DOCSLIB.ORG

A Critical Analysis of Presidential Term Limits in Africa: a Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi Foday Darboe [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Critical Analysis of Presidential Term Limits in Africa: a Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi Foday Darboe Fodaydod@Hotmail.Com Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2018 A Critical Analysis of Presidential Term Limits in Africa: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi Foday Darboe [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Foday Darboe. 2018. A Critical Analysis of Presidential Term Limits in Africa: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. (108) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/108. This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Critical Analysis of Presidential Term Limits in Africa: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi by Foday Darboe A Dissertation Presented to the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences of Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nova Southeastern University 2018 Copyright © by Foday Darboe June 2018 July 6th, 2018 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to all the research participants in this study. Without them, this study would not have seen the light of the day. I would also like to dedicate this dissertation to all the civil society groups across Africa for their tireless work in promoting democracy and good governance. Finally, I dedicate this dissertation to uncle Ousainou Darboe for his sacrifices in fighting dictatorship in the Gambia. Acknowledgments While this dissertation carries my name, numerous people have made significant contributions. I am very thankful for the endless advice and encouragement of Dr. Ismael Muvingi, my committee chair, for his constructive analysis and for guiding me to form my preliminary concepts into this final project. Without Dr. Muvingi’s continuous guidance, this study would not have been achievable. I would also like to register my appreciation to my two dissertation committee members: Dr. Urszula Strawinska-Zanko, and Dr. Elena Bastidas. Throughout this process, they have provided important insights and contributions that refined this study. Thank you, as well, to the faculty and staff in the Department of Conflict Analysis and Resolution Studies for all your support and encouragement. I would also like to recognize all the participants in this study for taking the time to share their knowledge and experience. My two research gatekeepers immensely contributed their time and personal resources by connecting me with participants. They have all asked to remain anonymous due to the gravity of the conflict in Burundi. Thanks also to Association Saint François d'assise, IBurundi and to BurundiFacts for also providing participants for this study. I hope that I have created an environment conductive to all your views being heard. I am highly indebted to my father, Salim Darboe, and my mother, Jabbie Darboe, for their unconditional love, for instilling in me the value of education at a very young age, and for their continuous support. You made me who I am today. To my siblings–– Lamin, Kumba, Marie, Mba, Sabel, Kumbading ding, Fanta, Aja Mai, and Aunty Adama––thank you for always supporting my endeavors. I would also like to acknowledge my fiancée, Alexandra, for her endless support, love, and encouragement. When I needed support, she was always there for me. I can never thank her enough. Finally, yet importantly, to my colleagues and friends who helped me through this journey: thank you for your support. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ................................................................................................................ vi List Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................ vii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ............................................................................... 1 Problem Statement .......................................................................................................... 1 Historical Overview of Burundi ................................................................................. 7 Violence by Ruling Party Youth and Security Forces ........................................ 10 Violence by Armed Opposition Groups ............................................................. 13 Role of the International Community ................................................................. 14 Relevance of the Study ............................................................................................ 29 Definition of Terms .................................................................................................. 30 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 32 Qualitative Question ........................................................................................... 32 Sub-Questions ..................................................................................................... 32 Quantitative Questions ........................................................................................ 33 Organization of the Study ........................................................................................ 33 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................ 35 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 35 What are Presidential Term Limits? ................................................................... 36 Lack of Checks and Balances ............................................................................. 37 Weak Government Institutions ........................................................................... 41 i Electoral Malpractice .......................................................................................... 45 Greed and Corruption ......................................................................................... 50 Fear of Punishment ............................................................................................. 54 Gaps in the Literature ............................................................................................... 59 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................ 60 Explaining the Conflict with Elite Theory .......................................................... 60 Explaining the Conflict with Intergroup Conflict Theory .................................. 65 Explaining the Conflict with Structural Violence Theory .................................. 68 Summary and Conclusion ........................................................................................ 