Vol. 25, No. 10 March 8, 1982

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS tvr/EE!( and takes exception to the doings !-tiS!-tt-!fitsiTS OF T3"18 of the Soviet Party. An article by Renmin Riboo Observer com- Socialist Ethics and principles in its relations with ments on the polemics between Courtesy Month other countries and the unique the two Parties (p. 11). role of the ]ate Premier Zhou A "socialist ethics and cour- Enlai in shaping China's foreign South-South Co nl ere nce tesy month" has been launched policv (p 16). across the nation, Party Chair- The recent South-South con- man Hu Yao,bang and other Chi- Energy Policy ference in New Delhi. which dis- joined nese leaders two million China's energv output ranks cussed common problems facing peopl,e in the capital to clean up fourth in the world, but its utili- the developing nations. was a the city. maintain public order, zation rate is low. Our special step f orward towards greatel' shop counters give sen'e at or correspondent outlines China's unity and closer co-operation special care Lo the old and dis- (p. plan to solve the energy problem arnong them 12). Leading members in abled. (p. 2o). various provinces also turned otrt in force to take part in A Rich Crop ol Novels similar activities (p. 5). A brief review by a literary Restructuring the State critic of the rich crop of novels Council pubiished in recent years. many of which are written Premier Zhao Ziyang deliver'- by hitherto unknown young writers (p. 22). ed a report to a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Na- Polemics Between ltalian tional People's Congress on the and Soviet Parties plan for restlucturing the State Council (p. 6). The Cr-rmmunist Party oI the: New China's Diplomacy Soviet Union brandishes the big stick rvhen the Italian Com- loung Pioneers in l3eiiing srveeping a neighbourhood The first part of an article ex- munist Party presents its own park. pounding New China's basic viervs as an independent partv Photo bv Hu I)u.nz[-ti

Restructuring the Stote Council Honoi's "Peoce" Offensive - BfiIJING REVEEW Scientific Forming Encouroged Ji Ving Resources of Exploiting Woter DOCUMENIS the Chongjiong ARTICLES & Published every Mondoy by Moroccon Prime Minister Visits The Diplomocy of Zhou Enloi 16 - BEIJING REVIEW Chino Energy Development ond Con- 2{ Boiwonrhuong Rood, Beijing Deng on Chino's Open Policy servotion Our SPeciol The People's Republic of Chino Sino-Romonion Economic Co- Correspondent- Yu Bing 20 operotion Novels : Achievements in Vol. 25, No, 10 Morch 8, 1982 Tenth Anniversory of Shonghoi Recent Yeors-Zhong Jiong 22 Communique CONTENTS FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 26.27 CUTTURE & SCIENCE 28-30 INTERNATIONAT 11-15 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 3-4 ART PAGE 3'l Tolks on Nucleor Weopons Polemics Between the ICP ond ond World Peoce Inter- the CPSU "Renmin Ri- BEIJING BEVIEW (USPS No 658-110) is - - notionol Editor Mu Youlin boo" Observer published weekly lor US$ 1 3.50 per year by Sports Competition Culturol South-South Conterence orl Beiiing Review, 24 Baiwanzhuang Boad, Editor Xin Xiongrong- Unity ond Co-operotion - Beijing, China. Second-class Postage paid Xin Yon at San trancisco. CA. Postmastel: Send LETTERS 4 Sihqnouk, Khieu Somphon on address changes to China Books & EVENTS & TRENDS 5- 10 Their Second-Round Tolks Periodicals, lnc., 2929 24th Street, San Notionol Sociolist Ethics ond Khieu Somphon: The Situo- Francisco. CA 94110. Courtesy Month tion in Kompucheo Notos Frorm (nur" ilicfrE{+rr"r+

Jluclear number of people who partici- Ialks 0n lleapons end llorld Peace pated were unprecedented. This shows that the people of How do you evaluate the US- Soviet proposal that both sides Western Europe oppose the US Soviet'talks on the limitation of phase out medium-range nuclear deployment of nuclear missiles medium-range nuclear weapons weapons in Europe. in their countries, oppose the in Europe? race In their nuclear arms race. US-Soviet nuclear arms and oppose nuclear war. China does not oppose these each of the two superpowers talks. but they seem to be pro- has its own aims. One is at- The actual situation today is ceeding with great difficuit5r tempting to maintain the supe- that the two military blocs are without solving any problems rior position it has gained while in sharp confrontation in and without easing the inter- the other is endeavouring to Europe. and that Western national situation. change the imbalance. Their Europe is under serious Soviet rhetoric against each other is military threat. with about 250 Since the. beginning o{ the simply another ploy aimed at Soviet SS-20s aimed at it. first pha.se of US-Soviet talks seizing the signboards of "peace" Moreover. the US medium- on the limitation of strategic and "disarmament" in order to range missiles have not yet ar- nuclear arms in November 1969. win favourable world opinion. the Soviet ieadership. while rived It can be predicted that the chanting "disarmament." has Peace-loving European people arms race between the two gone all out in arms expansion. are now increasingly clear where superpowers will only be speed- Under the smokescreen oI the main threat of war is coming ed up, not slowed dolvn. "detente." the Soviet Union has from and they realize that a general appeal for peace or op- since then amassed an increas- The' European people have nuclear position solely the US plan ing number of stlategic suffered from two world wars. to to deploy new missiles in Europe arms. while the United States The Chlnese people have also peace has losl its original dominant had bitter experience of long will not bring and securi- posi tion. ty but, objectively. will only dr> years of war'. It is ',heir common the Soviet Union a favour. How Today. Europe is the focus of desire to live and build their to realiy prevent war and contention between the two own countries in peace. and this saf eguard peace is a questir:n superpowers Prior to 1977. is quite reasonable. Last year they are considering now. their nuclear strength in Europe the peace movement gained was momentum in Western Europe: lnternational Editor approximately equal. How- - ever'. with its deployment of the .size of the events and the Mu Youlin SS-20 medium-ran.ge missiles in Europe. the Soviet Union has gained superiority there. Sports Gompetition Taking crver Western Europe's You heartily commend the common practice to cheer fot' call for the ''zero option." Pres- sportsmen and women who win outstanding performances no ident Ronald Reagan proposed gold medals in international matter what team the athlete is to the Soviet Union before re- competitions. Have you given on, a.s everybody respects dis- plays great suming the talks last November up your principle of "friendship of skill. first, competition second"? that the United States was To encourage "friendship first. prepared to cancel its plan to competition second" does not By no means. depioy Pershing Il and ground- mean we oppose winning or launched cruise missiles in There are few spectators who capturing titles at, international Western Europe in 1983 if the have no emotional response to tournaments. We encourage our' Soviet Union would dismantle sports competitions. As a mat- athletes to treasure friendship. its SS-20. SS-4 and SS-5 missiles ter of course, people of any to obselve all rules in competi- in Eastern Enrope This pro- country wish their own teams tions and to exhibit good sports- posal was at once rejected b-v to win in competitions against manship. We also request uur' the Soviet Union. Similarly, the other countries or in interna- spectators to be polite and to United States turned down the tional tournaments. It is also a practise correct social conduct

Mat'ch 8, 1982 issue No.3, I9B2 (Spanish edition). I rvould Iike to see the cover This article convinced me that lemain the same because any 1'oul conclusion of rrraintaining a change will result in a price in- suitable population size for China crease. I ]ike the front cover and is colrect the inside back cover. Further'- more, present appear- Deogracias Lopez Ros I like the ance because I feel it is a kincl of Murcia. Spain elegance, any changes might spoil The nelr, film In-Latus descl'ib- this kind of elegance. Most im- ed in the' coluntn ' Culture and portant. I Iook for the message of Science" in issue No. +8. 1981 was ,.,,;.,. :,.r1 :i ;1,;-r-;;;- the review. I don't reallv cale shown at the Ne'n' Yeal celebra- about its cover tions olganized by the Sino-Que- I like 1'our "Intelnational" and bec Sc-icietl' of Charitl, Some "Articles and Documents" columns Wong Yin Hung 1.000 Chinese and Quebecois at- because they explain rhe siluation Ontario. Canada tended the meeting After an oi the .,vorld and the struggle for' excellen't Chinese dinner'. rve had Iibelation of people of all coun- a dance and sau, the filn-r. I \vas tlies. They also explain the pro- The cover might also be a very happv to see the film and tound changes taking place in gl'aphic art work The contents oI hope very much there u,ill be Nerv China the special features or other major more such films bectruse they ale I l-rope you will expanci the "In- articles should be clearlv indicated interesting entcrtainmenl and pro- on the -coVer vide a chance fol us to see the ternational" column. A campaign wal's in which the Chinese people should be waged to inlorm those Thomas Boysen the third world u/ho hat'e taken are rnarching forri.ard in KieI. West Germanv' the Soviet Union as a lriend. The5, Letarte Pierre need to understanci that it prac- Quebec. Canada tises disguised colonialism Those countries which have rnilitat'y The cor,'er is no longer the same pacts with the superpou,els should old str-rff . This is very good. It abandon them anci leave urar to vvould be better to print "Humour the t\\'o superporvers themselves in China" on the inside back cover The r,r,orks of art you are I am glad to Iearn thlough voul lloracio Quintero H. printing now are not suecessful. weel

Beijing R.epieto, No. I0 ,',- j'l

city dwellers throughout Chi- Students of a ref ormatory in na's other provinces. munici- the Xicheng District scrubbed palities and autonomous re- the stairways of the Great Hall llational Socialist Ethics gions have also taken to the of the People. "Today we are streets to serve the public. starting anew and we'll strive And Gourtesy Month to become better citizens in the For their part, Chairman Hu On Febr-uary 28. a sunny 80s," they said. Yaobang and 200 leading early spring day, Party Chair- The campaign on an un- cadres under the Central Com- is man Hu Yaobang and other precedented scaie. Crowds mittee tooh up brooms and Party ar-rd state leaders kicked seen public joined city residents in clean- could be doing off the "National Socialist the ing up the lake-shore in tasks everyrvhere in Ethics and Courtesy Month'' by. - Beihai Park. one of the major streets, parks, squares, bus sweeping the streets anci direct- scenic spots in Beijing. They terminals. airports, factories, ing tlaflic along with 2 million residentiaL areas, 'schools and raked up fallen tree leaves, PLA solciiers and civilians in day the carted away piles earth and stores The first of the capital (population: 8 mil- of cleared every corner of gar- clean-up campaign brought lion) the bage. Where the broonrs could vast improvements to their faces of the capital's 20 down- The designation of March as not reach, they used hands. Other participants in- town streets and 10 other im- a month of emphasis on cour- portant areas. tesy. considerateness. hygiene cluded Duan Jr-rnyi, first secre- municipal "Supervision and sanitation was based on tary of the Beijing stations" have leaders the suggestions by the Propaganda Party commit[ee, of been set up to maintain public Department of the Party Cen- State Council and the People's order at street intersections. of tral Committee. the National Liberaticn Army, members bus terminals, parks and Committee oI the Patriotic the National People's Congress squar-es. Workers in industrial, Standing Committee an'd iead- communications Public Health Movement and transport and provinces. mu- 14 other government depart- ers of some and commercial departments autonomous re- well units ments and people's organiza- nicipalities and as as in medical gions Beijing lar,rnched campaign to tions. It aims to mobilize the 'ul'ho were in have a Young Pioneers primary and make their services more con- people in their millions to in schools most venient for residents. Stores strive to change the appear- middle 'azere the active cleaners 836 of Bei- have set up desks to canvass ance of Chinese cities, big and in jing's streets on February 28. customers' opinions. Grain and medium-sized ones in par'- ticular. During the n-ronth. [Itr Yaobang (icfi). Yang Dezhi (right) and other leading comrades everyone in every plofession eleaning up Beihai Park together with the people. is being called upon to improve g environmental sanitation and to avoid the bad habits of spitting and littering in public I places. Those workrng in com- merce, service trades. health and medical services and tran^s- sport and communications de- f' partments are being asked to improve their services. The whole urban population is ex- pected to join ln improving their city's appea rance and keeping public places in good order.

