DOCSLIB.ORG

China's Role in the Chemical and Biological Disarmament Regimes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
China's Role in the Chemical and Biological Disarmament Regimes ERIC CRODDY China’s Role in the Chemical and Biological Disarmament Regimes ERIC CRODDY Eric Croddy is a Senior Research Associate at the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies. He is the author of Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001). odern China has been linked with the prolif- least—and with considerable diplomatic effort—China eration of nuclear, chemical, and missile weap- broadcasts its commitment to both the CWC and the Mons technology to states of proliferation con- BWC. cern, and its compliance with arms control and disarma- Few unclassified publications analyze the role that CBW ment is seen as key to the effectiveness of weapons of have played in Chinese military strategy, nor is much in- 1 mass destruction (WMD) nonproliferation efforts. In this formation available on Beijing’s approach to negotiating context, the answer to Gerald Segal’s question, “Does CBW disarmament treaties. This is not surprising: China 2 China really matter?” is most definitely, “Yes.” In the is an extremely difficult subject for study where sensitive realm of chemical and biological weapons (CBW), military matters are concerned. A 1998 report by Dr. Bates Beijing’s role is closely linked to its view of the multilat- Gill, Case Study 6: People’s Republic of China, published eral disarmament regimes for CBW, namely the Chemi- by the Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, cal Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological and was the first to seriously address the issue of China and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC), and of related mul- CBW proliferation. This article, while asking some intrigu- tilateral export control efforts. These views, in turn, de- ing questions, had no references to the Chinese literature pend on how CBW figure in China’s tactical and strategic on the subject of CBW itself. Gill concluded that posture, which includes a declared nuclear weapons (NW) given China’s overall industrial capacity, China capability and a strategic missile force. Where CBW pro- probably has the capability of producing CBW liferation is concerned, the key question today is not agents and may have weaponized this capabil- whether China matters, but whether the Chinese govern- ity. At present, however, neither open-source ment is serious about eliminating both chemical and bio- information nor broader contextual analysis can logical weapons—it maintains it never developed the confidently confirm that China has an offensive latter—and preventing the proliferation of CBW-related CBW program or would seriously contemplate technology. China has been an active participant (at least activating that option for use in wartime.3 in the last two decades) in both chemical and biological disarmament and arms control negotiations. Outwardly at Of the few Chinese books written on the subject of arms control within recent years, Major General Pan 16 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring 2002 ERIC CRODDY Zhenqiang’s, International Disarmament and Arms Con- ment of “gas producing shells” in August 1921. The war- trol, probably best reflects basic attitudes and beliefs among lord Wu Peifu, however, condemned CW as “inhumane.”6 security analysts and members of the Chinese arms con- Despite repeated clashes among warring factions dur- 4 trol community. For the book’s chapters on chemical and ing China’s turbulent Republican period, there are no con- biological arms control, Major General Pan enlisted con- firmed reports of chemical warfare during this period in tributions from Yu Zhongzhou, a chemical weapons (CW) China’s history. There is also no evidence that the Soviet specialist, and Li Yimin, a biological weapons (BW) spe- Union assisted the armies of the Kuomintang (National- cialist. In a conversation with the author in spring 2001, ists) or the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) with CW- General Pan indicated that his book was already out of related training or equipment. It is quite possible, however, date when it was published in 1996. Even so, Interna- that knowledge gained by Soviet-German cooperation in tional Disarmament and Arms Control appears to pro- CW technology from the 1920s to the early 1930s may vide an accurate reflection of how Chinese decisionmakers have found its way into Chinese hands. currently view CBW disarmament issues. Other writings that have appeared before or since do not contradict the The first use of CW in Asia is believed to have taken assertions or attitudes found in Pan’s volume. More re- place in 1930 in Wushe, a mountainous area in central cently, Dr. Liu Huaqiu, a leading Chinese scholar, edited Taiwan. Defeated by the Japanese in 1895, China’s an encyclopedic volume on arms control.5 The two chap- Manchu rulers were forced to cede the provincial island ters on CBW arms control, largely written by Yu of Taiwan to Japan. During Japan’s colonization of the Zhongzhou, Li Weimin (CW), and Li Yimin (BW), pro- island, brutal pacification campaigns were waged against vide more detail on China’s role in negotiation and com- local indigenous groups, particularly during the years 1910- pliance issues, but for the most part are largely derivative 1914.7 Local tribes, including those in Wushe, revolted of Pan’s earlier volume. against the Japanese. Historians believe that in 1930, Ja- pan used chloracetophenone (CN)8 while crushing the Drawing on these two books, as well as a variety of rebellion led by tribal leader Mona Rudo.9 This particular other Chinese written sources and interviews with gov- engagement might have been part of the experimental use ernment officials and academics in the People’s Republic of CW by the Japanese on Taiwan between 1930 and of China (PRC) and Taiwan, this article examines what is 1941.10 After Japan’s surrender in 1945, the Kuomintang known of past