Institute of Nuclear Physics Krak6w, Poland

The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Krak6w, Poland

At thefinal stage PLO300001 of ultra-relativisticheavy-ion collisions, lu a hadron gas is fornted,...

0 N 71 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P 0 0) 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0

7C ... whose temperaturecorresponds to the theoretically inferred value for the phase tansition to the quark-gluon plasma.

19200ft- ISSN 1425-3763 The Henryk Niewodniczafiski Institute of Nuclear Physics Krak6w, Poland

Address:

Main site: ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krak6w tel.: 48 2 662-00-00 fax: 48 12) 662-84-58 E-mail: dyrektorifj.edu.pi

High Energy Departments: ul. Kawiory 26A, 30-3055 Krak6w tel.: 48 12) 633-33-66 fax: 48 12) 633-38-84 E-mail: hpsecifj.edu.pi ISSN 1425-3763

Report No 1901

PRINTED BY THE HENRYK NIEWODNICZATSKI INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS Editorial Board: B. Brzezicka, D. Erbel, M. Krygowska-Doniec, J. Mazur, J. Styczefl, and W. Zaj4c e-mail: Wojciech.Zajac0ifj.edu.pl or Maria.Krygowska-Doniec(Difj.edu.pI

The Editors assume limited responsibility for the contents of materials supplied by the IFJ departments and groups,

Front cover: At the final stage of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, delivered by the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, a hadron gas is formed whose temperature corresponds to the theoretically inferred value for the phase transition to the quark-gluon plasma. The measured ratios of the hadron multiplicities and the hadron transverse-momentum spectra are very well reproduced in the model which assumes local thermal equilibrium and includes the contributions from the decyas of all hadron resonances (W. Broniowski and W. Florkowski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 272302).

Opracowanie i sklad komputerowy: SEKCJA WYDAWNICTW DZIALU INFORMACR NAUKOWEJ IFJ

druk: Drukania SKRYPT tel. 0 503 792 402 DIRECTORATE:

General Director: Professor Andrzej Budzanowski Deputy Directors: Professor Roman Holyiski Dr Maria Pollak-Stachurowa Professor Jan Stycze7i

SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL:

Chairman: Professor Kzysztof Rybicki Honorary Chairman: Professor Andrzej Hrynkiewicz Secretary: Halina Szymaiska, M.A. tel.: (48 12) 662 83 1 fax: (48 12) 662 84 8 e-mail: rada0ifJ.edu.p1

A. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF: Jerzy Bartke, Prof. Piotr Malecki, Prof. Rafal Broda, Prof. Maria Massalska-Aro4 Assoc. Prof. Andrzej Budzanowski, Prof. Krzysztof Parlifiski, Prof. Stanislaw Drod, Prof. Jan Styczefi, Prof. Andrzej Eskreys, Prof. Antoni Szczurek, Assoc. Prof. Roman Holyfiski, Prof. Jacek Turnau, Prof. Stanislaw Jadach, Prof. Tadeusz Wasiutyfiski, Assoc. Prof. Marek Jeabek, Prof. Henryk Wilczyfiski, Assoc. Prof. Marek Kutschera, Prof. Barbara Wosiek, Prof. Jan Kwiecifiski, Prof. Wojciech Zajqc, Ph.D. Leonard Legniak, Prof. Piotr Zielifiski, Assoc. Prof.

B. REPRESENTATIVES OF TECHNICAL PERSONNEL: Edmund Bakewicz, M.Sc., E.E. Stanislaw Maranda Joanna Bogacz, M.Sc. Zbigniew Natkaniec, M.Sc., E.E. Barbara Brzezicka, M.Sc. Elbieta Ryba, M.Sc., E.E. Bronislaw Czech, M.Sc., E.E. Piotr Sk6ra, M.Sc, E.E. Jerzy Halik, M.Sc., M.E. J6zefa Turzafiska Zbigniew Kr6l, M.Sc., M.E. Miroslaw Ziqblifiski, M.Sc., E.E.

C. MEMBERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL FROM OUTSIDE THE INSTITUTE:

Tomir Coghen, Prof. - Professor Emeritus Danuta Kisielewska, Prof. - University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w Michal Turala, Prof. - CERN, Geneva Kacper Zalewski, Prof. - Jagiellonian University, Krak6w CONTENTS:

Departm ent of N uclear Reactions ...... 1 Departm ent of Nuclear Spectroscopy ...... 41 Departm ent of Structural Research ...... 87

Departm ent of Theoretical Physics ...... 95

High Energy Physics Departm ents ...... 113

Departm ent of Particle Theory ...... 113

Departm ent of Leptonic Interactions ...... 121

Departm ent of Hadron Structure ...... 131

Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions ...... 139

The ALICE Experiment Laboratory ...... 149

The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory ...... 157

High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group ...... 167

Common Seminars of the High Energy Physics Departments ...... 173

Department of Environmental and Radiation Transport Physics ...... 177

Department of Radiation and Environmental Biology ...... 191

Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy ...... 199

Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry ...... 209

Department of Materials Research by Co mputers ...... 221

Health Physics Laboratory ...... 231

Technical Sections ...... 241

C yclotron Section ...... 241

M agnetic Field W ater Treatment Section ...... 245

Scientific Equipm ent D ivision ...... 247

L ist of P ublications ...... 251

IF J A uthor Index ...... 287 PLO300002 Overview

Thanks to the hard work and creativity of our scientific and technical staff, year 2001 was concluded with many exciting and promising research results. Their highlights are: The Belle experiment, running at KEKB at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Tsukuba (Japan), observed the time-dependent CP violation in a neutral B-meson system. The CP violation prameter sin(201) was measured to be 099±0.14±0.06. The work of the Cracow group concentrated mainly on the silicon vertex detector and on the analysis of the underlying physics. New results were obtained in the field of multiparticle production in heavy-ion collisions using the PHOBOS detector installed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The pseudorapidity densities of charged particles in Au Au collisions measured near midrapidity show an approximately logarithmic evolution over a broad range of collision energies. The easurements of antiparticle-to-particle ratios allow an estimate of the baryochemical potential, showing a closer but not yet complete approach to the baryon-free regime potential at RHIC energies. An excellent fit to the transverse momentum spectra of p, P, 7+ 7- and K-,K+ up to 1.5 eV/c within the thermal model was obtained at V'NN = 130 GeV, indicating the validity of the thermal model with expansion. Two large experiments, HI and ZEUS, both with strong INP participation, continued their studies of e-p collisions at the HERA accelerator at DESY. For the project of the HERA collider upgrade, the Cracow ZEUS team built and installed most parts of the new luminosity detector, while the Cracow HI group contributed to the design and development of the new software for data acquisition and on-line reconstruction. Preparations for future large experiments, ALICE, ATLAS and LHCB, at the p-p and A-A Large Hadron Collider at CERN, have continued, with strong human and financial involvement on our part. The experiments will continue the search for new particles (Higgs, super-particles) and the so-called New Physics phenomena (supersymmetry, quark-gluon plasma, CP violation) in the TeV energy range. The theoretical research was devoted to precision tests of the Standard Model, as well as to the search for a more complete theory of fundamental particles in close relation to the current and future high-energy experiments. In the field of nuclear structure, an outstanding result was the identification of the 10+ state in 206 H9 and the measurement of its decay probability. This allowed the determination of the core charge polarization value of ep = 0.60e. As a consequence, a rule was confirmed that the electrical quadrupole moment induced in the core has the proportionality factor of 06 for protons and 09 for neutrons. An interesting result was the proof that the constituent quark approach is broader than hadron- level local effective theory permits. This was shown by studying the theory of weak radiative hyperon decays. into 7r+ 7- and KK" pairs. In the physics of condensed matter, using the PAC method it was shown experimentally for the first time, that the test radioactive atoms ... In//"' Cd can jump between two sublattices of the intermetallic alloys of Hf A. In cooperation with the Silesian University we investigated the magnetic properties of hemin a blood cell component. It was found that the external magnetic field of about 5T increases the content of low-spin iron complex in the blood. Applying from calculations the first principles to the example of the FeBO3 crystal it was shown that magnetic interaction could have a huge influence on phonon frequencies, contrary to the generally accepted opinion that magnetic interaction is too weak to influence phonons. In collaboration with KAERI (Korea), a new type of thermoluminescent detectors resistive to high temperatures was found which allows annealing at large exposure. The 48 MeV proton beam was succesfully extracted beam from our AIC-144 cyclotron. The dosimeter calibration laboratory obtained formal accreditation. The Marian Misowicz award of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences went to dr K. olec- Biernat for his work on saturation effects in DIS at low Q2. Dr M. Kmiecik was awarded the Henryk Niewodniczafiski prize for her outstanding work on transitions between various Jacobi shapes at high angular momentum rotation of 46 Ti nuclei. 534 papers of which 318 in journals listed by the Philadelphia Institute of Science Information were published at our Institute. The Institute hosted eight international and three national scientific conferences. We participated in one FW4 and seven FW5 UE programmes. We also completed a large renovation effort aimed at preparing new facilities at at the main campus of the Institute for our high energy departments. Eleven scientists got their PhD degrees, five completed their habilitations and one got the title of a full professor. Two distinguished scientists were awarded the title of a Honorary Professor of the Henryk Niewod- niczafiski Institute of Nuclear Physics, namely Professor Bernard Haas (IRS, Strasbourg) and Professor Bernard Hyams (CERN). Last but not least, let me take this opportunity to extend my sincere thank-you to my colleagues and co-workers at the Institute for their great involvement and effort which helped us to achieve all the excellent results in 2001.

Professor Andrzej Budzanowski Director of the Institute Department of Nuclear Reactions

DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS

Head of Department: Prof. Andrze3'Budzanowski Deputy Head of Department: Prof. Stanislaw Droidi Secretary: Jadwiga Gurbiel telephone: (48 12) 662-82-10 e-mail: Jadwiga.Gurbie10ifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Laboratory of Nuclear Reaction Mechanism Head: Prof. Andrzej Budzanowski

Research Staff- Andrzej Adamczak, Ph.D. Ewa Kozik, Ph.D. Andrzej Budzanowski, Prof. Pawel Kulessa, Ph.D. Jan Balewski, Ph.D. Jerzy Lukasik, Ph.D. Jerzy Cibor, Ph.D. Michal Palarczyk, Ph.D. Bronislaw Czech, E.E. Krzysztof Pysz, Ph.D. Ludwik Freindl, Ph.D. Regina Siudak, Ph.D. Tomasz Gburek, M.Sc. Artur Siwek, Ph.D. Kazimierz Grotowski, Prof. Irena Skwirczyfiska, Ph.D. Elbieta ula, Ph.D. Pawel Staszel, Ph.D. Jacek Jakiel, Ph.D. Antoni Szczurek, Assoc. Prof. Waldemar Karcz, Ph.D. Jaroslaw Szmider, Ph.D. Malgorzata Kistryn, Ph.D. Henryk Wojciechowski, Ph.D. Stanislaw Kliczewski, Ph.D. Roman Wolski, Ph.D. Adam Kozela, Ph.D.

Technical Staff: Edward Bialkowski Wieslaw Kantor, M.Sc., E.E. Janina Chachura Ranciszek Ko9cielniak, E.E. Marek ruszecki, Ph.D., E.E. Jerzy Schwabe, Assoc. Prof.

Laboratory of Nonlinear Dynamics Head: Prof. Stanislaw Draidi

Research Staff- Stanislaw Drod, Prof. Jacek Okolowicz, Ph.D. Andrzej G6rski, Ph.D. Monika Sawa, M.Sc. Jaroslaw Kwapiefi, Ph.D. Tomasz Srokowski, Assoc. Prof. 2 Department of Nuclear Reactions PLO300003 Visiting Scientists: Volodymyr Uleshchenko - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine

Research Students: Marek W6jcik Beata Kulessa Agnieszka Kamifiska Pawel Owiqcimka

OVERVIEW:

Our research in 2001 can be characterized by a wide range of various subjects e.g. search for new physics in Au Au collisions at the energy in the centre of mass per nucleon pair = 200 GeV through hunting dibarion formation in p + p - K D dibarion) reaction to the application of the random matrix theory taken from nuclear reaction studies in the analysis of fluctuations of the stock exchange time and space correlations. Heavy ion reactions have been studied in a broad range of energies. At low energy of the 12 C ions ECM = 25.57 MeV), delivered by the Warsaw 200P cyclotron, the reactions induced on 1113 target were studied. Coupling effects between various reaction channels were found. At the energies corresponding to the liquid-to-gas phase transition, the onset of the flow phenomena was found in the multifragmentation of the 197Au nuclei induced by a sequence of projectiles p 4He, 12C of the energies from 13 GeV per nucleon. Finally, evidence of the melting of the baryonic structure of the colliding nuclei was found at the highest available energies of 200 GeV per nucleon pair, in the collision of gold nuclei studied at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider within the BRAHMS and PHOBOS collaboration. We entered a new collaboration HIRES with the aim to discover = dibarionic state by studying the reaction p +p - K + D. So far many attempts to prove experimentally the existence of a dibarionic state failed. We hope to use the unique properties of the Big Karl spectrometer to prove the existence of a sharp peak in the energy spectra of kaons. To do so, we have to reduce strongly the background of pions A diffusely reflective threshold Cherenkov detector made from silica aerogel was' designed. Preliminary tests indicate that pionic signals can be reduced by a factor of 58. Extensive studies of the mechanism of generating collective levels and the energy gap by means of diagonalizing matrices with random elements ended up with a Ph.D. thesis of M. W6jcik. The Random Matrix Theory was succesfully applied to the analysis of behaviour of the complex systems like human brain and stock exchange. It was found that the dynamics of the financial correlations can be treated by the matrix representation in analogy to the collective states in nuclear systems. Shell model calculations extended to the continuum were performed for neutron-rich oxygen and fluorine isotopes. Calculations were made for mirror decays 7 N(,3+ )17 F and 17N(,6-)17o. Influence of the ddy and dty resonance states on the rate of thermofusion reactions was estimated. New experiments performed by the KEK-RIKEN-RAL confirmed the predicted by us effect of the difference in deuteron fusion in condensed ortho-D2 and para-D2 Stu dies of the pion-pion interaction above resonance region were performed. Both soft (nonperturbative) and hard (perturbative) processes were studied. It was shown that the assumption of Regge factorization leads to a good description of the total cross section data for '7r+?r+ and 7r+-7r- scattering. The onset of pCD effects was crefully analysed. We have published over 50 papers in respectable international journals. Our staff member participated to 30 international conferences. Our main collaboration partners were: JINR (Dubna), FZ Rilich, BNL Brookhaven, GSI Darmstadt and University of Lund as well as Jagiellonian University and Technical University of. Mining and Metallurgy (Krak6w).

Professor Andrzej Budzanowski Department of Nuclear Reactions 3 PLO300004 REPORTS ON RESEARCH:

Large Angle Enhancement of Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of the 9Be + `-B at EnB = 45 MeV A.T. Rudchik', V.M. Kyryanchukl, A. Budzanowski, V.K. Chernievsky', B. Czech, L. lowacka', S. Kliczewski, E.I. Koshchy', S. Yu. Mezhevych',' AN. Mokhnach', K. Rusek', S. Sakuta', R. Siudak, 1. Skwirczyfiska, A. Szczurek, and L. Zemlol

'InstituteforNuclearResearch, Kiev, Ukraine; 2A. Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warszawa, Poland; 'Heavy Ion Laboratory of Warsaw University, Warszawa, Poland; 'Institute of Applied Physics, MUT, Warszawa, Poland; -Kharkiv State University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; ' Kurchatov Institute" Research Centre, Moscow, Russia

To study the anomalous large angle scattering (ALAS), the angular distributions of elastic and inelastic scattering of 1113 ions on 913e nuclei were measured at the energy Elab(1113 = 45 MeV using the 1B ion beam of the Warsaw University cyclotron U-200P. The experimental angular distributions of the Be + 113 elastic and inelastic scattering are shown in Figs and 2 respectively. The data were analyzed within the optical model (curve labeled (OM) in Fig. 1) and by the coupled-reaction-channels (CRC) method. The calculated cross sections are presented in Figs. I and 2 by the dashed and solid curves. The optical potential parameters and deformation parameters of 913e and 1113 have been deduced. It was found that elastic ALAS is caused by the reorientation of 913e and `13 dashed curve (reor) in Fig. 1). Other mechanisms, such as transfers of deuteron (curve (d)) and proton neutron tranfers (curve (pn)) contribute weakly to the data. The inelastic ALAS is caused by the cluster transfers. lo,

I EJ`B) 45 MeV

0.2 .68 MeV (I 2')

lo ...... lo E-(`B)=45 MeV Z

:.O 10 O V 12 10 tD

1 Hit fftlt- lo

0.2E (OM) lo

4 70 M V (3/2') I lo

lo ------l o -6 w "I ...... I...... lo ...... III...... lo" 'o m 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 O.. (deg) 0_ (deg) Fig. 1: The 9Be + 13 elastic and inelastic scat- Fig. 2: The 9Be + 13 elastic and inelastic tering data analyzed by the OM. scattering data analyzed by the CRC. 4 Department of Nuclear Reactions PLO300005

Threshold Silica Aerogel Cherenkov Counter The HIRES Collaboration J. Bisplinghoff6, J. Bojowald', A. Budzanowski, A. Chatterjee', H. Clement", E. Dorochkievitsch 12 , J. Ernst6, P. Hawranek 3 1. Hieva 5 R. Jahn', L. Jarczyk', R. Joosten', K. Kilian', D. Kirillov', S. Kliczewski, W. Klimala 3 , D. KoIeV5, M. Kraveikova,7, T. Kutsarova 5 , B.J. Lieb'O, H. Machner', A. Magieral, C. Martinska', H. Nann' 1 N. Piskunov', D. Protic', P. von Rossen', H. Rodhjess', B. Roy', 1. Sitnik', R. Siudak, J. Smyrski', R. Tsenovl, M. Ulicny7, J. Urban', and G. Wagner"

'Institut fiir Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jidich, Germany- Zentrallabor fiir Elektronik, Forschungszentrum JOich, Germany; 3stitute of Physics,. Jagiellonian University, Kak6w, Poland; 4Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; 'Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria; nstitut ftir Strahlen- und Kernphysik der Universitdt Bonn, Bonn, Germany; University of Koszyce, Koszyce, Slovakia; 8Nuclear Physics Division, BARC, Bombay, India; 'Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia; 'Departament of Physics and Astronomy, University Fairfax, Virginia, USA; UCF, Bloomington, Indiana, USA; "Physikalishes Institut, Universitdt Tiibingen, Germany

The identification of charged pions and kaons plays an important role in search for strangeness 1 dibaryons D. Such a search was proposed in a high resolution study of the p + p -- K+ D reaction using the Big Karl magnetic spectrometer 1] A diffusely reflective silica aerogel Cherenkov detector was investigated as a tool to discriminate between pions and kaons with momenta of 900-1100 MeV/c. The design of the threshold Cherenkov detector incorporates a large sensitive area of 70 cm x cm, necessary to fully cover the focal plane dimensions of the magnetic spectrometer. Silica aerogel 2) with long absorption lengths 26 cm for 400 nm) and a refractive index of 1.05 was chosen as radiator material. A schematic view of the detector is shown in Fig.

PMT PMT PMT PMT

P MT

P No

AEROGEL

Fig. 1: Schematic view of the Cherenkov detector.

The diffuse box was covered inside with Goretex 3 with reflectivity better than 93. Seven photomultipliers (5 inches Phillips 2041) collect Cherenkov light from top and bottom side of the detector. Department of Nuclear Reactions 5

A test of the detector was performed for 3 different pion momenta of 675, 780 and 850 MeV/c produced inthep+p--7r++dandp+d-4T++treactions,respectively. Thepionswereidentifiedusingenergy loss and TOF method in the focal plane of the magnetic spectrometer BIG KARL. Fig. 2 presents a photbelectron distribution, chosen as maximum signal of all seven photomultipliers, for 675 MeV/c pion.

160 C- ko detedo, 0.2 0 15 0.18 140 photoeieCtFon pion 0675 GeV/c C ID 120 0 ;: 0.14

100 0.12

0.1 60 0.08 60 0.06 6 7 5 780.... 40 0.04 ...... 50 0.02 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 2 25 30 Threshold Pe nph a Fig. 3 Probability of misidentification for pions Fig. 2 Photoelectron spectrum of pions at and protons at 675, 780 and 850 MeV/c as a 0.675 GeV/c. function of photoelectron threshold.