Responding warmly t() the central ar.rthr.rrities' decisictn.

March tl, 1982 vegetable slol'es in the city en centralization and' unified so as to raise the quality of thc h:rve special crews for deiiver- Ieadership and raise work effi- whole cadre contingent. ing groceries to people's homes. ciency, Zhao Ziyang said in his report. The new ministries. Zhao Ziyang stressed that the In a TV speech delivered on commissions, bureaux and agen- leading bodies must be composed the evening of February 28 to cies under the State Council of highly competent people who mobilize the whole nation to must have clear- divisions of are younger in age and have participate in the "socialist work responsibilities and must revolutionary aspiratidns and ethics and courtesy month'' be staffed by fewer people, all professional knowiedge. Each activities. Premier Zhao of whom must be competent. ministry will only have a min- Ztyang said: "China is ister and two to four vice- The restructuring will firct be wor'ld-famous f or its ancient nrinisters, and each department put into effect in 12 minist,ries civilization and its courtesy or bureau will only have one and commissions. These 12 units The Communist-led Iiberated director and one or two deputy will be reduced to six at thc' aleas and the People's Repub- directors. The ministers should ministry level. and the number lic of China in its early in general not be older than 65, of administrative organizations were widely praised by whilp the age of vice-ministers _vears at the departmental and bureau the people in ottrer countries and departmental or bureau Ievel will be reduced from 180 for cleanliness. order and po- directors and deputy directors to 172, and their staff cut by liteness. We should carry foi'- should not exceed 60. AJter re- 33 per cent. The number of ward this glorious r.evolu- tirement. the veteran cadres will ministers and vice-ministers in tionarv tradition." still enjoy the same poiitical these units will be reduced from treatment as they cio now. As 117 to 27, a 77 per cent cut. for their livelihood and rnedical The number of departmental care, those who really have dif- f,estructuring the State and bureau directors and deputy f iculties will be given special Gouncil directors will be cut by 51 per tleatment. In trimming the ad- cent, and the average age of the ministrative structure, the num- The numbel of vice-premier'.s ministers and departmental ber of working personnel will be should be reduced and state directors will be lowered. kept within a plescribed size. councillols appointed. The 98 existing ministries. commissions and agencies under the State Revolutionory Spirit A Revolution Council should be merged and cut down to 52 and the number Zhao Ziyang said that this im- Though the task of streamlin- of staff members in these portant reform must be earried ing the governiment structure is ministries and commissions re- out in the revolutionary spirit. very arduous and large in scaie, duced by one-third, said Premier' He stressed that the work must there has been no disruption in Zhao Ziyang on March 2. be done in a down-to-earth man- the past two months and daily ner, with emphasis on the fol- work in various fields is being Restructuring of leading de- lowing four questions: carri,ed out in a normal and partments various provinces. in (1) The duties and responsi- orderly fashion. Premier Zhao municipalities and autonomous bilities of the various ministrie-q said that this shows our country regions, except the few in which and departments and their affil- is stable and the political and immediate changes can be made. iated organizations must be economic situation is good. It will start next year, he added. clearly defined. also shows that the decision to trim the adrninistrative struc- The Pre,mier made these pro- (2) People who are qualified ture has the support of the posals in a report on the re- ideo,logically, politically and pro- whole people. He expressed the structuring of the State Council fessionally should be selected confidence that this arduous task to the 22nd Session of the Stand- and appointed'to the leading will be successfully accom- ing Committee of the Fifth Na- bodies. plished. tional People's Congress. (3) Proper arrangements must be made for veteran cadres who Zhao Ziyang quoted Deng Roise Work Efficiency retire. Xiaoping's words and said that streamlining the government The purpose of restructuring (4) Cadres must be trained in structure is a revolution. The the State Council is to strength- rotation and in an effective way aim is to reform that part of

6 Beijing Reuiew, No. I0 'f ci-l li\lF\ [it/Et\t"[i .:1 FrIqrtili the state administrative struc- science. This was said by Pre- mutation breeding and pollen ture which is incompatible with mier Zhao Ziyang at the Fourth breeding. present-day Session the Fifth National the requirements of of Weather Zones tor Agriculture. economic, and political People's Congress held at the cultural Of China's 29 provinces, munici- no means re\,- end Novernber last year. He work; it is by a of palities and autonomous regions person. stressed combine olution against any the need to (not including Taiwan), 25 have modern the achievements of established weather zones for research with China's fine tradi- Committee for Restructuring agriculture. Now, some rural careful The Economic System tion of intensive and areas are using weather zoning cultivation. to help plan the distribution of Zhao Ziyang also said that crops so as to boost agrlcultural Fine Seed Strains. Selecting and after the streamlining of govern- production. ment structure, further efforts popularizing good quality seed should be made to improvq thq strains is considered the most In northeast China's Heilong- economic management system, important agricultural "invest- jiang Province, olle of the coun- the work system and the style of ment." While continuing to try's major grain-producing work. In order to do a good job, breed strains for high-yield . areas, 1.5 to 2.5 million tons of the State Council proposes that areas, the stress this year is to grain were lost annually due to a committee be established to breed and introduce to wider. cold weather. In the past three take charge of restructuring the areas seeds that resist cold, al- years, the province investigated econornic system. kaline soil and diseases, so as weather patterns in order to to raise the output in medium- make full use of the crop-grow- The 22nd session opened on and low-yield areas, which are ing seasons. The province has Febn-rar5, 22 in Beijing. In the two-thirds of China's grain- since been divided up into first few days, the NPC Stand- growrng acreage. five zones for 42 varieties of ing Committee examined and five major crops in accord- discussed the revised draft of In the 32 years since the ance with the temperature the Law of Civil Procedure of founding of the People's Repub- variation and the different the People's Republic of China Iic, 3,000 varieties of 41 crops amounts of sunshine and rain- including grain, oil-bearing and tall. Now over ?0 per cent of sugar crops, fibre crops and to- the province's farmland is being bacco have been developed. cultivated according to agricul- Strains of some major crops like tural zoning. E CO l.,tO l'1 : C rice and wheat have been changed three times nationwide Modern Livestock Farm. Cen- Scientific Farming and many varieties have been tral China's Hunan Province has set up its largest modern live- Encouraged popularized on a larg,e scale. China's recently developed hy- stock farm Nanshan Farm. This 153.000-hectare- farm has The production responsibility brid paddy-rice is now famous imported Australian technology system lvhich links the peasants' throughout the world. At pres- and equipment and invited income directly with their out- ent, 10 countries have imported experts from that countrY put has greatly enhanced their this strain and are experiment- to give guidance. It has enthusiasm for production. Bul- ing with it. 3,000 head of livestock and olher measures are necessary to a mechanized milking operation promote the development of More than 2,300 high quality that handles 200 milch cows. It agriculture. The popularization seed-breeding centres have been also has a milk powder plant c-f scientific and technological set up in various parts of the capable of processing 10 tons oI knowledge is of paramount im- country and seed breeders for fresh milk each day. portance in increasing the eco- the various crops have been nomic results of agriculture. trained, many of whom are The other two experimental peasants. They have mastered modern livestock farms are the The development of agricul- the methods of serial selection, Qianjiang Livestock Farm joint- tur-e shouid rely not only rtr-r hybr-id breeding, utilization of ly established lvith New Zealand correct policies but also on hybrid vigour, radiation induced in south China's Gr-rangxi

March 8, 1982 Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Wengniute League Live- stock Farm built with assistance from the United Nations Devel- opment Programme in Inner Mongolia.

Exploiting Water Resources 0f the Changjiang

Four big hydropower stations are being built on the tributa- ries of the Changjiang, China's w=-nt longest river, in addition to the Gezhouba project which has a capacitv of 2.77 million kw. The four are the 630.000 kw L] Wujiangdur station on the Wu- Two extensive surveys of the tric power stations has been ac- jiang River in southwest China's Changjiang River water re- cumulated. Of the 10 big Guizhou Province, the 800,000 sources 'd/ere conducted after hydropower stations completed kw Ankangr the station on Iiberation, the first in the 1950s or under construction, six have Hanshui northwest River in and the second between 197? and dams over 100 metres high. The China's Shaanxi Province, the 19?9. The data obtained from highest dam is at Wujiangdu., 500.000 Dongjiang:1 kw station the 1,090 large and small tribu- reaching 165 metres. Dam types on a tribtttary of the Xiang- taries show that the Changjiang including concrete gravity, hol- jiang central in China's Hunan has rvater-power reserves of low gravity, double arch, barr- Province and Wanant sta- the around 268 million kw, which is age. and earth and rock. oI tion. also with a capacity about 40 per cent of the nation's 500,000 kw, on the Ganjiang in total reserves. east China's Jiangxi Province. .i'-l-_. Li Zhennan, chief engineer ol Five other big hydroelectric the Changjiang River Valley power stations with capacities Planning Office who had takEn ranging from 300.000 kw to part in the surveys, said that iloroccan Prime ilinister 900.000 kw have been complet- about 100 suitable sites had been Uisits Ghina ed and put into operation on located for building hydropow- the tributaries of the Chang- er stations with a capacity of Maati Bouabid. Prime Min- Jrang. 250,000 kw each; in addition. ister of the Kingdom of Moroc- According to the Changjiang there are many other sites for co. paid an olficial visit to China River Valley Planning Off ice, smaller stations. from l'ebruary 22 to 28. He was the first head of the Govern- the river's water power reserves Many of the sites are in prac- ment of Morocco to visit China are commensurate with those of tically inaccessible river gorges. since the establishment of di- the largest rivers in the world. In the Hutiao gorge on the Jin- plomatic relations between the So far r:nly 2.6 per cent of the sha River, for instance. the two countries in 1958. river's potential reserves have water drops 200 metres in a dis- been exploited. tance of l6 kilometres, an excel- During his visit. he held talks Altogether, f ,200 big. n,e- lent site for a large hydro- with Deng Xiaoping and dium-sized and small hydro- power station, but the moun- Zhao Ziyang on matters power stations have been ol' tains on both sides of the gorge o[ common interest, major in- ale being built on the Chang- rise to 5,000 metres above sea ternational and regional issues jiang and its tributaries. with level and the river is hemmed in and the furtherance of bilateral a combined capacity of 13 mii- by rocky cliffs. co-operation in various fields. lion kw. Stations rvith tr total A wealth of experience in A New Chapter. At the ban- capacit;r of 7 million krv have surveying, designing and build- quet he gave in honour of the gone into operation. ing large and small hydroelec- Moroccan Prime Minister. Pre-

