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Stoking the Fires STOKING THE FIRES Military Assistance and Arms Trafficking in Burundi Human Rights Watch Arms Project Human Rights Watch New York AAA Washington AAA London AAA Brussels Copyright 8 December 1997 by Human Rights Watch All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-177-0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-80896 Human Rights Watch Arms Project The Human Rights Watch Arms Project was established in 1992 to monitor and prevent arms transfers to governments or organizations that commit gross violations of internationally recognized human rights and the rules of war and promote freedom of information regarding arms transfers worldwide. Joost R. Hiltermann is the director; Stephen D. Goose is the program director; Loretta Bondì is the Advocacy Coordinator; Andrew Cooper, and Ernst Jan Hogendoorn are research assistants; Rebecca Bell is the associate; William M. Arkin, Kathi L. Austin, Dan Connell, Monica Schurtman, and Frank Smyth are consultants. Torsten N. Wiesel is the chair of the board and Nicole Ball and Vincent McGee are the vice-chairs. Addresses for Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6104 Tel: (212) 972-8400, Fax: (212) 972-0905, E-mail: [email protected] 1522 K Street, N.W., #910, Washington, DC 20005-1202 Tel: (202) 371-6592, Fax: (202) 371-0124, E-mail: [email protected] 33 Islington High Street, N1 9LH London, UK Tel: (171) 713-1995, Fax: (171) 713-1800, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Rue Van Campenhout, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (2) 732-2009, Fax: (2) 732-0471, E-mail: [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Listserv address: To subscribe to the list, send an e-mail message to [email protected] with Asubscribe hrw-news@ in the body of the message (leave the subject line blank). Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. Our reputation for timely, reliable disclosures has made us an essential source of information for those concerned with human rights. We address the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law, and a vigorous civil society; we document and denounce murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, discrimination, and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Our goal is to hold governments accountable if they transgress the rights of their people. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Helsinki division. Today, it includes five divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, as well as the signatories of the Helsinki accords. It also includes three collaborative projects on arms transfers, children=s rights, and women=s rights. It maintains offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles, London, Brussels, Moscow, Dushanbe, Rio de Janeiro, and Hong Kong. Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations worldwide. It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly. The staff includes Kenneth Roth, executive director; Susan Osnos, associate director; Michele Alexander, development director; Cynthia Brown, program director; Barbara Guglielmo, finance and administration director; Patrick Minges, publications director; Jeri Laber, special advisor; Lotte Leicht, Brussels office director; Susan Osnos, communications director; Jemera Rone, counsel; Wilder Tayler, general counsel; and Joanna Weschler, United Nations representative. The regional directors of Human Rights Watch are Peter Takirambudde, Africa; José Miguel Vivanco, Americas; Sidney Jones, Asia; Holly Cartner, Helsinki; and Hanny Megally, Middle East. The project directors are Joost R. Hiltermann, Arms Project; Lois Whitman, Children=s Rights Project; and Dorothy Q. Thomas, Women=s Rights Project. The members of the board of directors are Robert L. Bernstein, chair; Adrian W. DeWind, vice chair; Lisa Anderson, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Gina Despres, Irene Diamond, Fiona Druckenmiller, Edith Everett, Jonathan Fanton, James C. Goodale, Jack Greenberg, Vartan Gregorian, Alice H. Henkin, Stephen L. Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Bruce Klatsky, Harold Hongju Koh, Alexander MacGregor, Josh Mailman, Samuel K. Murumba, Andrew Nathan, Jane Olson, Peter Osnos, Kathleen Peratis, Bruce Rabb, Sigrid Rausing, Anita Roddick, Orville Schell, Sid Sheinberg, Gary G. Sick, Malcolm Smith, Domna Stanton, Maureen White, and Maya Wiley. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................viii ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................ix GLOSSARY.......................................................................................................xii I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................1 Stoking the Fires with Arms...................................................................2 Actions and Responsibilities ..................................................................3 Burundi, Human Rights and the Law .....................................................6 The International Community, Sanctions, and Arms Transfers..............7 Controlling the Flow of Arms.................................................................8 To States Neighboring Burundi .............................................12 To the Government of Rwanda ..............................................13 To the Government of South Africa.......................................13 To the Government of Tanzania ............................................13 A Note on Methodology.......................................................................14 II. BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT........................................................15 Elections and Death..............................................................................17 The All-Powerful Army........................................................................21 The Militarization of Society ...............................................................23 The Army and the Tutsi Militias: An Increasing Osmosis .....23 The Hutu Insurgency..............................................................25 The War and Abuses of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law ........................................................................................27 III. THE FLOW OF ARMS TO BURUNDI ......................................................30 The Arms Providers .............................................................................30 Evading Public Scrutiny.......................................................................31 Politics and Profit.................................................................................32 Procurement and Procurers ..................................................................33 IV. THE WESTERN EUROPEAN HUB...........................................................35 The Belgian Role..................................................................................36 Production and Export Policy ................................................36 Traffickers and Transshipment...............................................42 Procurers and Profiteers.........................................................44 The Government=s Response..................................................44 The Role of France...............................................................................46 Military and Security Assistance............................................46 Assistance to the Unit for the Security of the Institutions ......48 The Private Hand ...................................................................50 Other Western European Arms Sources...............................................52 Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States ...........53 The Russian Federation..........................................................53 The Ukraine, Bulgaria, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan..........55 V. THE EAST AND CENTRAL AFRICAN STATES......................................57 The Rwanda-Burundi Partnership ........................................................57 Zaire and the Exile Armies...................................................................60 An Entrepreneurial Spirit .......................................................61 Indifference to International Opprobrium ..............................63 Angola=s UNITA .................................................................................64 The Ugandan Pipeline ..........................................................................66 Arming Burundi=s Government Forces ..................................66 A Link to Tutsi Militias..........................................................67
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