLlishmmt is also l;rop;siny. tho forrnction of n hiehly syccializod unit vrkiich c7ul.l bo rushac: to n sccna of disnstor and c'r>vidc a nucluus for tho r;::hnl.ilitmtisn of thc nrm. Bsth those plans cpponr well suite;! to rloftinso rip,r:inst rr,cli:)l.3&;ic?.lvxkrfaro an(-! cjuld bo uso!! with only slight chan(;os or additic:ris in thoir ;:rci?osoc: structuros.

At ;>rcssnt tho cilitiry ostsLlishmcnt is coni'.uctinr; n rnthor oztonsivo pro- i;rnm of trnining i.n thi. ficld 2f rhc1,i~-,lo~ic~lclofonsi: (rc.fercnco 7). Six ~iook ccmrsos hr.vo Ijocn initinkor1 at Tronsuro Islam.! end nt Er',~rn~7~3~1Arsennl, and nn nili!iti..mnl csurso will 1)a ostri!-ilished shiirtly o.t Kwslor Fiold. Thes3 coursos provido bnsic trnining in tho rndiolcgicr.1 nspocts of nuclcnr physics inn? to tho

1183812 cporations which nip,ht bo invclved in radiologicnl defense. With only slight mdifications thoso c~~urscsmu16 bo quit0 acloqunto for t raining personno1 in the defense agninst r nt!ioloF,ical wnrfr\ro, In nddition to thcso bnsic courses tho sorviccs aro providing more ndv-nmd trcinirig for 3 limited number of pooplo. Jlt prcsont this trnininc inclu?os mo nnrl c hclf yonrs at the Nnml Post-Groducto School nnr! c'no r:nd n hnlf ycnrs training at the Univ(irsity of Californir. nt Eorkcley. Trainin? in s?cciulizod fiolds is nlso goin(; fonvnrd with tho militcry, i.:ilitnry mr;di.cnl officers &ro 1,cinr Given onc to two :voeks of tosic indoctririetion in tho mcrlicfil nspects of r;tcnic onorcy. In addition, the fJC is sponsoring i;iaro 6dw.ncod trnining nt sovernl uriivtirsitios nn< the Wntionnl Lnhorntories for both civilian nnc! ni1itnr-y ductors, Tho trninin; of civilinns in tho specific prsblens of rsdioloeicnl defenso hos not as yet boon as oxtonsive. However, spccial lccturo courses hnvo bcon prn?idod in such places as UCWl, Univorsity of Ccliforriin at Dorlcaley, Univorsity of ir'ochestor, cnd University of Chicago. IlsroavGr, in thc civilinn rr.nlcs there nro a rnthor 1cr;re numbor of paonlo who, becp.uso of their n.-rrnal iwrk, nro quite f-fililinr with tho tcchnicnl nspccts. These could bo cisily ind(~ctrinctodty LI scrios of loctures on somo of thc specific problems ond th~ o[;orntionnl nspects. In vieu of' the possibility prosontod by rndiologicnl vmrfnru, it epponrs c!esirniblo thct step bo tnkon to comr.ionco such inc!actrinntion quite rapidly. In addition, tho oducotion of thc ,;,onoral public should bo comnencod at once in order to comlxt tho psycholo~icaleffects of this tyna of warfare.

Conclusions

1. Tho dofensivo mo?.surcs roquiroc! to prntact neninst rRdiologica1 wnrfare are very siniilnr to thozc roquirod nKninst atonic tomhs. Those involve thc dotoction cf contnminotoe areas, tho protuctinn of porsonnel operat- in,: in such arcas, ?.n,.j tho dccontnninntioa of thoso Arens.

2. Ihdioloriccl vmrfnre 7::111 rcquiro thc dovcloprncnt of moro oxtorisivo nlnrm systems th0.n woul:1 bc no,i(?c!l for nn e.torr.ic bomb. Greator emphasis will te neodoci 3n field nnd rcgionnl lnborntorios t3 c!otormine mTidly the naturo of thc conte.r?;inntion. Docontaninntian my be mor0 involved boccuso of tho v;idq -n.;rioty of ngmts which might bo usod. Tests in?i- cnto thnt Lath 0.1 and, 1 mm tnntnlun poaders can be offectively ronoved by hasi:iE from inust surfaces cxcopt 7;lhan im1:oddod therein by tho forco of r,n ox-lor:in,;., vcci?on.

3. A rn3iolo&iccl ('ofenso p1r.n :rhich shoul:! bc ncioqusto in tho event of rcdio1si:iccl rrlrfnro is in ;jrr:pnrntion. Spociillizod training in thiG fiold is clrondy procoading, but propor cducc.tion of the public is still o. vital ncod,

.J

931131- (07 1183813 -- - - Roforencos

1, Smncry of I$dioloyicnl Dofonso Ficlr's nssociatod with iE", June 18, 1946, Sllp~zD - 2/334.5.

2.' Ropoh Ililitnry Chnrnctoristics Subcornittoo of tho l?nc!iologicnl Instrumont Committse of rAE!TP, ihrch 3, 1938.

3. Doconturninntion tosts vrith rmgnc flux, Euntur's Point, July 1948.

4. Docontnininntion tosts with radioactivo tantalum, Huntor's Point, i.ugust 19.10. 5. Addondurn to an Intorin Zoport covoring Prolininr.ry Investigntion on tho . Disporsnl of Pnrticulato Solids from an Xorinl Xmition, Xmy Chemical Contor, f.u[:ust 26, 1948,

6. hdiologiccl Dofonso Plan - Civil Dafmso Plnn Doord, July 9, 1948.

7. -2opor-t of ths Schools Subcornittoo of tho Joint hadiological hfoky Training Committoo, Juno 22, 1918.