73 Chapter 3: Research Method ......................................................................................... 75 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 75 Overview of Research Methodology ....................................................................... 75 Philosophical Foundation .................................................................................... 76 Case Study .......................................................................................................... 77 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 80 Qualitative Research Question ............................................................................ 80 Sub-Questions ..................................................................................................... 80 Quantitative Research Question .......................................................................... 80 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................... 80 Data Collection Methods ......................................................................................... 81 Quantitative Data Collection ............................................................................... 82 Qualitative Data Collections ............................................................................... 84 Quantitative Data Analysis ................................................................................. 87 ii Qualitative
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Statelessness and Citizenship in the East African Community
    Statelessness and Citizenship in the East African Community A Study by Bronwen Manby for UNHCR September 2018 Commissioned by UNHCR Regional Service Centre, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] STATELESSNESS AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 2 September 2018 STATELESSNESS AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... i List of Boxes ................................................................................................................................ i Methodology and acknowledgements ...................................................................................... ii A note on terminology: “nationality”, “citizenship” and “stateless person” ........................... iii Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. iv Key findings and recommendations ....................................................................... 1 1. Summary ........................................................................................................... 3 Overview of the report .............................................................................................................. 4 Key recommendations .............................................................................................................. 5 Steps already taken ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Fragmentation in Conflict and Its Impact on Prospects for Peace
    oslo FORUM papers N°006 - December 2016 Understanding fragmentation in conflict and its impact on prospects for peace Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham www.hd centre.org – www.osloforum.org Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue 114, Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva | Switzerland t : +41 22 908 11 30 f : +41 22 908 11 40 [email protected] www.hdcentre.org Oslo Forum www.osloforum.org The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) is a private diplo- macy organisation founded on the principles of humanity, impartiality and independence. Its mission is to help pre- vent, mitigate, and resolve armed conflict through dialogue and mediation. © 2016 – Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Reproduction of all or part of this publication may be author- ised only with written consent and acknowledgment of the source. Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham Associate Professor at the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland [email protected] http://www.kathleengallaghercunningham.com Table of contents INTRODUCTION 2 1. WHAT IS FRAGMENTATION? 3 Fragmented actors 3 Multiple actors 3 Identifying fragmentation 4 New trends 4 The causes of fragmentation 5 2. THE CONSEQUENCES OF FRAGMENTATION FOR CONFLICT 7 Violence 7 Accommodation and war termination 7 Side switching 8 3. HOW PEACE PROCESSES AFFECT FRAGMENTATION 9 Coalescing 9 Intentional fragmentation 9 Unintentional fragmentation 9 Mediation 10 4. RESPONSES OF MEDIATORS AND OTHER THIRD-PARTY ACTORS TO FRAGMENTATION 11 Negotiations including all armed groups 11 Sequential negotiations 11 Inclusion of unarmed actors and national dialogue 12 Efforts to coalesce the opposition 13 5. AFTER SETTLEMENT 14 CONCLUSION 15 ENDNOTES 16 2 The Oslo Forum Papers | Understanding fragmentation in conflict Introduction Complicated conflicts with many disparate actors have cators of fragmentation, new trends, and a summation of why become increasingly common in the international system.
    [Show full text]
  • A-Z Copy 1 6/4/09 10:34 PGina 1
    Portada 2009 - EDAI.qxp:Portada 2008 8/4/09 17:59 Pgina 1 INFORME 2009 AMNISTÍA INTERNACIONAL EL ESTADO DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS ENINFORME EL 2009 MUNDO AMNISTÍA INTERNACIONAL EL ESTADO DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS EN EL MUNDO El Informe 2009 de Amnistía Internacional documenta la situación de los derechos humanos en 157 países y territorios del mundo durante 2008. Muestra un mundo en el que la inseguridad y la discriminación estructurales impiden que los avances conseguidos en las leyes se hagan realidad plenamente y en el que la igualdad y los derechos humanos siguen en el plano de las buenas intenciones, no en el de las buenas prácticas. También dibuja un mundo en el que los Estados escogen a su antojo los derechos que están dispuestos a respetar y los que prefieren suprimir. INFORME 2009 AMNISTÍA INTERNACIONAL El núcleo del libro es un estudio sobre los derechos humanos EL ESTADO DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS EN EL MUNDO país por país, desde Afganistán hasta Zimbabue. Los artículos muestran de manera patente hasta qué punto son frágiles (en el mejor de los casos) los avances conseguidos en la mejora de la vida de millones de personas cuando los Estados ignoran o reprimen alguno de los derechos consagrados en la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos. En el transcurso de 2008, el mundo fue testigo, una y otra vez, de oleadas de protestas populares protagonizadas por personas hambrientas, excluidas y empobrecidas. En muchos casos, la respuesta a estas protestas fue la represión y el uso excesivo de la fuerza: los gobiernos no estaban dispuestos a escuchar la voz de la gente.
    [Show full text]
  • Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective
    UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective Jack Dominic Palmer University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy January 2017 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ©2017 The University of Leeds and Jack Dominic Palmer. The right of Jack Dominic Palmer to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by Jack Dominic Palmer in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would firstly like to thank Dr Mark Davis and Dr Tom Campbell. The quality of their guidance, insight and friendship has been a huge source of support and has helped me through tough periods in which my motivation and enthusiasm for the project were tested to their limits. I drew great inspiration from the insightful and constructive critical comments and recommendations of Dr Shirley Tate and Dr Austin Harrington when the thesis was at the upgrade stage, and I am also grateful for generous follow-up discussions with the latter. I am very appreciative of the staff members in SSP with whom I have worked closely in my teaching capacities, as well as of the staff in the office who do such a great job at holding the department together.
    [Show full text]
  • Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS for PEACE an MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT an MRG INTERNATIONAL
    Minority Rights Group International R E P O R Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS FOR PEACE AN MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT AN MRG INTERNATIONAL BY FILIP REYNTJENS BURUNDI: Acknowledgements PROSPECTS FOR PEACE Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully acknowledges the support of Trócaire and all the orga- Internally displaced © Minority Rights Group 2000 nizations and individuals who gave financial and other people. Child looking All rights reserved assistance for this Report. after his younger Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- sibling. commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- This Report has been commissioned and is published by GIACOMO PIROZZI/PANOS PICTURES mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the For further information please contact MRG. issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. author do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in ISBN 1 897 693 53 2 all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. ISSN 0305 6252 Published November 2000 MRG is grateful to all the staff and independent expert Typeset by Texture readers who contributed to this Report, in particular Kat- Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. rina Payne (Commissioning Editor) and Sophie Rich- mond (Reports Editor). THE AUTHOR Burundi: FILIP REYNTJENS teaches African Law and Politics at A specialist on the Great Lakes Region, Professor Reynt- the universities of Antwerp and Brussels.
    [Show full text]
  • European Development Days
    2006 European Development Days 8 years of policy debates from the European Consensus to the post-2015 agenda /1 3 European Development Days 2006-2013 Eight years of policy debates from the European Consensus to the post-2015 agenda Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014 Paper version ISBN 978-92-79-38970-2 doi: 10.2841/47722 PDF ISBN 978-92-79-38969-6 doi: 10.2841/47692 © European Union, 2014 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Printed on elemental chlorine-free bleached paper (ECF) European Development Days 2006-2013 Eight years of policy debates from the European Consensus to the post-2015 agenda Forward by José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission. This book has been published by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Development and Cooperation - EuropeAid in August 2014. European Commission FOREWORD by JOSÉ MANUEL BARROSO President of the European Commission I have always passionately believed in a Europe that I fought hard to preserve our high aid levels in our is open; a Europe that is committed to the values of multi-annual budget 2014-2020. In addition, my freedom, development and global solidarity. These Commission has stepped up special measures for the values have been central to the European project poorest, like the EUR 1 billion Food Facility or our ever since its inception and continue to inspire our strong support for the United Nation's Sustainable Union today.