8 Beijing Reuieu, No. 10 CHINI}\ EVENI'IS & IREND)

He praised the Moroccan Gov- ernment for its efforts to maintain unity among the Arab countries and to oppose hege- monism. Speaking on the Middle East question, Zhao Ziyang reaffirm- ed China's consistent policy of supporting the Arab people in their just struggle against Is- raeli aggression and expansion. Zhao Ziyang reiterated that China will, together with the other third world countries, make common efforts to pro- mote the North-South dialogue and establish a new internation- al economic order. He added that though the economy of the third world countries is not so Vit'e-()lrairnran Deng Xiaoping meets Moroccan Prime Nlinister Maati -country Bouabid. developed, each has its strong points and they can mier Zhao Ziyang paid tribute mutual confidence. He hoped Iearn from each other, supply to the traditional friendship be- that friendly co-operation each other's needs and exchange tween the Chinese and Moroc- would expand. experiences. China will con- can peoples. He noted that Mo- tinue to strengthen its co-opera- Iocco was among the first few International Situation. Refer- tion with the other developing African countries to lecognizt' ring to the international situa- countries and regard such co- the People's Republic of China tion in his talks with hime operation as the basis for pro- after its founding in 1949. For Minister Bouabid, Premier Zhao moting international economic nearly a quarter of a century. said that the two countries co-operation. the two countries have been on share identical or similar vieiv-s. Bouabid said that in the pres- friendly terms. and they have supported and sympathized with each other in the struggle Deng on China's "We must eliminate these influ- against imperialism and coioni- ences," he stressed. "We must be alism. With the increase of mu- Open Policy sober'-minded in this regard, adopt tual understanding, friendly re- practical and effective measures During his meeting Prime and mete out severe lations and co-operation be- with Punishment Minister Bouabid on February 25 according to law." tween the two countries have Vice-Chairman Deng Xiaoping o While dealing with these developed steadily in recent said: harmful things, he added, ''we years on the basis of the Five o China will continue its open should foster socialist ethics and Principles of Peaceful Coexis- policy. China rvill mainly import educate the young people to have tence He expressed the belief advanced technology, introduce ideals, pay attention to molalitY polite work that the current visit Prime advanced management techniques and discipline, be and of and encourage foreign investment. hard. Everyone should be pa- Minister Bouabid '"vill open a But, he said, corruption, bribery, triotic and have a sense of nation- new chapter in the annals of smuggling and other harmful and al dignity. AII these are closelY Sino-Moroccan relationship. decadent things must not be im- connected with our efforts to ported. modernize the country " During his talks with Zhao o Harmful foreign influences o China's current structural le- Ziyang. Bouabid pointed out may also get into China in the form is proceeding smoothly, in that the friendship between wake of the open-door policy faet, better than anticipated. Morocco and China is based on

March 8, 1982 ent turbulent world situation, nical co-operation and bilateral in Asia and the world as a Morocco's foreign policy is to trade. They expressed the wish whole. respect the UN Charter, oppose to make joint to increase efforts The letter stressed: "Both the interference Sino-Romanian year in the internal af- trade by Chinese and American peoples fairs year, of other countries and help and to find new fields and hope that Sino-US relations will establish a new international new ways of expanding such continue to move ahead in the economic order and promote co-operation. years to come. I believe that consultation and co-operation A goods exchange and pay- these t'elations will continue to among the developing countries. ments protocol f or 1982 be- develop so long as both govern- He condemned Israel for its an- tween the two countries was ments adhere to the principles the Golan Heights. nexation of signed in Beijing on February jointly established in the Shang- He added that without the in- 24. Under the piotocol, China hai Communique and the com- terference of the big powers, will provide Romania with munique on the establishment East issue be the Middle will coke, non-ferrous metals, light of Sino-US diplomatic relations to solve. easy industrial. and textile products, and overcome the obstacles cur- A cultural agreement be- chemical products and machine rently existing in the relations tween China and Morocco was tools, while Romania will between the two countries. The signed in Beijing on February supply China with rolled steel, Chinese Government is willing 25. chemical products, machinery to make efforts together with and equipment. the US Government towards this end.". Sino-Romanian Economic President Reagan in his Co-operation ol said Ienth lnniversary letter that in the decade follow- Cornel Burtica, Member o{ Shanghai Communique ing the issuance of the Shanghai the Executive Politi'cal Com- Communique, and particularly mittee of the Romanian Com- Premier Zhao Ziyang and since the establishment of full munist Party Centr-al Commit- President Ronald Reagan ex- diplomatic relations between the tee, Deputy Premier and Min- changed letters on the occasion two countries in 1979, the rela- ister of Foreign Trade and of the tenth anniversary of the tions between the two govern- International Economic Co- issuance of the joint com- ments and peoples have greatly operation, and the Romanian munique in Shanghai by the expanded. Government Tlade Delegation People's Republic of China and he led paid a visit to China in the United States of America. Referring to bilateral ties, the the Iatter half of February letter said: "These concrete Premier Zhao Ziyang said in manifestations of good relations Chairman Hu Yaobang, Pre- joint his lctter: The com- between the people of the mier Zhao Ziyaog and Vict- rnuniriue issued by China and United States and China are not Premier the Gu Mu met with the United States a decade ago only the interests of the two guests in Romanian on separate rvas a historic document. which countries. They enhance the occasions and had and cordial stalted the process of normali- prospects for peace and stabilitY friendly talks with them. zation of relations between throughout the Asia-Pacific re- The Chinese leaders considef- China and the United States gion, and beyond." and subsequently led the ed that the relations between to establishment is the two Parties and two coun- of diplomatic re- The letter concluded: "It tries are excellent. China at- Iations between them. During appropriate for me, at this time, this period, sides have poSitions agreed taches importance to the con- our two to reaffirm the tinuous development of friend- had extensive contacts and ex- to by both sides in the Shanghai changes joint com- ly co-operation with Romania. in many fields, thus Communique and the Burtica expresscd thc opinion enhancing the understanding munique on the establishment between the governments and relations between that in the present world eco- of diplomatic deepening be- nomic crisis it is of great signif- the friendship the United States of America tween the peoples. The de'velop- Republic of icance that economic co-opera- and the People's ment of Sino-US relations is declare mY tion between Romania and China and to not only in the fundamental in- to China should be strengthened. government's willingness terests <-rf our two peoples, but work with our counterparts in Both sides discussed the ex- also conducive to the main- Beijing to overcome differences pansion of economic and tech- tenance of peace and stability and deepen US-China ties."

10 Beijing Retsieu, No. I0 INIERNAIIONA!. TITPOTT tS & COMIAEN tS

Polemics Between the as a "sacrilege" to the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact and "a ICP and the CPSU direct help to imperialism." But people remember that not long ago, the Soviet Union itself ini- rfiHE i:'.':et Communist ference in the affairs of an tiated Warsaw Pact declara- t Pa: :1 s ::'rogant attacks on independent party. People may a tion that it was to dis- the Ita-:-. Communist Party do ask: Did the CPSU exchange "ready solve its alliance only NATO not n.=:: '-nat the Soviet Party views with the ICP when Soviet if would dissolve itself at the same is s::..-:.; As an independent troops invaded Czechoslovakia time." What hypocrisy! par':'.' --:te Italian Communist and Afghanistan? Did the Pa::'.' :.as every right and reason CPSU consult anyone when it Fourthly, the CFSU smeared t.,:::sent its own views in time and again attacked the as "opportunistic," "revisionist" :::=:d to the Soviet Pzirty's ICP and some other Parties and and "anti-Soviet Llnion" the c,-:rgs which are detrimental to tried to split these Parties by efforts Com- --le by the ttalian international communist planting and encouraging pro- munist Party and other Com- inovement and the Italian Soviet elements within them? munist Parties to seek a so- Party's vital interests. In the mind of the CPSU, it can cialist road in the light of the do whatever it pleases, while The Italian Communist par-ty specific conditions in their cited such incidents the others must submit to its respective countries. Mean- as the orders. Soviet invasion of Czechoslova- while, it asserted that the line kia and Afghanistan and followed by the Soviet Union stated Secondly, the at solemnly that Soviet Union "is of universal significancel' it u.ould be a one time attacked the ICP "suicidal" act if the ICp and "decides the situation in the leaders f or "making a 180- a position world today." Thls clearly "adopted in line with degr-ee about-face" and "alter- the Soviet foreign policy." shows that the CPSU is trying ing" their attitude towards the to impose its own model on In the past few years, more Soviet Union. But at another others. and more people in the world, time. it admitted that the dif- including many from the Com- ferences between the two sides Fifthly, the CPSU attacked in munist and Workers Parties. are long-standing, saying that particular the Italian Com- have seen through and con- the ICP's anti-Soviet posi- munist Party for its "moral and demned the aggressive and ex- tion "that had become per- political support" of China, and pansionist nature of the Soviet ceivable over a long time." made the development of rela-

1f oreign policy and Soviet It is true that the CPSU's tions between the Communist behaviour to impose its "model" interference in the affairs of the Parties of China and Italy one on others. Finding itself in ICP and the struggle of the latter of its targets of attack. This increasing isolation, the Soviet against such control are "of ghows only too well Moscow's Union declared that "the fran- long-standing"; then why i.s it fear and detestation. tic movement against realistic that the CPSU should have Europe socialism (r'ead 'Sorriet hege- spoken so incoherently and Communist Parties in polem- monism') politically, econom- contradictorily? The answer is have commented on the ically and ideologically is now that the CPSU is deliberately ics between the CPSU and the at a peak. " Hence its deci- trying to shift the blame on to ICP. Some said the CPSU sion to single out the Italian others "suspected, insulted and dis: Communist Party for attack. torted" the ICP and its censures Thirdly, the ICP criticized were "stereotyped and unac- Firstly, the Soviet Com- the Soviet Union and the United ceptable." Others said the muni3t Party accused the ICP States fdr "rigorous maintenance Soviet allegation that the Ital- of "failure to exchange views of blocs" and "defence and ex- ian Party's criticism of its with the CPSU" when making tension of their spheres of in- policies served to reinforce the public the document criticizing fluence." It favours the dissolu- imperialist bloc was "a slander the Soviet Party's current pol- tion of both NATO and the f or ulterior purpose." Public icies. The accusation is ob- Warsaw Pact Olganization. The opinion knows perfectly well viously al'r outright inter- Soviet Union labelled this stand who is right and who is wrong.