-G-7-

11838t4 This document consists of 5 pagc Copy bJo. ef150 Series A

., SECUlXTY CLASS1 RCATION OF IWDIOLOGICAL lVAWXRE

To fncilitnto Frs!;rcss on thc pnrt of the Nutional IvUlitsry Establishment on tho ofronsivo Fhasos of rndiqlcgicnl warfare, it is beliovod that certain changos in the preswt clnssificntion of this subjoct aro nec~~snry.Suggestions on ClRssificfItion nnd clenrnncos nrc considorod hero. A Eonoral discussion of tho dncldsificntion program us it rolntos to Wf is also included in this appendix.

Classificntions Sucgostcd- for 1% In vim! of dclmands for n7propriqto clcssj ficntioii of it'B informtion, thsre nro listed thoso to:ics which GrO considorod rostrictod dntn, Liilitary classified

1. m4 Atomic lhcrp,y Act i1,istrictcd Cctn

(n) %tos of Frdductim, capocity or stockpilo of fission products or synthctic rudiooltments. This should not prohibit tho release of informntion on thc Inkoratcry scnlo soperntion of fission products

(b) Infornation rolntiny, to tho dosign nnd dovolopment of any renctor spccificnlly for or providing for irradiation of mtorials for usa aa NJ agents.

2. 167 1Iilitnt-y Classified Data

Tho offonsivo ncpocts of iVT, except those items listod 1 (a) and (b) nbovo, should bo roclnssified ond subject only to normal military clnG sif icat i on ,

3. Ia'J Unclassifiod Infornntion

Tho oxistonco of ~n ia7 progrnn should bo considcrcd aa unclassified into rrn t ion.

Genoral Consi dorntions

Rndiolocicnl vnrfarc 112s boon tho subjcct of many classified papers nnd rc;)orts which hnvo boon concornod with tho utilizntion of r ndioactivo material ns cnothnr type of ctornic wcnpon. Considorriblo spoculntion hos npponrod in tho puhlic pross ro[;rrding tho possible offonsivc rnlo of rnc!iolo(;icr.l wnrfaro in militnry oporntions nnd tho affects such n vronpon vrould hnvo on tho American poop10 in tho ovont it vm3 cn;,loyod czninst US.

i! ,:.' ,d ... 1383815 -- NND-- 931131-/0C- - ../

Why ominous nnd fnntcstic stntonants havo boon mdo regarding the poten- tinlitios of M, particulnrly from thc dofcnsivc stmdpoint. At tho prosont timo, thoro oxists no dofinitivo Gavoriinentnl policy cr undorstanding rogarding the propor clnssificntisr, cntogory of such informtion or tho kind and typo of la'f information which should be rclonsod, There has bcon considerable raluctnnco on tho part' of rcsponsiblc jnrlividunls evon to ndrnit tho official oxistcnco of tho subject of "rndiological vrnrfaro," fiithor from the offonsivo or dofansiva stnnd- point. This ruluctnnco to discuss tho irrplicntions of Nl stcnis lnrgoly from the fnct that nn positive progrcn hns bocn ini.tinted which would justify tho relenso of nuthoritntivo dnta of vnluu to the public.

In the dovolopmont of n nnv military npplicetion for radimctivo mnterinls as P. wonpon, thoro is always 2rosont tho probnhility thnt infornlntion contribut- iny, to tho dofonsivo asiiects my inadvertently rovml vital data bcaring on the offccsivo nspocts. It apponrs that no hard nnd f%st rula can bo dovisad to sntisfactorily s~parntotho tVJ0 OGpOCtS into precise categories of information without soma inf~irmntionpossessing the chnractcristics of tho other. Until the full significance and cnpnhilitios of Zl nra estnblished, declassification of thio typo of information must be handled with caution and with full npprociation of tho offoct such n rolenso wuld have on our prosc-nt stnto of military proparad- ness .

With tho orfiaiiizntion of an Office of Civil Dofonso within thc National Jcilitnry Estnhlishmont charcod vith thc rusp:insi!?ility of planning the mobiliza- tion GIid educction of thc civilions of tho ngtion in tho ovont Of mr, authori- tetivo inforrmtion on tho recok;nizd c!ofcnsivo mcsuros recormcndod for usa agninst rctdionctivo nntorinls is osscntial in ordar tCi insuro tho success of tho dofonse pragrnm.

It is apparent thnt tho Atonic Encrcy Coxnission and the National i\iilitary Estnl?lishr!iont will hcvo continuinc ros7onsil;ilitios for cartain phases of tha 1a'J Pro[:rnn. To insuro nnd stimulntc procross in this fiold, positive action must bo tckcii to irir!icntc tho broc.:l Eonern1 cnteyoricls of informtion which should bo cl2ssificcl ns rustrictcc! dntn undor tho htoniic hcri;y Act of 1946 or idontifioc! ns ini1itnr-y classified data in accordanco with tho rogulntions nnd standnrds npplicablc to tho National Piilitary Estnblishrncnt, Diroctly rolatod to thu classi- ficntion policy nro tho roquiromonts for socurity clccrnnco of individuals who mill havo nccass to classifiod informction.

Control of Information

Tho Xtonic Fhargy Comriission is chnrscd with tho rosponsibility of control- ling rostrictod data within tho meaning of tho Atomic Energy Act of 1946. Sec. 10 (a) of tho Act estnblishcs this responsibility nntl ctntos that it shall be tho policy of tho Commission to control tho ilissomiriction of rostrictod data in such a rrinnner so ns to nssuro thc comrion c!o2cnso and socurity,

Tho tam "rostrictod dotc," cs usod in Scc, 10 (E)(l), und ns nppliad to rndioloKicn1 vrnrfaro, menns nll dctn concorning tho ncnufncturo or utilization Of stomic vrcnpons. Unc!nr this sootion, the Corrmission fro- timo to tim9y ma -1-2- 11838fb .-.... ---931131- (/I ..

I..

determine tho informction vhich my ba publishe2 without ndvorsely affecting the common tlofcnse and sccurit;I. Tho Spocinl Congressional Committoo on Atomic Enorgy which drnftod tho Atomic Enor[;y Act of 1946 stated in its report that this provision wns intendcd to require control of such infornution which might holp other nntions to build atwiic wonpons. Thoy furthor statod that this control should continuo until offcctivc internntionnl snfoEuards nre ostnblishod. Xt the samo tino, it wns the intontion of tho congressionnl committoe to ?armit sufficiont freodom of intorchango of information botaoon sciontists in ordor to nssure tho nation of continuod sciontific progress.

Stntus of Classification

Rndiolor,icnl vmrfnre is listor! undor Section I of tho Doclassification Guido of tho litcmic Energy Conmission, dntoc' Ahrch 15, 1918, as a "topio forbidding deolnscificction at tho prosont time." The Declassification Guido, under 10 - 840, doScribes tho subject as follows: ,I

"Rndicactivo vrnrfciro, such as uso of fission products c.6 chemical anrfcro poisons ."

The purposo of Daclnssificntion Guido is to pormit the rslease of sciontific inforniztion on nuclenr onorgy in tho interosts of scientific and industrial procress of tha nction both vrithin nnd outsido tho Atomic hergy Commission. The Guide is dosipod tu nssist rcsponsi1)lo officicls to decido which information can be rclcnsod without disclosing secret infornntion vital to tho notional .security and wolfaro.

The Guide liists goncrul topics vrhich may bo dcclzssifiod (1s woll as thoso which are forbid2on doclassificntion. In tho ccse of conflict botwoon to?ics . in tho Cuido, tho most rcstrictive topic cnrries precedence, Tho Guido is flcxitllo in thc npFlicntiJn of its stmtlards for it recognizes that on occasion it may bo desiroblo to releaso informntion, tho rolonso of which is forbiddon by tlio lcttor but n?t tho spirit of tho Guide, Or to withhold from publication, infornntion whoso roloaso is pormittod.

In proctico, officio1 rovi-wero of tho Atomic Energy Conmission may rocom- mend tho rcloase or ~witliholdin~,of ccrtnin infornatisn and submit the problom to tho Cornmission's Doclnssification Office as c horderlino cnso. In casos rvliorc tho matorial is not sovero3 by the present Guido, the rovlaver (or coordi- nating orgnnizotion diroctar) mny reconmend roloaso if it nppoars doeirable and forcvord it to tho Doclnssificntion Office in tho Wnshington Lioadquartors of the AEC ,

Tho Guido also rocopizcs the fact thnt informntion may bo doclcssiriod if it hns cilrondy Socn published in "htoniic Enorcy for Idilitnry Purposes," by H. D. Sqth, or in othor c!ocur.cnts ~vl!ich hovo Lcori proviously nppravod for publication by tho 1lnnh::ttan Project. In nc!dition, dcclnssificntion of inform- tion alrendy pul.lishod from roputa1;le sourcos in tlio sciontific or technical litorr,turo which wns dovoloped outsido of tho Atmic Enorey Projoct is also permi ss ible, .d t 183811 -1-3- I

..

Tho Armed Forcos Clnssificntion Guido for Atomic &orgy Information which TVRS discussod by rcpresentativos of tho Sorvicos and the Conmission on July 22, 1940, pro7osod a classificntion for W as Top Socrot rcstrictod data for which a "Q" cloarnnco is rccomonded.

Tho HA Pnnol, nt its first moctinC on ?lay 23, 1948, discussod tho qucstion of socrccy of W'I informaticn. In tho intorost of proKross, particularly in tho fiold of public oducation nocossrry tc an adcquatc dofenso ngainst R'l and throats of 111, the Panol favorod tlown[;rading and doclassieing R:"l informntion as a posi- tivo rro{;ram vihorovor such action would bo offoctivo.

At the June 11 and 12 moctinc of thc Advisory Comnittoo for Biology 2nd Nodicino tho subject of radiological vmrfnro was discusscd. Tho vicvr vias oxprossod thi.t it would bo dosirahlo to doclassify tho'lbroad suhjoct of radio- lop,icnl vmrfnro." Tho Committoo statod thnt thoro vms a consldomblo amount of harmfhl spcculntion of in the lay press by individuals without propor quali- fications,

Tho Woanons Effocts Clasfiificrtion Board, c2mpcsod of roprcsentntivos of tho htmic Ehory,y Comission e.nd Nntianal Military Establishment, met on I-ugust 13, 1948, and cmsidorcd n rocomnondntion to tho offect thnt X'I infornation should bo clnssifiod GS Top Socrot or Socrcrt rostrictcd datn for which a 'IQ" clenrnnca would not bo roquirod whoro CICCOSS is crmtod to porsonnol undor the jurisdiction of tho hrmcd Forces.

Soction 10(b)(5)(E)(i) of tho Xtoniic horgy Act of 1946, which is applicablo to ldl, has boon doomod to apply to tho Armotl ForcoG to tho oxtont that ono of tho Armod Forcos is a party to a contrnct arrangumont or liconso undor Soctisns 3, 4, or 7 of tho Lct.

Togothor with tho roquircmcnt for npproprintc classificntion of datn which falls undor tho Lct, CICCOSS to such rostrictcd dnta is pormittod only to such individuals npyropriatoly cloarod in nccordnncc with tho arrang<+montsin cffoct bctwoon tho Atomic I2norp.y Commission and tho National Kilitnry Fstnblishmcnt . Conclusions

1. Tho oxistorico of an iW Proerari should bo doclassifiod.

2. Infornntion rogardinc ,-roc!uction capacity and rcactor dovalopmont in c2nnoction with F3'l should romain classifioc! a6 Atomic Enorgy Act rostrictod (lata.

3. Inlornntion on offor.sivo phnsos of M, oxco;?t whoro production capncity, stockpilog of matorial, otc., cro concornod, should bo trontad as njlitary clnssifiod data. --1-4- 1183818 -

4. To n Grant cxrtcnt, tho infornaticn required for dofonsivo procoduroc for civil dofonso i:lnnninc could bo considered to fall in tho category of data doclgssifi5ljlo under topic 1 - 900 of tho AEC Declassification Guido.

