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Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS for PEACE an MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT an MRG INTERNATIONAL

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Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS for PEACE an MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT an MRG INTERNATIONAL Minority Rights Group International R E P O R Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS FOR PEACE AN MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT AN MRG INTERNATIONAL BY FILIP REYNTJENS BURUNDI: Acknowledgements PROSPECTS FOR PEACE Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully acknowledges the support of Trócaire and all the orga- Internally displaced © Minority Rights Group 2000 nizations and individuals who gave financial and other people. Child looking All rights reserved assistance for this Report. after his younger Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- sibling. commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- This Report has been commissioned and is published by GIACOMO PIROZZI/PANOS PICTURES mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the For further information please contact MRG. issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. author do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in ISBN 1 897 693 53 2 all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. ISSN 0305 6252 Published November 2000 MRG is grateful to all the staff and independent expert Typeset by Texture readers who contributed to this Report, in particular Kat- Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. rina Payne (Commissioning Editor) and Sophie Rich- mond (Reports Editor). THE AUTHOR Burundi: FILIP REYNTJENS teaches African Law and Politics at A specialist on the Great Lakes Region, Professor Reynt- the universities of Antwerp and Brussels. He is chair of jens has published numerous articles and several books the Centre for the Study of the Great Lakes Region of on the region and its peoples. His latest book, La Guerre Prospects for Peace Africa, University of Antwerp, and of the African Studies des grands lacs: alliances mouvantes et conflits extraterri- and Documentation Centre in Brussels. He is also Vice- toriaux en Afrique Centrale, was published by L’Harmat- Rector of the University of Mbuji-Mayi in the Democra- tan in Paris in 1999. tic Republic of Congo CONTENTS MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP tion of conflict and encouraging positive action to build INTERNATIONAL trust between majority and minority communities. 3 Preface MRG has consultative status with the United Nations Eco- 5 Country, people and region MRG works to secure rights and justice for ethnic, linguistic nomic and Social Council and has a worldwide network of and religious minorities. It is dedicated to the cause of partners. Its international headquarters are in London. Legal- 7 Historical background cooperation and understanding between communities. ly it is registered both as a charity and as a limited company Founded in the 1960s, MRG is a small international non- under English law with an International Governing Council. 10 Transition to democracy governmental organization that informs and warns govern- ments, the international community, non-governmental 11 The 1993 elections THE PROCESS organizations and the wider public about the situation of minorities around the world. This work is based on the pub- 13 The 1993 coup and its aftermath lication of well-researched Reports, Books and Papers; As part of its methodology, MRG conducts regional direct advocacy on behalf of minority rights in international 15 The search for a settlement: from Kigobe to Arusha research, identifies issues and commissions Reports based fora; the development of a global network of like-minded on its findings. Each author is carefully chosen and all scripts 19 organizations and minority communities to collaborate on Not just Hutu and Tutsi: disadvantaged groups in society are read by no less than eight independent experts who are these issues; and the challenging of prejudice and pro- knowledgeable about the subject matter. These experts are 22 Reforming the state motion of public understanding through information drawn from the minorities about whom the Reports are writ- and education projects. ten, and from journalists, academics, researchers and other 27 Conclusion MRG believes that the best hope for a peaceful world lies in human rights agencies. Authors are asked to incorporate identifying and monitoring conflict between communi- comments made by these parties. In this way, MRG aims to 28 Recommendations ties, advocating preventive measures to avoid the escala- publish accurate, authoritative, well-balanced Reports. 29 Notes 32 Bibliography, Acronyms BY FILIP REYNTJENS Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National Article 7 or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (Adopted by States should cooperate in order to promote respect for the rights as the UN General Assembly; Resolution 47/135 of 18 Decem- set forth in the present Declaration. ber 1992) Article 8 Article 1 1. Nothing in this Declaration shall prevent the fulfilment of interna- Preface 1. States shall protect the existence and the national or ethnic, cul- tional obligations of States in relation to persons belonging to tural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities within their minorities. In particular, States shall fulfil in good faith the obliga- respective territories, and shall encourage conditions for the pro- tions and commitments they have assumed under international motion of that identity. RG’s timely new Report Burundi: hauled. A durable peace would encourage a redirection of 2. States shall adopt appropriate legislative and other measures to treaties and agreements to which they are parties. Prospects for Peace has been commis- spending away from armaments and towards clinics and achieve those ends. 2. The exercise of the rights as set forth in the present Declaration sioned to further the search for peace schools which serve all of the people. It is essential that shall not prejudice the enjoyment by all persons of universally rec- Article 2 and stability in Burundi, giving a num- the international community helps by increasing aid: cur- 1. Persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic ognized human rights and fundamental freedoms. 3. Measures taken by States in order to ensure the effective enjoy- ber of recommendations to this end. rently the vast majority of the population live in extreme- minorities (hereinafter referred to as persons belonging to minori- The negotiations in Arusha, Tanzania, that have been ly poor conditions, not least the Twa. ties) have the right to enjoy their own culture, to profess and prac- ment of the rights as set forth in the present Declaration shall not M tise their own religion, and to use their own language, in private prima facie be considered contrary to the principle of equality under way since 1998, have reached a conclusion and This Report has been written by Filip Reyntjens, who and in public, freely and without interference or any form of dis- contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. there is some chance that the peace which has so long is renowned for his work on Burundi and who wrote crimination. 4. Nothing in the present Declaration may be construed as permit- eluded Burundi’s population could be within reach. MRG’s last Report on Burundi in 1995 (updated in 1996). 2. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to participate effec- ting any activity contrary to the purposes and principles of the All agree that the path to peace has not been an easy The author highlights how a failure to move towards tively in cultural, religious, social, economic and public life. United Nations, including sovereign equality, territorial integrity one and it will remain extremely difficult to implement peace in the current climate would lead to yet more vio- 3. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to participate effec- and political independence of States. proposals for peace. lence, especially given the recent conflicts in neighbour- tively in decisions on the national and, where appropriate, region- Article 9 Burundi: Prospects for Peace ing states in the Great Lakes Region. As he argues, ‘If al level concerning the minority to which they belong or the The specialized agencies and other organizations of the United gives a balanced and crit- regions in which they live, in a manner not incompatible with Nations system shall contribute to the full realization of the rights ical analysis of the crises which have befallen Burundi and Burundi were to revert to massive violence, this would national legislation. charts the course of the peace negotiations. Burundi has further compound an already explosive regional situation.’ 4. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish and and principles as set forth in the present Declaration, within their maintain their own associations. respective fields of competence. been in conflict for much of its history since indepen- MRG offers this Report, with its set of recommenda- 5. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish and Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimina- dence, leading to genocide and civil war in which tens of tions aimed at the Burundian government and the inter- maintain, without any discrimination, free and peaceful contacts tion (1965) thousands of people from all ethnic groups within Burundi national community, to support peace and stability based with other members of their group, with persons belonging to Article 2 – Hutu, Tutsi and Twa – have been victims. Some knowl- on human rights for all. other minorities, as well as contacts across frontiers with citizens 1. States Parties condemn racial discrimination and undertake to edge of the background to these events is essential for of other States to whom they are related by national or ethnic, pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of anyone wanting to understand the issues which the coun- Alan Phillips religious or linguistic ties. eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms and promoting Article 3 understanding among all races.
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