March 8, 1982 71 The CPSU-now claims that it what follows. It said in the iness to host a developing coun- has "no intention to aggravate same article: lt "will not give tries' conference this spring to the polemics.'' This does not in." discuss the training of qualified mean that Moscow will leave the -"Renmin Ribao" Obsertsq industrial techniciairs. India matter at that and admit its March 1, abridged" trans- proposed the establishment of a mistakes. More important is lation. multilateral financing organ to facilitate technical co-operation among developing countries. South-S outh Conference on Unity Kuwait suggested the formation of a Gulf investment authority And Co-operotion to finance joint ventures by developing countries. Tanzania mHE recently concluded South- and other means. The food, suggested that a co-ordinating I South conference conducted finance and energy shortages group be set up to strengthen in New RSlhi to discuss issues which undermine many devel- co-operation in agricuiture. pertinent to developing nations oping countries clearly indicate and the stalemated negotiations the need for a new international Chino's Stond for a new international econom- economic order. China attended the conference ic order was timely and fruitful. The Yugoslavian representa- as a special invitee and received Representatives from more tive recommended that develop- a warm rvelcome. The Chinese than 40 developing nations at- ing nations support eff orts t

12 Beijing Reoieu, No. 10 lN teRNlr\noNr\L RIPOTI tS & COMMEN'IS

The l'epresenta:t''-aj '.i, the ''the third world foundation ground we'can unite. And af- conference express:d :lanks to prize. " ter fornr:ing a coalition, each party maintain own India for hostins ::.: ::nference. The consensus at the meeting's will its personality and viewpoint on They spoke l--.1:..'. : :he nine- conclusion was that it is impor- different problems." pc.rint progli:.:-.:-. :,r bringing lant for them to strengthen unitY about effec:-' : ...:-:'national co- and co-operation among the In reply to the question developing countries. The con- is the main difference operation :, :-:h by Indian "What - sultations in New Delhi fostered among you?" Khieu said: "I ]I::---.-=:' indira Gandhi in Prime confidence in collective self- apologize. For the time being, her ina.:=-:--..- speech and Presi- reliance. Many representatives I do not want to speak of what dent .----:-. \-yerere's proposal indicated a desire f or similar separates us. We are searching for - ':= :.:ical support group." meetings in the future. for all ways and means that Pr'=. :- .- \yerere u'as awarded - Xin Yan unite us. We must put aside other things than those that unite us in order to defeat the Vietnamese. After the war, it Sihanouk, Khieu Samphan on will be up to our people to de- Their Second-Round Talks cide through elections." The talks were held at Siha- qAMDECH Norodom Siha- chea or to make it subordinate nouk's residence. Before Khieu rJ nouk and Khieu Samphan to these organs. Samphan came _to his resi- gave recently explained bheir three- "We must attach importance dence, Sihanouk an inter- said point agleement to the Beijing to the maintenance of the legal view with reporters. He proposed press after concluding their status of Democratic Kampu- that he had the dis- after .second-round of talks. (For chea. which is a UN member solution of all armed forces "Three-Point Agreement'' see state. Democratic Kam- the Vietnamese troops with- Kampuchea, but Betjing Re'oieus, No. 9, p. 10.) puchea is being subjected to draw from has given up this The explanation was Vietnamese aggression which now he made proposition. by Khieu Samphan in French violates the UN principles." and translated into English by Asked about whether a co- In his message of February Norodom Sihanouk. alition government will be 24 to Sihanouk, Son Sann. "Samdech made clear to you formed, Khieu Samphan said: President of the National Front our three-point agreement after "We think that if all Kampu- for the Liberation of the people, he our talks on February 21," said chean factions havo goodwill, Khmer said that Khieu Samphan. "Samdech we will certainly succeed in can not come to Beijing "be- pre- told you about our common forming a coalition. We three lfors he has fulfilled his rules for realizing the tripar- parties have differences, but we vious engagements." He indicat- pro- tite coalition. The rules are not have a common ground. We ed no agreement to the posed any complicated. Samdech and I all want to get the Vietnamese tripartite talks or date Beijing. hold that we should observe out of Kampuchea and to lib- of arrival in the principle of tripartitism; erate our fatherland as soon Khieu Samphan left Beijing any side should not dominate as possible. On such a common for Kampuchea on March 1. over other sides: all important decisions should be made by consensus. Khieu Somphon: The Situotion in "As for the legal status of Democratic Kampuchea, we Kompucheo hold that it i.s for the legal status of a coalition govern- D RESIDENT Khieu Samphan people against Vietnamese ag- ment and it doesn't mean to I told Chinese newsmen in gression has developed favour- annex any other side to the Beijing on February 26 that the ably during the current dry sea- organs of Democratic Kampu- struggle of the Kampuchean son, while the combat power of

March 8, 1982 13 the Vietnamese army has been vanh and reopen it to traffic the offensive is mainly for polit- decreased 50 per cent. after placing it under heavl' ical purposes. Viet Nam re- guard since 1979. During pre- cenii]' claimed to have captured Three Bottlefields vious dry seasons. they ahra5's thE e:r:1r'e Phnom Melai. He Pointing to a map on the managed to do so by relying on sa:i. I::-. irnpossible for the wall. he described the situation superior force. This year they Yie::a::-.:s= :rrlops to capture on three battlefields the prov- have failed because of losses of the l'i-'- -= : Phnom Melai. inces of Oddor - Meanchey. manpower at our hands. They h-'.'= -:.-r occupied a Siemreap and Preah Vihear, The Koh Kong battlefield: small are: :: --: of Phnom - Melai." the Leach District of Pulsat Fighting has been fierce. The Province and Koh Kong Prov- Vietnamese troops are trying to He said the e.-.=:-'. a.rsr AS- lnce. control the Koh Kong region in sumed an increa;.:.:.' :.,ssi'r'e The Oddor Meanchery- order to cut off our routes to- position. Either ihe'.- :-::=: .-r. - Siemreap-Preah- Vihear battle- wards the sea and the interior. their forces to occuDi' : =-. field: At the beginning of this We conducted guerrilla wal'- areas arld provide oppo.: -:--.-..:.r fare this mountainous region us rvipe them. :.-.--'. dry season. the Vietnamese au- in for to out or thorities concentrated their and wore dor,vn Iarge numbers c'

puchean people in all parts of puchean Government, and give Iand, Vietnamese Foreign the country, including areas vigorous support to the national Minister Nguyen Co Thach had under the temporary control of army and guerrillas in their the audacity to state that for the Vietnamese army. fight against the Vietnamese in- nearly 1,000 years, "Thailand vaders. Under the might of the has frequently invaded Indo- More and more peopie have masses of the people, the Viet- chinese countries." He also come to trusl the policies of the namese invaders an army of repeatedly accused Thailand Patriotic and Democratic Front 250,000 strong and- 50,000 ad- of "invading the territory of of the Great Unron of Kampu- ministrative personnel are Kampuchea" and "adopting a chea and the Democratic Kam- bogged down in Kampuchea.- negative attitude in its rela- tions with Indochinese coun- tries. " Hanoi's ttPeace" Offensive Reol Purpose Thus it can be seen that rF HE Vietnamese authorities Iogical fronts. They alleged Hanoi's overt gestures for "re- f launched "peace" the recently a that only after eliminating conciliation" and "negotiation" putting "threat from China" can they offensive b1' for- with China and Thailand are ward a series of proposals. The Vietnamese troops withdraw slanderous accusations. In fact, proposals cal-I "ending hos- Kampuchea. may be for from It its proposals were designed to recalled Vietna- tile armed action along the that when the win the sympathy of the world mese party government Sino-Vietnarrese border," "re- and public. By assuming a "soften- Le Duan suming as soon as possible delegation headed by ed" posture for "reconcilia- 1977, he said the third-round talks between visited China in tion." it is harbouring the fol- having brother Iike China as Viet Nam and China," "con- a Iowing intentions: Fitstly, to a neighbour, Viet Nam was com- cluding a Sino-Vietnamese try to induce some countries pletely treat.'" oI non-aggression," and at ease. However. since to enter into contacts with it some "pulling of the Vietna- the beginning of its armed and the Phnom Penh regime mese troops out of Kampuchea aggression against Kampuchea, under its wings in a move to accordance in with the results Viet Nam has regarded China extricate itself from isolation contacts with of Thailand." as a "threat." This obviously in the international commu- Hou'ever. the proposals fail results from China's opposi- nity. Secondly. to shirk its to shorv Hanoi's sincerity for tion to Viet Nam's aggression responsibility for aggression peace. This is beeause of in- against Kampuchea. Moreover, against Kampuchea and ten- tensified Vietnamese military Viet Nam has concocted the sion in Southeast Asia on to activities along the Chinese "threat" from China against China and Thailand. Thirdly, frontier and Vietnamese Viet Nam to divert world to substitute its conditional threats ' against Thailand's public opinion. "partial withdrawal" for the security from and unconditional troop land, sea Uiet Nom ond Thoilond and total air The gunfire on Sino- withdrawal from Kampuchea Vietnamese and Thai-Kampu- Hanoi's invasion of Kampu- as demanded by the UN resolu- chean border speaks louder chea has resulted in hundreds tions. Fourthly. to gain time than Hanoi's peace prop- of thousands of refugees pour- by clamouring for "negotia- aganda. ing' into Thailand, adding a tions," "dialogues" and "con- heavy burden to that country. so as to intensifY its war Viet Nom ond Chino -The tacts" Vietnamese troops in of aggression in KamPuchea in The Vietnamese authorities Kamfuchea have killed Thai anticipation of a solution of recently described China as armymen and people in the the Kampuchean problem bY the "most dangerous and direct border areas and occasionally means of force. enemy" of Viet Nam and de- seized Thai fishing boats. These points convey the es- clared that Viet Nam must Thailand is also a victim of sence Hanoi'.s gesture f or build up solid strength to de- Viet Nam's aggression against of feat China on military. Kampuchea. However, while peace. political, theoretical and ideo- proposing contacts with Thai- - Ji Ying March 8, 1982 15 Artieles & I)oeumenJs

The Diplomacy of Zhou Enlai

China is indebted to Zhou Enlai for his role China's diplomatic achievements all owe a debt in detseloping its diplomacg and foreign rela- to Zhou Enlai. tions. A giant arnong gi,ants in the internation- In the early years of the People's Republic, arena, he maintainefl proletarwn reoolu- al a Zhou Enlai saw the importance of conducting stand and carried tionary forusard the fine tra- periodic reviews of China's diplomatic activities diti,ons of the Chinese nation in hi.s diplomati,c and systematizing the experience scientifically. end,eauours. His contributi,ons to the deuelopment He encouraged the study of foreign works on oJ Nero China's international stature bg apply- this subject while emphasizing the need to apply Marcism-Leninism Zedong ing and Mao a Chinese brush to the chnvass of diplomacy. Thought to the sphere of foreign affairs are His own creative diplomatic endeavours were People saus Neus legendarE. the utorld ouer master$ieces of New China's diplomacy. China in the image of ihou Enlai. lndependence A Hallmark Follouing is a slightly abndged translation - of the first half of on article published in the For more than a century, the Chinese "Journal of Intem,ational Studies" in its tirst people resolutely fought to free themselves issue since resuming publication in 1981. The from the shackles imposed by domestic and second, half utill appear in our nert issue.-Ed. foreign oppressors. They finally won independ- ence and full sovereignty for the calamity- ridden nation. This was epitomized by Mao Zedong, who at the founding ceremony of the N the early days of the Party, Zhou Enlai as- T People's Republic declared: "Ours will no long- I sumed responsibility for foreign affairs. His er be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. diplomatic activities during the First Revolu- We have stood up."l tionary Civil War and the War of Resistance Against Japan provided a wealth of experience The Chinese people cirerish this hard-won to apply to the diplomatic questions that came victory and will never allow anyone to degrade to the fore immediately after the revolu- it. In international affairs, the People's Re- tion was won on a countrywide scale. With the public of China has consistently maintained founding of the People's Republic of China, he the spirit of independence a hallmark of New was appointed to the posts of both premier China's diplomacy. - foreign minister. foreign and He left the In April 1949, when nationwide victory of ministry in 1958 but, as premier, continued to the revolution was imminent, Zhou Enlai, in guide international policy. China's He worked drafting a blueprint for the People's Republic, together with Mao Zedong and other lead- dwelt on the question of diplomatic independ- ers to chart China's diplomatic approach, shape ence: "With respect to foreign relations, we its foreign policy and formulate principles. its have a basic stand: we uphold China's national Due to his diplomatic virtuosity, these tasks all independence and the principle of independence were fulfilled remarkably well so well that and self-reliance."2 all traces of humiliation old China- had suffered were eliminated, enabling socialist China to This found expression in a series of meas- play a new role in the world. ures implemented soon after the final success of the revolution, measures aimed at extirpating China now has diplomatic relations with the imperialist powers' political, economic and 124 countries and a growing number of trade cultural control of China. These included with- partners and cultural exchanges. In interna- drawing recognition of diplomatic relations tional affairs China is increasingly significant. with foreign countries that had been estab-