5. A positivo Classification of IVr information will mntoriclly assist ' tho 6EC nnc! IU,tE to cccomplish studios on Nr.

Ref'oroncoa

1. hCC Docl?ssification Guido - Ihrch 15, 1948.

2. J.rmo2 Forcos Classification Guido for Atomic FherCy Informtion - July 15, 1940.

3. I!inutos of Advisory Crnmittoo on Biology nnd Modicino - Juno 11 and 12, 1948.

4. AEC Staff Study .18-G2; Status of Clcnrnnce Program for Porsonrld Of the l'lntionnl tllitnry Establishment.

5. aoport No. 1211, lbport of Special Committoo on Ltolnic &orgy, 79th Cori~rt)sii, 2nZ sassim.

6. Smyth :leprt. ii ravioiv of tha filos rovoals thnt numcrous groups during tho past fivo yonrs haw rnado attompts to omluato tho potcntinl offoctivonoss of rndiologicnl vmrfcro. Thoso studios for which rccords aro amilnhlc hnvo not boon sufficiontly oxtcnoivo to includo ndoquato considoration of tho munition problom and of largo scnls production cnpahilitios. Tho munition problem, in pnrbicular, has boon grossly nogloctcd ovon though its solution roquiros tho most ipgcnuity nnd toohni- cal “know how.”

Tho prohloms iiivolvod in offonsivo usrj of and defonlio against radio)ogical warfnro nro nunurous. Somc conclusions aro dofinito, but nJ1 posaiblo practical solutions to those probloms hRvo not born oxplorod. In partlculnr tho dosign and sorvico testing of a sntisfnctory clissomination dcvico domnqd an oxtonsivo and wall coordinct od program.

Responsibilities for vcrious phaoos of tho progrnm have not bqqp clonrly dolinoated with cofisequont lnok of officinr,cy and duplication of offorfr, It is ossontinl thut rosponsibility for mrious phasos of tho progran bo plqood in spocifio organizations mdthct intogretion bo ossurod at a high 1ove;l.

Recomondations

Tho following recoznmmdntians arLl nado by tho Atomic &orgy Comission Washington staff on radiologicnl vmrfaro and if concurrod in by thy Joint Panel, should bo fonmrdod to tho propcr authcriticsr

A. Thnt tho Amod Forcos nssumo rrsponsibility for tho dovolopmont of finishod munitions and for tho dovolopmcnt of dofonsivo moasuros;

B. That tho Atonic Enorgy Comission nssuno tho rosponsibility for othcr phasos of tho progrnn, pnrticulcrly fls rolntod to production, studios of biological offocts, otc;

C. That steps bo tnkon to insuro that tho agoncios given responsibility undor A and B bo givon accose to infornntion, faailitios, and porsonnol in all parts of tho military establishmat nnd of tho frtonic Ehorgy Cormission whorovor naoossary.

Tho following points hnvo boon kept in nind in fornulnting thoso rocowionda- tions :

1. Tho iirmod Sorviccs nro solcly qiiitlifiod to invastigatc problms con- corninE munitions dosip, incluriing all thoso ricittors connectod with dolivory on tcrqots, lot;istics, anti ficltl tosting. It is ossontial thnt ono opsrnting r.i;oncy h? givon prino rcsponsibility for munition8 devolopmcnt and that thoro bo prsvido:! propor chnnnols for acquisi- tion by that agoncy of all pcrtinmt information. ./ ,

I.

..'.

2. It is boliovnd thnt thoro now exists propor channels within the Armed Sorvicos and botproon ths Armed Sorvicos and tho Atomic hergy Comnis- sion for insuring 2tlequnt o coordination of the munitions program. Thore should, howovor, be propor nsslgnmont of rOSpJnsibility for guarnntooing full cooperntion at n high lovcl.

3. Tho problem of production of rndlonctive elomonts for us0 in radio- logical wnrfaro cannot ho soparutod froL1 tho roactor progrnm of the Atomic Jkcrgy Commission. For this reason the Commission nust have primo rosponsibility in all of thoso matters.

Comments on RoconunQndation A

Tho i4ilitnry Linison Conmitteo by clii*ootivo of the Joint Chiafs of Staff has the nocessnry nuthority to insuro n vigorous pi-ogrnm of munitions dovolopmont. This authority should bo exurcisod b;; (1 coordinator or n smcll staff on a high love1 in such e. way ns to facilitnto tho ohtnicini; of sotisfactory holp by tho developing agoncy fro9 thoso othor branchos of tho Nntional Military Establish- nont nnd of tho Xtomic Fncrgy Ccmission which posscrss porsonnol competent to don1 with certain spocific parts of the profr"?, Thc operating ngencies should, morcovor, bo flirnisho? ndcquoto funds nnci r.roper pcrsonnol coiling5 so thnt this progran cnn go forward without intorfarinE xith OthfJr high priority progr~ms. The opornting ngoncies must take pnrticulnr account of tho following mnttors:

1. Tho dosign, prolininnry tosting, nnd production of niodols of munitions for Nr.

No munition prosontly stnndnrdizod has tho dosirod character- istics for disporsal of rsdianctivo mctorinls. hrthor labor- atory vrorlc and furthor prcliminsry field tosts aro nocessnry boforo proceoding to tha next stcgs of n lircliminnry modol, It is bclioved thc,t rorii fiold tosting of dropped munitions could not tclio plnco boforo one ycnr nnd thnt propcrntion of ndoqunta noilols fcr SerdCQ tosts will consume at lonst two yenrs. Tho priority of tho program shauld bo such that sorvice testing with n rim1 to stnnderdizntion could ha complotod with- in chwt two yecrs.

2. 1'Iothods of hanrl1.ir.g tin2 trcnsparting ngcnts.

Siinul.tnnoously with tho dovolopnont of munitions, it will bo nocossary to givo duo oonsidarntion to tho problm of tho transportntion of WJ c!.(;onts fron tho plnco of ;Iroduction to tho plnco of USO. Proper sofaguarding of porsonnol bnth during transporting nnd during loading on plnnas for ddivory on tnrcots will drmnnd ccroful study. Ihch of the iiifornntion nacessnry fnr solving thcso ?rohloms is now avnjlable. Since it will !?rol;n!-ly not 130 focFiblo to enthor togothor in ono brnnch of tho hrmnd Sorvicas porsonncl coriputont to deal with ull of thoso problcnts, it is ossontial thnt thcro,bo adoquate contnct with nll ngcncioo which my cmtrihutc to n solution of theso prob1crr.c. .,d NND 931131- /IF 1183821 - K- Z - .--_ __ 47::;34 __ ..~__ __ .- 3. Tccticnl nnd strntogic cmsidnrnticns.

Since n nmr weapon is being visualized vrhich may porform military tcslcs Ziffering in inportant respects fror;, thqso now porformod by othfjr weapons, n csroful study must bo nnde of the offonsivo potectialitios of FAf[. This is particularly truo sinco SUpPliOS of ngents will clisnys bo limitell acd thoir USG nust bo confinod ti; thoso tar1;ots for mhich thoy nro host suited.

4. Physical and chmicnl proporties of contnninnting agents,

It will bo impossible for tho bnnch of tko Armed Sorvicos chsrgod with the responsibility for dovoloping munitions to bo offectivo unloss it is fully informod ns to tho physical cnd chocicnl praportics of possililo r.ccnts. Since thero mcy be some choico as ti, tho forms in vrhich tho agonts nny bo producod, it is nocossnry fcr tho devoloping neoncios tc mintnln closo cnd diroct contctct vith tho pnrts of tho Ltomic 2nort;jr Commission chcrgod with ?reduction. Eocr.uso of tho probable O~SOof deccn- tcnincting r.rcns trc:ttd with

5. Disporsrl t ochniquos . k doctrinc for tho zffcnsivc us? of rcdinlogicnl mi-faro cannot bo duvolopod unless informtion is amilablc on tho effects of tarrnin, buildinEs, and ty:jo of burst. To sonc oxtent, thess affacts cnn bo calculatod by qunlifiod porsoruiol hut thoro will ctlso bo noc asscry n curtain nn1our.t of field experinantation. Bcjhnvior of doValoped munitions un+.or vcrious muteorological conditicns must bo prsdictotl ns nccurcitoly a6 possible. It should I:o mphasixod thnt 1nr::o scnla r'iold tosts nro expcnsivo and orton provido loss information thun cnlculotions parformed by proporly qunlified physicists, cher?ists, ond mginoers. Much csst cm 50 clininatc-d by 2ue considorntion of thoso fnctors.

6. 3sfrJnsivo meusures.

Coordirintion of tho X'! dofonsivo nensurus with tho program for ntomic bcnli dofonso is essmtinl sinco othonviso thoro ail1 be uscloss dupliccition of offcrt. Tho doforsivo nrogram is dcpend- ont far its offcotivcrioss upon devclopncnt of c'otoction davicoe, nlcrm systons, and pro?cr trp.ining cf personno1 chorgcid with the rosponsibility 3f puttine, c!o:'cnsij-o iiwsurns into prnctico. Sinco this prcrcrwn hns rr:ny diffcrmt; aspocts 2nd demunds, a thorough lcnoul cdgo z f inst r-uncntot ion, prot oct ivo 4evic os for porsonnol, such ns GUS mnslts, collfictiuo protoctors nnd protoc- tivo clothing, and doccrlttiminr,tion, it is ossontinl shat this ..J - K-3-

931131-~ ____ 116 ___ -E -..-.-_-_" -'-A& pragrnm bo diviriod into its canponont pnrts with propcr nssign- mont of responsibility for csch prt. ?'!3rec)vor, it is essential that the civilinn Qefonso ngmcics ba provided with nll pcrti- nmt infornntion on tho dofcnsivc progrriri.

Corunmts on ;losarmondntion B

It is nct doernc!.] cdvisckl e to nnko s;iccific rocormendntions concorning tho nssiemunt .;:ithin tho Atomic bcrgy C:;nnission of phases of the progrnm relntcd to production. Tho inportance of the i>rogrnn on radiologicnl mrfaro daponds primnrily on Froduction capnkilitios. At tho end of n rcnsonable tine, such as ono ycnr, tho entire 1PI prugrarn should bo rsvicirrod nnd decisions thcn m~do cmcorninc construction of production fncilitios cnd nccumulation Of a stock- pila. Tho devolopincnt of new renctors should be mncle with a vicw to their pos- siblo nso fc:r synthosizins 31 agcnts. Tho study of tho separation of fission prsducts frxi wnsto so1uti:;ns of prssont and projcctod pilos should be ccrriod fonvnrd with a vimr ti, incr3nsir.g thorohy pi-"duction carcbilitios for iN.

hny of tho pr3blcns of trnnsport of agmts and of xunitions, and of delivory on tho mony t1emr:n:l hiswlaf:[;e If shielding rcquiremnts. Iheh of the infornation on those n2ttcr-s is now avcil~liloin tho Ltoiiiic borcy Commission and tho vnrious agcncius of tho IrT%ticnnl Hilitnry Zstnbli shmnt should have easy nccoss to this infornation for thoir pu.rposcrs. Yhilo chnnncls do axist nt prcsant for obtaining such information, ,such chnrxids do not function vrsll and too nuch time nnd offort is now consumc;! in mnintnining necessary contacts.

The oxposu:~ lovcls necossnry to Froducc nrious effects op. humnns are not now Lmovm 7.vith high prccision. Iiovrovor, tho 37 prog;rnm ns such does not; demand (in e;rtensivo study of tho iiiclocicnl cffdcts of rndiation. It is not inipliod in making this stntenont that siich studies shculil not bo cmtinued sinco thoro may kt? other SOUnil ronsons for ct progrim of this typo.