An increasing average number of photoelectrons was measured with increasing pion momenta. At 1000 MeV/c about 9 photoelectrons are predicted. Thus, an increasing efficiency for pion determination with the Cherenkov counter was obtained (see Fig. 3 We expect that kaons will behave similarly to protons, which give a signal in the Cerenkov detector only, if secondary electrons are produced or due to random coincidences with photomultipliers noises. For 0 MeV/c pions and a threshold of 2 photoelectrons a pion suppression factor of 58 was achieved. Uniform distributions of pion detection efficiency were measured as functions of position and angles. In order to achieve pion suppression factors better than 1000 two Cherenkov counters will be used in the experimental search of strange dibaryons.

References:

1. F. Hinterberger, COSY - Proposal Exp. No 92 11/200) and Exp. No 92.1 12002); 2. Advanced Technology Research Laboratory, Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd., 1048 Kadoma, Kadom-shi, Osaka 571-8686, Japan; 3. W. L. Core Associates GMBH, Germany, spec. num. GR05-N. 6 Department of Nuclear Reactions PLO300006

First Results of PISA Experiment R. Barna', V. Bollini', A. Bubak',', A. Budzanowski, R. Czyiykiewicz', D. De Pasquale', D. Filges', S. F6rtsch', F. oldenbauml, A. Heczko', A. Italiano', L. Jarczyk', B. KamyS6, K. Kilian 3 J. Kisiel2, M. Kistryn, St. Kistryn', St. Kliczewski, W. Klimala', P. Kulessa, H. Machner', A. MagierO, W. Migdal', R.-D. Neef, H. Ohm', N. Paul', B. Piskor-Ignatowicz', K. Pysz, Z. Rudy', H. Schaal', R. Siudak, E. Stephan 2, T. Thovhogi4, M. Wojciechowski', and W. Zipper 2 'Institute of Physics, Messina University, Italy; 'Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Ka- towice, Poland; 3Forschungszentrum Jilich GnbH, IKP, Germany,- National Accelerator Centre, Faure, South Africa; nstitute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland

The first run of the PISA project, with the aim to test the experimental equipment, was performed in August 2001 at 19 GeV proton beam energy ncident on an Au target. Two detecting arms II] were used, each consisting of two multichannel plates working as START and STOP detectors for the time-of-flight measurement a Bragg curve detector followed by three silicon detectors of 100, 300 and 4900 pm thickness for particle identification and kinetic energy measurement and a set of double layer scintillation detector ("phoswich") for fast particle measurement. Unfortunately the experiment has been strongly hampered by an unexpected breakdown of a foil in the Bragg curve detector. Consequently only a part of the detecting system was tested. However, the previous tests of the Bragg detectors and phoswiches 2 showed already that a good energy resolution for the lowest and the highest energies of light ejectiles could be achieved. Therefore, the tests were concentrated on the performance of the semiconductor telescope. Taking as an example the telescope consisting of the first two thin (100 and 300 fLm) detectors, the following conclusions could be reached: The light ejectiles (Z < 7 were clearly visible in the coincidence spectra in the energy range 310 MeV/amu, the individual thresholds being determined by the energy losses (ranges) of the specific ions. Excellent Z identification was achieved (Fig. 1), whereas only moderate A identification was possible (Fig, 2.

7000 - 4He

10 He 6000 - 5000 10' Li 4000 -

102 B 0 0 3000 - L) 3 10 2000 He

6 1 1000 He X10

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 100 2DO 300 400 500 600 700 Channels Channels

Fig. 1: Projection of two-dimensional coin- Fig. 2 Histogram as in Fig. I but for He-ions cidence spectrum AE(Sil - E(Si2) on the only. Solid lines show the Gaussian curves fitted AE(Sil) axis for ligh heavy-ions. to the histogram.

The spectrum for He isotopes (Pig. 2 and a similar one for Be ions 3 where the instability of 'He and 813e allows for a very good separation of events of 6 Heand 7Be registration from other events, were used to determine the width of the peaks (overall resolution). Thus it was possible to continue separation of other isotopes by fitting the Gaussian curves with fixed width parameter. It can be concluded that separation of ejectiles differing in the mass number by one unit is, in principle, possible even with the silicon telescope alone. However, strong overlapping of Gaussian Department of Nuclear Reactions 7

peaks calls for some improvement of the detecting system. The mass number identification can be significantly improved by upgrading the energy resolution of silicon detector telescope and/or by independent information from time-of-flight (TOF) detectors. The latter idea was already planned for realization in the last experiment and the former will be applied in the next experiments by cooling the Si detectors to 20'C to improve their energy resolution in comparison to the presently achieved (about 7). According to simulations 3 this should enable good mass resolution of light heavy ions (up to A - 16) by silicon telescope alone and allows one to measure spectra of these ions in the energy range of 350 MeV/amu. The ions with larger mass number and energy in the above range will be stopped in the gas of the Bragg detector or in the first Si-detector of the telescope and therefore cannot be identified by Si-telescope itself. Within the framework of the PISA project a construction of a database of production cross sections for various isotopes has been started 3 Now this database is a compilation of experimental cross sections for proton-induced isotope production at energies from a few MeV up to 10 GeV. There are also some data for energies up to 30 GeV. Presently, for proton-induced reactions, this compilation contains about 15000 data points, for 38 targets of 50 elements. All data are derived from avaliable literature and private communications. Each record of the database contains the following information: target, atomic mass of the target, atomic number of the target, proton energy of the projectile [MeV], error of the proton energy [MeV], type of ejectile, atomic mass of the nuclide, atomic number of the nuclide, total production cross section [mb], error of the production cross section [mb], angle, references, comments. The database can be accessed through the Web at www.nuph.us.edu.pl/-pisa/baza/sign.html. The library content is continuously extended and frequently updated.

References:

1. PISA Collaboration, IKP/COSY Annual Report 1999, p.175; 2. PISA Collaboration, IKP/COSY Annual Report 2000, p.172; 3. PISA Collaboration, IKP/COSY Annual Report 2001 3 contributions. PLO300007

A Precision Experiment to Measure the q-Meson Mass The GEM Collaboration M.G. Betigeri', J. Bojowald', A. Budzanowski, A. Chatterjee', J. Ernst', L. Freindl, A. Hamacher', P. Hawranek', 1. Ilieva5, R. Jahn', L. Jarczyk', G. Kemmerhng2, K. Kilian', S. Kliczewski, W. Klimala', D. Kolev', T. Kutsarova', 13.1 Lieb", H. Machner', A. Magiera', R. Maier', C. Martinska', H. Nann", N. Piskunov', H.S. PlendI12, D. Prasuhn', D. Protic', P. von Rossen', B. Roy8, R. Siudak, I. Sitnik', J. Smyrski', A. Strzalkowski3, M. UliCnY1, J. Urban 7 and K. Zwoll'

'Institut ftir Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jiilich, Germany; Zentrallabor flir Elektronik, Forschungszentrum Ailich, Germany; stitute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 'Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Aademy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; 'Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria; nstitut ftir Strahlen- und Kernphysik der Universitdt Bonn, Bonn, Germany; University of Koszyce, Koszyce, Slovakia; 8Nuclear Physics Division, BARC, Bombay, India; 9Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia; "Departament of Physics and Astronomy, University Fairfax, Virginia, USA; "IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana, USA; "Physics Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA

The goal of this investigation is a precise measurement of the 7 meson mass. Unique Big Karl properties and a kinematical coincidence with a calibration reaction makes it possible to obtain beam momentum and Big Karl central momentum with a very good accuracy. Simultaneous detection of 3He from the pd -4-3Heq as well as d and 7r+ from pp -+ d+ reaction allow one to obtain very precise 8 Department of Nuclear Reactions

,q mass value. The proposed method makes it possible to reduce the mass error to the level of 0.03 MeV, which is four times smaller than reported by Particle Data Group [1]. The idea of the experiment is the simultaneous detection of three forward outgoing particles produced in two different reactions, thus permitting the measurement of beam momentum, spectrograph setting and mass. The first of these two possibilities are the reactions:

p + p --- d +r+ (1), p p 4 + d 2 p + d 3He q (3). The second possibility will make use of:

P+d _4 3H + 4 p + d - 7r+ + 3H (5), p + d _4 3He +, 6. The second reaction set needs a deuterium target. For the the first set a mixed hydrogen-deuterium target is required. As an example the first possibility is shown in Fig.

2000

1750

I boo 1.2-

1250 3 6-- JR He 1000

750

1.0- d 500

0.9- 250

o 470 480 490 500 520 510 530 540 550 0.8 'He miss;ng mass, MeV 1.6 1.7 1.8 ig 2'0 2.1 2.2 beam momentum (GeV10 Fig. 2: 3He missing mass distributions ob- Fig. 1: Big Karl central momentum versus tained from events where the particles have beam momentum: for the reactions p + p - vertical angels less then 30 mrad. The simu- d7r+ p + p 4 7F++d, andp+d--> 3He 7. lated background is shown by dashed line.

Both reactions were employed. A proton beam interacted with 2 mm thick target filled with liquid hydrogen, deuterium or their mixture. The magnetic spectrograph Big Karl was used to analyze the momenta of the particles obtained in the interactions. It operated in angle sensitive mode, allowing measurements of particles emerging under small angles from a target, placed in the focus of the spectrograph. Besides production runs, test runs were performed which included beam luminosity monitoring measurements and Big Karl calibration. In order to control the magnetic field of Big Karl with a high precision it was measured periodically using nuclear magnetic resonance probes. Until now only the data from the deuterium target are analyzed. In Fig. 2 the 3He missing mass distribution is shown. It is obtained from interaction of deuteron's with the proton beam. The sample shown includes only events, where the emerging 3He particles have vertical angles less then 30 mrad only, which allows to decrease the background significantly. The peak from p d 4 3He reaction is seen with signal to background ratio 1:1. The background originates mainly from p d 3He 77r- reaction with small admixture from p d - -3He 77r--7ro. The result of its Monte Carlo simulation is shown by dashed line in the same figure. The statistical error of the meson mass obtained from these data is about 002 MeV. When the data from the target with a mixture deuterium and hydrogen are included the error will drop down to 0.015 MeV. In order to obtain the unbiased meson mass, analysis of all experimental data set is needed.

Reference: 1. D. E. Groom et al., Eur. Phys. Jour. C15 2000) 1. Department of Nuclear Reactions 9 PLO300008

Eta-Nucleus Final State Interaction Studies The GEM Collaboration M.G. Betigeri', J. Bojowald', A. Budzanowski, A. Chatterjee', J. Ernst', L. Freindl, A ,Hamacher', P. Hawranek 3 L Ilieva, R. Jahn', L. Jarczyk 3 G. Kemmerling2, K. Kilian', S. Kliczewski, W. Klimala3, D. olev', T. Kutsarova, B.J. Lieb'O, H. Machner', A. Magiera 3 R. Maier', G. Martinska', H. Nann", N. Piskunov', H.S. Plendl", D. Prasuhn', D. Protic', P. von Rossen', B. Roy', R. Siudak, 1. Sitnik', J. Smyrski3 , A. Strzalkowski3, M. Ujicnyl, J. Urban 7, and K. ZWO112

'Institut ftir Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jiilich, Germany; 2 Zentrallabor flir Elektronik, Forschungszentrum JOich, Germany; Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kak6w, Poland; 'Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria' - 'Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria; n8titut fir Strahlen- und Kernphysik der Universitdt Bonn, Bonn, Germany; University of Koszyce, Koszyce, Slovakia; 'Nuclear Physics Division, BARC, Bombay, India; 'Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia'- "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University Fairfax, Virginia, USA; "IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana, USA; "Physics Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA

As a part of our experimental programmes on the understanding of eta-nucleus interaction, the reaction p + 6Li * 7Be +q is under investigation at Big Karl. The details of the physics motivation are reported in the previous years report [1]. The available experimental information on the eta- nucleus final state interactions for nuclei heavier that 4He is scarce. The only measurement on the present reaction exists, to the best of our knowledge, at T, = 684 MeV 2 The measurement in this experiment was performed by detecting eta-decay products (two forward going gammas). The efficiency of the measurement was about only 2 and the energy resolution was not sufficient to resolve various excited states of 'Be. The detection of heavy recoil nucleus, for reaction close to threshold, is somewhat more convenient as the particles are emitted in a small forward cone. A good energy resolution can also be achieved by employing the high precision magnetic spectrograph Big Karl.

'MF a.u.)

4- G

4He

2H,. 6Li

lie 311c _10A; 1H. ------...... 5CO irni I V] zIrc, 2!. X Y 'ZO Sc. reqpojise (a.u.) Fig. 1: Time of flight vs. scintillator light output spectrum.

The identification of p + 6Li _ 713e + events can then be followed by constructing invariant mass of unobserved particles. In our test run performed at a beam momentum close to the reaction threshold 3 MeV/c aove threshold), 7Be particles were detected using Big Karl and a new set of 10 Department of Nuclear Reactions focal plane detectors [1) (plastic scintillators in the form of long bar and two such layers were placed in vacuum for time of flight measurement). A very good time of flight resolution obtained from such measurement allowed us to achieve particle separation (see Fig. 1) and to estimate the upper limit of production cross section. However, the position resolution was not as good as expected and did not allow us to identify 7B events in the missing mass spectrum. In order to enhance the position resolution, a multi-wire avalanche counter (MWAC) is under construction and will be used along with the scintillators. The advantage of MWAC, in contrast to multiwire proportional counter (MWPC), is that the former works at very low pressure (few mb) making it suitable for the detection of such strongly ionizing particles. The MWAC, in its present design, consists of two layers of wire 546 wires in each layer) inclined by 45 deg, very thin Mylar windows 6 m) and has an over all dimension of 728 x 228 x 22 mm. The expected position resolution is 0.5 mm which sufficient enough for the present purpose. A schematic diagram of the detector is shown in Fig. 2 Two such thin stacks of MWAC will be mounted at the Big Karl exit which will be followed by AE - E plastic scintillator detectors for time of flight information. The detector is expected to be ready in the beginning of 2002.

4 3

-J

XXXXXXXXXXXX De Iay-L i ne ,ers

F ter-Fol pm MyIar Drahtebenen 20pm. mm eKtr n- O[ie 12pm Mylar/ 7 ALUbeidseitig

Verst8rker

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of multi-wire avalanche counter.

References:

1. GEM collaboration, IKP, FZ Annual Report 2000) 57; 2. Scomparin et al, J. Phys. G19 1993) L51. PLO300009

Effects of Channel Coupling in the Interaction of 13 Ions with 12 C Nuclei

S. Yu. Mezhevych 1,2 , A. Budzanowski, V.K. Chernievsky', B. Czech, L. Gowacka', S. Kliczewski AN. Moklanach', O.A. Momotyuk', S.E. Ornelchuk', A.T. udchik', K. Rusek 2 , R. Siudak, I. Skwirczyfiska, A. Szczurek, and L. Zemlo'

'Institute for Nuclear Research, Kiev, Ukraine; 2A. Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warszawa, Poland; 'Heavy Ion Laboratory of Warsaw University, Warszawa, Poland; 4 Institute of Applied Physics, MUT, Warszawa, Poland

The data for elastic and inelastic scattering of "B ions on 12C target measured at the Warsaw Cyclotron U-200P [1] were analyzed by means of the coupled channel calculations. Effects of the one-proton transfer process between the projectile and the target were included in the analysis. The coupling scheme used in the calculations is shown in Fig. I. Real part of the optical model potential for 11B 2C was calculated from the known densities of the both interacting nuclei using the Department of Nuclear Reactions 11

double folding method. The standard M3Y form of nucleon-nucleon interaction was included in the calculations. The imaginary part of the potential was assumed to be of the Woods-Saxon shape with parameters W = 75 MeV, rw 1.250 frn, aw 0.870 frn. lo,-

12 (11 I B 12 C B. C lo 5.02 E,,("B) = 9 MeV 4 312- 4.445 4.439 i 10 E, 25.57 MeV 5/2- 2+

C: I

2.12 1/2- 5 channels I channel lo ------4 channels

0'0 'r 312- 0 -0 0 lo ...... 111B 12c 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0_ (deg) Fig. 1: Coupling scheme of "B and 2C states. Fig. 2 Angular distribution of the differential cross section for the elastic scattering. 10 ......

12 C 12C(1113.11B"'.")12C 10 E,,,("B)=d9 Mev E,,=25.57 MeV) E A 10 IX'B)=49 MeV E_=25.57 MeV)

5 channels 4 chanriE 2 channels

b lo I

lo Io cannels ------4 channels 2 channels

IC) O ...... L .1 -1-1 - .1 I- I 1-1 I .-L 0 20 40 so M 100 120 14D 16 180 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 O.. eg) G_ (deg) Fig. 3 Angular distributions of the inelastic Fig. 4: Angular distributions of the inelastic scattering. scattering.

For elastic scattering (Fig. 2 the dashed curve corresponds to the calculations without coupling to inelastic channels. The results of the calculations with coupling to three different projectile excitations are plotted as the dotted curve. The solid curve shows results of calculations with coupling to all projectile and target excitations presented in the Fig. 1. For inelastic scattering (see Fig. 3 the calculations without couplings to the other inelastic channels are shown by the dashed curves while the solid and dotted curves represent calculations with coupling to projectile and projectile or target excitations, respectively. It was found that the coupling to the inelastic channels reduces the magnitude of the calculated cross sections for all processes. In particular, the results were found to be strongly dependent on the quadrupole deformation of the 3/2- state of "B at 502 MeV. The calculations show that the quadrupole moment of this state has the same sign as the quadrupole moment of "B ground state but much larger value what is in agreement with the theoretical prediction performed within the framework of the strong coupling rotational model 2. References: 1. A. Rudchik et.al., Nucl. Phys. A695 2001) 51; 2. F. El-Batanoni and A.A. Kresmin, Nuel. Phys. 89 1966) 577. 12 Department of Nuclear Reactions PI-030001 Incomplete Energy Deposition in Long Csl(TI) Crystals A. Siwek, A. Budzanowski, B. Czech, A.S. Fomichevl, T. Gburek, A.M. Rodin', 1. SkwirczyAska, and R. Wolski (for CHIC Collaboration) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

Process of incomplete energy deposition (IED) in long scintillating crystals was studied in the 170 on 31Xe reaction at 250 MeV/nucleon beam energy. The IED is caused by multiple Coulomb scattering and nuclear reactions. These processes can remove initial interacting nucleus from the scintillator before it stops completely. In consequence the measured energy will be lower than the initial one and the nucleus will be removed from an identification line. The percentage contribution of the incomplete energy deposition events has been measured for helium isotopes of incident energy up to 200 MeV/nucleon (stopped in the scintillator). The experimental setup consisted of a 80 mm CsI scintillator placed at 68 deg. and two semiconductor silicon detectors 2.008 mm ORTEC and 050 mm made at the IFJ, Krak6w) in the dE-dE-E configuration. It was found that as much as 40% of initial hydrogen and helium nuclei can be removed from identification lines (Fig. 1) giving a contribution to the background and influencing the measured energy spectra. The energy dependence of the IED percentage contribution will be used to correct the energy spectra.

