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Lifting Moose.Key Lifting Moose Shawn M Moore @sartak Behavior State Identity Object-oriented programming is about behavior, state, and identity. Behavior as in message passing, method calls. State as in attributes, properties. Identity as in two objects with the same values for their properties are distinct. Every object-oriented programming language provides these core principles. But then there’s the details. Ohh the details. Class vs prototype “final” or open Behavior Dynamic or static State Generic methods Identity Traits / Roles Operator overload Rebless Every programming language provides a unique take on object-oriented programming. For example, some languages provide inheritance via classes, others via prototype. Some have “final” declarations, some have dynamic dispatch, some generic methods, etc. etc. It’s almost like you could pick any mix of features that make sense together and there’d be a language there. Some exist even where their list of features don’t really make sense together. Object-oriented Programming C# Java CLOS C++ PHP Lua Elk JS Perl Py Ruby Smalltalk We could even treat languages as points on a plane, where position is determined by the set of OOP tradeoffs that language has made. Perl is here. Obviously. And then there’s a bunch of other languages that are more or less different from other languages. By the way, don’t take this chart too literally; it’s merely demonstrative. PHP Lua Perl Python Ruby Smalltalk Let’s zoom in around Perl. All the usual suspects are here. None of these languages provide exactly the same OOP. For example Ruby lets you subclass builtin types like string and array. In Python you don’t have to explicitly “bless” a reference into an object but is otherwise pretty similar to Perl. But they’re all similar in that they’re dynamic, more-or-less-hash-based, weakly typed languages, so that’s why they’re in a quadrant together. PHP Lua Inside-out Perl Spiffy Class::Accessor Python Ruby Smalltalk But you might be thinking… hey, there’s more than one way to do it. The way I write OOP Perl is different from the way you write OOP Perl. And Ingy writes Perl like no one else. shawn ❤️ ingy CC BY-SA @miyagawa http://flickr.com/photos/bulknews/4731400345 Hey, Spiffy may not have worked out, but don’t hate on Ingy! Inside-out Spiffy Standard Perl Class::Accessor You might be wondering where Moose is on this chart. Moose Inside-out Spiffy Standard Perl Class::Accessor Moose as it exists out of the box is here. But there’s something more going on. Moose is flexible and extensible in ways that these other systems are not. In fact, you can extend Moose to be like any of these other systems. And anywhere in between. Moose Inside-out Spiffy Standard Perl Class::Accessor So we might render Moose as a region instead of a point. Moose can work like any of these other systems…. hang on a sec, this isn’t very Moosey. Moose Inside-out Spiffy Standard Perl Class::Accessor That’s better. So, for example, MooseX::InsideOut lets you store properties outside of the object, especially useful when subclassing someone else’s code. And of course you can tweak that to be a point close to, but not exactly, standard inside-out objects. Perhaps you want to store properties by something other than object address, like some kind of application-specific identifier. Moose Inside-out Spiffy Standard Perl Class::Accessor This is the crux of the talk: with Moose you can move to any point in this region that makes sense for your application. In other words (shedding the point/region metaphor), with Moose you can select exactly the set of OOP features you want for your application. All without leaving Perl for a different language. All while being able to robustly interoperate with code from CPAN and other developers. That’s the true power of Moose. That’s what keeps me writing Perl. Not “has”. Instance Class Method Attribute Moose pulls this off by doing something so simple you probably wouldn’t believe it could work. Moose itself is implemented using instances, classes, methods, and attributes. The other systems mentioned, like standard Perl OOP, are implemented with things like hash tables, C functions, structs, pointers, glob assignment. This means you can’t subclass or use any other OOP technique to extend or modify their behavior; each is a static artifact: a singular, area-less point on the OOP chart. You get what you get and you don’t throw a fit. package Reluctant; use Moose::Role; before new_object => sub { warn “Another one…? �”; sleep 1; }; Because Moose is OOP it’s very familiar to extend it. You do it in two parts: first, write the extension. The extension can usually be a