-K-4- ?E%%b I I83823 AEC 28/5 COPY NO. 1

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

PANEL ON RW - MINUTES OF SECOND MEETING

Note by the Secretary

1. The second meeting of the Panel on Radiological Warfare was held on August 29, 1948.

2. The report of the RIA! Staff which was discussed in this

* meeting is being distributed by the Division of Plilitary Applica-

tion.

ROY B. SNAPP

Secretary

DISTRIBUTION ,, COPY NO. as I

!

1183824 This docudient consists of -9 pages of 2 copies, Series -A e

Minut e s

Second Uecting

Ad HOC Psnel on RW

August 29, 1948

Atomic Ehergy Comission Bhhildhg

I'iashington, D. c. SECOND MEETING- OF AD ---. HOC PANEL GN RW

Introductory Remarks --_I-

The second meeting of the Joint AEC-NME Panel on Radiolcgi- cal Warfare was convzned by the Chairman, Dr. W. Albert Noyes, Jr., at 9 :15 A.M. , in the .\tonic Energy Conmission milding, Washington, D. C. In addition to the Chairman, the follorring Panel members were present: Dr. E. 0, Lavrrence, Dr. W. M. Latiier, Dr. Franklin MCLean, Dr. E. P. Stevenson, Dr. V?. M, Manning, Col. J. H. Hinds, and Brig. Gen. James McCormack, Jr. as Secretary. Others present included: Ak. Carroll L. TJilson, hir. D, L. Carpenter, Dr. C. A. Thomas Mr . VI. H . Hosford, Maj. Gen. K. D. Nichols, tlaj, Gen. D. If. Schlat er, Rear Adm. W. S. Parsons, Rear Adm. R. A. Ofstie, Col. J. P. Cooney Dr. Norris Bradbury, Fr. Roger Warner, Dr. Shields Warren, Dr. R. P Johnson, Dr. S. G. English, Dr. P. L. Veil, Dr. n. A. Fries, Dr, VI. E Vinsche , Dr. E. J. Murphy, Dr. E. H. plesset, Kr. S. T, Cohen, Dr Herbert Scoville, Lt. Col. J. R. Hall, Maj, \a. W. Stone, Lt. Col S. J. Efnor, and Ma j . Maxwell Dauer. General McCormack, as Panel Secretary, informed the meeting regarding the facilities 2nd zrrangements which were available.

Dr. Noyes asked for comments on the draft minutes of the May 23 meeting. Dr. McLean moved that the minutes should be accepted and the motion was seconded by Col. Hinds. The Panel unanimously voted to adopt the minutes.

Dr. Noyes outlined the work of the RU staff in preparing the . Report which was presented to the panel. He pointed out that the Report prepared by thc RY staff was based upon the problems which were discussed at the last panel meeting. In order to determine the fea- sibility of R!V, certain projects were initiated by the staff which might be continued on a permanent basis, With regard to the opera- tional phases of the program, Dr. Noyes said that the beginnings of a munition development program had been undertaken which could be carried forward if the recommendations are accepted. He stated that the study of the chemistry of the separation of fission products was assigned to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory but because of the shortage of qualified personnel these studies did not proceed very far. Inasmuch as the vraste separation process at Hanford will be changed by Redox within the next year or so, Dr. Noyes stated that work on the separa- tion of Zr-Cb from the Hmford waste

1;- ,(., ',>< ,. -: ; Fago 2 I *A>: ,.- Discussion of Report

a* -Cost Estimate of Program Dr. Lawrence remclrked that the estimate of $1,000,000 for the first 12 months, as contained in recommendation 7 of the Report, Pias too low for a munition development program. Dr. Noyos replied that this estimate was obtained from the Chemical Corps for only the first year of work on the nunitions phase and was based upon the ability of an organi- zation to procure the necessary personnel and facilities. He pointed out that in succeeding years the rate of expenditure would increase de- pending upon the progress of the program. Dr. Lawrence favored giving the progrm a high priority during the first year. He advocated the assignmcnt of various problems to many groups in order to gkt the prelimi- nary work done during the first year.

General MCormack pointed out that it is rather difficult to accurately estimate actual costs during the initisl stages of a program and for that reason the estixate should bo considered as a minimum plan- ning figure.

Mr. Carpenter stated that it mas impbrtant to get some idea regarding the costs of the HV! program.

The Panel expressed the view thit a positive program would require a considerable budget for the first year much in excess of the estimated cost contained in the Report.

b. Present Production Limitations

Dr. Stevenson pointed ci, that recorrmndation 2 of the Report was an important finding because it stated that the staff vias of the opinion that the use of R1.7 would not prove to be a decisive factor in any major conflict.

Dr. Fries explained that this reconmiendstion was based upon production capabilities, dosage rate, and the actual target which would have to be contaminated. For large area targets of about ten square miles, a dosage rate of about 30 roentgens per day wss used in making the calcul2tions. In terms of production, Dr. Fries explained, it requires about one megacurie of Zr-Cb gama emitting fission products or irradiated tantalum to contaminate each square mile of a target. Since the Hanford equilibrium stockpile of fission products is about 10 mega- curies, this stockpile .v!ould be used up to contaminate one large area. Since it takes about six months to build up a 10 megacurie stockpile, under present conditions, Dr. Fries said that the production of Zr an'd Cb could be increased by construction of additional piles and the processing of more uranium, by operating piles at higher pouer levels or by shorten- ing the present cooling time of the slugs. By mking use of a11 the excess reactivity in all the Hanford pilcs and thereby discontinuing all I f 83821 Page 3 ..’ ..’ . ... .

other isotope production, he stated thzt the amount of tant3lu.n produced would be somewhat less thm the producticn of Zr-Cb. Conscquently, in order to increase Ta production he vias of the opinion that the develop- ment of enriched Hanford piles or high flux reactors would be required, Dr. Fries concluded that the producticn of radioactive materials limits the ,usefulness of RVl, and that it ivcui~inot prove to be a decisive factor in a conflict unless production is increased.