0"Z1 02 6.80 IU

Helium from +"Xe 250 AMe V

0 200 400 600 800 1000 Energy [MeV]

Fig. 1: Energy dependence of the percentage contribution of helium IED events. Department of Nuclear Reactions PLO300011 13

Decay of Hot Nuclei Produced by Light Relativistic Ions (FASA) S.P. Avdeyev', E.V. Duginova', V.A. Karnaukhov', V.V. Kirakosyan', V.K. Rodionov', V.D. Toneev', A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki, .V. Bochkarev', E. Kuzrnin', L.V. Chulkov', H. Oeschler', E. Norbeck', and A.S. Botvina'

'LNP, LTP JINR, Dubna, Russia:, 'Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia; 3 Technical Univer- sity, Darmstadt, Germany; University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA; nstitute of Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia

In this work we study the mechanism of thermal multifragmentation, which takes place in collisions of light relativistic projectiles with heavy targets. This is a new multibody decay process of very hot nuclei (target spectator) with emission of a number of intermediate mass fragments (IMF 2 < Z < 20). This process is directly related to a liquid-gas phase transition in nuclear matter. The 47r-device FASA has been created for those studies. The evolution of the reaction mechanism with increasing projectile mass was investigated by comparing the collisions of relativistic p, 4He and 2C with Au. The main results are the following:

1. The mean IMF multiplicities (M) saturate at 22 ± 02 (Fig. 1). This fact cannot be rendered by the traditional approach with the intranuctear cascade (RC) followed by statistical multifragmentation models (SMM or EES). Considering an expansion phase between two parts of calculations, the excitation energies and the residual masses are empirically modified to obtain agreement with the measured IMF-multiplicities. The mean excitation energy is found to be around 500 MeV for the beam energies above GeV. This modified model is denoted as RC a + SMM. 2. One believes that the expansion is driven by the thermal pressure. It is larger for 4He and C induced collisions because of higher initial temperature, therefore the expansion flow is visible in the kinetic energy spectra of IMF, they become harder. This is demonstrated in Fig. 2 (upper part), which presents the measured mean kinetic energies per nucleon.The data are close to the calculated values for pAu collisions. They are obtained with the RC a SMM model by the multibody Coulomb trajectory calculations. However, for 'He Au and 2C Au interactions the experimental data exceed the calculated ones. This is caused by the radial collective flow. Its magnitude is found as the difference between the measured mean IMF energies and those calculated without any flow (middle of Fig. 2 The total flow energy of the system is estimated to be around 115 MeV both for the He and carbon beams. 3. The flow energy decreases with increasing fragment charge Z. Assuming a linear radial profile of the flow velocity we modified the SMM code by including a radial velocity boost for each particle at freeze-out but failed to describe the data (middle of Fig. 2. 4. The analysis of the data reveals very interesting information on the fragment space distribution inside the break-up volume (lower part of Fig. 2 heavier IMF are formed predominately in the interior of the fragmenting nucleus possibly due to a density gradient. This conclusion is in contrast to the predictions of the Statistical Multifragmentation Model. 5. This study of multifragmentation using a range of projectiles demonstrates a transition from pure "thermal decay" (for p + Au collisions) to disintegration "decorated" with the onset of a collective flow for the heavier projectiles. Nevertheless, the decay mechanism should be considered as a thermal multifragmentation. The nuclear heating, and IMF charge distributions in all the cases considered are well described by the statistical model neglecting any flow governing the partition of the system. 6. The correlation study of IMF kinetic energy spectra reveals the decrease in E,,,,,. and (E) with increasing IMF multiplicity. Different explanations of this observation are considered, which provides evidence on the initial geometry of the system and the time evolution of the break-up process. 14 Department of Nuclear Reactions

7. The time scale of the thermal multifragmentation in p + Au collision at 8.1 GeV has been measured for the first time (by the analysis of IMF-IMF angular correlations). The model dependence of the results was carefully checked. The mean decay time of the fragmenting system was found to be -r = (50 ± 0) fm/c in accordance with the scenario of a "simultaneous" multibody decay of a hot and expanded nuclear system.

5 0P

a He 4 Fig. 1: Mean IMF multiplicity as 3 - ...... a function of the beam energy. The solid line is obtained with taking V 2 into account the additional energy ...... and mass loss during the expansion of the system, Other lines are calculated in traditional approaches.

5 10 15 20 25 EPj (GeV)

7 - 12C (22.4 GeNn * 6 - a 1 GOV) ...... Fig. 2 Upper part: mean kinetic P RI GV) 5 V, a energies of fragments as a function a of their charge Z for p (8.1 GeV), -VI 4 He 14.6 GeV) and 2C 22.4 GeV) WA 3 collisions with Au. The lines are cal- 2 culated within the RC a SMM approach assuming no flow. Mid- >4, 3 2C r22.4 04V) dle part: the fragment flow energy 2 - Wa per nucleon obtained as a difference Von." of the measured kinetic energies and 2 the values calculated under the a- sumption of no flow in the system. 1 The line represents the calculation A Ljj within the SMM for a linear radial V profile of the flow velocity, assuming 0 its value at the system surface -6.08 '2C (22-, G614 0.96 == 0.1c. Lower part: experimen-,how /RYS tally deduced mean flow velocities 006 0.72 of IMFs for the carbon beam (left Q >from SW - A3: ...... scale), and the mean relative ra- 12 0.04 0.48 dial coordinates of fragments (right scale). Dotted line shows the mean 0.02 014 relative radial coordinates of IMFs according to the SMM code. OM 4 6 8 10 12 It z Department of Nuclear Reactions 15 PLO300012

Molecular Dynamics Predictions for the Chimera-Reverse Experiment J. Brzychczyk', J. Cibor, J. Lukasik, Z. Majka', and P. Staszell 'Jagiellonian University, Kak6w, Poland

The role of isospin degree of freedom in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies has been the subject of intensive studies in recent years. In particular, much attention has been focused on the possibility of extracting isospin dependence of the nuclear equation of state (EOS) and the in- medium nucleon-nucleon (NN) cross section from the reaction dynamics [1]. We used a quantum molecular dynamics model CHIMERA 21 to make theoretical predictions for the experiment performed in Catania by the REVERSE collaboration 3 Our calculations were carried out for two 112Sn + 58Ni (neutron-poor) and 124Sn + 64Ni (neutron-rich) systems, both at 35 MeV/u. The original CHIMERA code was supplemented with two choices for the density dependence of the symmetry term: Uy. =: C (p) (p. - pp) /po. We selected C = 31.4 MeV (ASY-STIFF), and C = 76.5 - 45.1 (plpo) MeV (ASY- SOFT). These values of the potential parameters correspond to a soft EOS with the incompressibility constant K ;:--- 200 MeV for symmetric nuclear matter. They were adjusted to best reproduce the experimental binding eergies in a wide range of the neutron-proton asymmetry. We chose three different sets of model parameters to test the sensitivity of experimental observables: UNN = UNN . UNN (1) ASY-STIFF, NNfre 2 ASY-SOFT, ,freNN (3) ASY-STIFF, 08uf're'NN (the smaller NN cross section is to mimic possible in-medium effects). It turns out that the observables are weakly sensitive to the density dependence of the asymmetry term. Both ASY-STIFF and ASY-SOFT 112Sn+ 58 Ni 124Sn+ 64Ni ASY-STIFF 7.5

References:

1. M. Colonna, et al., Phys. Rev. C57 1998) 1410; Jian-Ye Liu et al., Pys. Rev. C63 2001) 054612; 2. J. ukasik, Z. Majka, Acta Phys. Pol. B24 1993) 1959; J. Lukasik, Ph.D. Thesis, Krak6w, 1993; 3. A. Pagano et al., Nuel. Phys. A681 2001) 33ic. 16 Department of Nuclear Reactions PLO300013

First Results from BRAHMS Experiment at RHIC The Polish Group: J. Cibor, R. Karabowiczl, T. Kozik', Z. Majka', R. Planetal P Staszel', and A. Wieloch' 'Jagiellonian University, Kak6w, Poland

During the year 2001 the BRAHMS collaboration took part in six month period of data taking at the highest RHIC energy and simultaneously the available data were analyzed. The main results so far are antiparticle-particle ratios and particle densities measured for different centralities over a wide range of rapidities and transverse momenta. We found that N(p)IN(p) ratio at midrapidity is 064 for VTNN = 130 GeV [11 and 075 for ,IsNN = 200 GeV (preliminary) what indicates a significant (and progressing with energy) degree of collision transparency leading to a region with low net-baryon density, although the Bjorken limit of full matter-antimatter balance has not been reached yet. For most central collisions the charged particle multiplicity integrated over the entire measured rapidity distribution yields 3860 for I-SNN = 130 GeV 2 and 4630 for V,'-NN = 200 GeV 3 (the densities at midrapidity are 53 and 635, respectively). The strong enhancement as compared to normalized pfi data 48% at midrapidity) suggests significant medium effects. Fig. I shows charged particle densities normalized to the number of participant pairs plotted as a function of participant pairs. The surplus of particle density per participant seen in central collisions is attributed to an increased contribution from hard scattering processes. This contribution has been estimated at 37%, but it must be stressed that the procedure is highly model dependent 3 Fig. 2 compares the normalized charged particle multiplicity taken at pseudorapidity shifted by the beam rapidity, i.e. projectiles regions are shown. The agreement between different centralities and energies is consistent with a limiting fragmentation picture in which the excitation of the fragment baryons saturate at lower collision energies regardless of the system size 3.

3 0-59/A..A.. I_=200.-

3 0 30-40'/AU.A., f=200G.Y 04 &2 bPb, fSZ17G- 04 A 9.4% P Zv 2 - ZV

Z all ......

0 A 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 q3 -2 -11 0 1

References: 1. I.G. Bearden et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 112305; 2. I.C. Bearden et al., Phys. Lett. B523 2001) 227; 3. I.G. Bearden et al., nucl-ex/0112001. Department of Nuclear Reactions PLO300014 17

Transverse Velocity Scaling in Au+Au Midrapidity Emissions (The INDRA and ALADIN Collaborations)

J. Lukasik, W. Trautmann 6, G. Auger', Ch.O. Bacri', M.L. Begemann-Blaich', N. Bellaize', R. Bttiger 6, F. Bocage', B. Borderie 2, R. Bougault', B. Bouriquet', Ph. Buchet', J.L. CharVet4, A. Chbihi', R. Dayras', D. DoW, D. Durand', J.D. Frankland', E. alichet', D. ourio', D. Guinet', S. Hudan', B. Hurst', P. Lautesse', F. Lavaud 2 J.L. Lavillel, C. Leduc', A. Le Fbvre 6 , R. Legrain', 0. Lopez', U. Lynen', IAT.F.J. Miffler', L. Nalpas', H. Orth', E. Plagno 12 E. Rosato', A. Saija', C. Sfienti 6 C. Schwarz', J.C. Steckmeyerl, C. Tdbdcarul, B. Tarnain', A. Trzciiiski', K. TurzO, E. Vient3, M. Vigilante', C. Volant', B. ZwiegliAski', and A.S. Botvina'

GANIL, CEA et N2P3-CNRS, Caen, France; 21nstitut de Physique Nucl6aire, N2P3-CNRS et Universit6, F91406 Orsay, France; 3LPC, N2P3-CNRS, ISMRA et Universit6, Caen, France,- 4DAPNIAISPhN, CEAlSaclay, Gif sur Yvette, France; Institut de Physique Nucl6aire, N2P3- CNRS et Universit6 Villeurbanne, France; esellschaft ftr Schwerionenforschung mbH, Darm- stadt, Germany; 'Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Sezione INFN, Univ. Federico 1 Napoli, Italy; 8Dipartimento di Fisica dell' niversita and INFN Catania, Italy; 'A. Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland

Both, central and peripheral collisions of symmetric heavy ions at intermediate energies, despite having been studied for decades now, are still drawing attention, still provide new pieces of information, and still contain open questions. In order to study these reactions in more detail a series of experiments has been performed during the 41h INDRA Campaign carried out at the GSI. The reaction products formed using the beams delivered by the SIS synchrotron were measured with the multidetector INDRA [1]. In this contribution we will focus on the Au Au reactions at energies 40 - 5 A MeV. In peripheral and mid-central collisions the two heaviest residua or their remnants remembering the entrance channel conditions, are usually accompanied by a sizable amount of particles and fragments with parallel velocities intermediate between those of the projectile and of the target 25]. They are often referred to as midrapidity (7nidvelocity) emissions. The origin of these midrapidity fragments and related reaction scenarios are still debated and their characteristics are still a matter of interest. Inspection of transverse velocities, or energies, for different rapidity bins leads to some interesting observations. The upper row of Fig. I presents invariant cross sections for Li fragments from Au Au at 10 A MeV reaction, as a function of transverse velocity and rapidity with the indicated rapidity cuts for different centrality selections. The middle row presents transverse velocity distributions of Li ions for different bombarding energies, and the bottom one the corresponding mean transverse energies. At projectile rapidity and for peripheral collisions (left column) a pronounced Coulomb component is seen in the velocity spectra. The position of the peak is remarkably constant for all bombarding energies and indicates emission from the surface of the heavy primary fragment. The Coulomb component is nearly absent or possibly spread out over a wide velocity range in the emissions at midrapidity where one can observe two different scaling behaviours for the peripheral and central collisions. In the central case (right panel), both, the mean and the width of the spectra increase considerably with increasing bombarding energy and with the fragment mass (see also bottom right panel). This reflects the increasing importance of flow for central collisions 6. For peripheral reactions (middle column), a particularly intriguing behaviour is observed. The shapes of the velocity spectra are between Gaussian and exponential and invariant with respect to the incident energy and also with respect to the mass in the range of Z indicated in the middle bottom panel. The corresponding mean transverse energies of about 28 MeV for lithium ions seem too large for a purely thermal origin and are larger than the value of 14.6 MeV temperature obtained from the Goldhaber model 7 with PF 265 MeV/c (the thick horizontal line) but may reflect the additional Coulomb potential that is generated by the two heavy residua in the neck region. Simulations of nucleon-nucleon collisions imply that the Pauli blocking of the collisions can be partly responsible for this invariance. The mean transverse energies of nucleons scattered into the 18 Department of Nuclear Reactions

X X X

Fig. 1: Top row: invariant cross sections for Z = 3 fragments as a function of transverse I'A I I Y1 1H velocity (x) and rapidity (y), for Au Au projectile rapidity midrapidity midrapidity peripheral peripheral central 10 A MeV reaction with the indicated rapidity 10" cuts. The arrows denote, from the left, the tar- 0 Q 110 get, CM, and projectile rapidities, respectively. X 0 '00 '0 Middle row: invariant transverse velocity distri- 10 butions for Z 3 at bombarding energies from 0'1000 40 to 15 A MeV. Bottom row: mean transverse 10I0.1 O.? 03 0 0.1 I-02 YPI 0300.1 02 03-- energies of IMFs with 3 < Z < 6 as a function 120- - of incident energy. The thick solid line repre- 100 3 sents the Goldhaber model prediction. The three 57 4 0 80 5 6 columns correspond to three selections in rapid- 60 ity and centrality: projectile rapidity and periph- 4 W 40-- eral collisions (left column), midrapidity and pe- 20 ripheral collisions (middle column) and midrapidity and central collisions (right column), respec- O(T_50 100 150 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 E,.,/nucleon [MeV] tively. midrapidity region show a very weak dependence on incident energy provided Pauli blocking is effective. Otherwise, the mean transverse energies increase with the incident energy. Within a coalescence picture one might expect invariance of mean transverse energies at midrapidity also for fragments. References: 1. J. Pouthas et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. in Phys. Res. A357 1995) 418; 2. J.F. Dempsey et al., Phys. Rev. C54 1996) 1710; 3. Y. Larochelle et al., Phys. Rev. C55 1997) 1869; 4. J. Lukasik et al., Phys. Rev. C55 1997) 1906; 5. E. Plagnol et al., Phys. Rev. C61 2000) 014606; 6. F. Lavaud, PHD Thesis, IPNO-T.01-06 2001); 7. A.S. Goldhaber, Phys. Lett. 53B 1974) 306. PLO300015

Spectral Properties of ECG Series B. Kulessa, T. Srokowski, and S. Dro& The analysis of ECG data based on methods of nonlinear dynamics are commonly used in modern cardiology. Some of them can successfully be applied to detect subtle but potentially important changes in heart rate behaviour. In our studies we deal with statistical analysis of the time series obtained from ECG measurements by RS detection algorithm described in [1]. The database consist of electrocardiographic recordings has been given for our disposal by the Cardiological Department of the Military Hospital in Krak6w. The ECG signals were monitored for 24 hours with an ambula- tory Medilog Oxford recording system at the measuring frequency f = .01 Hz. The details of the measurement can be found in 2. We calculate power spectrum of heart rate time series X(t) defined in the following way:

PW = 2 f dtX (t),-i2-ft 2 x/'2 Fig. 1 shows power spectrum for healthy subjects. A peak is seen near 02 Hz. It corresponds to physiologic oscillation (respiration) 3 In the low frequency domain, below 02 Hz a 11f noise Department of Nuclear Reactions 19

appears, where as at higher frequencies the spectrum is steeper. It corresponds to 11f 2 brown noise and can be explained by perturbations in cardiovascular autonomic control system 4 Therefore the above analysis demonstrates the existence of a 11f noise in a wide range of the ECG spectrum. The appearance of this noise suggests some sort of a memory in the system.

lo'

i 0` Fig. 1: The power spectrum of 24 h of the heart rate data. The dashed line represents the function 1f.

lo'

4 3 2 1 0 i 0` lo- lo- 1 0 lo- 1 f [Hz]

References: 1. B. Kulessa, S. Dro&, M. W6jcik, T. Srokowski, A. Lipko, and A. 01szewski, Waves Methods and Mechanics in Biomed. Eng 4 1999) 163; 2. B. Kulessa, S. Dro&, M. W6jcik, T. Srokowski, A. Lipko, and A. 01szewski, Folia Cardiol. 8 2001) 40; 3. P.Ch. Ivanov, L. Nunes Amaral, A.L. Goldberger, S. Havlin, M.G. Rosenblum, H.E. Stanley, and Z.R. Struzik, Chaos 1 3 2001) 641; 4. Jeffrey M. Hausdorf, C-K Peng, Phys. Rev. E54, 1996) 2154. PLO300016 Nature of the Mechanism Generating Order out of Randomness S. Dro& and M. W6jcik

The nature of a mechanism generating order out of randomness constitutes one of the most fundamental issues of the contemporary physics. Theories based on various versions of ensembles of random matrices provide one possible theoretical frame for studying such effects. In this context the recently identified [1] preponderance of the J = ground states in strongly interacting Fermi systems, such as atomic nuclei, arising from random two-body interactions came as a surprise since there is no obvious pairing character in the assumed random force. Various possible explanations of this effect have been tested with no success, however. We investigate the origin of order in the low-lying spectra of many-body systems with random two-body interactions. Contrary to the common belief our study 2] based both on analytical as well as on numerical arguments shows that except for the most J-stretched states, the ground states in the higher J-sectors are more orderly than the ones in the J = sector. A predominance of J = ground states turns out to be the result of putting on together states with different characteristic energy scales from different J-sectors. In analytical terms our argument goes as follows. The interaction matrix elements v a, of good total angular momentum J in the shell-model basis la) can be expressed as: i cJaa' J11. Va at Jii, 9i it ii, The summation runs over all combinations of the two-particle states i) coupled to the angular momentum and connected by the two-body interaction g. gj, denote the radial parts of the corresponding two-body rA while caa' ii atrix elements i1ii, globally represent elements of the angular momentum recoupling geometry. In statistical ensembles of matrices the crucial factor determining the structure of eigenspectrum is the probability distribution Pv(v) of matrix elements 3 Especially relevant are 20 Department of Nuclear Reactions the tails of such distributions since they prescribe the probability of appearance of the large matrix elements. From the point of view of the mechanism producing the energy gaps they are most effective in generating a local reduction of dimensionality responsible for such effects. In principle, the probability distribution of the shell model matrix elements is prescribed by their general structure expressed by the eq. (1), provided the probability distributions of both giJi, and cjj,ii,' are known. In general terms this structure can be considered to have the following form: N = E vi (2) i=1 and each to be a product of another two variables denoted as C and Gi. By making use of the convolution theorem the probability distribution PV (v) that V assumes value equal to v can be expressed as Pv(v = F-'[F(Pv,(vi)) -F(Pv,(V2)) .... F(Pv, (viv))], where F denotes a Fourier transform, F- 1 its inverse and v (vi) the probability distributions of individual terms . Taking in addition into account the fact that:

Pi (Vi = f dgiPGi (i)PCi (Vi/90/19 1 (3) one can explicitly derive the form of Pv(v) in several cases. Assuming all the above constituents are identically Gaussian distributed (Pv,(vi = Ko(lvil)/7r and thus F (v (vi) = 1/ V1 -+w2) one arrives at

-PV M = IVI(N-1)12 K(N-1)12(IVI) (4) 2(N-1)12r(NI 2) V/7r where K stands for the modified Bessel function. Asymptotically, for large v, this leads to: pV(V _ eXp(_V)WN12-1(V), (5) where WL denotes a polynomial of order L. For such a global estimate the identical Gaussian distribution of g, is consistent both with the Two-Body Random Ensemble (TBRE) and with the Random Quasiparticle Ensemble (RQE). The only anticipated difference originates from the fact that in the second case the variance of the distribution drops down with like the inverse of 2Y + 1 which is expected to result in a smaller effective N as compared to TBRE. By contrast, in both versions of the above random ensembles the geometry expressed by cj','Pit enters explicitly. However, the complicated quasi-random coupling of individual spins is believed to result in the so-called geometric chaoticity. An explicit verification shows 2 that the Gaussian may be considered quite a reasonable representation of the distribution of such factors for all combinations of J and X with one exception for those which involve J = . In this later case the distribution of coaa, resembles more a uniform distribution over a finite interval located symmetrically with respect to zero. These empirical facts justify well the estimates of Pv(v) based on eq. 4 for J 4 0 and not so well for J = . More appropriate in this particular case is to assume a uniform distribution of coaa, over an interval confined by say -co and co, i.e., Pci (ci = 1/2co, retaining PG, (gi) in its original Gaussian form of course. By making use of eqs. 2) and 3) one then obtains:

PV M erf (co wl v2 I N cos(wv)dw (6) V2 fo COW which for large v behaves like: Pv(v) - exp(-v 2). (7)

The probability of appearance of a large off-diagonal matrix element which in magnitude over- whelms the remaining ones is thus greater for J than for J = .

