Burundi Conflict Insight | Feb 2018 | Vol
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Situation Report #2, Fiscal Year (FY) 2003 March 25, 2003 Note: the Last Situation Report Was Dated November 18, 2002
U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT BUREAU FOR DEMOCRACY, CONFLICT, AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (DCHA) OFFICE OF U.S. FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE (OFDA) BURUNDI – Complex Emergency Situation Report #2, Fiscal Year (FY) 2003 March 25, 2003 Note: The last situation report was dated November 18, 2002. BACKGROUND The Tutsi minority, which represents 14 percent of Burundi’s 6.85 million people, has dominated the country politically, militarily, and economically since national independence in 1962. Approximately 85 percent of Burundi’s population is Hutu, and approximately one percent is Twa (Batwa). The current cycle of violence began in October 1993 when members within the Tutsi-dominated army assassinated the first freely elected President, Melchoir Ndadaye (Hutu), sparking Hutu-Tutsi fighting. Ndadaye’s successor, Cyprien Ntariyama (Hutu), was killed in a plane crash on April 6, 1994, alongside Rwandan President Habyarimana. Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (Hutu) took power and served as President until July 1996, when a military coup d’etat brought current President Pierre Buyoya (Tutsi) to power. Since 1993, an estimated 300,000 Burundians have been killed. In August 2000, nineteen Burundian political parties signed the Peace and Reconciliation Agreement in Arusha, Tanzania, overseen by peace process facilitator, former South African President Nelson Mandela. The Arusha Peace Accords include provisions for an ethnically balanced army and legislature, and for democratic elections to take place after three years of transitional government. The three-year transition period began on November 1, 2001. President Pierre Buyoya is serving as president for the first 18 months of the transition period, to be followed in May 2003 by a Hutu president for the final 18 months. -
Burundi: Breaking the Deadlock
BURUNDI: BREAKING THE DEADLOCK The Urgent Need For A New Negotiating Framework 14 May 2001 Africa Report No. 29 Brussels/Nairobi TABLE OF CONTENTS MAP OF BURUNDI............................................................................................................ i OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................ii INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1 A. A CEASE-FIRE REMAINS IMPROBABLE..................................................................... 2 B. THE FDD FROM LIBREVILLE I TO LIBREVILLE II: OUT WEST, NOTHING MUCH NEW?.............................................................................................................. 3 1. The initial shock: Laurent Kabila's legacy ..........................................................3 2. Libreville II, and afterwards? ..............................................................................4 3. Compensating for the shortcomings of being a mercenary force........................5 C. AGATHON RWASA IN POWER, UNCERTAIN CHANGE IN THE FNL........................... 7 1. The origin of the overthrow of Cossan Kabura ...................................................7 2. Interpreting the attack on Kinama .......................................................................7 3. The alliance of the ex-FAR and FDD: a poorly-calculated risk..........................9 D. THE HUMANITARIAN CATASTROPHE .................................................................... -
Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective
UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective Jack Dominic Palmer University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy January 2017 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ©2017 The University of Leeds and Jack Dominic Palmer. The right of Jack Dominic Palmer to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by Jack Dominic Palmer in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would firstly like to thank Dr Mark Davis and Dr Tom Campbell. The quality of their guidance, insight and friendship has been a huge source of support and has helped me through tough periods in which my motivation and enthusiasm for the project were tested to their limits. I drew great inspiration from the insightful and constructive critical comments and recommendations of Dr Shirley Tate and Dr Austin Harrington when the thesis was at the upgrade stage, and I am also grateful for generous follow-up discussions with the latter. I am very appreciative of the staff members in SSP with whom I have worked closely in my teaching capacities, as well as of the staff in the office who do such a great job at holding the department together. -
Burundi: the Issues at Stake
BURUNDI: THE ISSUES AT STAKE. POLITICAL PARTIES, FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND POLITICAL PRISONERS 12 July 2000 ICG Africa Report N° 23 Nairobi/Brussels (Original Version in French) Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................i INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1 I. POLITICAL PARTIES: PURGES, SPLITS AND CRACKDOWNS.........................1 A. Beneficiaries of democratisation turned participants in the civil war (1992-1996)3 1. Opposition groups with unclear identities ................................................. 4 2. Resorting to violence to gain or regain power........................................... 7 B. Since the putsch: dangerous games of the government................................... 9 1. Purge of opponents to the peace process (1996-1998)............................ 10 2. Harassment of militant activities ............................................................ 14 C. Institutionalisation of political opportunism................................................... 17 1. Partisan putsches and alliances of convenience....................................... 18 2. Absence of fresh political attitudes......................................................... 20 D. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 23 II WHICH FREEDOM FOR WHAT MEDIA ?...................................................... 25 A. Media -
Central Africa Report: the Battle for Burundi