    [Show full text]
  • The Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi
    Human Rights as Means for Peace : the Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi Author: Fidele Ingiyimbere Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2475 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2011 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. BOSTON COLLEGE-SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AND MINISTY S.T.L THESIS Human Rights as Means for Peace The Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi By Fidèle INGIYIMBERE, S.J. Director: Prof David HOLLENBACH, S.J. Reader: Prof Thomas MASSARO, S.J. February 10, 2011. 1 Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 0 General Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2 CHAP. I. SETTING THE SCENE IN BURUNDI ......................................................................... 8 I.1. Historical and Ecclesial Context........................................................................................... 8 I.2. 1972: A Controversial Period ............................................................................................. 15 I.3. 1983-1987: A Church-State Conflict .................................................................................. 22 I.4. 1993-2005: The Long Years of Tears................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Forced March to a Constitutional Referendum
    A forced march to a Constitutional Referendum The regime intends to maintain and concentrate power by perpetuating its repressive logic May 2018 1 Table of Contents Introduction ¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼...¼¼¼¼¼¼¼p. 3 1. Revising the Constitution to retain and concentrate power ¼¼¼¼¼¼¼.¼¼.p. 6 30 years in power for Pierre Nkurunziza ? ¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼...¼..p. 6 A messianic vision of power ¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼.¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼.p. 6 An all-powerful president¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼..¼.p. 7 A move to enshrine the one-party system and destroy opposition forces¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼..¼¼.p. 7 Controlling CENI and the electoral machine¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼...¼¼...p. 7 The issue of ethnic quotas¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼..¼¼.p. 8 Exceptional status for the National Intelligence Service (SNR)¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼..¼¼...p. 9 Impunity for senior officials in Pierre Nkurunziza's regime ¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼..¼...p. 9 2. Repression, abuse and a one-sided referendum campaign ¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼..p. 10 An unfair political campaign ¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼....p. 10 A wave of arbitrary arrests and beatings directed at opponents during the campaign¼¼¼¼¼¼¼.¼.p. 11 Referendum `opponents' murdered¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼..¼.p. 12 Terrorising the Burundi people to ensure victory for `yes'¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼...p. 13 Unprecedented toughening of the criminal procedure code ¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼...¼.p. 16 3. Excluding a section of the Burundi population from voting on the Constitution ..p. 16 Refugees¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼...p. 16 Diaspora¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼¼.¼...p.
    [Show full text]
  • A ECOWAS GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE A.1 Introduction
    1 A ECOWAS GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE A.1 Introduction. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) comprises three arms of governance. namely. the Executive. the Legislature and the Judiciary. At the helm of the organization structure is the Chairman of the Authority of Heads of State and Government. The Chairman is the current Head of State and Government appointed by other Heads of State and Government to oversee the affairs for a period of one year. The Minister in charge of ECOWAS affairs in the country of the Chairman of the Authority automatically becomes the Chairman of Council of Ministers; similarly. that country presides over all other ECOWAS statutory meetings for the year (ministerial and senior level. such as the Technical Committees). At the helm of the Executive arm of the Community is the President of ECOWAS Commission appointed by the Authority for a non-renewable period of four years. He is assisted by a Vice President and 7 Commissioners. respectively in charge of (1) Finance. (2) Agriculture. Environment and Water Resources. (3) Infrastructure. (4) Social Affairs and Gender. (5) Macroeconomic Policy and Economic Research. (6) Political Affairs. Peace and Security. (7) Trade. Customs and Free Movement. (8) General Administration and Conference. (9) Human Resources management. (10) Education. Science and Culture. (11) Energy and Mines. (12) Telecommunication and Information Technology. (13) Industry and Private sector Promotion. The legislative arm of the Community is the Community Parliament headed by the Speaker of the Parliament. The administrative functions of the Parliament are directed by the Secretary General of the Parliament. Pending elections by direct universal suffrage in future.
    [Show full text]
  • Benin Country Report BTI 2012
    BTI 2012 | Benin Country Report Status Index 1-10 6.44 # 38 of 128 Political Transformation 1-10 7.70 # 25 of 128 Economic Transformation 1-10 5.18 # 75 of 128 Management Index 1-10 6.07 # 29 of 128 scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) score rank trend This report is part of the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) 2012. The BTI is a global assessment of transition processes in which the state of democracy and market economy as well as the quality of political management in 128 transformation and developing countries are evaluated. More on the BTI at http://www.bti-project.org Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2012 — Benin Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2012. © 2012 Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh BTI 2012 | Benin 2 Key Indicators Population mn. 8.8 HDI 0.427 GDP p.c. $ 1587 Pop. growth1 % p.a. 2.8 HDI rank of 187 167 Gini Index 38.6 Life expectancy years 55 UN Education Index 0.365 Poverty3 % 75.3 Urban population % 42.0 Gender inequality2 0.634 Aid per capita $ 76.4 Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011 | UNDP, Human Development Report 2011. Footnotes: (1) Average annual growth rate. (2) Gender Inequality Index (GII). (3) Percentage of population living on less than $2 a day. Executive Summary Benin’s third democratically elected head of state, Thomas Boni Yayi, continued to rule throughout the period under review with respect for democratic rules and with a commitment to strengthening market-economic principles. However, there were signs of increasing disappointment in the Yayi administration.
    [Show full text]
  • The Burundi Peace Process
    ISS MONOGRAPH 171 ISS Head Offi ce Block D, Brooklyn Court 361 Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27 12 346-9500 Fax: +27 12 346-9570 E-mail: [email protected] Th e Burundi ISS Addis Ababa Offi ce 1st Floor, Ki-Ab Building Alexander Pushkin Street PEACE CONDITIONAL TO CIVIL WAR FROM PROCESS: THE BURUNDI PEACE Peace Process Pushkin Square, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Th is monograph focuses on the role peacekeeping Tel: +251 11 372-1154/5/6 Fax: +251 11 372-5954 missions played in the Burundi peace process and E-mail: [email protected] From civil war to conditional peace in ensuring that agreements signed by parties to ISS Cape Town Offi ce the confl ict were adhered to and implemented. 2nd Floor, Armoury Building, Buchanan Square An AU peace mission followed by a UN 160 Sir Lowry Road, Woodstock, South Africa Tel: +27 21 461-7211 Fax: +27 21 461-7213 mission replaced the initial SA Protection Force. E-mail: [email protected] Because of the non-completion of the peace ISS Nairobi Offi ce process and the return of the PALIPEHUTU- Braeside Gardens, Off Muthangari Road FNL to Burundi, the UN Security Council Lavington, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 386-1625 Fax: +254 20 386-1639 approved the redeployment of an AU mission to E-mail: [email protected] oversee the completion of the demobilisation of ISS Pretoria Offi ce these rebel forces by December 2008. Block C, Brooklyn Court C On 18 April 2009, at a ceremony to mark the 361 Veale Street ON beginning of the demobilisation of thousands New Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa DI Tel: +27 12 346-9500 Fax: +27 12 460-0998 TI of PALIPEHUTU-FNL combatants, Agathon E-mail: [email protected] ON Rwasa, leader of PALIPEHUTU-FNL, gave up AL www.issafrica.org P his AK-47 and military uniform.
    [Show full text]
  • The Security and Political Crisis in Burundi Hearing
    S. HRG. 114–346 THE SECURITY AND POLITICAL CRISIS IN BURUNDI HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION DECEMBER 9, 2015 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 21–369 PDF WASHINGTON : 2016 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 15 2010 12:45 Sep 01, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\HEARING FILES\21369.TXT MIKE FOREI-42327 with DISTILLER COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland MARCO RUBIO, Florida BARBARA BOXER, California RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey JEFF FLAKE, Arizona JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire CORY GARDNER, Colorado CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware DAVID PERDUE, Georgia TOM UDALL, New Mexico JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia CHRISTOPHER MURPHY, Connecticut RAND PAUL, Kentucky TIM KAINE, Virginia JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts TODD WOMACK, Staff Director JODI B. HERMAN, Democratic Staff Director CHRIS FORD, Majority Chief Counsel MARGARET TAYLOR, Minority Chief Counsel JOHN DUTTON, Chief Clerk (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 12:45 Sep 01, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\HEARING FILES\21369.TXT MIKE FOREI-42327 with DISTILLER CONTENTS Page Flake, Hon. Jeff, U.S. Senator from Arizona ........................................................
    [Show full text]