Dr. Lawrence pointed out that R’7 planning should not be limited by the present availability of fissionable inai,erial. He was of the ophicn that, in the event of war, enough i-adioaciive mrterinl oould be made a--%la31e for R\7 by the ccnstruct;icn of stantG?qj reactor? and supporxing fhCities. These reactors wo.Jld be place:! into operat!.on only in c~setl:?y mere needed for the productj.cn of radioac3ive rn>:terials and the f2ssion;ble material could be recovered in case it was needed for atomic bonbs.

Col. Hinds replied that the Joint Strategic Planners feel that any consideration et this time cf curtailing bomb production in order to produce RV inaterinl is considered premsturc and unvrise. He stated that the Military plannars cannot entertain such a decision until they receive positive proof that a strategically and/or tactically sound FN weapon can be produced.

General I!cCormack stated that one of the draft recomenda- tions of the Long Range Objectives panel specifies that at the end of a ten year period, a gram of neutrons per day should be available for RW. This recomnendation, in con juncticn with the rccommendations for the increase in production of fissionable material, should provide enough radioactive material to meet the objectives of the RI7 program.

Dr. Noyes stated thot a pile program should not be devel- oped solely to neet the requirements for RVJ, However, he felt that in the planning Gf a pile program by the i.tomic ESlergy Cormnission, adequate provision should be made for the increased production of gamma emitters in the event of an emergency,

Dr. Stevenson said that it should be made clear that if the munition problem is solved, enough radioactive material can be made available to meet the needs of the R!”I program.

C. Comparison of ClV, BV and RW

blr. 1,’Iilson stated that since the majcr use of FPN mould be directed toward the denial of an area, it would be advantageous to con- pare the usefulness of KJ with other viespons, such es CY{ and EJJ, which do not ccni‘lict with the requirements of the atcniic bomb program for fissionable material, pile capacity and neutrons.

1183828 Page 4 Dr . Moyes su.marieed the advzntages and disadvantages of CW, BI and RW. He concluded that each type of warfare has a defin- ite role as a nuisance and psychological wcapon and that each vFould contribute meterially to n5litary operations. The three types cf warfare would tend to confuse the enemy and complicate his planning and logistics by requiring extensive protective and decontarnination equip- ment and personnel, On this basis, Dr. Noyes said that research and development in R?l should go forward concurrently with the work on CVI and BYr.

d. Defense Aspects

Dr. EJcLaan stated that sone consideration should be given to the possibility that an aggresso:. nation might decide on KI as a major weapon and use it against us. From the defensive point of view, he said that it is essential that we are adequately prepared to cope with the situation promptly.

Dr. Noyes pointed out that the Secretary of Defense has established an office for Civil Defense Planning which has the problems of defense under consideration,

With regard to the potentialities of an enemy to use RW against us, Dr. Noyes said that the intelligence reports on the subject are meager. As far as can be determined, the Russians have one experi- mental pile utilizing heavy wster. &?sed upon the opinion of Dr. Colby of the AEC, Division of Security and ?i.'alligence, Dr. Noyes stated that the matter of defense against R13 does not appear to be a matter of ur- gency for the next two to five years. Dr. Noyes emphasized that this is just a calculated guess.

e. Us0 of Aerosols

Dr. McLean questioned the advisability of minimicing the effectiveness of radioactive materials as aerosols in R7. Dr. Fries pointed oLt that the standard gas mask is a very efficient device for preventing inhalation of radioactive material, In addition, he stated that since it is difficult to maintnin a uniform dosage rate with a radioactive cloud, aerosols were nct considered very effective for pro- ducing casualties.

Dr. Noyes stated that the use of aerosols as a nuisance or psychological weapon have not been dismissed. He said that recom- mendation 5 of the staff Report included studies on a laboratory scale fcr the purpose of exploring the possibilities of other types of emitters other than garma. Dr. Koyes pointed out that if the data viarranted, the subject could be reopened at a later date,

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f. Sone Special Tasks for W

Dr. Stevenson said that he had attempted to evaluate the unique and special features of RY vhich would warrant use of the weapon cn selected strategic and tactical tergets. He mentioned th2.t [;amria emitters and pcrhsps beta emitters ccmbined with high explosives dropped on a specialized target would be a serious blow to an enemy. Cuke ovans wocld be an excellent target becnuse the skilled technicians qualified . to repair a coke sveri number B fesv hundred iri the U. S. and evcn Less in Russia, Radiation exposure of highly specialized workers wouid ser- iously haraper any industrial war cffcrt. He also mentioned that radio- active materials appear to be ideal for planned evacuations or to deny ths enemy key tactical loci?tior,s which might otherwise threaten the position of a defending force, Likewise, he pointeci out that personnel and facilities at airbasss would be ideal targets.

g. zielding Considerations

Dr, Plesset cxplained t':? factors involved in calculating the rediation intensities considered cf military sirjmificancc for an open area. Based upon an exposure c.f 30 roentgens per day, 0.4 to 0.5 mega- curies per square nile of tantalm arc required; for Zr-Cb, 0.5 to 0.6 megacuries are required. For built up areas, 1 to 5 megacuries per square mile are needed and for Zr-Cb, 1 t3 7 megacuries per square mile would be necessary. Dr. plcsset illustrated the effect buildings and struc- tures have upon the calculstion of the dosage problerr. and the camplexities introduced by the attanuation of radiaticn by vialls and roofs.

YJith regard to the shielding requirements for air delivery of radioactive materials, Dr. plesset admitted that the problem is dif- ficult, but he believes it could be solved.

