Spatiotemporal Evolution of China's Railway Network in the 20Th Century
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The Chinese Civil War (1927–37 and 1946–49)
13 CIVIL WAR CASE STUDY 2: THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1927–37 AND 1946–49) As you read this chapter you need to focus on the following essay questions: • Analyze the causes of the Chinese Civil War. • To what extent was the communist victory in China due to the use of guerrilla warfare? • In what ways was the Chinese Civil War a revolutionary war? For the first half of the 20th century, China faced political chaos. Following a revolution in 1911, which overthrew the Manchu dynasty, the new Republic failed to take hold and China continued to be exploited by foreign powers, lacking any strong central government. The Chinese Civil War was an attempt by two ideologically opposed forces – the nationalists and the communists – to see who would ultimately be able to restore order and regain central control over China. The struggle between these two forces, which officially started in 1927, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, but started again in 1946 once the war with Japan was over. The results of this war were to have a major effect not just on China itself, but also on the international stage. Mao Zedong, the communist Timeline of events – 1911–27 victor of the Chinese Civil War. 1911 Double Tenth Revolution and establishment of the Chinese Republic 1912 Dr Sun Yixian becomes Provisional President of the Republic. Guomindang (GMD) formed and wins majority in parliament. Sun resigns and Yuan Shikai declared provisional president 1915 Japan’s Twenty-One Demands. Yuan attempts to become Emperor 1916 Yuan dies/warlord era begins 1917 Sun attempts to set up republic in Guangzhou. -
China Sets Sail Andrew Erickson, Lyle Goldstein & Carnes Lord
THE NEW ASIAN ORDER China has been undergoing an historic shift in emphasis from land to naval power. Is its maritime buildup a strategic necessity or an ill-conceived diversion? China Sets Sail Andrew Erickson, Lyle Goldstein & Carnes Lord he People’s Republic of China is in With but one notable exception, China’s the process of an astonishing, multi- rulers throughout history have traditionally em- T faceted transformation. If the explosive phasized land power over sea power. Of course, growth of China’s industrial economy over the ordinary Chinese living on the country’s exten- past several decades is the most obvious com- sive coastline have always taken to the sea for ponent of that transformation, no less remark- their livelihood, but the economy of China has able is China’s turn to the sea. With its stun- always been fundamentally rooted in its soil. To ning advance in global shipbuilding markets, the extent that the Chinese engaged in com- its vast and expanding merchant marine, the mercial activities over the centuries, they did so wide reach of its offshore energy and minerals primarily with a view to their large and largely exploration, its growing fishing fleet, and not self-sufficient internal market, readily accessible least, its rapidly modernizing navy, China is through China’s great navigable river systems fast becoming an outward-looking maritime as well as its many seaward ports. Moreover, state. At a time when the U.S. Navy continues prior to 1840, the Chinese faced virtually no to shrink in numbers if not relative capability, sustained security threats on their ocean flank. -
The Military Dimensions of U.S. – China Security Cooperation: Retrospective and Future Prospects
The Military Dimensions of U.S. – China Security Cooperation: Retrospective and Future Prospects Dr. David Finkelstein CIM D0023640.A1/Final September 2010 CNA is a non-profit research and analysis organization comprised of the Center for Naval Analyses (a federally funded research and development center) and the Institute for Public Research. The CNA China Studies division provides its sponsors, and the public, analyses of China’s emerging role in the international order, China’s impact in the Asia-Pacific region, important issues in US-China relations, and insights into critical developments within China itself. Whether focused on Chinese defense and security issues, Beijing’s foreign policies, bilateral relations, political developments, economic affairs, or social change, our analysts adhere to the same spirit of non-partisanship, objectivity, and empiricism that is the hallmark of CNA research. Our program is built upon a foundation of analytic products and hosted events. Our publications take many forms: research monographs, short papers, and briefings as well as edited book-length studies. Our events include major conferences, guest speakers, seminars, and workshops. All of our products and programs are aimed at providing the insights and context necessary for developing sound plans and policies and for making informed judgments about China. CNA China Studies enjoys relationships with a wide network of subject matter experts from universities, from government, and from the private sector both in the United States and overseas. We particularly value our extensive relationships with counterpart organizations throughout “Greater China”, other points across Asia, and beyond. Dr. David M. Finkelstein, Vice President and Director of CNA China Studies, is available at (703) 824-2952 and on e-mail at [email protected]. -