Chinese activities involving CBW and Garrison Command took control of former Japanese mili- China’s current involvement in the CBW disarmament tary facilities, including a “large chemical weapons facil- regimes. The article concludes with some policy recom- ity in northern Taiwan.”11 It is not known what stocks of mendations for the U.S. government. CW were found when Nationalist soldiers arrived at the plant. CHINA AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS Beginning in 1937, the Japanese army employed a wide range of CW agents during its invasion of China. Quoting History of Chinese Interest in Chemical Warfare an “authoritative Soviet source,” a Chinese book by China’s involvement with chemical warfare preceded People’s Liberation Army (PLA) specialists in chemical the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949. With the defense claims that “during its war in China, the Japanese advances in modern chemical industry and the birth of army had prepared 25% of their artillery shells to be chemi- organic chemistry in the late 19th century, it was prob- cal munitions, while 30% of its aerial ordnance was chemi- ably inevitable that CW would appear on the battlefields cal bombs.”12 Another source tallies 10,000 deaths and of World War I. During the 1920s, the Chinese warlords 80,000 wounded as a result of Japanese CW use.13 Ac- Zhao Hengti, Cao Kun, Feng Yuxiang, and Zhang Zuolin cording to a third source, from July 18, 1937, to May 8, all expressed interest in purchasing or enlisting European 1945, Japan carried out 1,059 chemical attacks in China, firms to help manufacture CW agents. Zhang Zuolin re- including the use of the CW agents diphenylchloroarsine, portedly contracted with the German firm Witte for the diphenylcyanoarsine, chloracetophenone (CN), chloropi- construction of a CW production facility, in Shenyang, crin, hydrogen cyanide, phosgene, mustard, and lewisite.14 and hired Russian and German chemical engineers to over- While it is difficult to evaluate the extent of Japanese see the manufacture of mustard, phosgene, and chlorine. use of CW in China, it would appear that mainland sources Zhao Hengti also took delivery of a relatively small ship- exaggerate the overall importance of such warfare in The Nonproliferation Review/Spring 2002 17 ERIC CRODDY Japan’s success against Kuomintang armies during this One gets the sense that, when looking back to the Ko- period. Japanese soldiers, especially those serving in China, rean War, Chinese leaders often make oblique references were highly disciplined, well equipped, ruthless, and had to the CW allegations. For example, current PRC Chair- a well-organized command structure. The latter qualities man Jiang Zemin has stated that during the Korean War, did not exist among the Chinese resistance, which was “the United States threw in nearly two million troops, and already fractured by a rivalry between the Kuomintang except for nuclear, employed all of the most advanced (KMT) forces led by Chiang Kaishek and the CCP forces weapons.”22 An article in the October 2000 issue of China led by Mao Zedong. While the use of CW might have National Defense Journal (Zhongguo Guofangbao) used assisted the Japanese in some battles, it is difficult to con- essentially the same language: “except for nuclear weap- clude that it played a decisive role in the Sino-Japanese ons, all modern weapons were used.”23 In Korean War war of 1937-1945. Although the Chinese are bitterly in- retrospectives intended for Chinese consumption, one finds dignant over Japan’s use of CW, they also place some of that the CW charges are repeated with specifics. Among the obloquy on the United States. One Chinese source other books on the topic, International Disarmament and notes that despite President Roosevelt’s warning to Japan Arms Control, published in 1996 by the Chinese National in 1942 concerning their use of such weapons against Defense University Press, also mentions the use of CW China, the United States never took measures to retaliate during the Korean War: “Since the end of WWI, chemi- in kind.15 cal weapons have been frequently used throughout re- From 1940 to 1945, Kaishek and the KMT operated a gional and armed conflicts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contemporary China: a Book List
    PRINCETON UNIVERSITY: Woodrow Wilson School, Politics Department, East Asian Studies Program CONTEMPORARY CHINA: A BOOK LIST by Lubna Malik and Lynn White Winter 2007-2008 Edition This list is available on the web at: http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinabib.pdf which can be viewed and printed with an Adobe Acrobat Reader. Variation of font sizes may cause pagination to differ slightly in the web and paper editions. No list of books can be totally up-to-date. Please surf to find further items. Also consult http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinawebs.doc for clicable URLs. This list of items in English has several purposes: --to help advise students' course essays, junior papers, policy workshops, and senior theses about contemporary China; --to supplement the required reading lists of courses on "Chinese Development" and "Chinese Politics," for which students may find books to review in this list; --to provide graduate students with a list that may suggest books for paper topics and may slightly help their study for exams in Chinese politics; a few of the compiler's favorite books are starred on the list, but not much should be made of this because such books may be old or the subjects may not meet present interests; --to supplement a bibliography of all Asian serials in the Princeton Libraries that was compiled long ago by Frances Chen and Maureen Donovan; many of these are now available on the web,e.g., from “J-Stor”; --to suggest to book selectors in the Princeton libraries items that are suitable for acquisition; to provide a computerized list on which researchers can search for keywords of interests; and to provide a resource that many teachers at various other universities have also used.