ISSUE 7 | JULY 2016 Central Africa Report The battle for Burundi Is there a viable solution? Yolande Bouka and Stephanie Wolters Summary President Pierre Nkurunziza’s bid for an unconstitutional third term triggered the most recent violent crisis in Burundi. But it is not the only factor behind the seething discontent and endemic fighting in this Great Lakes country. A history of government intransigence, a lack of will on the part of both government and the opposition to negotiate, a severely repressive regime and the apparent inability of international and regional agencies to intervene successfully all add up to an intractable situation. ON 25 APRIL 2015, following months of speculation about who would be the presidential candidate for the National Council for the Defence of Democracy – Forces for the Defence of Democracy (CNDD-FDD), Burundian President Pierre Nkurunziza announced that he would run for a third term. This decision conflicted with both the Constitution and the Arusha Agreement, signed in Tanzania in 2000, which set presidential limit of two terms. The announcement triggered the most serious political and security crisis since the country’s civil war ended in 2005. In the violence that ensued, 542 people died and 265 175 Burundians became refugees in the region. (Figures provided by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, as of 3 June 2016.) The root of the problem The unrest began with peaceful protests by opposition parties and civil society organisations, but eventually turned into confrontations between protestors and police, who used violence to suppress the demonstrations. At the heart of the dispute is the interpretation of the Constitution. -
Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS for PEACE an MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT an MRG INTERNATIONAL
Minority Rights Group International R E P O R Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS FOR PEACE AN MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT AN MRG INTERNATIONAL BY FILIP REYNTJENS BURUNDI: Acknowledgements PROSPECTS FOR PEACE Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully acknowledges the support of Trócaire and all the orga- Internally displaced © Minority Rights Group 2000 nizations and individuals who gave financial and other people. Child looking All rights reserved assistance for this Report. after his younger Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- sibling. commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- This Report has been commissioned and is published by GIACOMO PIROZZI/PANOS PICTURES mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the For further information please contact MRG. issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. author do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in ISBN 1 897 693 53 2 all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. ISSN 0305 6252 Published November 2000 MRG is grateful to all the staff and independent expert Typeset by Texture readers who contributed to this Report, in particular Kat- Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. rina Payne (Commissioning Editor) and Sophie Rich- mond (Reports Editor). THE AUTHOR Burundi: FILIP REYNTJENS teaches African Law and Politics at A specialist on the Great Lakes Region, Professor Reynt- the universities of Antwerp and Brussels. -
Escalating Conflict in Burundi the Challenges of Overcoming Radicalisation
Briefing Paper 10 2016 Escalating Conflict in Burundi The Challenges of Overcoming Radicalisation Astrid Jamar Key Points: • The current conflict in Burundi stems from both controversy over the presidential elections and previously unsettled political issues. • In today’s context, key actors in the conflict have adopted increasingly radicalised political positions. This has exacerbated the conflict and limited opportunities to move towards a solution. • Burundi has never truly been the success story it is lauded to be. Despite significant progress in terms of security and institutional reforms, the Burundian political scene has remained fragile and is marked by severe conflicts within and between different political parties. • By failing to address and accept these dimensions, national, regional and international efforts carry only limited capacity to improve the situation. • Widening the debate to include other issues would open up the possibility of going beyond the questions of for versus anti third presidential term for Nkurunziza and find common ground. • In order to create a favourable environment for a sustainable and inclusive political settlement, the radicalisation processes of key actors in the conflict needs to be understood and addressed. The Political Settlements Programme Consortium | @PolSettlements | [email protected] Global Justice Academy, School of Law, Old College, University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, EH8 9YL PSRP is funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), UK Political Settlements Research Programme (PSRP) Global Justice Academy School of Law Old College The University of Edinburgh South Bridge Edinburgh EH8 9YL Tel. +44 (0)131 651 4566 Fax. +44 (0)131 650 2005 E-mail: [email protected] www.politicalsettlements.org @PolSettlements This research is an output from the Political Settlements Research Programme (PSRP), funded by UK Aid from the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. -
The Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi
Human Rights as Means for Peace : the Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi Author: Fidele Ingiyimbere Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2475 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2011 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. BOSTON COLLEGE-SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AND MINISTY S.T.L THESIS Human Rights as Means for Peace The Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi By Fidèle INGIYIMBERE, S.J. Director: Prof David HOLLENBACH, S.J. Reader: Prof Thomas MASSARO, S.J. February 10, 2011. 1 Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 0 General Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2 CHAP. I. SETTING THE SCENE IN BURUNDI ......................................................................... 8 I.1. Historical and Ecclesial Context........................................................................................... 8 I.2. 1972: A Controversial Period ............................................................................................. 15 I.3. 1983-1987: A Church-State Conflict .................................................................................. 22 I.4. 1993-2005: The Long Years of Tears................................................................................ -