References:

1. C.W. Johnson, G.F. Bertsch, and D.J. Dean, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 1998) 2749; 2. S. Droid and M. W6jcik, Physica A301 2001) 291; 3. S. Drodi, S. Nishizaki, J. Speth, and M. W6jcik, Phys. Rev. E57 1998) 4016. Department of Nuclear Reactions 21 PLO300017

Energy Gap Effect in the Shell Model with Random Two-Body Interactions S. Droz'& and M. W6jcik

In the present study we address the question of a possible emergence of the order effects in two- body random ensembles of random matrices. One principal directly observable characteristic of such effects is the appearance of energy gaps at the edges of the spectrum. The model to be quantitatively explored here consists, similarly as in Ref. [1), of six identical particles (all single particle energies are set to zero) operating in the sd-shell. Rom the nuclear spectroscopy point of view this corresponds to the 220 nucleus. The statistics is collected from one thousand of RQE samples of two-body matrix elements. The central result of our related investigations is shown in Fig. .

Fig. 2 The information 0. `0=1 entropy normalised 0 J-2 a 3=3 to its GOE limit 4 OM 5 (KIJIKGO_,) for all the 0. 1=6 0.9 states I from various 0.0 0.001 . . . . J-sectors (all positive 0.1- parity) versus the en- 0.01 - ergies (EJ) of those 0.00 1 1 j 1 states. Circles corre- 0 I spond to J 0, squares 0.01 - 0.001 1 1 1 F71 to J 1 diamonds 0.7- 0.1 to J 2, upwards 0.01 oriented triangles to 0.001 j=1 J = 3, left oriented 0.1 0.01 0.6 - triangles to J = 4, 0.00 downwards oriented 0. triangles to J = and 0.0 right oriented triangles

5 10 O" -6 o 2 4 6 to J = 6. Lines are Energy 11 drawn to guide the eye.

Fig. 1: Distributions of ground state energy gaps for successive J's.

Here the distribution of the ground state (EJ)I energy gaps sJ = E2 - E)IDJ,I for different J- sectors is shown. In this expression DJ denotes the average global level spacing among the remaining states, characteristic for a given J, DJ = (EJmi - E-')IMj.I In view of the results presented in our previous contribution it seems quite natural to see that there is a significant probability of nonzero ground state energy gaps relative to DJ. This can easily be traced back to the different distributions of states corresponding to the RQE relative to COE (Gaussian-like versus semicircular). Interestingly, however, there is a nonzero probability for appearance of even very large (- 10) gaps and that the large ground state energy gaps are more probable in the higher J-sectors (J = 2 - 4 than in the J = sector. This indicates more orderly ground states in the J = 2 - 4 sectors, which turns out consistent with their localization length. The latter can be quantified in terms of the information entropy K - -'V'mjZ., la 1,i "12 In a-,,,1, 12 of an eigenstate labeled by I from the J-sector. The coefficients

aiI'a denote the eigenvector components in the basis lal. Each KI is normalised to its GOE limit, KJOEG = ,(Mi/2 + 1 - V(3/2), where is the digamma function. Within our model the so-calculated and RE ensemble averaged quantity for all the states versus their corresponding energies is illustrated in Fig. 2 As anticipated, it is not J = whose lowest eigenstate comes out most localised, i.e., most rgular. The lowest states for several higher J values deviate much more from GOE. This 22 Department of Nuclear Reactions in particular applies to J 2 and, especially, to J = 4 This thus indicates more favorable conditions for the emergence of energy gaps for larger J than for J = 2. References: 1. C.W. Johnson, GY Bertsch, and D.J. Dean, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 1998) 2749; 2. S. Droid and M. W6jcik, Physica A301 2001) 291.

Identifying Complexity by Means of Matrices S. Dro&, J. Kwapiefi, J. Speth', and M. W6jcik

PLO300018 'Institut ftir Kernphysik, FZ Ailich, Gennany

Approaching complex systems is typically based on analyzing large multivariate ensembles of parameters. The most efficient formal frame to quantify the whole variety of effects connected with complexity is provided by the matrix formalism. Since complexity is embedded in chaos, or even noise, the random matrix theory (RMT) provides then an appropriate reference. The degree of agreement with RMT quantifies the generic properties of a system, connected with chaotic or noisy activity. For the complex systems this is expected to be a dominant component, but this component is not what constitutes an essence of complexity. From this perspective the deviations are even more interesting as they reflect a creative and perhaps deterministic potential emerging from a noisy background of such systems. Matrices provide a very practical and powerful tool in approaching and quantifying the related characteristics. Expressed in the most general form, in essentially all the cases of practical interest, the n x n matrices W used to describe the complex system are by construction designed as: W = XyT' where X and Y denote the rectangular n x m matrices. Such, for instance, are the correlation matrices whose standard form corresponds to Y = X. The more general case, of X and Y different, results in asymmetric correlation matrices with complex eigenvalues V Such matrices also turn out to provide a very powerful tool in practical applications [1]. Further examples of matrices of similar structure include the Hamiltonian matrices of strongly interacting quantum many body systems such as atomic nuclei. This holds true 2] on the level of bound states where the problem is described by the Hermitian matrices, as well as for excitations embedded in the continuum 3. Several variants of random matrix ensembles provide an appropriate reference for quantifying various characteristics of complexity. The bulk of such characteristics is expected to be consistent with RMT, but the existing deviations signal emergence of synchronous or coherent patterns, i.e., the effects connected with the reduction of dimensionality. In the matrix terminology such patterns can be associated with a reduced rank k (thus k < n) of a leading component W, of W. A satisfactory structure of the matrix that would allow some coexistence of chaos (or noise) and collectivity reads:

W W, +W,. (2)

In the absence of W, the second term W, generates k nonzero eigenvalues, and all the remaining ones (n - k) constitute the zero modes. When W, enters as a noise correction, a trace of the above effect is expected to remain, i.e., k large eigenvalues and the bulk composed of n - k small eigenvalues whose distribution and fluctuations are consistent with an appropriate version of random matrix ensemble. One likely mechanism that may lead to such a segregation of eigenspectra is that m in eq. (1 is significantly smaller than n, or that the number of large components makes it effectively small on the level of large entries w of W. Another mechanism that may lead to a structure analogous to 2) is the presence of some systematic trend 4 in addition to noise, in the X and Y matrices. Based on several examples of natural complex dynamical systems, like the strongly interacting Fermi systems, the human brain and the financial markets, we provide [5] evidence that such effects are indeed common to all the phenomena that intuitively can be qualified as complex. Department of Nuclear Reactions 23

References: 1. J. Kwapiefl, S. Dro&, and A.A. loannides, Phys. Rev. E 62 2000) 5557; 2. S. Drod, M. W6jcik, Physica A301 2001) 291-5 3. S. Dro&, A. Trellakis, and J. Warnbach, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 1996) 4891; 4. S. Dro&, F. CHirnmer, A.Z. G6rski, F. uf, and J. Speth, Physica A287 2000) 440; 5. S. Dro&, J. Kwapiefi, J. Speth, and M. W6jcik, cond-mat/012271, Physica A 2002).

Dynamics of Financial Correlations in the Matrix Representation C)C)' co S. Dro&, F. Grdrnmer', J. Kwapiefi, and J. Speth' -J a- Institut fUr Kernphysik, FZ JiVich, Germany

In global terms the financial correlations can be classified as correlations in space and correlation,- in time, though of course they are somewhat interrelated. The first category so far studied involves for instance the correlations among the companies comprised by a single stock market. In the present application, we propose to use the concept of the correlation matrix such that it focuses entirely on the timecorrelations, with the entries being constructed from the time-series of normalized price returns representing the consecutive trading days. Our study is based on the DAX recordings with the frequency of 15 s during the period between November 28, 1997 and September 17, 1999. By taking the DAX intraday 15 s variation between the trading time :03 and 17:10, one obtains complete and equivalent time series representing different trading days during this calendar period. A principal characteristic of interest is the structure of eigenspectrum. In the resulting probability density of eigenvalues (Fig. 1), there exist two almost degenerate ones visibly repelled from the others, i.e. well above the upper edge allowed for a purely random matrix (-- 219) which indicates that the dynamics develops certain time specific repeatable structures in the intraday trading. The bulk of the spectrum, however, agrees remarkably well with the bounds prescribed by purely random correlations. This indicates that a whole nonrandomness can be associated with the two largest eigenvalues An analogous study of the volatility correlations shows that even in this case the structure of eigenspectrurn of the resulting matrix is consistent with purely random correlations. However, now one can identify three outlying eigenvalues and the largest of them is repelled significantly higher (Fig. 1).

PA) PA)

0.9 0.9

0.6 0.6

0.3 0.3

0 0 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 X X

Fig. 1: Probability density of correlation matrix eigenvalues for DAX returns (left) and DAX volatility (right), together with theoretical distribution for purely random correlations (dashed lines).

The structure of eigenspectrum. of a matrix is expected to be related to the distribution of its elements (Fig. 2 In the case of index returns this distribution is symmetric with respect to zero: • Gaussian like for small matrix elements, but sizably broader than a Gaussian for large ones, where • power law with the index of about 5.5 - 57 provides a reasonable representation. It is these tails which generate'the two largest eigenvalues seen in the left panel in Fig. 1. The volatility correlation matrix reveals different distribution. The center of this distribution is shifted towards positive values and this is responsible for the largest eigenvalue. Distribution asymmetry originates from the fact 24 Department of Nuclear Reactions

lo' 10

5.7 5.5 lo- I O`

10 10 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 C"(X/ C(".,w

Fig. 2 Distribution of matrix elements for DAX returns (left) and volatilities (right). Power law fits to the distribution tails (solid lines, left panel) and a Gaussian best fit (dashed lines) are also shown. that the volatility fluctuations are stongly asymmetric relative to their average value. The slope on the right hand side cannot be here reliably measured in terms of a single power law, but its even smaller value as compared to the case of returns is evident. On the other hand, on the negative side the distribution drops down very fast and, therefore, the separation between the two remaining large eigenvalues is significantly more pronounced than in the case of returns.

References:

1. S. Drod, J. Kwapiefi, F. rilmmer, F. Ruf, and J. Speth, Physica A299 2001) 144; 2. J. Kwapiefi, S. Dro2d, F. Grilmmer, F. Ruf, and J. Speth, cond-mat/0108068, Physica A 2002); 3. A.M. Sengupta and P.P. Mitra, Phys. Rev. E60 1999) 3389.

PLO300020 Hard Component to Pion-Pion Scattering

A. Szezurek, N.N. Nikolaev I and J. Speth'

'Institut fUr Kernphysik, Kernforschungszentrum JiVich, Germany

We evaluate the pCD two-gluon (2G) contribution to the elastic pion-pion scattering. We treat the pion as a quark-antiquark state. Calculation of Born amplitudes in the non-relativistic approximation for the target and beam pions can be found elsewhere [1]. In the present communication we report results for elastic pion-pion scattering based on a relativistic light-cone description of the pion 2. Making use of the Sudakov technique 3 one readily obtains the impact factor representation of the pion-pion scattering amplitude:

g2 r2) q2 K2),(D2g I A(-) - d S I _ s 2 7_4 7r- 9 (27r)2 f (4'/2 g)2 (,T12 g)2 where is the two-gluon pionic impact factor, 1/2 = 9 are the exchanged-gluon momenta, which are purely transverse, 29 is the CD color factor and g, is the CD strong charge. In our practical calculations the CD coupling constant is frozen in the infra-red region. There are four different diagrams how two gluons may couple to the pion. In general, both gluons may couple to the same quark/antiquark or to quark and antiquark. This leads to 16 exchange amplitudes for pion-pion scattering. The anatomy of the exchange amplitude is shown in more detail in Fig. I where we present the cross section calculated in the case when gluons couple only to the same quark/antiquark (impulse Department of Nuclear Reactions 25 approximation) and in the case when gluons couple only to different constituents of both pions We shall call the later components Glauber-Gribov-Landshoff GGL) terms. The IA components dominate at small to moderate values of Itl < 0.5 GeV2, where the nonrelativistic and light-cone amplitudes are nearly identical. A comparison of the NR and LC cases shows clearly a substantial suppression of the GGL contribution by the q - z correlations inherent to the LC case. The GGL mechanism dominates at Itl 1.0 GeV where the light-cone amplitude decreases faster than the nonrelativistic one. One should note, however, that even at large It - 4 GeV' due to interference effects all contributions must be included.

> > 0 10- nonrelotivistic W 10- light-cone 0 0 11N, -2 IN, -2 E 10 E 10 -3 -3 1 0 1 0

b 10-4 b 10-4

10-5 10-5 -6 6 10 10 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 t (GeV2) t (GeV2)

Fig. 1: The emergence of GGL dominance in elastic pion-pion scattering for the two-gluon exchange model. The dashed line is for pure IA contributions, whereas the dotted line corresponds to the pure GGL terms. The thick solid line corresponds to the full result with all terms for the impact factor.

References:

1. J.F. Gunion and D.E. Soper, Phys. Rev. D15 1977) 2617; 2. A. Szczurek, N.N. Nikolaev, and J. Speth, hep-ph/0112331; 3. V.N. Gribov, L.N. Lipatov, and G.V. Frolov, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 12 1971) 543.

PLO300021 Soft Components to Pion-Pion Scattering A. Szczurek, N.N. Nikolaevl, and J. Spethl

'Institut flir Kernphysik, Kemforschungszentrum Ailich, Gertnany

The understanding of the onset of hard pCD regime requires evaluation of the large-Itl tail from soft non-perturbative interactions. In the nonperturbative region of small transferred momenta in baryon-baryon and meson-baryon elastic scattering one is bound to the Regge phenomenology [1 2. In the case of pion-pion scattering the soft pomeron exchange must be supplemented by the subleading isoscalar (f) and isovector (p) reggeon exchanges. Here we resort to the simplest Regge- inspired phenomenological form:

Alp(t) = i p (slso)"PM - Fjp(t)2 Af(t = -qf(t)Cf-(s1so)Qf(0-Ff(0,2

Ap(t = -qp(t) Cp (s1s0)`P(0 F(t)P 26 Department of Nuclear Reactions where 71f and p are somewhat simplified signature factors:

,qR = exp(iORM) (2) with the phase depending on the reggeon signature. In the impulse approximation, the Regge pole contributions to different scattering processes are related by the Regge factorization. In our case of 77r scattering residues at t = can be evaluated from those for N and NN scattering as: Jr (Ci7rN)2 CiT = CNN (3) i for each reggeon i = IP, f , p. Then the corresponding Regge phenomenology of 7rN and NN scattering 3 gives Qrp = 856 mb, Cf 13.39 mb and Cp = 16.38 mb.

35 I I I I I I , 35 opposite-sign pions: some-sign pions 30 30 25 b 25 20 20 15 15 10 I 5 5 0 0 0 5 10 0 5 10 W (GeV) W (GeV)

Fig. 1: Total cross section for 7r+-7r- and 77+ or 7-7r- scattering as a function of center-of-mass energy W. The experimental data for r+7r- scattering (left panel) were extracted from p --+ XA++ (open circles) and from 7r+n --+ Xp (full circles). The experimental data for 7r-7r- scattering (right panel) were extracted from 7r-p 4 XA++ (open circles) and from 7-n 4 Xp (full circles). The single IP and subleading reggeon exchanges are given by the dashed lines. The solid line includes absorption corrections to be discussed in the next contribution.

Here for example we shall discuss the total cross section for both opposite-sign and the same- sign pion-pion scattering. In Fig. I we compare our predictions with the quasi-data from 4 While the opposite-sign pion-pion total cross section depends strongly on energy, the same-sign pion-pion total cross section is almost independent of energy. In the spirit of duality, the near cancellation of contributions from crossing-even and crossing-odd Regge exchanges in the 77r+,-7r-7r- channels is not accidental and is consistent with the absence of isotensor s-channel resonances, in close analogy to the flatness of the pp total cross section. References: 1. A.C. Irving and R.P. Worden, Phys. Rep. 34.(1977) 117; A.B. Kaidalov, Phys. Rep. 50 1979) 157; 2. P.D.B. Collins, An Introduction to Regge Theory and High Energy Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1977; 3. A. Donnachie and P.V. Landshoff, Phys. Lett. B296 1992) 227; 4. B.G. Zakharov and V.N. Sergeev, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 39 1984) 448. Department of Nuclear Reactions 27 PLO300022 Multiple Scattering Effects in Pion-Pion Scattering A. Szczurek, N.N. Nikolaev I and J. Speth' Institut Ar Kemphysik, Kemforschungszentrum Ailich, Germany

Absorption corrections to single reggeon+pomeron exchange have been studied actively in the past (see for instance [1] and references therein; a more recent dicussion can be found e.g. in 21). One usually resorts to the so-called eikonal approximation. Here we restrict ourselves to the dominant double-scattering corrections which read

Aj(2) (s, k)- f d2 ,d 22 j2(k - 2) A1) (s, 1) A(" (s, 2) . 327r2s z 3

In general, the single scattering amplitudes A(')k in (1) are not restricted to soft reggeon exchanges and hard two-gluon exchanges should be included too. Consequently in the following we shall include the (soft soft), (soft hard)+(hard soft) and (hard hard) double-scattering amplitudes. The last three double-scattering contributions are expected to be small, at least at forward angles, compared to the leading (soft soft) absorption correction. In the (hard hard) case the eikonal amplitude sums only a certain subset of possible four-gluon exchange amplitudes, but this contribution is entirely negligible.

"-% ... I I... I.. I...I I-' .. 1 I....I.... I .... Fig. 1: The effect of the absorption 14 N > 1 opposite-sign pons > 1 some-sign pions corrections on the t-dependence of the elastic 77r cross sections for opossite- E I E i o sign pions and same-sign pions for W 2 2 4 GeV. In this calculation the slope pa- 10 411 -0 I -2 0 3 rameter B 4 GeV The cross see b b tion for single-exchange is shown by _0 -4 -0 -4 -5 the dashed line, while the cross section 0 10 which includes double-scattering effect I0-6 10 -6 ...... by the solid line. By the dotted line we - 3 2 -1 0 -4 3 2 0 t (GeV2) t (GeV2) show the cross section calculated from the double-scattering amplitude alone.

For example, in Fig. I we compare differential cross sections for single-exchanges and those including the double-scattering terms. Again one can observe rather different pattern for the opposite-sign (left panel) and the same-sign (right panel) pion-pion scattering. The deep minima for opposite-sign pion-pion scattering are due to strong destructive interference of the single- and double-scattering terms. To illustrate this better, by the dotted line we show separately the cross section corresponding to the double-scattering amplitude alone. As one can see in the figure, the minima in the total cross section (solid) occur in the position where the cross sections corresponding to single-scattering (dashed) and double-scattering (dotted) are identical. References:

1. K.A. Ter-Martirosyan, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 10 1970) 600; 2. E. Gotsman, E. Levin, and U. Maor, Phys. Lett. B452 19) 387. 28 PLO300023 Department of Nuclear Reactions

Pseudofractals and Box Counting Algorithm A.Z. G6rski

The notion of fractal was introduced in the 70's by B. Mandelbrot and soon became very fashion- able. In mathematical sense a set is called fractal when its Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension (dHB) is greater than its topological dimension (dT). Since fractality is strictly related to the physically important self similarity (self affinity), scaling symmetries and the renormalization group, it is widely used in physics on all scales: ranging from particle to astrophysics, and in various areas, ranging from the solid state physics to econophysics [1]. It is shown that for sets with the Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension equal zero the box counting algorithm (BCA) commonly used to calculate Renyi exponents (dq) can exhibit perfect scaling sug- gesting non zero dq 2 These pathological sets we call pseudofractal 3 4 Special examples of these sets are , = /n'j, where a > 0. In Fig. the standard log-log plots are shown for the case a = 1. One can observe perfect linear scaling throughout about 6 orders of magnitude. However, the stadard BCA obviously violates the Hentschel-Procaccia (HP) rule (q > q implies d. dql, [51) (Fig. (A)). This effect can be viewed as a simple indicator of pseudofractality. On the other hand, the modified BCA as described in Ref 4 can preserve the HP rule (Fig. 1(13)). In mathematical terms, different results for the exponents dq are due to different methods (order) of taking the singular limit with number of data points tending to infinity and the size of the box approaching zero. Numerical, as well as analytical results for ds were obtained for classes of pseudofractal sets. In addition, histograms made of pseudofractal sets are shown to have Pareto tails.

15 (A) (B) 10

0 0 5 10 1 5 20 25 30 0 5 1 0 1 5 20 25 30

log, N log, N Fig. 1: Log-log plots for the harmonic series (x, = I/n) with q = (crosses), 0.25 (full circles), 0.5 (squares), 075 (diamonds) and I (circles) with 104 data points and linear fits (solid lines). The left panel (A) is for the standard BCA, the right panel (B) is for the modified BCA.

References: 1. A. Bialas and R. Peszanski, Nucl. Phys. B308 1988) 803; P.H. Coleman, L. Pietronero, and R.H. Sanders, Astron. Astrophys. 200 1988) L32; D.R. Hofstadter, Phys. Rev. B4 1976) 2239; C.J.G. Evertsz in: Proc. of First Int. Conf. on High Frequency Data in Finance, Ziirich, 995; 2. A. Renyi, 1970 "Probability Theory", Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1970; 3. A.Z. G6rski, "Comment on Fractality of Quantum Mechanical Energy Spectra", preprint arXiv:chao- dyn/9804034 1998); 4. A.Z. G6rski, J. Phys. A34 001) 7933; 5. H.G.E. Hentschel and 1. Procaccia, Physica, D8 1983) 435. Department of Nuclear Reactions PLO300024 29

First-forbidden Mirror Decays in A = 17 Nuclei N. Michel', F. Nowacki2, J. Okolowicz, and M. Ploszajczak'

GANIL, CEAIDSM - CNRSlIN2P3, BP 5027 France; 'Laboratoire de Physique Th6orique Strasbourg (EP 106), Strasbourg Cedex, France

The first-forbidden decay rate (f +) from the ground state of 7Ne to the weakly bound first excited state in 17 F exhibits an abnormal asymmetry with respect to its isospin mirror,6- decay rate (f -) of 7N into a well bound excited state of 170 [1]. This asymmetry has been explained either by large asymmetry of radial sizes Of S1/2 s.p. states involved in 7F/170 [1] or by the charge-dependent effects leading to different amplitudes of v[(OP1/2)'1'7r[(OP1/2 )2(OSI/2 )2] and 7[(0P1/2)'1Z'[(0P1/2 )2 (OS1/2 )2] components in the g.s. wave function of 17Ne and "N, respectively 2 These two qualitative analyses lack a consistent treatment of radial properties of wave functions involved in these transitions.

1500

1000

4, 500

0 100

L 50 Fig. 1: f f factors and their ratio f +If for the first-forbidden transitions from the ground states of 17Ne and 7N to first excited states of "F and 17 as 0 a function of diffuseness parameter of the initial SMEC 30. potential. ZBM-O* effective shell model potential was L used to calculate the structure of 170. The shaded area + 20 4, represents the experimental error on the ordinate axis and acceptable values of potential diffuseness on the ab- 101 ...... scissa. 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 a

The stringent constrain on the mean square radius of the mean field (or diffuseness parameter in the case of Woods-Saxon potential) generating radial s.p. wave function is provided by proton radiative capture cross section 6 p,-Y) 17F to the proton 'halo' state , which in the formalism of SMEC 3] 2 can be calculated simultaneously with decay using the same many body wave functions. These capture cross section data can be well reproduced using the diffuseness a = .5 ± .05 fin. The experimental rate f + is reproduced by the SMEC calculation with ZBM-F interaction, which is a hybrid interaction to reproduce the experimental energy splitting of 2 and 21+ states in 7F. However, the analogous interaction ZBM-0 overpredicts the f rate. Therefore we have introduced further modified interaction called ZBM-O* (in terms of d5/2 and S/2 s.p. energy splitting), which is still acceptable from the point of view of the experimental energy splitting, but changes 170 wave function enough to reproduce 3- rate correctly (see Fig. 1).

References:

1. M.J.G. Borge et al, Phys. Lett. B317 1993) 25; 2. D.J. Millener, Phys. Rev. C55 1997) R1633; 3. K. Bennaceur et al, Nucl. Phys. A651 1999) 289. 30 Department of Nuclear Reactions PLO300025

Binding Energies of Neutron Rich Oxygen and Fluorium Isotopes J. Okolowicz, N. Michel', F. Nowacki2 , and M. Ploszajczak' GANIL, CEAIDSM - CNRSlIN2P3, BP 5027, Caen Cedex, Fance; 2Laboratoire de Physique Th6orique Strasbourg (EP 106), France

Following the recent success of standard shell model in describing one- and two-neutron separation energy [1], we have applied our extension of the shell model (SMEC) 2 to estimate the influence on these quantities coming from the coupling to continuum. One can expect these effects to be important when an isotopic chain approaches neutron drip line. To asses quantitatively the absolute value of this correction one has to couple each ground state of A (N, Z) nucleon system to all daughter states, i. e. localized A - (N - , Z) nucleon system and one neutron in the continuum, that couple significantly to it. From our previous studies 3 we have learned that for low lying states the important contribution comes only from the limited excitation of A - (N - , Z) nucleus, therefore, calculations are possible even if the total number of states of this nucleus is very high.

2 -

Fig. 1: The SMEC correction to the 4 - ground state energy (mass) of oxygen (circles) and fluorium. (triangles) isotopes using shell model interaction of [1] Up

6 - to maximum of 24 daughter (A - 1) states were taken for oxygen and 48 states for fluorium. chain with an exception of 3F where due to very high level density in 8 3OF we took 100 states. 12 14 16 18 20 22 N

The preliminary results for oxygen and fluorium chains are presented in Fig. 1. However, the exponential rise of level density as a function of excitation energy causes that even small couplings become important if they are numerous. The shell model structure of nuclei provides the highest level density in the middle of shell. On the other hand the importance of the continuum coupling depends mainly on the excitation energy 3 Therefore, the results in Fig. are not fully convergent at N zz14, especially for the fluorium chain, where the density of shell model levels is almost an order of magnitude higher than in oxygen. Apart from this 'transition' region, where the continuum correction becomes important, the overall picture is clear and corroborating the conjecture about importance of the continuum coupling close to the drip line. However, at the drip line the one-neutron separation energy might be much larger than the two-neutron one, and two-particle continuum becomes more important. This effect cannot be taken into account in the present version of SMEC, but investigations along this line are in progress. References: 1. E. Caurier et al, Phys. Rev. C58 1998) 2033; 2. K. Bennaceur et al, Nucl. Phys. A651 1999) 289; 3. S. Dro& et al, Phys. Rev. C62 2000) 024313. Department of Nuclear Reactions 31 PLO300026

Resonant ddy-Molecule Formation in Liquid Ortho-D2 and Para-D2 A. Adamczak

The study of muon catalyzed fusion in deuterium targets, performed at JINR (Dubna) [1], gave a surprisingly high value of 27 ps-1 for the resonant deformation rate at temperature of 19 K. The standard theory 2 valid for gas targets, predicts negligible values of the rate at lowest temperatures. That is why a method of the resonant-rate calculation in dense-fluid targets has been developed and applied in the case of liquid deuterium. Fig. I sh ows the energy-dependent rate for the 19-K ortho-D2

1.5 ----- O O E O i q 0 2 al ...... 03

0.5

o 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 tA energy (eV)

Fig. 1: Calculated rates of resonant ddlt formation in dp-atom collision with 19-K liquid ortho-D2 and para-D2 targets versus d energy in LAB. and para-D2 targets, calculated using the new method. The widths of the lowest resonance peaks are determined by the self-diffusion constant in liquid deuterium. The average value of the rate, assuming the thermalized Maxwell distribution of dp-atom energy in the statistical mixture of ortho-D2 and para- D2, is equal to 26 ps- 1 which agrees well with the JINR experiment. An apparent ortho-para effect is analogous to that predicted for solid deuterium targets 3 and confirmed by the KEK-RIKEN-RAL experiment 4 Further experiments in liquid deuterium, for different temperatures and ortho-para concentrations, are planned at JINR 4. References:

1. D.L. Dernin, Hyperfine Interactions 101/102 1996) 13; 2. M.P. Faifrnan et al., Muon Catalyzed Fusion 4 1989) 1; 3. A. Adarnczak and M.P. Faifman, Phys. Rev. A64 2001) 052705; 4. A. Toyoda et al., Ph.D. thesis, University of Tokyo 2000); 5. V.G. Zinov, A. Adamczak, et al., JINR project "Experimental Study of the Ortho-Para Effects in IXF Reactions in Dense Deuterium", JINR, Dubna, 2001. 32 Department of Nuclear Reactions PLO300027 Matrix Elements for Calculation of Resonant dt/-t-Formation Rates in Solid-HD Targets A. Adamczak and M.P. Faifmani 'Russian Scientific Center, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

Resonant formation of dtp muonic molecule can be observed in collisions of ty-atoms with hydrogen-isotope molecules HD, D2, and DT. The strongest resonant-formation peaks have been predicted for HD-targets [1]. Since these peaks are placed at LAB energy of 02 - 06 eV, they cannot be directly observed in standard experiments using gas targets kept at temperatures much lower than a few thousand kelvin. In these targets muonic atoms are quickly thermalized and their average energy usually does not exceed 0.1 eV. Therefore a special method of production of energetic (- I eV) tp- atom beam has been developed at the meson facility TRIUMF (Vancouver) 2 based on the presence of the Rarnsauer-Townsend minimum at about I eV in the dy + p and ty + p elestic cross sections. Energetic tp-atoms, are formed in a thin layer of frozen H2 + T2 and emitted to vacuum. Then they can collide with another layer, e.g. frozen HD, which enables time-of-flight measurement of rates of different muonic-atornic and muonic-molecular processes in a wide energy range. The TRIUMF experiments confirmed very high resonant dtp formation rate in HD that removes the main bottleneck of muon-catalyzed dt-fusion 3 However, the shape of the resonances is quite different from that obtained in the gas-target theory. Thus, calculations of the rates should be repeated for solid HD, including different solid-state effects. Calculation of the energy-dependent transition-matrix elements for dty formation in molecules HD has been the first step of this procedure.

15 ortho para 10

4, 5

0 10 I 10 d[t energy (meV)

Fig. 1: Energy-dependent transition-matrix elements IV f 12 for dtp resonant formation in tp scattering on HD molecules. The curves correspond to different transitions from the ground vibrational (v = ) and rotational state (K = 0) of HD-molecule to the states f = 2 and Kf = 01,2, and 3 of the molecular complex [(dty)pee].

The figure above shows numerical results for resonant formation of the complex [(dtp)pee in the vibrational-rotational state f = 2 Kf = 0, 1 2 and 3 in ty collision with the ground-state HD-molecule. References:

1. M.P. Faifman and L.I. Ponomarev, Phys Ltt. B265 1991) 201; 2. G.M. Marshall et al., in "Muonic Atom and Molecules", ed., Birkhduser-Verlag, Basel 1993) 251; 3. T.A. Porcelli, A. Adarnezak et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 3763. Department of Nuclear Reactions PLO300028 33

Lifetime Measurements of Heavy Hypernuclei - Investigation of the Nonmesonic Decay of the A-Hyperon

P. Kulessa, K. Pysz, W. Cassing', L. Jarczyk 3, B. Kamys', H. Ohm', Z. Rud y3, and H. Str6her' 'Institut ftir Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Alich, Germany; nstitut flir Theoretische Physik, Justus Liebig Universitdt Giessen, Germany; 3M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Poland

The study of the nonmesonic A decay (A N - N + N), enables one to obtain information on the weak baryo - baryon interaction with strangeness changing AS = . Investigation of the dependence of the hyperon lifetime for the nonmesonic decay on the mass of the hypernucleus allows one to test the validity of the phenomenological Al = 12 rule known for the mesonic decay of kaons and hyperons. To observe the nonmesonic decay process heavy hypernuclei were produced with a proton beam on Au, Bi and U targets. In these nuclei the mesonic decay of the A hyperon (A -7r + N) is strongly Pauli blocked and practically only nonmesonic decay process is observed []. The experiments were carried out at COSY Rilich, Germany.

shadow region: bright region: prompt and 10 7 delayed delayed 6 p+Bi fission fission 10 fragmen fragments 5 f I 10

Multi Wire 10 4 Proportional 3 Chambers 10 2 10

target holder 10 ttttt fit "4 t and shadow edgo

proton beam 10 Ta 10 20 30 40 50 60 Position (mm)

Fig. 1: Left part: Principle of the detection method. Right part: example distributions measured for a Bi target at 1.0 GeV (open circles) and 19 GeV (full dots) 2 3.

The proton beam is hitting the target from the left side (Fig. 1). The fission fragments produced in the target can reach only bright part of the detector because the shadow part is screened against such fragments by the target holder. Hypernuclei recoil out of the target and undergo delayed fission after A decay. Such fission fragments can reach the shadow region of the detector. From the observed distribution of the delayed fission fragments in shadow region we extracted the lifetime of A hypernuclei by fitting a calculated distribution to the experimental one. The easurements were performed at 1.0 GeV for background measurement (hypernucleus production is negligible) and at 19 GeV where hypernuclei can be produced and the background from prompt fission are expected to be the same as measured at 1.0 GeV 2 - 4. In the left panel of the Fig. 2 the hypernuclei lifetimes obtained in proton (COSY-13) and antiproton reactions on Au, Bi, U targets are shown. The average value for the lifetime of these nuclei is 145 ± 11 ps. In the right-hand panel of the Fig. 2 the theoretical mass dependence of the lifetime of hypernuclei for various ratios of the neutron to proton induced decay rate R1Rp is plotted together with experimental results for light and heavy hypernuclei. We found that RIRp < 2 (as required by the Al = 12 rule [1] is not compatible with the experimental data and thus we conclude that for the nonmesonic decay process the Al = 12 rule is violated [8 9. 34 Department of Nuclear Reactions

AVERAGE JFErimE 6-.J (145 /-11)1),

0,35 "Si

0,30 200- R,/Rp

0,25 Aj: Ion 2 0,20 V-X: +proton 4

F. 1--]

Bi antiproton 0,10 0 tiprot COSY 13 0,05

0 1001 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200'2iO'2iO'2 0 100 200 A Lifetime ps

Fig. 2 Left part: Lifetime data for heavy hypernuclei (proton points obtained by COSY-13 2 57]. Right part: Theoretical mass dependence of the lifetime of hypernuclei [1]. Curves are plotted for ratios RIRp of 1 2 and 4 together with the COSY-13 data (box) and data for light hypernuclei (full squares) (taken from [8]).

References:

1. Z. Rudy, et al., Eur. Phys. J. A5 1999) 127; 2. P. Kulessa, et al., Acta Phys. Pol. B33 2002) 603; 3. K. Pysz, et al., NIM A420 1999) 356; 4. Z. Rudy, et al., Z. Phys. A354 1996) 445; 5. B. Kamys, et al., Eur. Phys. J. All 2001) 1; 6. P. Kulessa, et al., Phys. Lett. B427 1998) 856; 7. T. A. Armstrong et al., Phys. Rev. C47 1993) 1957; 8. P. Kulessa, et al., J. Phys. G (in press); 9. W. Cassing, et al., nuel-ex/0109012. PLO300029

Study of 5H System Using tt 'Transfer Reactions R. Wolski (for ACCULINNA, RIKEN and DEMON Cooperations)

Recently a unique facility involving a cryogenic liquid tritium target and a primary 58 MeV triton beam has been acquired at RLNR JINR. This facility is suitable for studies of transfer reactions in the t + t system. The goal of the experiment was to search for a narrow structure in the excitation energy spectrum of 'H populated by t t, p 5H reaction. The beam energy resolution was reduced to 0.3% using magnetic separator ACCULINNA. The protons and tritons were detected and identified by position sensitive, large solid angle Si-telescopes. Neutrons were measured using European Neutron Array DEMON. The total energy resolution of 400 keV in term of 'H excitation energy has been achieved. Due to the presence of several background reactions the inclusive proton energy spectrum as well as that of the p - t coincidence one have not shown any resonance-like structure. In spite of low statistics the triple p - t - n coincidence events revealed a rather broad continuum spectrum with superimposed two narrow peaks which could be interpretated as resonance states at 1.8 and 2.7 MeV above 5H-4 t + n + n decay threshold. Monte Carlo simulations of various reactions lead to a conclusion that, in a given geometry, the broad spectrum is generated mainly by the 1-neutron transfer t(tpn)'H reaction. The most striking result are unexpectedly .narrow widths observed for both suggested resonances. They are close to the experimental energy resolution limit. Department of Nuclear Reactions 35 PLO300030

Search for Time Reversal Violating Effects in the Decay of Free Neutrons

M. Beck 4, K. Bodek', A. Czarnecki', W. Fetscher', W. Haeberli', C. Hilbes 2, K. Kirch', St. Kistryn' A Kozela, J. Pulutl,', P. Schuurmans', A. Serebrov', N. SeverijnS4, J. Sromicki', E. Stephan', and J. Zejma'

'Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kak6w, Poland; Institute of Particle Physics, ETH, Ziirich, Switzerland; 'Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; 4 Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium; University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; 'St. Petersburg Nuclear Physics In- stitute, atchina, Russia, 'University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; 'University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA

An experiment aiming at the simultaneous determination of both components of the transverse polarization of electrons emitted in the decay of free, polarized neutrons is underway at the cold neutron facility FUNSPIN at the spallation source SINQ PSI, Villigen, Switzerland. A dedicated polarized neutron beam line has been commissioned at SINQ, Sec- tor 50. Detailed measurements of the beam properties including the neutron I V5 flux distribution, the divergence, and the wavelength dependence of neutron polarization have been performed [1]. Based on the results from extensive laboratory and in-beam tests with the prototype Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber [2], a full size (50 x 50 m2) detecting system consisting of one MWPC and one scintillator wall has been designed and built. The detector, equipped with a new generation of readout and trigger electronics is shown in Fig. 1. The commissioning of this new system has been started in December 2001 and the data taken is be- Fig. 1: View of the new detecting system in- ing analyzed. They will be completed by stalled in the FUNSPIN area. The MWPC with a performance test, for which a measure- its signal processing and fast trigger electronics ment of the neutron Decay parameter A is seen in foreground. is planned.

References:

1. Ch. Hilbes, Ph.D. Thesis, ETH 2001); 2. K. Bodek et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A473 2001) 326.

Silicon Detectors PLO300031 E. Bialkowski

A basic problem concerning re-using of silicon detectors several times is their degradation upon irradiation during their operational life. This is why we decided to carry out a behaviour test of the Uppsala Spectator Detector [1] before it coud be used during the next COSY-11 experiments 2. The following detector parameters of are of main interest: - the charge collection defficienty, 36 Department of Nuclear Reactions

- the effective impurity concentration, - the reverse current. The result, which will be published in detail in the Annual Report IKP-JUlich, may be summarised as follows: degradation of detector properties, namely the reverse current, depleti on voltage effective impurity concentration and charge collection efficienty is typical for high irradiation dose, in particular of electrons, because a relatively small self-anneling effect (up to 2 years after irradiation) at room temperature has been observed. Such a self-anneling effect is not enough to ensure the operability of the detectors over an extended period of time, and a temperature enhanced anneling should be applied. A further development of the detection system consisting of thin epitaxial and thick silicon detectors is continued 3 Such integrated dE - E telescope will be manufactured by means of the epi-layer growth on a high resistivity substrate. The first silicon layer, grown by CVD (chemical vapor deposition), has the surface orientation (100), thickness of 20 Mm, and resistivity of 600 ohmcm. It was prepared with a m thick n+ layer as a joint back contact. The second layer, being a substrate, has a diameter of 3 inches, FZ (flating-zone technology), orientation (100), thickness of 380 m and a resistivity of 5.5 kohmcm. The next step of manufacturing process, as well as an implantation, etching and lithography, will be done in near future. Additionaly, some silicon detectors for the CHIC, COSY, FASA collaborations have been developed. A new triggering system, for the FASA experiment, consisting of the dE(SiAu - E(SiAu) telescope as the alternate for the dE(gas - E(SiAu) is specialy interesting. The thickness of the thin dE(SiAu) detector is 50 microns, the homogenity of thickness is better than 02% and the diameter - 41 mm. References:

1. R. Bilger et. al., NIM A457 2001) 64; 2. P. Moskal, T. Johanson et. al., COSY-11, Proposal 100, April 2001; 3. E. Bialkowski et. al., IFJ Annual Report, Krak6w, 1998) 33.