    [Show full text]
  • VT Module6 Lineage Text Major Schools of Tibetan Buddhism
    THE MAJOR SCHOOLS OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM By Pema Khandro A BIRD’S EYE VIEW 1. NYINGMA LINEAGE a. Pema Khandro’s lineage. Literally means: ancient school or old school. Nyingmapas rely on the old tantras or the original interpretation of Tantra as it was given from Padmasambhava. b. Founded in 8th century by Padmasambhava, an Indian Yogi who synthesized the teachings of the Indian MahaSiddhas, the Buddhist Tantras, and Dzogchen. He gave this teaching (known as Vajrayana) in Tibet. c. Systemizes Buddhist philosophy and practice into 9 Yanas. The Inner Tantras (what Pema Khandro Rinpoche teaches primarily) are the last three. d. It is not a centralized hierarchy like the Sarma (new translation schools), which have a figure head similar to the Pope. Instead, the Nyingma tradition is de-centralized, with every Lama is the head of their own sangha. There are many different lineages within the Nyingma. e. A major characteristic of the Nyingma tradition is the emphasis in the Tibetan Yogi tradition – the Ngakpa tradition. However, once the Sarma translations set the tone for monasticism in Tibet, the Nyingmas also developed a monastic and institutionalized segment of the tradition. But many Nyingmas are Ngakpas or non-monastic practitioners. f. A major characteristic of the Nyingma tradition is that it is characterized by treasure revelations (gterma). These are visionary revelations of updated communications of the Vajrayana teachings. Ultimately treasure revelations are the same dharma principles but spoken in new ways, at new times and new places to new people. Because of these each treasure tradition is unique, this is the major reason behind the diversity within the Nyingma.
    [Show full text]
  • Zhou Zuoren's Critique of Violence in Modern China
    World Languages and Cultures Publications World Languages and Cultures 2014 The aS cred and the Cannibalistic: Zhou Zuoren’s Critique of Violence in Modern China Tonglu Li Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/language_pubs Part of the Chinese Studies Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ language_pubs/102. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the World Languages and Cultures at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in World Languages and Cultures Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS cred and the Cannibalistic: Zhou Zuoren’s Critique of Violence in Modern China Abstract This article explores the ways in which Zhou Zuoren critiqued violence in modern China as a belief-‐‑driven phenomenon. Differing from Lu Xun and other mainstream intellectuals, Zhou consistently denied the legitimacy of violence as a force for modernizing China. Relying on extensive readings in anthropology, intellectual history, and religious studies, he investigated the fundamental “nexus” between violence and the religious, political, and ideological beliefs. In the Enlightenment’s effort to achieve modernity, cannibalistic Confucianism was to be cleansed from the corpus of Chinese culture as the “barbaric” cultural Other, but Zhou was convinced that such barbaric cannibalism was inherited by the Enlightenment thinkers, and thus made the Enlightenment impossible.
    [Show full text]
  • Comments of Teresa Homan with Attachments
    Teresa Homan Watertown, SD 57201 I am a landowner in Deuel County, South Dakota. Our land boarders the Deuel Harvest Wind Project in Deuel county, Docket # EL 18-053. There are 112 towers cited in the project, with 9 towers within a mile of our property. We have spent over three decades developing this property to enhance wildlife and for the enjoyment of our family. Can you imagine how we felt when we found we have a population of eastern bluebirds? We have yellow warblers, which by the way feed on the web worms that form in our trees. We have orioles, cedar waxwings, brown thrashers, rose breasted grosbeaks, gold finches, purple finches, robins, blue jays, nuthatches, eastern kingbirds, bitterns, dark eyed juncos, red winged blackbirds, morning doves, owls, cow birds, northern mocking birds, grey cat birds, wood thrushes, tufted titmouse, king fishers, indigo buntings, scarlet tanagers, bobolinks, meadowlarks, many woodpeckers, turkeys, turkey vultures, even humming birds and bald eagles. There are more, just to numerous to list. Many of these birds we have seen for the first time in our lives on this property in the past 1 O years. Not only are these birds beautiful and fun to watch, they have their purpose in the ecosystem. We also see northern long eared bats, that are on the endangered list in South Dakota. These birds are making a come back after the use of insecticides that nearly wiped out many. In the 1940's the insecticide DDT was introduced for public use, it is now banned from sale. In 1976 the herbicide Roundup was introduced to the public.
    [Show full text]
  • 20 JOMSA Only Foreign Head of State to Receive the Award Was the Taisho Emperor of Japan
    (“Grand Merit Order”) instead of Da Bao Zhang (“Grand President Yuan on the anniversary of the Wuchang Precious Order”). Uprising but declined by Sun The sash for the sash badge (Figure 8) was Imperial • Li Yuanhong – awarded October 10, 1912 by President Yuan to Vice President Li on the anniversary of the yellow) and was worn over the left shoulder.21 The Wuchang Uprising insignia was to be worn on formal dress although it could also be worn with informal attire where required • The Taisho Emperor of Japan – awarded November for diplomacy.22 10, 1915 by President Yuan • Feng Guozhang (Figure 9) – awarded July 6, 1917 by President Li Yuanhong to Vice President Feng • Xu Shichang (Figure 10) – awarded October 10, 1918 by President Xu Shichang to himself on the anniversary of the Wuchang Uprising • Duan Qirui – awarded September 15, 1919 by President Xu Shichang to Premier Duan Qirui • Cao Kun (Figure 11)– awarded October 10, 1923 by President Cao Kun to himself on the anniversary of the Wuchang Uprising • Zhang Zuolin – awarded around 1927 by Zhang Zuolin to himself as Grand Marshal of China24 Seven were presidents (or equivalent, in the case of Zhang Zuolin). Notwithstanding the 1912 Decree, the Grand Order was also awarded to vice-presidents and premiers Figure 8: Illustration of the Republican Grand Order sash badge reverse with the name of the Order (Da Xun Zhang, 大勋章) in seal script. Compare the characters to that of the Imperial Grand Order in Figure 5 (www.gmic.co.uk). The regulations provided for the surrender or return of the insignia upon the death of the recipient, or upon conviction of criminal or other offences.23 Given the chaotic times of the early Republic, this did not necessarily occur in practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War
    Environmental consequences of nuclear war Owen B. Toon, Alan Robock, and Richard P. Turco A regional war involving 100 Hiroshima-sized weapons would pose a worldwide threat due to ozone destruction and climate change. A superpower confrontation with a few thousand weapons would be catastrophic. Brian Toon is chair of the department of atmospheric and oceanic sciences and a member of the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Alan Robock is a professor of atmospheric science at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rich Turco is a professor of atmospheric science at the University of California, Los Angeles. More than 25 years ago, three independent research ber of potential fatalities from a nuclear war and in the like- groups made valuable contributions to elaborating the conse- lihood of environmental consequences that threaten the bulk quences of nuclear warfare.1 Paul Crutzen and John Birks pro- of humanity. Unfortunately, that assumption is incorrect. In- posed that massive fires and smoke emissions in the lower at- deed, we estimate that the direct effects of using the 2012 ar- mosphere after a global nuclear exchange would create severe senals would lead to hundreds of millions of fatalities. The short-term environmental aftereffects. Extending their work, indirect effects would likely eliminate the majority of the two of us (Toon and Turco) and colleagues discovered “nuclear human population. winter,” which posited that worldwide climatic cooling from stratospheric smoke would cause agricultural collapse that Casualty and soot numbers threatened the majority of the human population with starva- Any of several targeting strategies might be employed in a tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyber Warfare a “Nuclear Option”?