ECFG-Burundi-2020R.Pdf
About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success. ECFG The guide consists of 2 parts: Part 1 introduces “Culture General,” the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment. Burundi Part 2 presents “Culture Specific” Burundi, focusing on unique cultural features of Burundian society and is designed to complement other pre-deployment training. It applies culture- general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location (Photo courtesy of IRIN News © Jane Some). For further information, visit the Air Force Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/ or contact AFCLC’s Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the expressed permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources as indicated. GENERAL CULTURE CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments. A culture is the sum of all of the beliefs, values, behaviors, and symbols that have meaning for a society. All human beings have culture, and individuals within a culture share a general set of beliefs and values. -
The U.S. Response to the Burundi Genocide of 1972
James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Spring 2012 The .SU . response to the Burundi Genocide of 1972 Jordan D. Taylor James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Taylor, Jordan D., "The .SU . response to the Burundi Genocide of 1972" (2012). Masters Theses. 347. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/347 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The U.S. Response to the Burundi Genocide of 1972 Jordan D. Taylor A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History May 2012 Dedication For my family ! ii! Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis committee for helping me with this project. Dr. Guerrier, your paper edits and insights into America during the 1970s were invaluable. Dr. Owusu-Ansah, you helped me understand the significant impacts of the Belgian colonial legacy on independent Burundi. Dr. Seth, you provided challenging questions about the inherent conflicts between national sovereignty and humanitarian intervention. All these efforts, and many more, have helped to strengthen my thesis. I would also like to give a special thanks to my parents. Dad, your work on the Nigerian Civil War served as my guiding light throughout this project, and mom, I never would have been able to transcribe the Nixon Tapes without your help. -
The Burundi Peace Process
ISS MONOGRAPH 171 ISS Head Offi ce Block D, Brooklyn Court 361 Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27 12 346-9500 Fax: +27 12 346-9570 E-mail: [email protected] Th e Burundi ISS Addis Ababa Offi ce 1st Floor, Ki-Ab Building Alexander Pushkin Street PEACE CONDITIONAL TO CIVIL WAR FROM PROCESS: THE BURUNDI PEACE Peace Process Pushkin Square, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Th is monograph focuses on the role peacekeeping Tel: +251 11 372-1154/5/6 Fax: +251 11 372-5954 missions played in the Burundi peace process and E-mail: [email protected] From civil war to conditional peace in ensuring that agreements signed by parties to ISS Cape Town Offi ce the confl ict were adhered to and implemented. 2nd Floor, Armoury Building, Buchanan Square An AU peace mission followed by a UN 160 Sir Lowry Road, Woodstock, South Africa Tel: +27 21 461-7211 Fax: +27 21 461-7213 mission replaced the initial SA Protection Force. E-mail: [email protected] Because of the non-completion of the peace ISS Nairobi Offi ce process and the return of the PALIPEHUTU- Braeside Gardens, Off Muthangari Road FNL to Burundi, the UN Security Council Lavington, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 386-1625 Fax: +254 20 386-1639 approved the redeployment of an AU mission to E-mail: [email protected] oversee the completion of the demobilisation of ISS Pretoria Offi ce these rebel forces by December 2008. Block C, Brooklyn Court C On 18 April 2009, at a ceremony to mark the 361 Veale Street ON beginning of the demobilisation of thousands New Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa DI Tel: +27 12 346-9500 Fax: +27 12 460-0998 TI of PALIPEHUTU-FNL combatants, Agathon E-mail: [email protected] ON Rwasa, leader of PALIPEHUTU-FNL, gave up AL www.issafrica.org P his AK-47 and military uniform. -
Burundi's Constitution of 2005
PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:21 constituteproject.org Burundi's Constitution of 2005 Historical This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:21 Table of contents Preamble . 4 TITLE I: Of THE STATE AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE . 5 1. Of the General Principles . 5 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES . 6 TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND CITIZEN . 7 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE CITIZEN . 7 2. Of the Fundamental Responsibilities of the Individual and the Citizen . 12 TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES . 14 TITLE IV: OF ELECTIONS . 16 TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER . 17 1. Of the President of the Republic . 17 2. Of the Vice Presidents of the Republic . 22 3. Of Government . 23 Title VI: Of the Legislative Power . 26 1. The Provisions Common to the National Assembly and Senate . 26 2. Of the National Assembly . 30 3. Of the Senate . 33 4. Of the Procedure of Adopting New Law . 36 TITLE VII: OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE AND THE LEGISLATIVE . 37 TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER . 40 1. Of the Superior Council of the Magistracy . 40 2. Of the Supreme Court . 42 3. Of the Constitutional Court . 42 4. OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE . 44 TITLE IX: OF THE OMBUDSMAN . 45 TITLE X: OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY . 45 TITLE XI: OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES .