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Ravi P. Gupta Remote Sensing Geology Ravi P. Gupta Remote Sensing Geology Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Ravi P. Gupta Remote Sensing Geology Second Edition With 453 Figures and 53 Tables , Springer Dr. Ravi Prakash Gupta Professor ofEarth Resourees Teehnology Department ofEarth Seienees Indian Institute ofTeehnology Roorkee (Formerly, University ofRoorkee) Roorkee - 247667, India E-mail: [email protected] Cover page: Doubly plunging folds in roeks of the Delhi Super Group (Landsat MSS4 infrared band image). Figure 16.24 Cataloging-in-Publication-Data applied for Bibliographie information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek. Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographie data is available in the Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de> This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is per­ mitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. Violations are liable for proseeution under the German Copyright Law. http://www.springer.de ISBN 978-3-642-07741-8 ISBN 978-3-662-05283-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-05283-9 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2003 Softeover reprint ofthe hardcover 2nd edition 2003 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regula­ tions and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Production: PRO EDIT GmbH, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany Cover design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Camera-ready by the author Printed on acid-freepaper 32/3141Re-543210 :Jo, m.s./e Preface to the Second Edition The first edition of this book appeared in 1991, and since then there have been many developments in the field of remote sensing, both in the direction of tech­ nology of data acquisition as weH as in data processing and applications. This has necessitated a new edition of the book. The revised edition includes new and updated material on a number of topics - SAR interferometry, hyperspectral sensing, digital imaging cameras, GPS princi­ pie, new optical and microwave satellite sensors, and so me of the emerging tech­ niques in digital image processing and GIS. Besides, a host of new geological ap­ plications of remote sensing are also included. The book has been thoroughly revised; nevertheless, it retains the originallong axis and style, i.e. discuss the basic remote sensing principles, systems of data ac­ quisition, data processing and present the wide ranging geological applications. The following individuals reviewed parts of the manuscript, suggested im­ provements and fumished missing links: R. P. Agarwal, M. K. Arora, R. Gens, U. K. Haritashya, K. Hiller, H. Kaufmann, D. King, J. Mathew, F. vander Meer, R. R. Navalgund, S. Nayak, A. Prakash, S. K. Rath, A. K. Saha, A. K. Sen, and A. N. Singh. I am greatly obliged to them for their valuable inputs and suggestions in ar­ riving at the final presentation. I deeply appreciate the infinite patience and endurance of Sarvesh Kumar Sharma in typing and computer-finishing the manuscript. Finally, I am indebted to my wife Renu, for her encouragement and support, particularly in times when no end appeared in sight. Roorkee Ravi P. Gupta November 2002 Preface to the First Edition There has been phenomenal growth in the field of remote sensing over the last two to three decades. It has been applied in the fields of geology, mineral explora­ tion, forestry, agriculture, hydrology, soils, land use etc. - that is, in all pursuits of sciences dealing with the features, processes, and phenomena operating at the Earth's surface. The status of geological remote sensing has rapidly advanced and the scientific literature is scattered. The aim of the present book is to systemati­ cally discuss the specific requirements of geological remote sensing, to summarize the techniques of remote sensing data collection and interpretation, and to inte­ grate the technique into geo-exploration. The main conceptual features of the book are: - To combine various aspects of geological remote sensing, ranging from the laboratory spectra of minerals and rocks to aerial and space-bome remote sens­ ing. - To integrate photo-geology into remote sensing. - To promote remote sensing as a tool in integrated geo-exploration. - To elucidate the wide-spectrum geoscientific applications of remote sensing, ranging from meso to global scale. The book has been written to satisfy the needs of mainly graduate students and active research workers interested in applied Earth sciences. It is primarily concept oriented rather than system or module oriented. The organization of the book is detailed in Chapter 1 (Table 1.1). The book has three chief segments: (1) techniques, sensors and interpretation of data in the opti­ cal region; (2) techniques, sensors and interpretation of data in the microwave re­ gion; and (3) data processing, integration and applications. The idea for the book germinated as I prepared a course in remote sensing at the University of Roorkee for graduate students, during which extensive lecture notes were made. The book is an outcome of my teaching and research at the University ofRoorkee, and partly also at the University ofMunich. A wide-spectrum book in a field like remote sensing, where advancements are taking place at such a fast pace, can hardly be exhaustive and up-to-date. Although every effort has been made to incorporate recent developments, the priority has been on concepts rather than on compilation of data alone (SPOT data examples could not be included because of copyright limitations). x Preface Sincere thanks are due to many individuals and organizations who have con­ tributed in various ways to the book. Particularly, I am grateful to Dr. Rupert Haydn, Managing Director, Gesellschaft fur Angewandte Femerkundung mbH, Munich, Germany, and formerly at the University of Munich, for supplying nu­ merous illustrations. He kindly provided many images for the book, and offered blanket permission to select illustrations and examples from his wide and precious collection. Dr. Haydn also spent valuable time reviewing parts of the text, offered fruitful criticism and is responsible for many improvements. Dr. Konrad Hiller, DLR Germany and formerly at the University of Munich, provided what was needed most - inspiration and warm friendly support. Many stimulating discussions with hirn promoted my understanding of the subject matter and led to numerous reforms. Without Konrad's encouragement, this book may not have seen the light of the day. I am grateful to a number of people, particularly the following, for going through parts of the manuscript of their interest, suggesting amendments and fur­ nishing several missing links: K. Amason, R. Chander, R.P.S. Chhonkar, F. Jas­ kolla, H. Kaufmann, F. Lehmann, G. Philip, A.K. Saraf, K.P. Sharma, V.N. Singh, B.B.S. Singhal, R. Sinha, D.C. Srivastava, U. Terhalle, R.S. Tiwari, L.C. Venkatadhri and P. Volk. Thanks are also due to Prof. Dr. J. Bodechtel, Institut für Allgemeine und Angewandie Geologie (Institute for General and Applied Geology), University of Munich, for his advice, suggestions and free access to the facilities at Munich. The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, and the Gesellschaft für Angewandte Femerkundung mbH, Munich (Dr. R. Haydn) kindly provided financial support for my visits and stay in Germany, during which parts ofthe book were written. A book on remote sensing has to present many pietures and illustrations. A large number of these were borrowed from colleagues, organizations, instrument manufacturers, commercial firms and publications. These are acknowledged in the captions. For the excellent production ofthe book, the credit goes to Dr. W. Engel, Ms. I. Scherich, Ms. G. Hess, Ms. lean von dem Bussche and Ms. Theodora Krammer of Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. Although a number of people have directly and indirectly contributed to the book, I alone am responsible for the statements made herein. It is possible that some oversimplifications appear as erroneous statements. Suggestions from read­ ers will be gratefully accepted. Finally, I am indebted to my wife Renu for not only patiently enduring 4 years of my preoccupation with the book, but also extending positive support and en­ couragement. If this book is able to generate interest in readers for this newly emerging tech­ nology, I shall consider my efforts to be amply rewarded. Roorkee, lune 1991 R. P. Gupta Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Definition and Scope .................................................... 1 1.2 Development of Remote Sensing ...................................... 1 1.3 Fundamental Principle .................................................. 3 1.4 Advantages and Limitations ...........................................
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