GRANTS:

Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:

1. Prof. A. Budzanowski - grant No: 2 P03B 126 15, "Compression Effect on the Decay of Highly Excited Nuclear Matter", 1 June 1998 - 30 June 2001; 2. Prof. S. Doid - grant No: 2 P03B 097 16, "Shell Model with Coupling to Continuum: Physics of Exotic Nuclear Processes", I January 1999 - 31 December 2001; 3. Dr. R. Siudak - grant No: P03B 085 20, "Experimental Investigation of Spectra of A = 6 Nuclei under the 33 Decay Threshold", 15 March 2001 - 30 September 2003; 4. Dr A. Siwek - grant No: P03B 040 21, "Measurement of Projectile Fragmentation Excitation Function in Heavy Ion", I September 2001 - 31 August 2003.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

INVITED TALKS:

1. A. Adamczak, "Muonic Molecule Formation in Condensed Deuterium", Department of Nuclear Reactions 37

Int. Conf. RKEN Muon Catalyzed Fusion and Related Exotic Atoms pCF01", Shimoda, Japan, 22-26 April 2001; 2. S. Droi&, "Quantifying Dynamics of Financial Correlations", NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Application of Physics in Economic Modelling", Prague, Czech Republic, 10 February 2001; 3. S. Dro&, "Characteristics of Correlation in Natural Complex Dynamical Systems", Int. Conference on Horizons in Complex System", Messina, (Sicily), Italy, 5-8 December 2001; 4. A. Szczurek, "Towards Mapping the Proton Unintegrated luon Distribution in Dijets Correlations in Real and Virtual Photoproduction at HERA", Int. Conf. DIS 2001, Bologna, Italy, April-May 2001; 5. J. Lukasik, "Au+Au Collisions at 40-150 MeV/nucleon: Rom Peripheral to Central INDRA(DGSI", Int. Workshop on Multifragmentation and Related Topics - 2001 (IWM2001) Catania, Italy, 28 November - I December 2001; 6. R. Wolski, "Direct Reactions with Exotic Beams" (DREB), Int. Conference Nuclear Physics at Border Lines", Orsay, France, 27-29 June 2001.

ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS:

1. S. Drod, "Dynamics of Financial Fluctuations", Int. Conference on "Interdisciplinary Study and Complexity", Mexico City, Mexico, 22-26 October 2001; 2. K. Pysz, "PISA" - New Spallation Experiment at COSY", CANU-Meeting, Bad Honnef, Germany, 16-17 December 2001; 3. J. Lukasik, "Some Gross Features of Non-Central Heavy Ion Collisions. First Results of the INDRAOGSI Campaign", XXXIX Int. Winster Meeting on Nuclear Physics, Bormio, Italy, 22-27 January 201; 4. J. Lukasik, "Some Gross Features of Non-Central Heavy Ion Collisions", ALADIN Workshop, Rauischholzhausen, Germany, 79 May 2001; 5. J. Lukasik, "Some Gross Features of Non-Central Heavy Ion Collisions", INDRA Meeting, Orsay, France, 34 July 2001; 6. J. Lukasik, "aansverse Velocity Scalling in Au+Au Midrapidity Emissions", INPC, Berkeley, California, USA, 30 July - 3 August 2001; 7. A. Siwek, "Projectile Fragmentation Wall - Status Report", CHIC Annual Meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark, 15-16 June 2001.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS:

1. A. Budzanowski, B. Czech, A. Siwek, I. Skwirczyfiska, and P. Staszel, "Forward Wall Detector at CELSIUS Storage Ring", 38 Department of Nuclear Reactions

Int. Nuclear Physics Conference, Nuclear Physics in the 21't Century", University of California, Berkeley, USA, 30 July - 3 August 2001; 2. J. Smyrski, H.H. Adam, A. Budzanowski, D. rzonka, L. Jarczyk, A. Khoukaz, K. Kilian, C. Kolf, P. Kowina, N. Lang, T. Lister, P. Moskal, W. Oelert, C. Quentmeier, R. Santo, G. Schep- ers, T. Sefzick, S. Sewerin, M. Siemaszko, A. Strzalkowski, P. Winter, M. Wolke, P. Wiistner, and W. Zipper, "Recent Results from the COSY-11 Experiment on Near-Threshold Meson Production on pp and pd Collosions", Int. Nuclear Phycisc Conference, "Nuclear Physics in the 21't Century", University of Califor- nia, Berkeley, USA, 30 July - 3 August 2001; 3. A.G. Artukh, A. Budzanowski, F. Ko9cielniak, J. Szmider, V.Z. Maikikov, et al., "Forward-Angle Yields of Isostopoes with 3 < Z < 0 Produced in the 22 Ne 40 A MeV)+9em Be Reaction" Int. Symposium on Exotic Nuclei EXON - 2001 Baikal Lake, Russia, 24 - 28 July 2001; 4. A.G. Artukh, A. Budzanowski, F. Kogcielniak, J. Szmider, V.Z. Maikikov, et al., "Correlation Experiments in the Inverse Kinematics", Int. Symposium on Exotic Nuclei "EXON - 2001", Baikal Lake, Russia, 24 - 28 July 2001; 5. A.G. Artukh, A.G. Semchenkov, M. Gruszecki, F. Kocielniak, J. Szmider, et al., "Basic Principles of Design of Separator COMBAS Magnets", Int. Symposium on Exotic Nuclei EXON - 2001", Baikal Lake, Russia, 24 - 28 July 2001; 6. A.G. Artukh, A.G. Semchenkov, M. ruszeki, F. Ko9cielniak, J. Szmider, et al., "31) - Magnetic Measurements of Analyzing Magmets Ml and M8 of Separator COMBAS", Int. Symposium on Exotic Nuclei EXON - 2001", Baikal Lake, Russia, 24 - 28 July 2001; 7. A.G. Artukh, A.G. Semchenkov, M. Gruszecki, F. Kogcielniak, J. Szmider, et al., "31) - Magnetic Measurements of Analyzing Magnets M2 and M7 of Separator COMBAS", Int. Symposium on Exotic Nuclei EXON - 2001 ", Baikal Lake, Russia, 24 - 28 July 2001; 8. A.G. Artukh, A.G. Sernchenkov, M. ruszecki, F. Kocielniak, J. Szmider, et al., "Magnetic Measurements of Correcting Magnets of Separator COMBAS", Int. Symposium on Exotic Nuclei EXON - 2001", Baikal Lake, Russia, 24 - 28 July 2001; 9. M. Beek, A. Czarnecki, W. Fetscher, W. Haeberli, C. Hilbes, K. Kirch, S. Kistryn, A. Kozela, J. Pulut, P. Schuurmans, A. Serebrov, N. Severijns, J. Sromicki, and J. Zejma, "Searcg for Time Reversal Violating Effects in the Decay of Free Neutrons", Int. Nuclear Physics Conference, Berkeley, California, USA, 29 July - 3 August 2001.

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:

1. J. Okolowicz - habilitation "A New Approach to Continuum Model and Its Applications"; 2. M. W6jci - Ph.D. "Coexistence of Collectivity and Chaos: Example of Nuclear Excited States"; 3. V. Uleshchenko - Ph.D. "Some Nonpartonic Effects in Inclusive and Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Lepton-Nucleon Scat- tering".

SCHOLARSHIPS:

1. S. Dro&, "Mercator Visiting Professor", Bonn University, Bonn, Germany, 15 October 2001 - 14 October 2002. Department of Nuclear Reactions 39

PRIZES:

1. A. Kozela, Reword of the Eidgen6ss1sche Technische Hochschule Ziirich for building the apparaturs for the measurement of the time reversal invariance in the neutron beta decay. EXTERNAL SEMINARS:

1. J. ukasik, "CHIMERA, the Code for Heavy Ion Medium Energy Reactions", University of Rochester NY, USA; 2. B. Czech "Presentation of the Forward Wall Detector", GSI, Darmstadt, February 2001.

LECTURES AND COURSES:

1. A. Budzanowski, "Physics of Quark-Gluon Plasma" - lectures for the 5th course of undergraduate students at the Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 2. A. Szczurek, "Investigations of Hadron Structure in Hard Processes" - lectures for the 5th course of undergraduate students at Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 3. T. Srokowski, "Deterministic Chaos" - lectures for the Ph.D. students; 4. S. Droid "Elements of Financial Physics" - lectures for the Ph.D. students.

SHORT TERM VISITORS:

1. Dr M.P. aifman - Kurchatov Institute, Russia; 2. Prof. S. Sakuta - Kurchatov Institute, Russia- 3. Prof. A. Rudchik - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 4. V. Pirnak - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 5. Prof. V. Olkhovsky - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 6. V. Kyryanchuk - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 7. V. Mezjevich - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 8. Dr 0. Povoroznyk - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 9. Dr S. Maydanyuk - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 10. Dr V. Semchankova - JINR Dubna, Russia; 11. Dr A. Khoukaz - IKP FZ Rilich, Germany; 12. Dr J. Haidenbauer - IKP F Rilich 13. Dr B. Grzonka - IKP FZ Jilich, Germany; 14. Dr A. Gasparian - 1KP FZ Jiilich, Germany; 15. Dr M. Wolke - IKP FZ Jiffich, Germany; 16. Dr T. Sefzick - IKP FZ Jiilich, Germany; 17. Dr G. Scheper - IKP FZ Jiffich, Germany; 18. Dr P. Wuestmer - IKP FZ Jdlich, Germany; 19. Dr H. Adam - IKP FZ Jiilich, Germany; 20. Dr H. Kol - IKP FZ Jiilich, Germany; 21. Dr P. Winte - IKP FZ Jillich, Germany; 40 Department of Nuclear Reactions

22. A. Gasparyan - IKP FZ Jlich, Germany; 23. Dr S. Steltenkamp - IKP FZ Jfilich, Germany; 24. Dr N. Lang - IKP FZ Jfilich, Germany; 25. Prof. M. Ploszajczak - GANIL, Caen, Rance; 26. Dr J. Sobolev - JINR Dubna, Russia; 27. Prof. J. Bondorf - Niels Bohr Institute, Danmark; 28. Prof. J. Natowitz - Texas University, USA; 29. Prof. P. Porto - INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy; 30. Prof. A. Pagano INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy; 31. Prof. R. Siemssen - INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY

Head of Department: Prof.Jan Styczeh Deputy Head of Department: Prof.Rafal Broda Secretary: Malgorzata Niewiara Telephone: (48 12) 662-82-02 e-mail: Ma1gorzata.Niewiaraifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL: Laboratory of the Structure of Nucleus Hea& Professor Rafal Broda Research Staff- Piotr Bednarczyk, Ph.D. Adam Maj, Assoc. Prof. Monika Brekierz, M.Sc. Witold Mqczyhski, Ph.D. Adam Czermak, Ph.D., E.E. Tomasz Pawlat, Ph.D. Bogdan Fornal, Ph.D. Antoni Potempa, Assoc. Prof. Maria Kmiecik, Ph.D. Barbara Wodniecka, Ph.D. Wojciech Kr6las, Ph.D. Pawel Wodniecki, Assoc. Prof. Agnieszka Kulifiska, Ph.D. Jacek Wrzesifiski, Ph.D. Malgorzata Lach, Ph.D. Kazimierz Zuber, Ph.D. Technical Staff: Jerzy Grqbosz, M.Sc., E.E. Wladyslaw Kowalski Mieczyslaw Janicki, E.E. Bogdan Sowicki Tatiana Jurkowska Antoni Szperlak Jan Jurkowski Miroslaw Ziqblifiski, M.Sc., E.E.

Laboratory of the Applied Nuclear Spectroscopy Head. Dr Zbigniew Stachura Research Staff- Kv6toslava Burda, Ph.D. Wojciech M. Kwiatek, Ph.D. Marian Cholewa, Ph.D. Jadwiga Kwiatkowska, Ph.D. Ewa Dryzek, Ph.D. Robert Kruk, Ph.D. Jerzy Dryzek, Assoc. Prof., Chem.E. Malgorzata Lekka, Ph.D. Stanislawa G4siorek, M.Sc., Ph.D. student Janusz Lekki, Ph.D., E.E. Piotr Golonka, M.Sc., Ph.D. student Franciszek Maniawski, Ph.D. Joanna Grybo§, M.Sc., Ph.D. student Marta Marszalek, Ph.D. Andrzej Z. Hrynkiewicz, Prof. Marzena Mitura, M.Sc., Ph.D. student Jacek Jaworski, M.Sc. Jacek Prokop, Ph..D. Roman Kmie6, M.Sc. Gratyna Pyka, M.Sc. Janusz Kraczka, Ph.D. Boguslaw Rajchel, Ph.D. 42 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

Technical Staff- Adam Adamski Ewa Lipifiska, M.Sc., E.E. Malgorzata Drwiq-a, M.Sc. Stanislaw Maranda Erazm Dutkiewicz, .Sc. Tomasz Pieprzyca Luba Glebowa Czeslaw Sarnecki Roman Hajduk, E.E. Zbi-niew Szklarz

Long-term visitors: Mohsen Bekheet Challan, Ph.D., Nuclear Research Center, Cairo, Egypt; M. Khalid Laraki, Rabat, Morocco.

Administration: Malgorzata Niewiara, M.Sc. PLO300032 OVERVIEW:

The Nuclear Spectroscopy Department is the largest department of the Institute. It merges a variety of research groups having been performing investigations with a rich diversity of methods: from pure studies of the structure of nucleus and of nuclear properties through applied nuclear spectroscopy in condensed matter research, to the complex biophysical investigations of biological tissues. The nuclear structure experiments were performed mainly in European Large Scale Facilities (ALPI- INFN-Legnaro, VIVITRON-IReS-Strasbourg, JYFL-K100-Cyclotron) with the use of the GASP, EUROBALL IV, RITU systems and with application of ancillary detectors - HECTOR+HELENA, RFD. Some data were obtained with the GAMMASPHERE in USA. Other research has been based on our own instrumentation - VdG, AM, Dual-Bearn-Implanter, PAC, Mossbauer spectrometers etc., in a strong co-operation with Polish and European institutions, of course. The atomic studies were done on the ESR at GSI in Darmastadt. In several pages which follow, some important results of the investigations in the Department are presented.

In 2001, Dr hab. Jerzy Dryzek and Dr hab. Adam Maj were granted the Associated Professor positions, and Miss Agnieszka KuliAska and Mrs Maria Krniecik - the Ph.D. degrees. Dr Kmiecik was also awarded the Henryk Niewodniczahski prize for studies of 147 Eu compound nucleus shape evolution. Some of us became (continued to be) members of International Committees - the PHINUFY (R. Broda), the Steering Committee of RISING at GSI (J. Styczefi), the PAC of the VIVITRON at Strasbourg (J. tyczefi). We organized an International Conference on Condensed Matter Studies (100 participants), which belonged to the well known series of Zakopane School of Physics. It's Proceedings appeared as a volume of the Acta Physica PolonicaA journal.

Professor Jan Styczeft Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300033 43

Coupling of One-Proton Particle and One-Proton Hole with the 48 Ca Core Excitations in 49Sc and 47 K * R. Broda, B. Fornal, W. Kr6las, T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesi6ski, D. Bazzaccol, S. Lunardil, G. de Angelis 2, N. Marginean 2 C. Ur 2 and J. Ger 13

'Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Universita and INFN Sezione di Padova, Italy; 2INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Leg- naro, Italy; 3Gese11schqftftir Shwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany

The gamma-gamma coincidence data obtained from the 48Ca(21OMeV) + 48Ca experiment performed at the INFN LNL Leanaro and described in the previous contribution were used to study yrast structures in the 41S c and 47 K isotopes produced in deep-inelastic and/or fusion-fission reactions. The scarce information corn- inc, from earlier studies of both nuclei 1] forced us to perform a careful identification procedure to associate gamma rays with each of the investigated nuclei. The observed gamma-ray cross-coincidence pattern between the Se and K reaction partner nuclei, enabled unambiguous identification of the most intense gamma transitions. Further analysis of the coincidence data established more complete level schemes of the 49S c and 47K as shown in Fig. 1 In the 47K the observed ear- 267 4433 4239.6 (15/2- lier ground state, the 360 4166 324.7 4046.0 (13/2 keV and the 2020 keV 1094 I 4- 3950.8 (I32_) levels correspond to the 655 525 2 429 393.1 3914.9 (11/2 3511 1 3521.8 (9/2') SI12, d3/2 single proton-hole 3339 and the f/2 proton-particle 2147 states. All higher lying states arise from the coup- 1319 ling of proton holes with 3152 the 48Ca core excitations.

2020 7) 4046.0 3914.9 On the other hand in 49sc 3521.8 the coupling of the f/2 Po- ton particle with the core excitations dominate the 1660 yrast structure. More detailed considerations are

360 3 2+ minarypresented reports in earlier 2 3 preli-The 0 112+ 0.0 7/2- coming new experiment 47 49 and the angular distribu- 19 K28 21SC28 moretion analysisdefinitely might spin-parity settle

Fig. 1: Yrast levels of 49Sc and 47 K established in the present work. Spin- assignments. parity assignments are tentative.

References: 1. Table of Isotopes, 8h ed., edited by R.B. Firestone et al. (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1996), and references therein; 2. R. Broda, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2577; 3. R. Broda et al., 7 Int. Spring Seminar on Nucl. Phys., May 2001, Maiorj, Italy (in print).

Work supported by the Committee of Scientific Research (Poland) under the grant No: 2 P03B 074 18. 44 PL.0300034 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

New Yrast States in the Doubly-MagiC 48 Ca and Its Neutron- Particle 49 Ca and Neutron-Hole 47 Ca Neighbors R. Broda, B. Fornal, W. Kr6las, T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesifiski, D. Bazzaccol, S. Lunardil, G. de AngejiS2 , N. Marginean 2, C. Ur2, J. Gerl', and A. Dewald 4

'Dipartinientodi Fisica dell'Universita and INFN Sezione di Padova, Italy; 2INFN LaboratoriNazionali di Leg- naro, Italy; 3Gesel1schqftffir Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; 4IKP, University of Cologne, Ger- many

Gamma-gamma coincidence experiment was performed at the INFN LNL Legnaro, using the GASP detector array and the ALPI-Tandem 210 MeV 48 Ca beam bombarding a thick 48 Ca target backed with the 208Pb. Selection of the low multiplicity events allowed us to reduce significantly the gamma coincidences arising from the fusion evaporation products which otherwise dominate the data. In the performed analysis new yrast structures were identified in several nuclei produced in deep-inelastic and fusion-fission reactions taking place in collisions of the symmetric 48Ca + 48Ca system. Among them the 48 Ca and its closest neighbourS 47 Ca and 49 Ca were analyzed in detail. Besides the 48Ca nucleus, for which the structure of low 1 5684.0 1312.) lying states was earlier well esta- 547.4 blished, the isotopic identification of 1666.5 5136.6 1112') the most intense gamma transitions 4810.6 (17/215/2') 4760.8 1112-) in 47 Ca and 49Ca was made by an 1408 1119.1 4402.6 (15/2'1312') 743.3 observation of gamma cross-coinci- 403.2 3999 11/2) 65.3 A 3933:84 (1112(13/2' 92 0 150.9 -4017.5 (9/2,) dences with the known gamma rays 437.0 - 660.3 3866.6 (712 arising from the reaction partner 3562.4 (1112,912 19 3357.2 (712) nuclei. The new high-spin states of the 2578.52599.7 3/21/3' 48Ca were observed extending to the 586. 564.8 9.3 MeV excitation energy and in- 39 4 1 1 2013.7 3/2- 4017.5 3866.6 volving two particle - two hole exci- 3933.8 3,562.4 3357.2 tations up to I = estimated spin value. The new established level 2013.7 schemes of the 47 Ca and 49 Ca are presented in Fig. 1. Whereas in both 0.0 7/2- - 0.0 3/2- nuclei few states were known earlier 47 49 [11 from the radioactive decay 20 Ca 27 20ca 29 and/or direct reactions populating low spin states, the presently obser- Fig. 1: Yrast levels of 47 Ca and 49 Ca established in the present work. ved gamma decays are in contradic- Spin-parity assignments are tentative. tion with some of the previously suggested spin-parity assignments. The new assignments indicated in Fig. I are tentative and are based on speculative arguments coming from the consideration of gamma decay branching, yrast population rules and state life-time limits deduced from the data. The new experiments are planned to clarify spin-parity assignments. In parallel the shell model calculations are being performed to understand the coupling of the neutron particle and neutron hole with the lowest 48 Ca core excitations. The preliminary experimental results were already reported at international conferences 2 3. References: 1. Table of Isotopes, 81h ed., edited by R.B. Firestone et al. (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1996), and references therein; 2. R.Broda, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2577; 3. R.Brodaetal.,7'hlnt.SpringSeminaronNucl.Phys.,May2OOlMaioriItaly(inprint).