16 Beiiing Reoiew, No. I0 lished in the Kuomintang days, abrogating all times he made it clear that China respects the traitorous treaties concluded by old China with sovereignty, independence and territorial in- imperialist countries, controlling foreign eco- tegrity of the United States, just as it expects nomic and cultural undertakings in China, the US to respect China's sovereignty, independ- placing foreign trade under unified administra- ence and territorial integrity. China, I:e pro- tion, restructuring the customs, etc. This claimed, does not interfere in the domestic af- radically altered old China's semi-colonial status fairs of the US and expects that the US liktwis;e and protected New China's independence and should not interfere in China's domestic affairs. sovereignty. .Zhou Enlai asked how the American people would react if a foreign country intruded on the Independence foreign af- in conducting its US territory of Ircng Island and sent naval ships prin- fairs also rvas reflected in New China's to the straits north of the island. Taiwan, Zhou diplomatic cipled stand on the establishment of Enlai stressed, was the crux of the matter block- relations with other countries. From the onset, ing the normalization of Sino-US relations. The all it u'as ready to establish relations with Chinese Government insisted that as a countries on the basis of equality. mutual bene- prerequisite for the normalization of such rela- fit, mutual respect for each other's territorial tions, the United States must sever its diplo- integrity and sovereign rights. However, realiz- matic relations with the Taiwan authorities' ing that those imperialist countries which had abrogate the "US-Chiang treaty," and pull out people would long been hostile to the Chinese its armed forces and military installations from the not treat New China on an equal footing in Taiwan. It was only after the US Government immediate future, the People's Government accepted this stand that the two countries was anxious establish diplomatic rela- not to finally established diplomatic relations on tions with them. Zhou Enlai pointed out on the January 1, 1979. eve of the founding of the People's Republic that u,e would find ourselves in a passive posi- Sino-JaTmnese Diplomatic Relations. Three tion if we were over-anxious for these countries principles were elaborated by the Chinese to extend us recognition. If they wished to Government for the normalization of Sino- establish diplomatic relations with uS, they Japanese relations: The Government oI the would have to negotiate with us on the basis of People's Republic of China is the sole legal equalitl' government representing China; Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of China; the The Taiu'an This is a major question Question. "Japan-Taiwan treaty" is illegal and, therefore, of principle concerning China's independence. invalid and must be abrogated. The Japanese sovereignty and territorial integrity. Government said that it fully understood these Bone of ContentionWith the US. Acting on principles and acted accordingly, with the result behalf of the government and people, the late that the two countries established formal rela- Premier Zhou struggled firmly against the US tions in September 1972. Government's encroachment on the Chinese The Chinese Government adhered to the territory of Taiv''an, its interference in China's same principled stand on the Taiwan question in internal affairs and its activities to create "trvo establishing diplomatic relations with other Chinas," "one China and one Tai"l'an,'' "one countries. China exchanged charges d'affaires China with two governments," and spread the with Britain and the Netherlands in 1954, but idea that status of Taiwan is still uncer- ,"the no agreements were reached with them to raise tain." On many occasions Premier Zhou re- the diplomatic status to that of embassies until iterated China's solemn and just stand: The 1972 when China's stand on the Taiwan ques- Government of the People's Republic of China tion was accepted by the two countries. is the sole legal government representing Chi- na; Taiu'an is an inalienable part of Chinese Failure of Soviet Efforts to Impair China's territory. Ho'"v the Chinese peopie are to resolve Sovereignty. New China in its early years took th'e question of Taiwan's return to the mother- the side of the Soviet Union while maintaining land and bring about reunification is China's independence in this relationship. Zhou Enlai internal affair which brooks no interference by said on the eve of the founding of the People's any foreign country. Time and again Zhou Enlai Republic: "We should not.be dependent even on repudiated the US Government's demand that the Soviet Union and the New Democracies." the Government of the People's Republic of He warned that it was absolutely impermissible China commit itself to relinquish the use of "to rely on foreign aid for everything" and force in solving the Taiwan question. Many "become wholly dependent upon them.":rWhile

March 8, 1982 17 people's China attaches great importance to obtain and maintain national independence and unity with countries based on common strategic sovereignty. interests, this does not mean that it will forfeit its independence. While advocating unity based The movement to resist US aggression and on equality, it is firmly opposed to the kind of aid Korea, the support for the Vietnamese peo- "unity" in which one party has the other party ple's war against French colonialism and US in its pocket, or one party takes advantage of aggression, the aid to the Albanian people who the other. had difficulties due to pressure from the Soviet rulers all these were carried out under Zhou China has all along been critical of the Enlai's- personal leadershiP. Soviet Union's chauvinistic tendencies and re- Faithful to Internationalist Duties. China sup- fused dance Moscow's When the to to tune. plied food to the Vietnamese people when they Soviet hege- Union started its bid for world were resisting US aggression and having dif- mony, the basis Sino-Soviet unity was de- of ficulties. Because of the US sea blockade and stroyed. The Chinese people had no alternative air attacks, it was impossible for Chinese grain but to resist Soviet hegemonism. Withstanding ships to dock in Vietnamese ports. Food pressure, cargo all Moscow's China exposed and for Viet Nam according to a plan devised by attempt China's foiled the Soviet to impair Zhou Enlai was packed in tightly sealed plastic sovereignty and Zhou Enlai control China. bags, thrown into the sea, and carried by the played a substantial role this struggle. in current to Vietnamese beaches. To ensure an In 1969 the Soviet Union started armed unfailing grain supply for Viet Nam, Chinese clashes on the Sino-Soviet border, first at freighters braved enemy fire and anchored near Zhenbao Island and later in the Tieliekehti aiea a Vietnamese island to unload cargo. Once, and approached the United States to explore under typhoon conditions, all other ships, in- the possibility of attacking China's nuclear cluding American men-of-war, Ieft the area to bases. The Chinese Government issued a state- seek shelter, but the Chinese cargo ships re- ment prepared under'the auspices of Premier mained. Premier Zhou Enlai had instructed: Zhou Enlai to sound a warning. The statement You are to stay where you are, regardless of the said: "Should a handful of war maniacs dare to weather; the presence of Chinese ships is a raid China's strategic sites in defiance of world symbol of the Chinese people's support for the condemnation, that will be war, that will be Vietnamese people and vital to their struggle. aggression, ?00 Chinese people and the million The Chinese people are faithful to their in- will rise up in resistance and use revolutionary ternationalist duties. To this day, even after war to eliminate the war of aggression."a what the authorities in Hanoi have done (in- China won its independence and sovereignty cluding anti-China military provocations, which under difficult conditions. Just as Zhou Enlai forced Chinese troops to Iaunch self-defensive once recalled: "Ever since the Opium War, Chi- counterattacks in 19?9), they still believe that na has been oppressed by foreign invaders. in those years it was proper to share their limit- Many martyrs have shed their blood and laid ed supply of food and clothing with the Viet- down their lives for our nation's liberation, but namese who were resisti5rg US aggression. this oppression could never be thrown off . China's Foreign Aid. A developing country it- Today the Chinese people have stood up, and selt with limited economic and technical re- feel proud and This is the result of they elated! sources, China has nevertheless done its best to people's the struggle led by the Chinese Com- aid other third world countries. The nature and munist Party."i As Zhou Enlai assured us, purpose of such aid were well defined by Zhou: "China cannot be bullied"; "no country may in- "Within our limited means we aid a number of terfere in China's internal affairs. To this end newly independent countries with no conditions hundred we have struggl,ed for more than a attached or prerogatives sought. The aim is to Years !"tr help them develop an independent national economy, not make them dependent on us."' lnternationalism Patriotism and In the 1950s China helped one Asian country Independence being the hallmark of New build a textile mill. It already had one equipped China's diplomatic endeavour, it is only nat- with imported machinery using only cotton im- ural that it at all times stands with the op- ported from the country where the machinery pressed countries and nations suffering aggres- was made. When China was to build another sion. giving them support in their struggle to mill, the first thing it did was to use Chinese-

t8 Beijing Retsieu, No. 10 nrade machines to trial-produce z0-couht yarn \A,ith cotton gro\ /n in that country. The ex- periment \,vas a success; the mill built with Chi- nesc. help uses onl;7 Lrcally grown cotton. One African country used to import teil [r'om China because according to some Westeln experts its climate and soil were un- suitable ior tea-gloir"'ing. The Chinese Govern- n-rent doubted this and offered to send agricul- tur ists ovel to investigate'. The results were en- couraging. Whv did a tea-exporting country help a tea-importing country to grow tea? As an A1r'ican h'iend expltrined: "In the past China itsell ,"vas a victim of colonialism. It knows hor.r,, ,uve, Ieel and t'hat we want."

It ',vas on the basis of many similar experi- ences that Zhou Enlai formulated the eight principles lol China's economic and technical :rid to foleign countries. These principles which ale a manilestation of China's concern for other developing countries and its desire to help were announced dr,rring his Asisn-African tour in earl1 1961 Thele have bc.en quite a fe'uv Chinese who died r.r-hile carrying out their internationalist dutic.s. "There are green hills eu*gushere to bu41 loiyal bones; uhy urap the corpse in horse hide and bring it back?" These were two of l'renrier Zhou arriving tor the Geneva Conferenee in Zhou Enlai's favourite lines of poetry and he 195.1. olten r.ead thern to Chinese diplomats and others going abload on foleign aid missi

March 8, 1982 19 Energy Development And Conservation

by Our Speciol Correspondent Yu Bing

Chino's energy output is fourth in the world. tion, a number of oil and natural gas fields But its utilizqtion rote is rother low ond there were discovered.