    CYBER WARFARE A “NUCLEAR OPTION”? ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH CYBER WARFARE: A “NUCLEAR OPTION”? BY ANDREW KREPINEVICH 2012 © 2012 Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. All rights reserved. About the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (CSBA) is an independent, nonpartisan policy research institute established to promote innovative thinking and debate about national security strategy and investment options. CSBA’s goal is to enable policymakers to make informed decisions on matters of strategy, secu- rity policy and resource allocation. CSBA provides timely, impartial, and insight- ful analyses to senior decision makers in the executive and legislative branches, as well as to the media and the broader national security community. CSBA encour- ages thoughtful participation in the development of national security strategy and policy, and in the allocation of scarce human and capital resources. CSBA’s analysis and outreach focus on key questions related to existing and emerging threats to US national security. Meeting these challenges will require transforming the national security establishment, and we are devoted to helping achieve this end. About the Author Dr. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr. is the President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, which he joined following a 21-year career in the U.S. Army. He has served in the Department of Defense’s Office of Net Assessment, on the personal staff of three secretaries of defense, the National Defense Panel, the Defense Science Board Task Force on Joint Experimentation, and the Defense Policy Board. He is the author of 7 Deadly Scenarios: A Military Futurist Explores War in the 21st Century and The Army and Vietnam.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Acute Noaels and Benchmark Doses for Female Brain Cholinesterase Inhibition
    Supplemental Material for: February 5-8, 2002 SAP 25 January 2002 Comparison of Acute NOAELs and Benchmark Doses for Female Brain Cholinesterase Inhibition In cumulative risk assessment, it is important to characterize both the time frame for exposure (e.g., What is the exposure duration?) and for the toxic effect (e.g., What are the time to peak effects and the time to recovery?). In the Preliminary Cumulative Risk Assessment of the Organophoshate Pesticides (OPs) relative potency factors (RPFs) for 29 chemicals and points of departure (PODs) and the index chemical were determined based on whole brain cholinesterase (ChE) data from toxicity studies of 21 days and longer. The Office of Pesticide Programs has argued that the use of steady state data for relative potency determination generates relative potency factors (RPFs) that are reproducible and reflect less variability than RPFs derived from single-dose or short-term studies where the extent of inhibition changes rapidly immediately following dosing. OPP has posed a question to the FIFRA SAP for the February 5-8, 2002 review concerning how best to evaluate risk, taking into account the temporal characteristics of the hazard endpoint (i.e., cholinesterase inhibition) and the temporal characteristics of the exposure patterns for the food, drinking water, and residential/nonoccupational pathways. In order to facilitate the panel discussion, a table listing the available single dose toxicity studies performed with OPs has been made. Most of the studies are acute neurotoxicity (ACN) studies (OPPT Guideline 870.6200, OPP Guideline 81-8) administered by gavage. Acute lethality studies were not included. Dose levels, no- observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs), and no-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) for female brain ChE are also listed in the table.
    [Show full text]
  • Elite Politics and the Fourth Generation of Chinese Leadership
    Elite Politics and the Fourth Generation of Chinese Leadership ZHENG YONGNIAN & LYE LIANG FOOK* The personnel reshuffle at the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party is widely regarded as the first smooth and peaceful transition of power in the Party’s history. Some China observers have even argued that China’s political succession has been institutionalized. While this paper recognizes that the Congress may provide the most obvious manifestation of the institutionalization of political succession, this does not necessarily mean that the informal nature of politics is no longer important. Instead, the paper contends that Chinese political succession continues to be dictated by the rule of man although institutionalization may have conditioned such a process. Jiang Zemin has succeeded in securing a legacy for himself with his “Three Represents” theory and in putting his own men in key positions of the Party and government. All these present challenges to Hu Jintao, Jiang’s successor. Although not new to politics, Hu would have to tread cautiously if he is to succeed in consolidating power. INTRODUCTION Although the 16th Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Congress ended almost a year ago, the outcomes and implications of the Congress continue to grip the attention of China watchers, including government leaders and officials, academics and businessmen. One of the most significant outcomes of the Congress, convened in Beijing from November 8-14, 2002, was that it marked the first ever smooth and peaceful transition of power since the Party was formed more than 80 years ago.1 Neither Mao Zedong nor Deng Xiaoping, despite their impeccable revolutionary credentials, successfully transferred power to their chosen successors.