This Is Northeast China Report Categories: Market Development Reports Approved By: Roseanne Freese Prepared By: Roseanne Freese
THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Voluntary - Public Date: 12/30/2016 GAIN Report Number: SH0002 China - Peoples Republic of Post: Shenyang This is Northeast China Report Categories: Market Development Reports Approved By: Roseanne Freese Prepared By: Roseanne Freese Report Highlights: Home to winter sports, ski resorts, and ancient Manchurian towns, Dongbei or Northeastern China is home to 110 million people. With a down-home friendliness resonant of the U.S. Midwest, Dongbei’s denizens are the largest buyer of U.S. soybeans and are China’s largest consumers of beef and lamb. Dongbei companies, processors and distributors are looking for U.S. products. Dongbei importers are seeking consumer-ready products such as red wine, sports beverages, and chocolate. Processors and distributors are looking for U.S. hardwoods, potato starch, and aquatic products. Liaoning Province is also set to open China’s seventh free trade zone in 2018. If selling to Dongbei interests you, read on! General Information: This report provides trends, statistics, and recommendations for selling to Northeast China, a market of 110 million people. 1 This is Northeast China: Come See and Come Sell! Home to winter sports, ski resorts, and ancient Manchurian towns, Dongbei or Northeastern China is home to 110 million people. With a down-home friendliness resonant of the U.S. Midwest, Dongbei’s denizens are the largest buyer of U.S. soybeans and are China’s largest consumers of beef and lamb. Dongbei companies, processors and distributors are looking for U.S. -
Cross-Strait Relations Under Stress: Chinese Pressure and Implications for Taiwan
ASIA REPORT ISSUE NO. 47 DECEMBER 2019 Cross-Strait Relations under Stress: Chinese Pressure and Implications for Taiwan As China increases pressure on governments and corporations around the world to support its political objectives, Taiwan has emerged as a focal point in the region that exemplifies how to withstand or mitigate Chinese challenges. Nevertheless, Chinese military and political belligerence has numerous implications for Taiwanese security and domestic politics ranging from the tightening of Taiwan’s international space to the use of Chinese sharp power to influence the electorate. The Sigur Center for Asian Studies recently hosted a conference featuring two expert panels to discuss the impacts of Chinese pressure campaigns on Taiwan and other involved nations as well as how cross-strait relations might proceed because of these actions. Keeping Taiwanese Democracy Secure The conference began with opening remarks from Christine M. Y. Hsueh, Deputy Representative at the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office. Deputy Representative Hsueh highlighted Taiwan’s role as a beacon of democracy, which contributes to pressure and attacks from China, such as election interference. With the recent failure of the “one country, two systems” policy in Hong Kong and Chinese President Xi Jinping’s threat to use force in reunification with Taiwan, the Taiwanese government is working to ensure that the status quo is not unilaterally altered by Chinese aggression. Although Taiwan faces many challenges in maintaining security and stability, outspoken support from Vice President Mike Pence and other figures in the current US administration have been encouraging signs for Taiwan moving forward. China’s Rising Militarism and Assertiveness The first panel offered perspectives on defense and security, and ASIA REPORT began with June Dreyer, Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, giving an overview of recent developments in ISSUE NO. -
The 20Th Century History of China (1912-1992)
The 20th Century History of China (1912-1992) This is a course designed for Foreign Students’ Study in China Program only. Course Title: The 20th Century History of China Instructor: Prof. Zhou Yi (Ph.D.) History & Culture School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Phone: 13881861940 E-mail: [email protected] Textbook: Edwin Pak-wah Leung, Ph.D., Essentials of Modern Chinese History, © 2006 by Research & Education Association Inc. Reference Books and Websites: 1. Jonathan Fenby, The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850– 2009, London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2008. 2. Mary B. Rankin, John K. Fairbank and Albert Feuerwerker, The Cambridge History of China, Volume 13 Part 2Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. 3. Fairbank, John King, The Great Chinese Revolution (1800-1985), New York: Harpers & Row, 1987. 4. http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Sources/History/History_Sources.html 5. Chinese Studies: Video & Audio Lectures with Harvard Faculty—— http://www.extension.harvard.edu/open-learning-initiative/china-history Course Description and Objective: This course will be a historical survey of the 20th c.-China in 1912-1992 from the socio-cultural as well as political perspectives. In order for the beginners to get a whole picture of China historically, We’ll first sum up briefly the chronological history of 5,000-year-old China. Then, We will examine the causes and effects of the downfall of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China in 1911-1916, the -