1981 ENERGY OUTPUT

Coal 604 million tons oil 101 million tons [)URING the 32 years since the founding of Natural Gas 12.100 rnillion cubic metres r-z thg People's Republic, large-scale sur- Hydropower 64,000 million kwh veys and exploration of energy resources have been undertaken in China. An independent and China's primary energy output 1981 fairly complete energy netrvork which bears the for was 620 mill.ion tons of standard coal, 27.5 times characteristics of China's natural resources has that of 1949. been gradually built. This has basically met the developmental needs of the national econ- Coal has constituted the major portion of omy. In 1980, China's primary energy output China's energy resources for a long time. It ranked fourth in the world, exceeded only by accounts for 70 per cent of the country's pri- the United States, the Soviet Union and Saudi mary energy output. This differs greatly from Arabia. the Western countries, which primarily consume gas. In 1980, China's verified oil and natural Secondly, China's oil coal reserves were supply mainly 650,000 million tons and its exploitable water is for domestic consumption. Therefore, it is independent of global price fluc- power reserves were 380 miilion kw. In addi- tuations. This is another big difference, com- pared with the Western industrialized countries. It is also a special characteristic as well as a strong point of China's energy structure. At present, however, energy is a weak link in our country's national economy: Fairly big contra- dictions exist between supply and demand and some localities are still short of energy. Apart from our shortcomings in work, this situation results from China's limited financial resources. This has led to curtailed energy development. Moreover, we are hampered by outdated equip- ment, backward technology and poor manage- ment. All this results in a low rate of energy utilization and big waste. That is why our national inoome per unit of energy consumed is much lower than that of many countries. In his report on the work of the govern- ment delivered at the Fourth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress held not long ago, Premier Zhao Ziyan:g pointed out: "Our policy for solving the energy problem is to lay equal stress on exploiting energ'y resources and The n*o. 2 generating unit of the Wuiiangdu Hydro- power Station has gone into operation. on practising economy in its consumption, while

20 Beijing Reuiew, No. 10 giving priority to saving energy now and in the near future."

Energy Exploitation

Large-scale development is the key to meeting China's long range energy needs. For a long period to come. priority will be given to the development of coal and hydropou-er. taking coal as the major energy source while actively raising the portion of hydropower Energetlc explora- tion and development of oil and natural gas u-iIl be carried out, and the economic results of their utilization raised. Nuclear A Yunnan provincial geothermal prospcctring ieam measurinB the power siations will be built depth and area o[ underground hot water. ln some energy-poor areas. In the va-:i rural areas, the use of methane gas xi-Gansu-Qinghai area and 27 provincial power and frres'ood will be encouraged. Scientific re- supply networks have been completed. The sear-ch on new energy resources will be actively construction of two big power grids in southwest carrieC out. and south China is presently being undertaken. Work has also been started to integrate these China has rich coal resources. which are power networks. distribu:ed throughout the country. With a long hislor1, of mining, it has built up a con- China has an area of several million square siderable scale of production. Giving priority kilometres of land and sea sedimentary rock in to deveioping coal by rapidly increasing its out- which oil and natural gas might be found. Ac- put u'ilr bring our advantages into full play cording to initial surveys, prospects are bright. and reap quick results. During the past 32 In the near future, annual output of oil will be years. China has built 2,181 state-owned mines. maintained at 100 million tons. At the same In addr;ion. rural people's communes and pro- time, we will conduct land and sea surveys for duction brigades have built 18,000 mines of oil and natural gas in order to establish a their ou'n It will be necessary in the imme- foundation for future development. diate future to add newer technology to the coal China's rural area is vast and its popula- mines and to step up the construction of coal tion large and procedures must be developed produciion centres in north China, especially in to solve rural energy problems. In the short Shanxr Province. run, emphasis will be placed on the develop- The other long-term objective of China's ment of methane gas and on planting fast- energy policf is to speed up the development growing charcoal forests. Small coal mines and of the nation's',vater power resources. This 'work hydropower stations will be built in appropriate will be primarily undertaken in southwest. locations. Experiments should also be under- northwest and central-south China, where stair- taken to determine the feasibility of using solar case hydropower stations are to be built step energy for cooking and boiling water. This will by step up on rivers with abundant water re- enable us to compost straw and wheat and sources. In some energ'y deficient areas of sorghum stalks, return them to the fields to help northeast and east China, medium-sized hydro- maintain ecological equilibrium. power stations will be constructed. We expect to achieve big advances in hydropower develop- China also has abundant solar, geothermal, ment during the next 20 years. wind and marine energy resources which can be used to produce energy. Because of techaical and China's present power industry has a total economic factors, little has been done regarding installed generating capacity'of 60 million kw. their exploitation and utilization. We should The five big power grids in northeast, east, focus our attention on scientific research and north and central China as well as in the Shaan- necessary experiments and popularize some suc-

March 8, 1982 21 cessf,ul technological results, thus laying a foun- Particular attention should be devoted tt-r dation for future development in these areas. the following with regard to energy conserva- tion: Energy Conservation (1) Strengthening management of energy China's energy cronsumption is high, the resources. Managerial organizations for energy waste is big and the utilization rate is low. resources should be established from the top to This has become an acute problem in the devel- the bottom and short- and long-term energy opment of our national economy. conservation plans, methods and policies should be drafted and implemented. Many countries are attaching great im- portance to energy conservation. Some have (2) Popularizing new technology. mate- made energy c\onservation the cornerstone of rials and experiences in energy conservation and their energy policies and said it is "the most raising technicaL levels in this field. rapid and re[able new source of energy sup$ty." outdated equipment and job (3) Renovating Countries which do a lood in energy con- technological processes and gradually replacing servation can maintain a certain rate of eco- energy-guzzling obsolete equipment. At the growth less nomic with energy consumption. same time, upgrading designing and manufac- During the past two years, our government ture of efficient, energy-saving equipment. attefltion energy has devoted considerable to (4) Further readjusting the economic struc- conservation. Energy consumption has been ture. Agriculture, Iight industry, commerce, reduced. service trades, tourism and building industry In 1979, China's energy production was 2.8 consume comparatively small amount of energy. per cent more than in 1978; energy consump- Their development should be escalated and their tion increased by 2.5 per cent; total industrial place in the national economy expanded. The and agricultural output value 8.5 per cent; and product mix of the industrial sector should be 23.6 million tons of standard coal were saved. readjusted. Those small enterprises which con- sume relatively large amounts of energy, turn In 1980, the energy production declined by out poor-quality products that are not in demand 1.3 per cent compared with that of 1979; energy and incur losses, should also be readjusted. consumption increased 2.9 per cent; total in- dustrial and agricultural output value increased (5) Drastically cut domestic consumption 7.2 per cent. The state consumed 35 million of oil and replace oil with coal wherever tons of standard coal less than in 1979. possible. tr Novels: Achievements in Recent Years

6y Zhang Jiong q INCE 1977 China has published 350 novels. readers' eyes to one historical picture after L) In 1980 alone 9l came off the press, a rec- another. ord high since the founding of the People's Re- public in 1949. This is but one indication that Historical Subject Matter socialist literature and art are coming into their own in China after the devastation of the China's long and vibrant history brims "cultural revolution." with colourful historical figures and events. These stories, preserved over many generations, These novels cover a wide range of subjects are an inexhaustible fountain-head for literary and are written in numerous distinctive styles. creative work, including novels. Unfortunately, Large numbers of new novelists have come to very few historical novels have been published the fore. Although their names are new to the since the founding of New China because most readers, their unique experiences and shrewd of the writers devote themselves to reflecting observations of the world, coupled with their the people's democratic revolution and socialist story-telling craft, enable them to open their construction and also because of the many taboos resulting from "Leftist" ideas with re- The author is a Iiterary critic. gard to subject matter.

22 Beijing Reuieu, No. I0 Then, in the early 60s, Yao Xueyin finlshed Similar praise can be applied to some of the first volume of Li'Zicheng, a novel about the other historical novels, such as Blood of a peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty the Reform Mooement o! 1898 about Tan Sitong, (1368-1644). But the author was forced. to put a reformist politician and thinker in modern down his pen soon after it came off the press. Chinese history, Feng Jicai's Magi,c Lantern The historical opera Hai Rui Dismissed. eulogizing women heroes during the Yi He Tuan Frgm Olfice was falsely accused of "using ancient things to satirize the present." Then, during the 10 years of "cultural revolution," the distinction between academic matters and political issues was confounded and as a result, historical subject matter became a forbidden zone in literary creation. Only re- cently rvas this ban lifted; historical novels began to come out in greater numbers.

The new novels epitomize the Chinese so- ciety of particular periods, unfolding complex contradictions and struggles between people on different rungs of the social ladder and eulogiz- ing the people's heroic deeds in their fight against aggression from abroad and oppression and exploitation by domestic rulers.

Woman writer Ling Li's novel A Deep- Rooted Gross, describes the struggle of the mid- 19th century Nian peasant army against the Manchus. She brought to it a new excellence achieved through seven major revisions over 10 years of arduous work. This novel faithfully depicts "defeated heroes, heroic defeat." a theme of profound educational significance. With a pen is both subtle and succinct, the One ol' the illustrations of the title eharacter in that the novel "Li Zicherng." author recalls the road the Nians traversed to their ultimate defeat, presents an impres- (Boxers) movement and Duanmu Hongliang's sive array of memorable characters and biographical novel author Cao Xueqin, who provides a sad but fitting eulogy for the peasant of wrote the classic Chinese novel A Dream oJ Red heroes. Mansions. Some of these novels are acclaimed In Whistling Wind, Jiang Hesen, a long- for the wealth of historical data they provide time researcher in literature, blings to life the and some interest the readers with romantic peasant uprising led by Wang Xianzhi and fantasies. All are of certain ideological and Huang Chao during the late Tang Dynasty (618- artistic rrnerit. 907). With complicated plots and vivid charac- terization. his novel unfolds on a magnificent Novels About Democratic Revolution scale. Many modern novels are drawn from the people's Irnpaired Gold Goblet, by Xu Xingye, ex- Chinese life and struggle in the 20th plores the labyrinth of diplomatic and military century, so much so that they constitute almost struggle between the three political powers a chronicle of Chinese history frorh the 1911 Revolution Re- Song. Liao and Jin during the Song Dynasty to the birth of the People's (e60-12?9). public of China in 1949. By depicting the life, relationships and personalities of different These three novels are true to history and characters from various perspectives, they blend knowledge and imagination into a har- present the twists and turns of the Chinese monious whole. Their writers' intertwining of revolution and weave a rich tapestry of the Chi- historical details with larger-than-life heroes nese folkways of that period. While lashing out enliven our image of bygone days. at the dark days of the old society, they also

Morch 8, 1982 23 sing the praises of the revolutionary people and Guopei and Ma Feng have also produced works their progressive forerunners. of artistic merit with sribjects drawn from the two wars. Ye Junjian's Land., a trilogy of SpcrkZes, Freedort and Diiusn Light, is an epic story of a the people of differing social strata who lived Mirror the Socialist Revolution and along the middle reaches of the Changjiang Construction River in the period from the 1911 Revolution to the May 4th Movement in 1919. The three books Comparatively speaking, the production of describe the con.tradictions China was facing novels about the revolution and construction in . both at home and abroad, and China's transi- the socialist period still remains weak. How- tion from the old-democratic revolution to the ever, achievements in this area should not be new-democratic revolution. overlooked. For instance. the publication of the third and fourth L.u Di's novel, WaterJall, chronicles the tor- volumes of lllorning in Shang- tuous process by which its hero hoi written by Zhou Erfu marks the comple- Wei Buping of grows into a proletarian revolutionary after the tion this Iengthy work which describes the arduous course transformation 1911 Revolution, amid the misery and awaken- of the sociaiist ing of the Chindse people during that critical of the capitalist industry and commerce. It period in their nation's history. successfully presents the complicated natule of the 1950s when the proletariat and the bour- Two other noteworthy novels about dem- geoisie were locked in both unity and struggle. ocratic revolution are Yang eian,s Umbrella, about educated youth, and Peng Hui's ?he From Hu Kao's Duet, the readers get a Changjiang Riuer Flous On about the growth vivid picture of political movements in the early of revolutionary consciousness among workers. post-liberation days. Jiao Zuyao's The Chief With the revolution as ths backdrop both novels Engineer and His Daughter presented to the centre around the clashes and struggles in Chi- readers the tortuous road traversed by old and nese society in the late 20s. The personal ex- young intellectuals in the 50s through a descrip- periences of both authors enabled them to tion of the life in a factory. Cheng Shuzhen's achieve true-to-life characterizations told in a Days in the Uniuersitg and Kang Caiping's tongue rich with local flavour. Aster describe the iife in the institutions of higher learning in the 50s and 60s and create Many novelists have made painstaking distinctive images of college students as well as eflorts to depict the War of Resistance Against professors. Japan (1937-45) and the War of Liberation (1946-49). Their specific su,bjects are wide- Zhou Keqin's Xu Mao and His Daughters is rarrging and the styles of presentation diver- an example of the 20-odd works with themes sified. from the l0-year chaotic "cultural revolution." Written in a lyrical style, the novel describes Yang Mo praises in her Dourn those intel- Xu Mao, his daughters and sons-in-law, as they Iectuals joined who the workers and peasants experience the changing social relations in and persisted in the hard struggle against Japa- China's countryside and the disastrous results nese aggression in both the cities and country- caused by "teft" thinking. Among all the side. novels which have drawn materials from rural Li Zhun in The Huanghe Riuer Flotos East life in this period, Xu Mao and His Daughters (Vol. 1) r'etells the heart-breaking story of pee is among the most successful in deScribing the ple left homeless by the huge flood causd confusion caused by the 10-year tumult. when the Kuomintang army destroyed the Song oJ a General by Mo Yingfeng is also Huanghe River dyke at Huayuankou 1938. in outstanding. Filled with political fervour, the Written in simple and beautiful language, with writer realistically portray.s the dauntless a unique national flavour, the novel' creates veteran general Peng Qi, who fought unswerv- many a vivid image of the rural labouring people. ingly against Lin Biao and the gang of four. The novel's portrayal of its several young peo- The Great Battle of Huaihai by Han Feng ple accurately represents the personal respon.ses is a concise presentation of tactics devised by of youths to the "cultural revolution." the commands on both sides during this great Veteran and middle-aged writers have been historical campaign in late 1948. the most significant force in producing Iong Writers Qu Bo, Guan Hua, Chen Lide, yan novels.