Work supported by the Committee of Scientific Research (Poland) under the grant No: 2 P03B 074 18. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300035 45

A Subshell Gap at N = 32 B. Fornal, R. Broda, W. Kr6las, T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesifiski, M. Carpenter', RNR Janssens', 2 2 D. Seweryniakl, 1. Wiedenhoeverl PT Daly P. Bhattacharyya , Z.W. Grabowski2, S. Lunardi3, . N. Marginean 3 G . VjeStj3, C. Ur 3, and M. Cinauser04

'Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA; 2Chemistry and Pysics Depts, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA ;3 I'Universita'andINFN, Padova, Italy; 4INFN LaboratoriNazionali di Legnaro, Italy

Filling of the neutron P3/2, f5/2 and P12 subshells occurs in the N= 28-40 range of nuclei around the doubly magic 48 Ca. On the basis of measurements, which showed an increase in binding energy of 52 Ca [1] and an increase in energy of the first excited state 2 in 52 Ca 2], it has been suggested that N = 32 was semi- macic due to the neutron P3/2 subshell closure. Recently, another evidence for the subshell gap at N = 32 has been found by locating the first excited 2' states in the even-even chromium isotopes 56-58Cr - a peak in the 2 energies occurs at 56 Cr32 3]. The motivation for this study was to explore the neutron-rich Ti isotopes, for which the effect of the N = 32 subshell gap should be present. Experimental information on the heavy Ti nuclei is very limited - only a few low lying yrast states were known in 50-52 Ti and there was no data about any excited states in Ti isotopes with A 53. We have used heavy-ion multinucleon transfer processes and the yy-time technique to search for yrast states in neutron-rich nuclei around 48Ca. The experiment was performed at Argonne National Laboratory using Gammasphere, (which CDsisted at that time of 101 escape-suppressed large volume Ge detectors) and a 305 MeV 48 Ca beam from the ATLAS accelerator focused on a 0 Mg/CM2 208Pb target. y-time coincidence data were collected with a trigger, requiring three or more COMPtOD-suppressed y rays to be in coincidence. We searched for the unknown transitions in Ti nuclei with A 53 using the YY prompt coincidence cube and examining the cross coincidence relationship between complementary Hg and Ti reaction products. The Hg nuclei with A = 196 - 202, which are the partner products to the Ti isotopes with A 53, are rather well known. Double gates set OD prompt transitions in these Hg species displayed a few unknown y rays, which could be identified as transitions in Ti nuclei. The reversed gates on the newly discovered Ti y rays showed the Hg lines with the itensity pattern clearly indicating that some of these new transitions occur in 53Ti and the others in 54Ti. Using these y rays as a starting point we located the whole structures of yrast and near-yrast states in 53 Ti and 54 Ti up to the excitation energy of approximately 6 MeV. Also the level scheme of 52Ti was extended up to approx. 9 MeV excitation energy. One of the most important findings of this work is identification of a candidate for the first excited state 2+ in 54 Ti32 at 1496 keV. This energy is indeed much higher than the energy of the 2 in 52Ti, 1050 keV be- in- consistent with the increase observed at N = 32 in calcium and chromium isotopes), which supports very strongly the existence of a subshell closure in neutron-rich nuclei at N = 32. Theoretical shell model studies, aiming at a consistent description of the yrast structures identified in 52-54 Ti, are being pursued.

References:

1. .L. Tu et a., Z. Phys, A337 1990) 361; 2. Huck et a., Phys. Rev. C31 1985) 2226; 3. J.1. Prisciandaro et al, Phys. Lett. B510 2001) 17. 46 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300036

Highest-Spin States Observed in the Doubly-MagiC 208 Pb Nucleus* R. Broda, B. Fornal, W. Kr6las, K-H. Maier*, T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesifiski, D. Bazzaccol, S. Lunardil, G. de Angelis 2, N. Marginean2, C. Ur 2, G. Viesti 1, M. Cinauser02 , RN.F. JanssenS3, M.P. Carpenter3, 1. Wiedenhoever', P.J. Daly', Z.W. Grabowski4, P. Bhattachyyrya, and M. Rejmund5

'Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Universitaand INFN Sezione di Padova, Italy; 2 INFN LaboratoriNazionali di Leg- naro, Italy; 3Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne, USA; 4Purdite University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA; 5DAPNIAISPhN, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur Yvette Cedex, France; *on leavefrom HMI, Berlin, Germany

The high-statistics gamma-gamma coincidence experiment was performed at the Argonne NL using the 48Ca beam bombardment of the thick 208Pb target and the large gamma detector GAMMASPHERE array. The sortin of the triple gamma coincidence data, with time delayed gates set on four strongest transitions below the T1, = Ons 10' isomer in the 208Pb nucleus, provided an excellent gamma-gamma matrix with clean selection of coincidence events for the high-spin state study of the doubly-magiC 2081?b isotope. The 13675.2 analysis of this matrix gave a tentative scheme of levels 725.4 208

2949.8 above the 10' isomer in the T- 82 P 26 208Pb displayed in Fig. . 991.4 - 26+ It is apparent that the present 1588.7 scheme is much more comple- 11958.3 - 25' te and extends to significantly 597.0 - 24- higher spins compared to all 11 361.3 previous results [1]. Important new findings were also made 1019.0 - 23- in the region below the 14- 10552.7 22 state, inc 10372.5 10342.3 10357.7 356.3 luding the identifica- 235.4 10137.1 T 1-- 10196.4 - 21 tion of the hitherto missing IT 947.6 963.0 801.7 F742.4 member arising from the neu- 9394.7 - 20 tron j15/2-particle and i13/2-hole 42 9103 4 19+ coupling. Comparison with 2970.4 9061 4 17' 18 + the Shell Model calculations 8813.0 8724.0 - 17 9249.9 involving two particle - two 8563.3 16- - 16 785.6IF 212.3 459.2 1 8351.0 15- 1 hole excitations allows to es- 8264.8 376.8 323.7 237 8027.3 14- _5 timate the highest observed 2317.8 i 7974.2 15- 15- 44 15.1 498.0 19 .0 spins in the range of approx. 16 6 1230.6 1283.7 1 1 I 7528.8 I = 26, as indicated by the cal-

15 . 1 culated yrast sequence shown 1080.2 in Fig. 1. The final analysis 1 14 6743.6 14- - 14 - 295mO 6448.6 13- - 13 involving determination of 6435.7 12- 347 8 total conversion coefficients 1508.1 XIEW 6100.8 12' - 12' for few low energy transitions, 351.0 137 2 12 2 5749.8 11' as well as the placement and 55 .4 1 1205.7 lifetimes of the two observed 5235.5 11' - 5069.4 10' + isomeric states is in progress. 4895.3 10' - lo Fig. 1: Level scheme of 8Pb above the 10' isomeric state. Yrast state sequence obtained from the Shell Model calculations is indicated on the right.

Reference: 1. J. Wrzesifiski et al., Eur. Phys. J. A10 2001) 259.

Work supported by the Committee of Scientific Research (Poland) under the grant No: 2 P03B 074 18. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300037 47

GDR Built in Rn Nuclei - High Spin Selection M. Kmiecik, A. Maj, W. Kr6las, W. Mquyi5ski, J. Styczefi, M. Ziqblifiski, M. Brekiesz, B. Million 1 A. Braccol, F. Camera', S. Leonil, 0. Wieland', S. Brambillal, B. Herskind 2 and M. Kicihska-Habior 3

1INFN Milano, Italy; 2NBI Copenhagen, Deninark' 3Warsaw University, Poland

The shape of nuclei at large angular momenta, close to the fission barrier, was studied using the GDR Y- decay measurement. For this purpose we have chosen the reaction of 96 MeV "O on "'Pt forming the compound nucleu S 26 Rn at angular momentum distribution with = 42 h, and an excitation energy E = 56 MeV. This reaction feeds the high-spin isomers in 2''Rn (T112 = 201 ns, 1 = 63/2-) and 212 Rn (TI/2 = 154 ns, I' = 30') through the intense channels 4n and 5n. The experiment was performed at LNL in Legnaro using the recoil-catcher geometry technique [1]. The residual nuclei, ejected from the target, were stopped in a 6 tm thin Mylar catcher having central 6 mm hole for the beam. The delayed radiation emitted by the stopped residues was detected in a cylindrical eight- seumented BGO shield. A Ge-detector was installed at 146' for discrete y-radiation measurement. To measure high-energy y-rays, the target was surrounded by the HECTOR array and the efficient multiplicity filter HELENA. The signals from the prompt high-energy y-rays from the target were recorded on the tape only when followed by the delayed radiation detected in the catcher set-up. Additionally, we measured the time between the reaction and the isomeric decay, and the sum energy of the delayed y-transitions. To select the GDR decay feeding the high-spin isomer we set the gate on the time spectrum corresponding to the isomer lifetime. The obtained GDR spectra were analysed with a Monte Carlo version of the CASCADE code based a total on the statistical odel. The calculated spectra were 0 f>12 fitted to the experimental data (total and for the A isomer gated multiplicity fold > 12). The best fit was obtained for cascade total the GDR energyt, EGDR ;z 13.5 MeV and the GDR - cascade fI > 1240 (I > 30 h) width FGDR;:-- 61 MeV. Fig. I shows the analysed experimental data and the results of the performed 5 calculations. The total (not gated) data are presented 10 in comparison to the spectra gated both with high fold > 12) and with the isomeric decays. The experimental GDR spectrum corresponding to high folds > 12) was fitted with calculated one assuming spin higher than 30h. The data corresponding to the isomer gating are well described by the calculations with the same GDR parameters, but only if one selects an-ular momenta of compound nucleus higher than 40h. This shows that the isomeric decays 101 gates imply the choice of nuclei possessing the 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 hiahest anatilar momenta, very close to the fission E [eV] t' Y limit. Since the GDR parameters for all analysed data are the same, the preliminary results of our analysis show that the chosen subset of Rn nuclei Fig. 1: The experimental GDR spectra (points) close to the fission barrier have small deformations. corresponding to total, high fold gated, and This is consistent with the results of the thermal gated with isomer data, and the results of Monte shape fluctuation model which predicts for heavy Carlo CASCADE code fit (lines) with nuclei basically no spin dependence of the effective EGDR = 13.5 MeV and FGDR 61 MeV. nuclear shapes probed by the GDR 2]. References: 1. A. Maj et al., Proceedings of Carnerino Conference "Exotic Nuclei at the Drip Line", 2002, in print; 2. M. Mattitizzi et al., Nucl. Phys. A612 1997) 262 and M. Krniecik et al., Nucl. Phys. A674 2000) 29. 48 PLO300038 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

i, 126 126V A Trace of Hyperdeformation orlacobi" Transition in botl Ba and Xe B. Herskindl, G.B. Hagemann', G. Sletten', C. Ronn Hansen', D.R. Jensen', J.N. Wilson', J. Dudek 2 , A. BracCO3, S. Leoni3 , F. Camera 3, B. Million 3, A. Maj, M. Kmiecik, H. H0bel4, P. Bringe14 , A. Neusser 4 , A.K. Singh 4, P. Fallon 5, A. Gorgen 5 , A.0. Macchiavelli5, D. Ward 5, A. Korichi6 , A.P. Lopez-MartenS6 , F. Hannachi6 , T. Byrski2, P. Bednarczyk 2 , D. Curien 2, H. Arnro7, W.C. Ma 7, J. Lisle 8, and S. Odeghrd9

1NBI Copenhagen, Denmark 2 IReS Strasbou'rg, France; 3INFN Milano, Italy; 4University of Bonn, Germany; 5LBL Berkeley, USA; 6IPN Orsay, France; 7Univ. of Mississippi, USA; Univ. of Liverpool, UK; 9Univ. of Oslo, Norway

In recent attempts to search for exotic shapes, hyperdeformation, and Jacobi transitions in Hf and Ba-Xe nuclei, using both Gammasphere (GS) and EUROBALL-IV (EB), we have now for the first time observed traces of structures presumably generated by nuclei of very elongated shapes in both 126 Ba by GS and 116Xe by EB. The cold fusion reactions , 64 Ni + 64Ni __+ 26 Ba + 2n and 4'Ca 82 Se --* 126Xe + 4n were used at GS and EB, respectively. The 2n evaporation channel, 26 Ba, was populated very weakly < 2), but at the highest spins the nucleus could accommodate. By a newly developed selective filtering technique [1] it was possible on a background of 98% to enhance the 2n product by a factor of 10. Furthermore pure rotational correlations selected by applying the equation: (E., Ex - 2Ez = (with = keV) were sorted into a rotational plane, (E,, Ey) 2 3 This selection of events containing 3 sequential transitions deviating less than ±4 keV from a pure rotational sequence with constant moment of inertia, enhanced the rotational structures by an additional factor of - . The result of this Double-Selection Filter-Technique (DSFT) can be seen in the left part of Fig. 1, where ridges from "warm" rotational bands in strongly deformed nuclei are observed. In the EB experiment, where the 4n reaction populates a wider spin region, it was possible to use the newly installed inner BGO-ball to select and vary the y-multiplicity, as a supplement to the DSFl`. These results for 126 Xe are shown in the right part of Fig. 1, with similar ridge structures as observed in 26 Ba, both with a moment of inertia of 75 h2MeV-'. This selective method was also applied to the neighbouring xn channels in both cases, but no ridge structures with large moment of inertia were observed in those nuclei. A search for discrete structures by a newly developed general search program was negative, also in the 126 Ba, so far. Pomorski and Dudek 4] have recently made a global evaluation of fission properties and Jacobi transitions from more than 2700 known masses, and all published fission barriers. It has thereby been possible to make more general and detailed predictions of te Jacobi transi- Perpendicular Cuts on Perpendicular Cuts oil tion region close to the high spin Rotational Plane: (x+ y - =8 keV) Om Rotation.] Plane: x +y - 2 = 20 keV) Afh-t :'i FilLoi,d DuLabos,- After 1i) nller,(l [:aa ba, (12:1) fission barrier. These calcula- 2500 I N--irl."d 3000 tions predict a Jacobi minimum 2D 41 ty, '0000 2000 for "'Ba at I = 70-74 h. It is in- 0 i V.,.. 1000 teresting to note that the mo- .> .> ment of inertia from the obser- - 1000 A ved ridge structure, Y 4 500 1000 L4 h2 116 -20001 ltered.Data.base.(I > 19) 75 MeV-' in Ba, agrees well -400 300 2 100 0 100 2DO300 40D -400 -300 200 -00 0 100 200 300 400 with the deformation centre of Ex-Ey (keV) Ex-Ey (keV) the "Jacobi minimum" which has of 075. Perhaps the ob- Fig. 1: Spectra of Ba for perpendicular cuts across the diagonal served ridge structure originates F, = EY of the rotational plane at 1440 ± 142 keV for the full data- from a series of rotational bands base (lower) and for a 2n filtered database (upper). Right: Perpen- in this "Jacobi minimum". dicular cuts for the Xe nuclei, with two different multiplicity selec- References: tions, k > 19 and k > 23. 1. J. Wilson and B. Herskind, NIM A455 2000) 612; 2. B. Mottelson, ANL-PHY-88-2 1988) 1; 3. B. Herskind, J.J. Gaardhoje, and K. Schiffer, ANL-PHY-88-2 1988) 4. J. Dudek, private communication. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300039 49

The Double Giant Dipole Resonance Studied with the HECTOR BaF2 Array D. Fabris', M. Lunardon', S. Morettol, G. Nebbial, S. Pesentel, V. Rizzi', G. Viestil, M. Barbui2, M. Cinausero 2, E. Fiorett02 , G. Prete 2, A. Bracc03 , F. Camera 3, B. Million 3, S. Leoni3, . Wieland 3, G. Benzoni3, S. Brambilla 3, A. Airoldi3 , A. Maj, and M. Kmiecik

INFN, Padova; 2 INFN, LaboratoriNazionali di Legnaro; 3 INFN Milano, Italy

The recent observation of the Double Giant Di pole Resonance (DGDR) in heavy-ion and pion induced reactions has attracted considerable interest [1]. The main interest in the study of the properties of these multi-phonon states is in the search for phonon-phonon interaction and anharmonicity effects as a function of nuclear temperature. Detailed theoretical predictions show, indeed, a positive correlation between temperature, strength and width of the resonance 2 A natural way to study temperature effects on the DGDR would be the use of heavy-ion induced fusion-evaporation reactions, once the possibility to discriminate the DGDR contribution from the bulk of the compound nucleus decay are demonstrated. This possibility has been recently demonstrated by the analysis of the 187 MV "C + "'Sn , 157 Ho* fusion reaction studied at the EUROBALL III array, in which the HPGe Clusters were used as high energy gamma ray detectors 3]. The analysis was focused on events in which two energetic (E> MeV) photons are emitted, searching for the decay of the DGDR built on highly excited states. The events in which two photons in the GDR region (E > MeV) are emitted, are caracterized by a multiplicity value which is larger than the estimated upper limit for the emission of two uncorrelated photons in the same de-excitation cascade. This evidence supports strongly the attribution of such events to the decay of the DGDR built on excited states. The analysis of the EUROBALL data reported in Ref 3 does not allow the quantitative study of the DGDR for several reasons, such as the impossibility of suppressing neutron events and a rather limited response function of the Cluster detectors to high energyID gammas. Furthermore, it is certainly more efficient to concentrate the investigation on nuclei where temperature effects on the DGDR parameters have been already studied and predicted. Therefore we selected the case of the nucleus Zr that can be populated as a compound system at temperature T = 3 MeV by using the fusion reaction of a 160 MeV 26M g beam on 64 Ni target. The experiment was carried out at the Tandem facility of the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, using the HECTOR BaF2 scintillator array to detect high energy gamma rays. Each BaF2 detector has been calibrated using the 44 MeV gamma from a Am-Be source and the 15.1 MeV gamma ray from the excited 12C state populated in the reaction "B + 2H , 12C* + n at 19.1 MeV bombarding energy. A Doppler shift correction taking into account the recoil velocity of the populated compound nucleus has been also applied. The gain stability of the BaF2 phototubes has been monitored during data acquisition and corrected in the off-line calibration by means of a LED pulser. As a first step of our analysis, a gamma-gamma matrix has been built. A total statistics of .9 106 events have been collected for the gamma-gamma ic? coincidences. In Fig. I we report the projection of this 50 100 150 2W 250 M 3W matrix. The solid lines reported in the figure are Energy (100 keV/ch) exponential fits to the low energy tail and to the very high energy region of the yspectrum in which statistical dipole emission and bremsstrahlung contribution Fig. 1: Projection of the y-ymatrix. The lines are dominates, respectively. A detailed ana-lysis of the y-)/ exponential fits to the data evidencing the statisti- correlations similar to the one reported in Ref 3 is in cal tail at low energies and the brems-strahlung progress.C contribution at the higher gamma energies. References: 1. T. Aumann, P.F. Bortignon, and H. Eirifing, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 48 1998) 351 and references therein; 2. Nguyen Dinh Dang, K. Tanabe, and A. Arima, Phys. Rev. C59 1999) 3128; 3. G. Viesti et al., Phys. Rev. C63 2001) 03461 . 50 PLO300040 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

On Lifetime Estimation of Very Short-Lived Excited States by Use of Recoil Filter Detector at EUROBALL in Heavy-Ion Compound-Nucleus Reactions W. Mqczyfiski, P. Bednarczyk, J. Grqbosz, M. Lach, J. Styezefi, and M. Ziqblifiski