U.S. Investors Are Funding Malign PRC Companies on Major Indices
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE Office of the Spokesperson For Immediate Release FACT SHEET December 8, 2020 U.S. Investors Are Funding Malign PRC Companies on Major Indices “Under Xi Jinping, the CCP has prioritized something called ‘military-civil fusion.’ … Chinese companies and researchers must… under penalty of law – share technology with the Chinese military. The goal is to ensure that the People’s Liberation Army has military dominance. And the PLA’s core mission is to sustain the Chinese Communist Party’s grip on power.” – Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo, January 13, 2020 The Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) threat to American national security extends into our financial markets and impacts American investors. Many major stock and bond indices developed by index providers like MSCI and FTSE include malign People’s Republic of China (PRC) companies that are listed on the Department of Commerce’s Entity List and/or the Department of Defense’s List of “Communist Chinese military companies” (CCMCs). The money flowing into these index funds – often passively, from U.S. retail investors – supports Chinese companies involved in both civilian and military production. Some of these companies produce technologies for the surveillance of civilians and repression of human rights, as is the case with Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in Xinjiang, China, as well as in other repressive regimes, such as Iran and Venezuela. As of December 2020, at least 24 of the 35 parent-level CCMCs had affiliates’ securities included on a major securities index. This includes at least 71 distinct affiliate-level securities issuers. -
Surface Modelling of Human Population Distribution in China
Ecological Modelling 181 (2005) 461–478 Surface modelling of human population distribution in China Tian Xiang Yuea,∗, Ying An Wanga, Ji Yuan Liua, Shu Peng Chena, Dong Sheng Qiua, Xiang Zheng Denga, Ming Liang Liua, Yong Zhong Tiana, Bian Ping Sub a Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 917 Building, Datun, Anwai, Beijing 100101, China b College of Science, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China Received 24 March 2003; received in revised form 23 April 2004; accepted 4 June 2004 Abstract On the basis of introducing major data layers corresponding to net primary productivity (NPP), elevation, city distribution and transport infrastructure distribution of China, surface modelling of population distribution (SMPD) is conducted by means of grid generation method. A search radius of 200 km is defined in the process of generating each grid cell. SMPD not only pays attention to the situation of relative elements at the site of generating grid cell itself but also calculates contributions of other grid cells by searching the surrounding environment of the generating grid cell. Human population distribution trend since 1930 in China is analysed. The results show that human population distribution in China has a slanting trend from the eastern region to the western and middle regions of China during the period from 1930 to 2000. Two scenarios in 2015 are developed under two kinds of assumptions. Both scenarios show that the trends of population floating from the western and middle regions to the eastern region of China are very outstanding with urbanization and transport development. -
Community Informatics in Chongqing: a Case Study of the Real-Name and ID Requirement Policy in the Chinese Railway System
Community Informatics in Chongqing: A Case Study of the Real-Name and ID Requirement Policy in the Chinese Railway System Huo Ran 霍然 and Wei Qunyi 魏群义 Abstract This study discusses strategies for narrowing the digital divide by examining the real-name and ID requirement policy that governs online purchases of train tickets in China. Using a case study, the authors of this study asks what factors influence online ticket pur- chasing by railway passengers and examines how Chinese public libraries offer online ticket-purchasing assistance as a strategy for bridging the digital divide. Deploying both quantitative and quali- tative methods—including questionnaires and semistructured in- terviews—the authors found that four factors—gender, age, social status, and privacy concerns—were most important in influencing passengers’ online ticket purchasing, and that Chinese public librar- ies do facilitate access to the digital world. Introduction Over the past two decades, rail travel—especially between urban and ru- ral areas—has grown tremendously in China. This is in part because so many people have left home to pursue employment or higher education. Travel increases especially during the summer holidays and around Chi- nese New Year 春节 and peaks around the Lunar New Year. The period around the Chinese New Year usually begins 15 days before this turn of the year and lasts for about forty days in total (“Chunyun,” 2012). The railroad sees an extremely high traffic load during this period. Annually, approximately three billion passengers travel between China’s provinces during this time—possibly a world record. STNN 星岛环球网 reported that in the two weeks of the Chunyun 春运 period in 2008, the number of passenger journeys exceeded 22 billion. -
Market Study CHINA E- COMMERCE