24 Beijing Reuieu, No, 10 At the sarne time, a number of talented proved, much has been achieved in finding more young writers have emerged. For instance, 31- subjects and presenting stories in different year-old Ye Xin has successively published styles. But works whose artistic and ideological We, the Younger Generation and other books attainment surpasses that of the works produced about the life of the educated youth who settled in the 17 years before the "cultural revolution" down in the countryside. are rare. At present, few examples of long fictions portray the buiiders of the four modern- the end 1960s, Ye himself At of the Xin izations and socialist new people, reflect cor- moved from Shanghai to the mountainous areas rectly the new contraditions and transfcrmation of Guizhou. He had only a junior middle school in the new historical period, or encourage and education behind him, but he continued to study inspire the people to march forward. This is diligentiy on his own. Thus, he is well ac- because the creation of full-length novels not quainted with the rural life of these educated only needs abundant materiaLd collected from youths and his works can be regarded as a col- Iife and high artistic skill, but also an environ- lection of typical i-'xperiences his generation. of ment of stability for a long period of time, in Although the ideas embodied in his work should which the writers can take their time to reflect be further deepened, they nevertheiess give peo- upon and develop their work. During the l0 ple strength to go forward. tumultuous years cf the "cultural revolutiorr," Moreover, a contingent of writers of most writers were forced to stop writing. minority nationalities is being formed. More Although many veteran writers have taken up and more minority writers have gradually their pens again in recent years. they have not mastered the complicated artistic form of novel as much energy as before, while the newly writing. This is a joyful event in the history emergd writers still need dime to become more of modern Chinese literature. The life of the mature writers. Thus, some of the published Mongolian people is depicted in'The Song of Iong stories are on old subjects; some only pay Catsalrymen jointly produqed by Aodesier and attention to the story while neglecting charac- Siqingaowa. Jiangbian Jiacuo's Gesang Meid,uo terization; some are presented in styles which and Yixi Danzeng's The Fortunate Surrsirsal, fall far behind the times and thus lack attrac- are two works drawn from the lives and strug- tion to the readers; and some are too long. All gle of the Tibetan people. are problems existing now in the creation of Iong stories. Shortcomings In addition. literary criticism of novels in More often than not, achievements and particular still remains a weak link and China shortcomings go hand in hand. In recent years, still lacks adequate ideological and artistic as the number of fuil-length novels in China analysis of the achievements and failures in the has rapidly increased and their quality im- creation of recent novels. !

(Continued from P. 19.) NOTES square behind the victimized Czechoslovak peo- r "Selected Works of Mao Zedong" (English oc- edltion), Vol. 5, p. 17. ple in.their heroic fight against Soviet armed I eupation and the n:lers of the Soviet Union had "Selected Works of Zhou Enlai" (English edition), Vol. 1, p. 360. social-imperialists and social- degeneraled into r "selected Works of Zhou Enlai" (English fascists. edition), Vol. l, p.360. Upholding justice, distinguishing right 4 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China, Oct. 7, 1969. wrong, fearing no brute force and taking from i"'seiected Works of Zhou Enlai" (English edi- all these the side of the weak. small cottntries - tion), Vol. I, p. 360. constitute features of New China's diplomacy 6 "Selected Works of Zhou Elrlai" (English edi- emanating from its adherence to proletarian in- tion), Vol. 1, p. 360. ternationalism. 7 Answers to questions raised by i;hc' British writer F. Greene, Dec. 5, 19ti3. (To be continued.) 8 For detail, see Renrnin Ribdo, May 10, 1966.

March 8, 7982 25 tit{ii\d\'tri'tE Ci'lli\ltSE'/[.,(ES'S . . . . e . . . . . o o''''' a r o o .. r " " c

and history of science should be r---r P!N iSN,l added. Fifth, reform the secondary Liberal Arts Reforms school education corresPond- ingly. Ordinary secondarY In, Colleges schools must augment basic uni- versal education and there should be no isolated studY of A FUSION of liberal arts with tion of the two kinds of studies. Iiberal arts and science in senior A middle schools. In the liberal 16" study of hard sciences Third, steadily and gradually and the incorporation of natural arts college entrance examina- readjust the different depart- scien- science and engineering courses tions, the p-ections testing ments of liberal arts colleges and grad- arts tific knowledge should be into departments of liberal introduce a reasonable number new ually increased, as this will are only some of the devel- of new departments to the lib- of encourage students of liberal opments in the institutions eral arts colleges, such as de- higher learning. Another reform arts colleges to studY natural partments of applied mathe- sclences. has been to designate the study matics, physics and systematic sciences liberal of natural for science, and new specialized sub- Sixth, change the makeup of arts students. jects such as the history of the teaching staffs of liberal In China's present higher edu- science and scientific manage- arts colleges and increase the cation, liberal arts colleges have ment. number of teachert and cadres who have studied science or- little contact with natural Fourth, reform the curricu- sciences and the work to com- engineering but also have a lums and teaching contents. In grounding bine liberal arts with science in liberal arts, and each speciality within a liberal are willing to devote themselves studies has been proceeding very arts department, a certain pro- slowly. The steady development to integrated studies, and those portion of basic scienee and en- of the country's socialist mod- who specialize in iiberal arts gineering subjects and basic ernization programme calls for bul are also groundecl in subjects of integrated studies an increasing number of man- scrence. should be guaranteed. Simul- agement and research personnel. taneously, elective courses such ("Jiaoyu Yanjiu" In the future, colleges of liberal [Education as the development nature Studiesl) arts will be among the main of training grounds for such pro- tessions. The following steps may be adopted to change the i-|t-l: divorcement of the country's liberal arts education from so- ciety and from natural scienoes. Ten Top I'{ews Items of the First, appropriate departments oI liberal arts or departments ol l{anping Paper hlill integrated studies will be estab- lished in some science and en- gineering colleges or in univer- ln China, many factories lraue Published here are a mill's sities which have a fairly solid their oton uall and blackboard 10 top neus items in 1981 from basis for them and can incor- neu)spapers, in tahich the toork- the utall neuspapers o! the Fu- porate them rationally. This ers air their suggestions and jian Prooince's Nanping Paper may be the simplest and quick- opinions freely, cri.tical onbs as Mil.L, tolrich employs 3,700 peo- ple. Ed. est r,r,ay to carry out the reform. Loell as pra.ise. The papers also - Second, strengthen the co- serDe as an erchange of inform,- 1. The output of newsPrint, operation between the liberal ation and erperiences betueen commercial pulp board and arts and science colleges so as dif f erent departments and s),nthetic fibre pulp, the main io promote mutual interpenetra- workshops. products of this mili, overful-

26 Beijing Reuieu, No l0 filled the plan by 2,000 tons M ENT each, which was an all time COM high in the mill. 2. The fourth-stage work of After Peasants Haae Beeome the mill's expanding project was completed on schedule. The Better Off electrieal depressurizing equip- ment was installed and put into operation. f N present-day China, anyone comfort, it is necessary to pay 3. Forty people were pro- I touring the countryside will more attention to socialist moted to engineers. get the impression that the peas- education, and to foster loyalty ants are beginning to acquire to the state and the collective. 4- By recovering 3,600 cubic more wealth. Without these, the peasants' metres of hot water every day. enthusiasm cannot and, However, peasants react to hold energy was saved and pollution even worse, peopl.e will be led their new gains in two reduced. astray. distinctive manners. 5. The workers' congress de- cided to provide subsidies for The majority of the peasants married workers and staf f show a high sense of socialist whose spouses live in the coun- consciousness. They know that tryside and to pay night snack they should attribute their im- subsidies to late-shift workers. proved livelihood first to the government's new economic 6. The workers' education policy. Therefore, they place the building was completed, and 120 state's interest first at all times. families of workers and staff moved into new houses. Cao Zenfu voluntarily sold the state his family farm's entire 7. Another 430 workers and annual harvest of 13,500 kilo- staff members bought TV sets. grammes of duck eggs. Some B. The mill and individuals pedlars offered to buy the eggs bought 560,000 yuan of treas- at a higher price than the state ury bonds (issued by the state purchasing price, but he flatly in 1981). The collective and in- refused to sell to them. His farm. dividuals also donated 51,000 on the Chuanfangyu commune yuan to help build city youth in Jixian County near Tianjin and children's centres. was set up with a state loan. In his opinion, selling the state 9. For the first time, five to at a fair price was only natural. couples participated in a collec- tive wedding. an act in opposi- But a few peasants think only tion to the old habit of holding of their own interests. They extravagant weddings. Chen Qianxun (left), a peasant in neglect both the interests of the Dangtu County, Anhui Province, 10. Twenty children the collective and of the state. selling his duck eggs to the state of purchasing agent. Duck breediag is mill's workers and staff were A peasant of another county the family's side occupation. enrolled in institutes of higher near Tianjin also set up a semi- learning. Two were admitted mechanized chicken farm with At present, the peasants are by Qinghua University and one the help and support of the gov- beginning to be comfortable. by Beijing University. China's ernment. But he didn't sell a Correct ideological education two top universities. single egg to the state. Instead, combined with effective work These 10 top news items he sold them at a higher price will enrich the material as well were selected by the workers in the urban free market. No as mental lives of the peasants and staff themselves after dis- wonder his action of ingratitude so that they may continue on the cussion. was condemned by the public. path to prosperity in a healthy frame of mind. ("Gongren Ribao" IWorkers' After peasants experience the Daityl) initial spurt of relative material ("Renmin Ribao")