role. It’s okay if you haven’t seen roles before, the example will still be clear. In this example I looked at Moose’s documentation or its code to figure out that new_object is the method we wanted to override. Then just use an “before” method modifier to whinge and drag my feet about it. So you get the standard behavior for classes that Moose provides, plus this one tiny incremental change. package Person; use Moose -traits => ‘Reluctant’; Person->new(name => ‘Stevan’); # Another one…? � Person->new(name => ‘Yuval’); # Another one…? � Then we tell Moose we want to use this extension in our class. Done. Note that this is robust and modular: only Person and its subclasses will get this behavior, no one else. This is much better than alternatives like monkeypatching! Behind the scenes this is just saying “give me a subclass of the standard Moose class with the Reluctant role”. Easy peasy. It’s just object-oriented programming. You’ve subclassed a million classes by now. You got dis! By the way there are literally millions of Moose extensions on CPAN. Each of these MooseX modules fills in and expands the region of OOP that Moose supports. So a lot of times you can skip that first step and just go to using these existing extensions. Public domain http://bit.ly/1Mjdi0P Because it’s all OOP, there are no black boxes in Moose. In other words, in Moose, the plumbing (the internals) and the porcelain (the user interface) are one and the same; there’s nothing hidden beneath the surface. This is a huge benefit in so many ways because it means there’s a unified model, and it’s a model you’re already familiar with. You can use porcelain to extend any part of Moose because it’s all porcelain, and by the way, our porcelain is terrific. Single parameters to new() must be a HASH ref at /Users/ sartak/.perl/perls/perl-5.22.0/lib/site_perl/5.22.0/ darwin-2level/Moose/Exception.pm line 37 Moose::Exception::_build_trace('Moose::Exception::SinglePa ramsToNewMustBeHashRef=HASH(0x7fd49af417a8)') called at reader Moose::Exception::trace (defined at /Users/ sartak/.perl/perls/perl-5.22.0/lib/site_perl/5.22.0/ darwin-2level/Moose/Exception.pm line 9) line 7 Moose::Exception::trace('Moose::Exception::SingleParamsToN ewMustBeHashRef=HASH(0x7fd49af417a8)') called at /Users/ sartak/.perl/perls/perl-5.22.0/lib/site_perl/5.22.0/ darwin-2level/Moose/Exception.pm line 49 Moose::Exception::BUILD('Moose::Exception::SingleParamsToN ewMustBeHashRef=HASH(0x7fd49af417a8)', 'HASH(0x7fd49af42f70)') called at /Users/sartak/.perl/ perls/perl-5.22.0/lib/site_perl/5.22.0/darwin-2level/ Class/MOP/Method.pm line 126 But sometimes this power backfires and you get a plumbing problem where you were expecting a porcelain problem. Like the real world, this is a crappy situation to be in. Sorry. � US Patent #4320756 “A method for breathing fresh air in a room filled with toxic smoke” https://www.google.com/patents/US4320756 “The recent rash of fires in high-rise hotels and deaths occasioned thereby has given rise to the need for a breathing device and method for supplying a hotel guest and/or fireman with fresh air until he can be rescued. The device and method of this invention provide for the insertion of a breathing tube through the water trap of a toilet to expose an open end thereof to fresh air from a vent pipe connected to a sewer line of the toilet, to enable the user to breathe fresh air through the tube.” CC BY-NC-SA http://flickr.com/photos/foxtongue/3237307610 And here’s where we get into the title of the talk. What’s this lifting business about. While yes, it is wonderful that there’s an extension that adds multi- methods to Moose. But Moose extensions really don’t need to be “about” object-oriented programming. There are no limits here. Your Moose extensions can be domain-specific, or “about” your application. Application Moose perl OS Imagine your application as a pink pill sitting at the top of a stack including Moose, Perl, and the OS. What I’m proposing is that you… Application Moose perl OS …lift Moose more into your application, so that Moose not something you merely sit on, it becomes an active participant in how your application is architected. Don’t reinvent half of Moose poorly. Web Forms has email => ( is => ‘rw’, ); The canonical example might be web forms. Your classes have attributes and perhaps you’re writing a web form to populate those attributes. Well, you can start by looking at the core Moose options for attributes. Web Forms has email => ( is => ‘rw’, required => 1, ); Requiredness is easy enough. Just inspect the attribute’s “required” property and if so add the little asterisk to indicate that it’s required.
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