Market Study CHINA E- COMMERCE OFFICIAL PROGRAM MARKET STUDY CHINA E-COMMERCE MARKET REPORT The size and growth rate of the e-Commerce market in China is unique. With more than 618 million Internet users, China has more users online than the USA has inhabitants. The opportunities for business are diverse and almost unlimited. However, due to special regulations and laws, e-Commerce in China works different than e-Commerce in the rest of the world. Since China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world, this growth will also continue in the e-Commerce market. The speed at which the whole industry has grown, and also the manner in which it is affecting the Chinese economy has come as a surprise to many. This fast development also offers huge possibilities to foreign companies. But the most challenging question is, how to successfully enter the Chinese e-Commerce platform. This S-GE report is written with the collaboration of companies like Jura Elektroapparate AG, Swissmooh AG, Boschung China and goCommerce GmbH and gives insight on e-Commerce in China. This report also gives the insight of the tendencies, perspectives, opportunities, risks and market entry conditions of the B2C as well as the B2B e-Commerce sector in China for SMEs. Subsequently, the last part of the report provides some recommendations for SMEs willing to enter this promising market. Language: English Number of pages: 56 Author: Maurice Blanchard, CBC Schweiz AG Other reports: Are you interested in other reports for other sectors and countries? Please find more reports here: www.s-ge.com/reports DISCLAIMER The information in this report was gathered and researched from sources believed to be reliable and are written in good faith. -
Securing the Belt and Road Initiative: China's Evolving Military
the national bureau of asian research nbr special report #80 | september 2019 securing the belt and road initiative China’s Evolving Military Engagement Along the Silk Roads Edited by Nadège Rolland cover 2 NBR Board of Directors John V. Rindlaub Kurt Glaubitz Matt Salmon (Chairman) Global Media Relations Manager Vice President of Government Affairs Senior Managing Director and Chevron Corporation Arizona State University Head of Pacific Northwest Market East West Bank Mark Jones Scott Stoll Co-head of Macro, Corporate & (Treasurer) Thomas W. Albrecht Investment Bank, Wells Fargo Securities Partner (Ret.) Partner (Ret.) Wells Fargo & Company Ernst & Young LLP Sidley Austin LLP Ryo Kubota Mitchell B. Waldman Dennis Blair Chairman, President, and CEO Executive Vice President, Government Chairman Acucela Inc. and Customer Relations Sasakawa Peace Foundation USA Huntington Ingalls Industries, Inc. U.S. Navy (Ret.) Quentin W. Kuhrau Chief Executive Officer Charles W. Brady Unico Properties LLC Honorary Directors Chairman Emeritus Lawrence W. Clarkson Melody Meyer Invesco LLC Senior Vice President (Ret.) President The Boeing Company Maria Livanos Cattaui Melody Meyer Energy LLC Secretary General (Ret.) Thomas E. Fisher Long Nguyen International Chamber of Commerce Senior Vice President (Ret.) Chairman, President, and CEO Unocal Corporation George Davidson Pragmatics, Inc. (Vice Chairman) Joachim Kempin Kenneth B. Pyle Vice Chairman, M&A, Asia-Pacific (Ret.) Senior Vice President (Ret.) Professor, University of Washington HSBC Holdings plc Microsoft Corporation Founding President, NBR Norman D. Dicks Clark S. Kinlin Jonathan Roberts Senior Policy Advisor President and Chief Executive Officer Founder and Partner Van Ness Feldman LLP Corning Cable Systems Ignition Partners Corning Incorporated Richard J. -
Religion in China Today: Introduction Daniel L. Overmyer
Religion in China Today: Introduction Daniel L. Overmyer In the last 20 years religious traditions in many parts of China have revived their activities and organizations and rebuilt their temples, mosques and churches, despite decades of strict regulation and repression by the government. This revival is an aspect of the greater social freedom that has accompanied the economic development and diversification of that period. The government is trying to maintain political control, and legal restrictions remain, but wherever local conditions permit, religious activities come bubbling to the surface, festivals for the gods are held, traditional funerals and burial rituals are restored, destroyed images and shrines are replaced, priests reappear to perform rituals, and congrega- tions meet to worship. There is some outside help for these revived activities, from such sources as overseas Chinese lineages, temples for the same gods in Taiwan, Muslim and Buddhist organizations in the Near East and South-East Asia, and Christian missions, but the fundamental impetus is the faith and devotion of the Chinese people themselves. All of this involves both the partial restoration of older traditions and adaptation to the present economic and social situation. Religious beliefs and rituals are an important and growing reality in modern Chinese society, which cannot be fully understood without taking them into account. They are also an important political issue for the government, because according to orthodox Marxist theory religion is supposed to wither away as socialism is established, but this has not happened. On the contrary, religious traditions with completely non-Marxist ideologies are flourishing, which amounts to a challenge to the authority of the Party and state.