March 8, 1982 27 d''{fl: 1"ffi# ft$t.##Y of the cofferdam at the Long- Hebei Communications Bureau yang Gorge power plan!. Relying adjusted its plan and arranged Forecosting: Accurocy on the Qinghai meteorological to transport some materials by lncreoses station's predictions that the land inslead of weter, saving driving rain would soon subside, hundreds of tho,usands of yuan. the flood-control headquarters In 1981, China suffered con- decided not to implement meas- Last August, the Tianjin me- siderable adverse weather. ures which would have caused teorological station repeatedly There were torrential rains in losses in the Iower reaches of the explained publicly the causes of the upper reaches of the Chang- rIver. iow level of the Haihe River and jiang (Yangtze) and the Huang- analysed the root causes of the he (Yellow) Rivers and drought The Central Meteorological drbught. This information as in north China. Typhoons No. Observatory and Hubei station well as a call to save water had 14 and No. 16 swept across the informed the people coneerned mar-ked results. provinces and cities in the south- before the flood peak came that with eastern part oI the country. But it was not necessary to divert Shanghai was confronted when these natural adversities caused the flood waters into the Jing- an unusually high tide the limited damage due to accurate jiang flood diversion area of the typhoon No. L4 hit. On morning of Septenrber I last and timely f orecast by Changjiang River. As a result. meteorologists. 600,000 mr. of fertile land were year. the water level of the spared, 400,000 people were not Huangpu River climbed to 5.22 Last July and Augr.rst, the evacuated and 100 million yuan metres, 0.24 metre highet- meteorological departments in RMB of expenditures for reloca- than the record peak (2 Sichuan Province accurately tion were saved. Late last Sep- metres higher than the }and predicted the two rainstorms in tember the weather station of ievel of the city streets). the Sichuan Basin, thus facili- Tibet Autonomous Region fore- The Shanghai weather station tating flood control activities. In cast heavy snows in November and other stations along the August and September, heavy and December 1981. This pro- coast of Jiangsu and Zheiiang rains pummelled the western vided herdsmen with the need- Provinces provided accurate in- reaches of the Longyang Gorge ed warning and they were able formations about this typhoon of the Huanghe River. By Sep- to avoid heavy losses. 24 hour.s bef ore it struck. tember 13 the flow was 5,570 Learning ihis, the coastal Dai- cubic metres per second, far sur- Due to the predictions of con- shan County in Zhejiang Prov- passing the designed capability tinued drought last year. the ince rushed to collect salt. Compared r,',ith a similar ty- phoon in 19?9, the county pre- v€rrted losses equivalent to 25 rnillion yuan. Many stations have torecasi hail.storms. Last May 2, Zhejiang Province's 26 counties and cities were hit by hail. Because of a warning 'one day beforehand, the Zhoushan area recalled all fishing boats and not a single one was lost or damaged. With aid from other dePart- ments. the meteorological de- partments in 25 Provinces, municipalities and autonomotts ffi" legions have mapped out Chi- The National Meteorological Centre in Beijing's wesl,ern suburbs processes na's larming clinrates. Based on data flom all corners of the world every day, It is also one of thc key meteorological centres in Asia. this. many localities rearranged

28 Beijing Reoieus, No. l0 the distribution of crops, and reference book publications. agriculture, physical culture further rationalized their cul- The country published over 4?0 and the ocean are in various tivation. For example, the varieties of dictionaries in the stages of preparation. Yichun area in Jiangxi Prov- years between 1977 and 1981, The publishing of year books ince, the peppermint. spear- according to government .statis- is also few years mint and litsea producers tics. These included 190 Chinese thriving. A ago, several books began annual adjusted the harvest schedule and foreign langua.ge diction- releases, such as The Year Book so it would come when the oil aries. An additional 280 refer- of Chinese Encgclo'paedia, Year content was the highest. ence books in other academic Bo.ok of Chinese History, Atma- In addition to subjects were published in the serving agricul- nac of- Chinese Publication, ture, China's meteorological de- same period. Almnnac oJ Natu.ral Sctence partments have, in recent years. At present, more than 200 Magazines, Year Book oI World pay begun to attention to weath- such books are being edited, Economg and Almanac of Chi- er conditions which rnight affect mo.stly small language diction- nese Economg. More year books offshore oil exploration, railway aries. Others cover Chinese on diverse subjeets like agricul- transport, sports and other ac- grammar, rhetoric, idioms, an- ture, printing, drama, cinema, tivities. cient phonetics, function words physical culture as well as world The l98l accuracy rate for and synonyms of modern Chi- knowledge will also be off the long-term weather predictions nese; still others are dictionaries press in the near future. was higher than in 1980 and for academic subjects such as short-term forecasting was quite politics, economics, history, Iit- Dictionary ol precise. According to the ap- erature, art, as well as science Religions praisal of meteorological work and technology. published by the urorld meteo- Published by the Shanghai Several dictionaries of major rologictrl organization, China Dictionary Publishing House, significance have been edited forwarded weather information Dictionary on Religion is Chi- recently. Enlarged editions other countries quickly and na's first comprehensive re- to of Ci Hai, a comprehensive 1980. China's relay ference book of reiigious ter- accurately in Chinese encyclopaedia diction- of information to the world or- minology. ary published in 1979, will be ganization was 99 per cent fol published this year. A revis- A ma)ority of the 6,700 entries surlace weather observations ed edition of the four-volume concern the world's three largest and 98 per cent for radiosonde: Ci Yuan, an encyclopaedia dic- religions: Buddhism including among the best in the world. tionary of sources of words, Lamaism; Christianity includ- has numbers Cliina increasing will also be of f the press in ing the Roman Catholicism, the of radal facilities for meteoro- 1982. Orthodox Eastern Church and logical work. The Central Me- the Protestantism; and Islam. A Dictionary of English- teorological Observator-v and Taoism, a religion native to Chi- Chinese is only one of several some majcr' local meteorological na, is included as are, for the other important reference books departments ale equipped with first time, references to Chinese currently being prepared, such compr,rters. However, China folk religions. as The Dictionary Chinese still lags behind advanced coun- o! Words, A Dictionarg of Tibetan- The rest of the dictionary is tries in meteorological science Chinese, A Dictionarg of Chi- devoted to religion in general, and technology. China is nese History, Dictionary of prehistoric, primitive and an- strengthening co-operatron A Lu Xun, A Dictionnry of Tradi- cient religions in China, Egypt, with the world meteorological Chinese Medicine, The Mesopotamia, ancient Greece organization and other coun- tional Dictionarg Place N.ames in and Rome and other religions, tries while expanding domeStic of the People's for example, Judaism, Mani- scientific research person- Republic of China and chaeism, Zoroastrianism, Hin- nel training. and A Dictionarg of Agrical- tu1'e, of which most will be duism, 'Jainism. Sikhism and finalized and will go to press Shintoism. Pt"", B!-lCATICr{ before 1985. The dictionary is intended as More Reference Eooks Specialized volumes of The a reference book for college stu- A comprehensive English- Chinese EncycLopaedia and The dents, social science researchers Chinese dictionary is only one Chinese Encgclopaedia of Medi- and others interested in religion. of the many nelv offerings cine began their publication in In concise language, it intro- among China's lapidly growing 1980. Encyclopaedias of Chinese duces the origins, development

March ll. 1982 29 and present state ol various re- China's first 110,000-volt high ficials and commune members, Iigions around the world. There te,nsion power line between created an experimental base in is a glossary of terms in English Yangbajain and Lhasa generat- the basin, 15 kilometres south and Chinese in the appendix ed by geothermal energy open- of "land of fire." They planted ed in December 1981. This 89- capparis, a semi-shrub rattan The chief editor of the diction- kilometre-long .line transverses that yields oil-bearing seeds as ary was Ren Jiyu, director o{ a mountainous area at eieva- well as other shrubs. Three the Institute of World Religions tions exceeding 3,600 metres years later, the total capital in- under the Chinese Academy of above sea level. Due to the vestment had been recovered Social Sciences and professor of rugged terrain, the 150 tons of by selling saplings and seeds of philosophy of Beijing IJniver- material for the project had to these desert plants. sity. In the past three years of be transported by people. compilation Professor Ren and Today, pear trees and grape vines plantiful; state farm his colleagues collected.and stud- Tibet has the largest gecther- are a has been 266 ied voluminous materials an'd mal resources in the nation. Po- developed. Over hectares shrubs, reinforced consulted other experts and nu- tential geothermal sites have of by 133 hectares of popular trees. merous Chinese religious per'- been discovered in 66 of protect against sand storms that sonages. the autonomous region's 74 ravage the area numerous times counties. each 5'ear. In 1981 the farm EN ERGY earned a profit of 35,000 yuan. In Xinjiang, as in other parts Geothermol Energy in EART'H SCIENCE of China, planting trees has Tibet traditionaliy preceded other Desert Reclomotion desert control measures. The Xinjiang scientists disregarded Recent surveys by Chinese this convention. and French geologists in Tibet's 10 years, a 400- Over the Iast Trees need large quantities of Yangbajain geothermal field have been re- hectare oasis water so in the past expensive have revealed three low re- claimed in the Turpan depres- irrigation projects had to pre- sistivity layers in the shall.ow First shrubs were grown sion. cede desert reclamation. This is strata in the earth's crust which anchor sand dunes then trees to beyond the people's resources in they presume'd to be the three planted. Tl-ris method were many areas. geothermal reservoirs. developed by scientists in Xin- jiang opens new for The success of this new ex- geologists Prospects periment The conducted desert reclamation in the region. in the "land of fire" these surveys under the terms is of significance to Xinjiang's of a 1978 Sino-French scientific In 19?2. the scientists, in co- 404,000 hectares of desert, 63 co-operation agreement. Their operation '*'ith local forestry of- per cent of China's total. explorations were conducted over a I5-square-kilometre field, 90 kilometres north of Lhasa the regional capital. The three- low resistivity layers are: two kilometres, five to six kilome- tres and 14 to 18 kilometres be- ? Iow the surface. ;'mil"'qh Twenty-one exploratory bore- holes and production wells have been drilled in Yangbajain since 1975. An experimental power station was constructed in 1977 with a generating capacity of 1,000 kilowatts. Recently a sec- ond station with a capacity of 3,000 kilowatts has also been A (,ommune in Inner Mongolia has planted a large number oi trecs for put into operation. desert control.

30 Beijing Reuiew, No. 10 ART ['AGE Visiting the Host FamilY'

Cu, Yuan's Voodcuts

To Night School.

Gu Yuan. born in Zhongshan Cc-runtlr, Guangdong Province, in 1919. is now Vice-President of the Central Academy of Fine Arts and a member of All China Federation of Literary and Art Circles. He is the Executive Director of Chinese Artists' Association and Vice-Chair- man of the Chinese Woodcut Artists' Association.

Gu is noted for his u'oodcuts u'hich picture life while maintain- ing a sedate style. His works are characterized by clarity and skill

Early Soring

Ileloved Liu Zhidan. )u. jit n tE* i ttL fr f s ffiY )L FEffiY += n The foctory is obout 30 yeors old, with: q Designs Technology -Scientific -Advonced 5 Equipment Technicol Resources .r -Full Quolity Control. -Strong Testing tl -Strict -Sound t a It monufoctures more thon 20 kinds ond over 100 types of = I ventilolors, blowers, compressors, noise obotement devices, ond )L olso provides ouxiliories. = lnstitutes of ventilotion ond noise obotement hove been esfoblished. ,itu. rit The foctory exports fo more thon 20 countries ond regions. # fl 'a& iL in *, t 1

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