11. Types of hknitions

Dr. Murphy briefly summarized the studies which were made to select a suitable munition. He pointed out that the selection and development of a suitable munition for the dissemination of radioactive material id11 undoubtedly prove to be another difficult phase of the RW prcgram and tbt it is closely related to shielding and delivery problems. Dr. ?!urphy described the experiinents conducted by the Chemical Corps at Edgewood Arsenal. He said thet the objective of these experiments was to detcrniiie satisfactory methods for the dispersion at' solid particulates from an aerial munition in order to obtain ground ccntminaticn over large areas.

Dr. Ncycs stated that the most fcasible munition appears to be a shotgun shell cluster :vhi.ch i,..!..L. give many points of contamina- tionoveradde area. This muniticn is now ur.der development by the Chem- ical Corps in connection with the 67: progran.

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i. Effect of Gamma Radiation on High Explosives

Gith respect to the effect of gamma radiation on high explssives and the electronic components cf thz proximity fuze, Dr. Ncyes st.?td that various phases cf the experiments were conducted at Abcrdeen Prsving Ground, Los Blancs, the Bureau of Standsi'ds, Osk Ridge h'atiord Laboriitory and at the Army Chemical Canter. These tests in- dicated no significant effxts. However, he pointed out that these studies should not be considered conclusivo bccauss no information is available on the effects of prolonged e-xposure.

j. Estimate of Production Requirexents

Dr, Winsche summarized the production requirenents and pile operation problcms associated with a program for increasing the availability Gi' radicactive materizls for RY. Based upon a'daily pro- duction rate of one megacurie of Ta, 350 grams of U-235 would be consumed by the present conventional pile. E!s:;:.\i upon the present state of h0W- ledge of pile design, between 540 to 720 grams per day of U-235 would be conswed by 15 to 20 high flux ractors, each cperating at a povier level of 30 megawatts. For the Fanford pile, about 1600 kilograms of U-235 would be required to convert the pile completely for the irradiation of tantalun. For the high flux reector, under present proposed design con- ditions, about 550 to 880 M1ograT.s of u-235 would be involved. In the optimistic future if the holdup of material outside the reactor is reduced by special remotely-controlled rcprocessing facilities, then 100 to 160 kilograms would be involved.

Dr. Winsche estimated that the ccnstruction of 15' to 20 high flux reactors %auld cost approximately 225 to 300 million dollars whereas one Hanford pile would cost between 70 to 100 millicn dollars, excluding the cost cf the fissionable material.

Dr. Kinsche pointed out that to maintain a production of 1 megacurie of radioactive tantalum per day in the optinistic future, assuming improvements in pile operation as ercphasized by Dr. Lawrence, 100 to 160 k&s of U-235 per year would be consun:ed.

Dr. Lawrence emphasized that no U-235 would be expended unless we were at war bacause these reactors.wculd be in a standby con- dition ready to meet the requirements for R7.

Dr. Latimer expressed the hope that the increased avail.- ability of fission products would solve the prcduction problem and thus therewould not be a need for irradiating tantalum. Dr. I.7insche stated that the ccnstruct,icn of 15 to 20 high flux reactors would cnly double the arncunt of fission product produce<; dy a single Hanford pile.

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k. Classification of Infornation

In approving reconvnendaticn 14, the Pancl intended that this recomnendaticn should be interpreted on the basis of the informa- tion coiitained in Appendix I of ths Report,

Recamendations

The reconmendations adopted by the Panel were:

1. That the Joint Chiefs of Staff be informed that present produc- tive capacity either of fission products or of syrthetic radioelements and the present state of methods of dissemination me such as to make impossible the offensive use of radiological warfare for a period of at least two years and probably longer;

2. That the Joint Chiefs of Staff be further infcrmed that for the years immediately fcllovring tho poriod stated in rcccmmndation 1, the shortage of raw material and productive capscity v;ill 1in:it the use of radiological warfare to carefully selected tsrgets and that its use would prcbably not be a decisive factcr in a major conflict;

3. That the use of radioactive materials to deny localized areas and importnnt installaticns during planned evacuaticn should be made feasible in about two years;

4. That main attention be directed to the use of gamma emitters for offense;

5. That studies on a laboratory scale only on other types of emitters be ccntinued and that the questicn of their use for offense and for sabotage be reopened when and if the data so warrant; 6. That prime responsibility for the development of dissemination methods be delegated to the Naticnal Military Establishment;

7. That respcnsibility be plsc~.within the National Military Establishment in such a way and at such a level as to ensure prosecution of a vigorous program and of coordination of its various related parts;

8. That the program be such as to ensure develcpment if possible of satisfactory dissemination nethods within a period of twc years;

9. That development of protection, detection, and decontamination measures be carried forvrard 2nd that cdcquate steps be taken to ensure assignment of responsibility for the variouv; parts of this program;

In. That the Atomic Ener&y Comission assume the responsibility for other phases of the program, particularly as related to production, , studies of biological effects, etc. .J 11. That in the Atomic Energy Comissicn program of reactor development a high priority be given to research and clevalcping leading to the increase in production capacit,y of materials for radiological war- fare;

,12. That the separation of fission products (Zr and Cb) from Redox soluticns be icvestigated idth such priority as to misure completion of thi: laboratcry stages within cne year;

13. That the entire program be reviewed during the fall of 1949 to ascertain whether in the light cf the then stetus of the offensive and defensive programs a recomendation sheuld be made to establish a stockpile of a suitable gafiuria emitter for immediate use in the event of a national emergency;

14. That the several phases of radiological warfare be reclassi- fied as set forth in Appendix I; to the end that tho National Ililitsry Establishnent and other interested agencies may adequately pursue pro- grams for civilian and other defense;

15. That this Fanel hold one further meeting on Monday, December 6, 1948, to ascertain what acticn has been taken on the above reccmmenda- ticns 2nd to make such further reconmendations as nay appear advisable and with a view to the probeble discharge of the Panel at that time.

Adjournment

The meeting adjourned at 6:oo P.M.

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