    [Show full text]
  • Hamilton County General Sessions Court - Criminal Division 9/23/2021 Page No: 1 Trial Docket
    CJUS8023 Hamilton County General Sessions Court - Criminal Division 9/23/2021 Page No: 1 Trial Docket Thursday Trial Date: 9/23/2021 8:30:00 AM Docket #: 1825414 Defendant: ANDERSON , QUINTON LAMAR Charge: DOMESTIC ASSAULT Presiding Judge: STARNES, GARY Division: 5 Court Room: 4 Arresting Officer: SMITH, BRIAN #996, Complaint #: A 132063 2021 Arrest Date: 5/14/2021 Docket #: 1793448 Defendant: APPLEBERRY , BRANDON JAMAL Charge: AGGRAVATED ASSAULT Presiding Judge: WEBB, GERALD Division: 3 Court Room: 3 Arresting Officer: GOULET, JOSEPH #385, Complaint #: A 62533 2021 Arrest Date: 5/26/2021 Docket #: 1852403 Defendant: ATCHLEY , GEORGE FRANKLIN Charge: CRIMINAL TRESPASSING Presiding Judge: STARNES, GARY Division: 5 Court Room: 4 Arresting Officer: SIMON, LUKE #971, Complaint #: A 100031 2021 Arrest Date: 9/17/2021 Docket #: 1814264 Defendant: AVERY , ROBERT CAMERON Charge: THEFT OF PROPERTY Presiding Judge: WEBB, GERALD Division: 3 Court Room: 3 Arresting Officer: SERRET, ANDREW #845, Complaint #: A 091474 2020 Arrest Date: 9/9/2020 Docket #: 1820785 Defendant: BALDWIN , AUNDREA RENEE Charge: CRIMINAL TRESPASSING Presiding Judge: SELL, CHRISTINE MAHN Division: 1 Court Room: 1 Arresting Officer: FRANTOM, MATTHEW #641, Complaint #: M 115725 2020 Arrest Date: 11/14/2020 Docket #: 1815168 Defendant: BARBER , JUSTIN ASHLEY Charge: OBSTRUCTING HIGHWAY OR OTHER PASSAGEWAY Presiding Judge: STARNES, GARY Division: 5 Court Room: 4 Arresting Officer: LONG, SKYLER #659, Complaint #: A 094778 2020 Arrest Date: 9/18/2020 Docket #: 1812424 Defendant: BARNES
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 China Military Power Report
    OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019 Office of the Secretary of Defense Preparation of this report cost the Department of Defense a total of approximately $181,000 in Fiscal Years 2018-2019. This includes $12,000 in expenses and $169,000 in DoD labor. Generated on 2019May02 RefID: E-1F4B924 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019 A Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, as Amended Section 1260, “Annual Report on Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China,” of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Public Law 115-232, which amends the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Section 1202, Public Law 106-65, provides that the Secretary of Defense shall submit a report “in both classified and unclassified form, on military and security developments involving the People’s Republic of China. The report shall address the current and probable future course of military-technological development of the People’s Liberation Army and the tenets and probable development of Chinese security strategy and military strategy, and of the military organizations and operational concepts supporting such development over the next 20 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Confucianism, "Cultural Tradition" and Official Discourses in China at the Start of the New Century
    China Perspectives 2007/3 | 2007 Creating a Harmonious Society Confucianism, "cultural tradition" and official discourses in China at the start of the new century Sébastien Billioud Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2033 DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.2033 ISSN : 1996-4617 Éditeur Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Édition imprimée Date de publication : 15 septembre 2007 ISSN : 2070-3449 Référence électronique Sébastien Billioud, « Confucianism, "cultural tradition" and official discourses in China at the start of the new century », China Perspectives [En ligne], 2007/3 | 2007, mis en ligne le 01 septembre 2010, consulté le 14 novembre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2033 ; DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.2033 © All rights reserved Special feature s e v Confucianism, “Cultural i a t c n i e Tradition,” and Official h p s c r Discourse in China at the e p Start of the New Century SÉBASTIEN BILLIOUD This article explores the reference to traditional culture and Confucianism in official discourses at the start of the new century. It shows the complexity and the ambiguity of the phenomenon and attempts to analyze it within the broader framework of society’s evolving relation to culture. armony (hexie 和谐 ), the rule of virtue ( yi into allusions made in official discourse, we are interested de zhi guo 以德治国 ): for the last few years in another general and imprecise category: cultural tradi - Hthe consonance suggested by slogans and tion ( wenhua chuantong ) or traditional cul - 文化传统 themes mobilised by China’s leadership has led to spec - ture ( chuantong wenhua 传统文化 ). ((1) However, we ulation concerning their relationship to Confucianism or, are excluding from the domain of this study the entire as - more generally, to China’s classical cultural tradition.
    [Show full text]