We report here on a method for estimation of lifetimes of highly excited, short-lived 0. 1 ps) states populated in heavy-ion compound-nucleus reactions with thin targets, in light and medium mass nuclei. The method is based on measurements of y-rays emitted from recoiling evaporation-residue and the velocity vector of the recoil by use of the EUROBALL array in conjunction with the Recoil Filter Detector (RFD) [I]. It is well known that a thin-target ( 500 tg /CM2) y-ray spectroscopy experiment with a germanium array suffers a significant Doppler broadening of y-lines, especially for light or medium mass nuclei. One of the main contributions to this effect is due to velocity distribution of recoils caused by straggling of the ions in a target material. However, if the feeding time of an excited state as well as its lifetime are much longer than a transit time of the recoil through the target (typically 0.1 ps) such state decays mostly outside the target when the recoiling nucleus has already a well-defined velocity. In this case, the recoil velocity vector can be precisely measured by the RFD and the width of the y-line can be significantly reduced (bottom panel of Fig. I and Ref. 2]). If, however, the lifetime of a state is comparable to or much shorter than the transit time, the recoiling nuclei in this state decay partly or entirely inside the target. Therefore, they can undergo further straggling after the y-rays have been emitted, and consequently, the recoil velocity vector for the moment of the y-ray emission cannot be measured 'correctly' by the RFD. The application of such measured velocity vector does not reduce the broadening of rines, as shown in middle and top panels of Fig. 1. It can be proven that the ratio of the ,uncorrected' part of the y-line to the 'corrected' one is expressed by the ratio of the lifetime of the state to the recoil transit time through the target. In this way, if the transit time of the recoil through the target material is known the lifetime of highly excited, short-lived state can be estimated. Recoil transit time;tz; 0.5

45 Sc: 31/2- -). 27/2', < 0 I Ps 140. Ey=25

2520 2560 2600 2640 350

45 Sc: 31/2 -). 27/2, Ey=2400 keV, T 0.5 Ps 150

rq_ 2340 2380 2420 2460 1400

42Ca : 6- -- 6% EY=2301 keV, 5 ps 600

2240 2280 2320 2360 Ey [keV]

Fig. 1: Shapes of y-lines in a recoil gated y-spectra from decay of excited states with lifetime Tfflai., longer (bottom), comparable (middle) and shorter (top) than a transit time of recoils in the target. States were populated in the reaction 68 MeV 180 + 3Si with a 00 gg/CM2 thick target 2 Prompt y-rays and recoils were detected using the EUROBALL array and the Recoil Filter Detector. References: 1. W. Mqczyftski, et al., IFJ Report 1782/PL 1997); 2. P. Bednarczyk, et al., Acta Phys. Polon. B32 2001) 747. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300041 5 1

Switching of "'In Impurity Sites in the HfA12 Lattice P. Wodniecki, B. Wodn iecka, A. Kulifiska, M. Uhrmacherl, and K.P. Lieb,

VI. PhysikalischesInstitut, Universitdt G6ttingen, Germany

-R(t) P(V,) 4(V Perturbed angular correlation measurements in 0.1 the HfA12 C14-type Laves phase exhibit a very sur- 295 K prising temperature behaviour of the ion-implanted 0.0 '"In probe atoms. Below 370 K the '''In impurities are located at the unique hafnium site. Above 400 K 0.1 6W 2a) they occupy the two aluminum sites, however with 823 K a clear preference of the 2(a) site. This process is fully reversible when heating and cooling the sample. 0.0 The site preference of an impurity in an intermetallic 0.1 4* compound is governed by its charge and size, with respect to the charges of the constituents and to the 295 available space at substitutional lattice sites. The 0.0 presence of In and Al in the same roup of the Peri-

0 1 0 200 t [s] 300 0 260 500 v, [MHzl odic Table would suggest substitution of Al by In, as found for HfA12 above 420 K and for ZrA12 in the whole temperature range [1]. This argument holds at Fig. 1: Representative PAC spectra (with corre- least on the basis of the difference in electronegativ- sponding Fourier transforms) for ... In/ ... Cd ity between In and Al, as compared to the much lar- probes in HfA12 taken at 295 K, 823 K and again ger, and therefore less favorable, difference in elec- 295 K and showing the reversibility of the probe tronegativity between In and HE On the other hand, environments upon heating and cooling the sam- the, atomic radii of In, Hf and Al clearly favor In to ple substitute the Hf site instead of the Al site. This strong 2(a) site preference may be explained by a slightly larger interatomic distance to the neighbour- 6 * 2(a) ing Al atoms at the 2(a) site, in comparison to the f I A 6(h) 6(h) site 2 Evidently, above 420 K, the thermally 40 n 4(, expanded HfA12 lattice enables In to replace Al. Be- 20 low this temperature, however, the "'In probes c cupy the much more spacious Hf sites. In conclusion, our detailed PAC study gives evi- 0 dence of a temperature-driven reversible change of 0 3 0T [K] 600 900 the ... In probes between substitutional sites of different elements in the HfA12Laves phase. Among the Fig. 2 Temperature evolution of the hyperfine frac- two main factors controlling the positioning of impu- tions of ... In/ ... Cd probes in HfA12 samples. rities in closely-packed intermetallic compounds - atomic size and relative electronegativity of the atoms - the size factor appears to be decisive in the present example.

References: 1. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulifiska, M.Uhrmacher, and K.P. Lieb, to be published; 2. P. Villards and L.D. Calvert (Eds), Pearson's Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases, ASM, Material Park, Ohio, 1991.

Work partly supported by Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grant No: 2 P03B 066 18). 52 PLO300042 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

Hyperfine Interaction of "'Cd and 181Ta Probes in ZrA12 Compound* P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulifiska, M. Uhrmacherl, and K.P. Liebl

VI. Physikalisches Institut, Universitdt G5ttingen, Germany

Using Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) spectroscopy and "'Hfl"'Ta and ... In/ ... Cd radioactive probes, the electric field gradients (EFG) in the ZrA12 Laves phase were measured in the temperature range 20 - II 00 K and compared with the results for iscistructural HfA12 compound. 18'Hf was found to substitute the unique Zr site and the ... In probes were assigned to the two Al sites. The relative fractions of the corresponding EFG's indicate a strong preference of these impurities in favor of the 2(a) Al site over the 6(h Al site. For both radioactive probes the temperature dependence of the quadrupole interaction frequencies was measured. It is interesting to note that for 18'Ta the EFGs increase with the temperature in both ZrA12 and HfA12 compounds.

65 ZrA12 ...Cd) V,[MH'zl160 Gd) 155 4(f) site',, 0HfA12

50 125 0 300 660 900 T K] 20 11 52(q) site Fig. 1: The ratio of Cd probe fractions at 6(h) and 110 2(a) sites of ZrA12 lattice. C

11,)i Ie_

VQ[MHzj ZrAl, 110 MM, Ta) 0 300 60 900 T K] 100 90 Fig. 2 The temperature dependence of the 80 quadrupole frequencies of 111Cd at the dif- 0 500 TK] 1000 ferent HfAl2and ZrAl2lattice sites. Fig. 3 The temperature dependence of the quadrupole frequency for 18'Ta probes in ZrAl2and HfAI2-

Table 1: The quadrupole interaction parameters for 18'Ta and ... Cd in HfA12 1 2 and ZrAl2compounds. All data refer to room temperature except a' (T= 773 K.

Phase Probe Lattice site vQ [MHz] I VI, I Tl a [10-4 K'] [IOIIVCrn-2] b 10-5K -3/2i HfA12 '7Ta 4(f) 3m 96(l) 0.17(2) - 0.17(2) a -2.4(l) ... Cd 4(f) 3m 156.5(5) 0.78(l) 0 b = 078(5) 2(a) 3m. 110.9(5)' 0.55(1)' Oa b = 042(2) 6(h) mm 54.4(5)' 0.27(1)' 0.41(2)a b = 031(3) ZrA12 f) 3m 90(l) 0.16(2) 0.15(l) a = -1.8(l) _MCd 2(a) 3m 120.6(5) 0.60(l) 0 b = 0.43(l) 6(h) mm 58.7(5) 0.29(l) 0.39(5) b = 0.32(l)

References: 1. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, K. Kulifiska, M. Uhrmacher, and K.P. Lieb, Phys. Lett. A228 2001) 227; 2. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, K. Kulifiska, M. Uhrmacher, and K.P. Lieb, J. Alloys Comp., in print.

Work partly supported by Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grant No: 2 P03B 066 18). Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300043 53

Hf and Zr Aluminides with Bf Type Structure Studied by TDPAC with "'Ta and ... Cd Probes* P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulifiska, M. Uhrmacherl, and K.P. Liebl

'11. Physikalisches nstitut, Universitdt GVingen, Germany HfAl and ZrAl occurs in the orthorhombic Bf type structure associated with large radius ratios. In this ordered structure the two 4(c) sites of low symmetry are occupied by a definite species. The samples were obtained by multiple arc melting under argon atmosphere followed by 14 day annealing at 1000'C in an evacuated and sealed quartz tubes. The ... In (EC) ... Cd probes were implanted at 400 keV by means of the G6ttingen heavy ion implanter IONAS. Doping of the samples with the 8'Hf activity was done by neutron irradiation in the pile of the MARIA reactor at wierk. The PAC spectra taken for 181Ta probes in HfAl and ZrAl phases reveal, according to the crystalline Bf structure, the existence of one probe site with well defined nonaxial environment connected with probe location in 4(c) Hf/Zr site. The linear EFG decrease with temperature was observed for both compounds.

-R(t) P(vI) VI 0.1 ZrAl

0.0

VI HIAI 0.1

0.0

0 20 40 1 Ins] 60 1000 3000 v, [MHz] Fig. 1: The PAC spectra and with corresponding Fou- rier transforms for 18 'Ta probes in ZrAl and HfAl samples. 1200 -R(t) P(vI) VI 8:TO HiAl 00 HA Ta) 0.1 (mcd) 0.40 .0 0 900 0.30 0 500 1OOD 0 1000 T [K] T [K] a 100 2001Ins] 300 0 500 VI [MHz]' OOD Fig. 2 The temperature dependence of the quadru- Fig. 3 The PAC spectrum and Fourier transform pole frequencies of 181Ta in ZrAl and HfAl com- for 11 1 Cd probes in HfAl compound. pounds.

The PAC experiment with ... Cd probes in HfAl sample also indicated the unique probe site characterized by nonaxial EFG with linear temperature dependence. The same numbers and symmetries of Hf/Zr and Al sites in Bf structure do not allow us to distinguish the probe location. The experiments with 'Cd probes in ZrAl compound are in progress. Table 1: The quadrupole interaction parameters (the quadrupole frequency vQ, the asymmetry parameter 7, room temperature value of EFG at probe site V, and the slope parameter a of the linear temperature EFG dependence).

VI' a Phase Probe Lattice site vQ [MHz] [1011VCM-2] 77 [10 -4 K-1] HfAl 18'Ta 4(c) m2m 1155(3) 2.02(l) 0.41(l) 1.60(2) 111Cd 4(c) m2m 128.3(5) 0.64(l) 0.42(l) 1.19(7) Z Al I 18'Ta I 4(c)m2m 1 1065(3) 1 1.87(l) 10.46(l) 1 1.73(4) 1

Work partly supported by Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grant No: 2 P03B 066 18). 54 PLO300044 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

Coaxial and Planar HPGe Detectors

J. Jurkowski, T. Jurkowska, R. Misiak, A. Szperlak, and W. Kowalski

Coaxial high-purity germanium detectors, (HPGe) manufactured from p-type germanium in form of a well, have geometrical efficiency close to 4;. Such detectors can be used for measuring low-activity samples. Fig. I shows a configuration of a well-shape coaxial HPGe detector. In our Institute we manufacture such detectors with efficiencies from 5% to 30% The energy resolution specified at 1333 MeV (6OCo) ranges from 23 keV to 28 keV. Such detector has been made here and installed in the Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry.

max 8mm P p-n Fig. 1: Configuration of a 4;T geometry detector (D with cooled first amplification stage. 0,5mm.

We have also developed a technology of manufacturing HPGe - X detectors with passivated contact -n, which allows for multiple a cooling-heating cycles. These detectors are made of type p or n high purity germanium. The dead layer is approx. 350 tm (borium implantation) and the active surface ranges from 10 mm 2 to 50 MM2 The energy resolution (FWHM) at 59 keV (55 Fe) is 150 180 eV. Fig. 2 shows a24'Am spectrum measured with a passivated HPGe type p detector, which had the active surface of 50 MM2 and thickness 6 mm. This type of detectors have been prepared and installed also in the Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry and used for measurements of 2Pb activity in air filters1

I 1000 HPGeN8 S=50mn,02 900 17.8koV h=6 m V=1000V 800 13,9koV 700 600 0 500 400 FWHM 0.26kaV 300 200 1000 1 251 501 751 1001 1251 1501 1751 2001 2251 2501 2751 Channel Number

Fig. 2 Spectrum of a24 'Am source measured with a passivated HPGe detector. Reference: 1. J.W. Mietelski et al., this report. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy 55 PLO300045

Lamb Shift in Li-Like Ions of Gold, Lead and Uranium

C. Brandau', T. Bartsch', K. Beckert', S. Mhrn', C. B6hmel, F. Bosch 2, B. Franzke 2, N. GrOn', A. Hoffknecht', H. Knoppl, S. Kieslichl, C. KozhuharoV2 , A. Krdrner 2, P.H. Mokler 2, A. MUller', F. Nolden 2 , W. Scheid', S. Schippers', W. Shil, Z. Stachura, M. Steck 2 T. Steih I, and T. Stohlker 3

2 'Justus-Liebig-Universitdt,Giessen, Germany; GeselIschaftflir Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, Ger- many; 3Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe- Universitdt, Frankfurt and GS1, Darmstadt, German),

Energies of the dielectronic recombination (DR) resonances are measured with extremely large accuracy in electron coolers of storage rings where a very good energy definition of the merged ion and electron beams can be achieved. This enables a precise evaluation of the Lamb shift for heavy ions and hence provides a test of the QED theory in strong fields. The radiative (QED) corrections scale approximately with Z4 and therefore become increasingly important for the heaviest ions. The same is tue for corrections caused by relativistic effects and by the finite size of the nucleus. At the electron cooler of the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) of the GSI in Darmstadt the 2s,12 - 2p,12 energy splitting was measured for Li-like ions of gold, lead and uranium. The principle of measurement is shown in Fig. 1. Free electron from the cooler beam can be captured into bound state of the ion. The sum of binding and kinetic energy of the electron is released by photon emission or is used to excite one of the bound electrons of the ion whenever the resonance condition is fulfilled. In the Li-like ions the 2s,12 ---> 2p,12 excitations are possible from the ground-state, thus providing 1S2 2pl/2nlj DR resonances in the low energy domain n1j denotes quantum numbers of the captured electron). The recombined ions with one additional electron leave the beam trajectory and are detected in the particle detector positioned downstream the beam line. When changing the relative kinetic energy of the merged beams we scan over an infinite series of DR resonances where the free electrons are captured into high Rydberg states until the series limit is reached. The limit can be evaluated from energy extrapolation of the individual DR resonance peaks. The Lamb shift defined as the 2s,12 ----> 2p,12 excitation energy is equal to te kinematic energy of electron moving relative to the ion, measured at the DR series limit (E8 = 0- In the present work the following method of evaluating the unbound states Lamb shift has been used. For high values of the quantum number n the mutual influence of core and Rydberg electrons can be W Rydberg states neglected and the excitation energy E_ (Lamb shift) is equal to: E-(Z = ER,.,(ZnJ) + EB(ZnJ), where ER, is the DR resonance P1/2 energy and EB the binding energy of the Rydbergg electron. En- 2si ergy differences between Rydberg states can be computed accu- S /2 rately e.g. in an H-like approximation. Simultaneous fit of this Fig. 1: DR process in the Li-like ion. equation to a multitude of DR resonances permits us to evaluate the series limit energy with a large accuracy. The accuracy of the fit was improved by using the theory based knowledge about the shape of resonances with large fine- structure (n < 25). As seen in Fig. 3 the component intensities and energy splitting are well reproduced by the MCDF calculation if only large enoughj-components are included.

0.8 75+ 2 C1%11 Au (Is 2I/2nlj) 0,6 C-, H CD r CIIII

0,4 r 11 CJ 0 J r11 11 "I 01, C, C,W N C,co a r11

0,2 Fig. 2 DR resonances observed in the Li- like gold. Radiative recombination (RR) and 0,0 background contributions are subtracted. 60 80 100 120 140 160 relative energy [eV] 56 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

78+ S2 _Vl3.C - Pb 2p,/2201) V-) E A - --- theory, incl. states up to.i= 12 theory, incl. states up to j=31/2 2.0 - Fig. 3 Recombination rate coefficient measured for the Pb 71+. 1S2 2pl/2201j) multiplet and compared to the fully 1.0 relativistic calculations (GRASP code). The theory has been shifted by 0 -0.65 eV. 0.0 6., v A r4tyllYT11T' VT" TrT H-like Dirac enerfies

3 4 15 6 7 18 9 Relative energy [eV]

From the fit the following values for the 2s,12 - 2p,12 splitting have been obtained: EAU76+ 216.11(20) eV, E(Pb 79+) = 230.62(20) eV, and E _(U89+) = 280.56(20) eV. The main source of error is the available knowledge of the velocity distribution of the cooler electrons. The accuracy is comparable and the values agree with the recent calculations of the Lamb shift Reference: 1. Yerokhin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2000) 4699. PLO300046

Polarization of the KLl X-Ray Satellite in Copper after 2 MeV Proton Impact

Z. Stachura, W. Vollmer', S. Fritzsche 2, Th. Stohlker 3, and B. Sulkio-Cleffl

'Institut ffir Kernphysik, Westfdlische Wilhelms Universitdt, Minster, Germany; 2Universitdt Kassel, Kassel, Germany; 3j. -W.-Goethe Universitdt, Frankfurt and Gesellschaft ffir Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Ger- many

One of the simplest systems where we can check our understanding of alignment development due to couplings to additional vacancies is a double vacancy state created by simultaneous ionization of Is and p electrons. In the region of intermediate coupling (appropriate for copper atoms) the vacancies are coupled to a singlet 'PI or a triplet 3po, 1,2 state and decay to a manifold of the -2 (ISO, 'D2, 3po, 1,2) states. Twelve stronger and several weaker transitions are forming the KL' satellite peak at the high energy tail of the K, peak. diagram. Alignment of the Is-12p-ldouble vacancy state of copper created in a collision with 2 MeV protons was studied by polarization measurement of the KL' peak components using the bent crystal polarimeter. A resolution of 1.58 eV (FWHM) was achieved (i.e. gaussian contribution to the Voigt profile). Experimental details are described elsewhere [1]. Experimental spectra of the s2p-1 -- >2p -2 transitions were compared with those calculated using a MCDF code GRASP92 2]. Polarization value is defined as a ratio P = J2 -J,)I(J2 Jj), where J is the intensity of X-ray radiation measured perpendicular and J2 parallel to the beam axis. (Pleasenote that the difference spectrum (J2 41 is approximatelyproportional to polarizationmultiplied by itensity of the transition). Polarization is related to the anisotropy known from the angular distribution measurements by a formula A = 2*PI(P-3). Anisotropy depends on the spatial orientation of spin of the initial level of transition and usually it can be decomposed into the spin dependent factor U2 and the alignment of level: A = 2*A20- Within the "sudden approximation" the alignment is created during collision due to the Coulomb interaction with proton what influences the electron orbital momentum, L. The alignment is reduced by Coster-Kronig (C-K) transitions from the non- aligned state s-'2s-'. Further reduction of alignment comes from the spin-orbit interaction. There is no spin- orbit interaction for the P state (S = ). The formulae for reduction of alignment for the 3po, 1,2 states can be easily derived from 3] and the factor a i calculated in 4 The aim of the present work was to evaluate the initial aignment of the s-12p-1 double vacancy state by fitting the calculations to experimental spectra. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy 57

700 Spectrum J background subtracted 200 Difference spectrum J.) 600. EFi&2 experiment -Fig. 1I MCDF calculation 150 500 Coulomb gauge) 100 400- xperimen 50 0 0 300- 200- 00 -50. 100 -100 ion 0 y 1 _150- ith fitted alignment -100] Fit range -200 - rnge 850 8060 8070 8080 8690 81'00 860 80'50 8d6O 8070 8080 809J) 81'00 8110 Energy (eV) Energy (eV)

Difference spectrum (J2_J1)' fit 18-1-0 200- Fit allowing for transition energy shifts 700- Spectrum Ji ft 18- 1-0 150- experim nt Fit allowing for transition energy shifts 600- 100- 500- 50- 400. .4 Fig 3 0- 300- 50- 0 200- 0 0 100 _100- -150 0 -200 Fit rqnaf. -100 Fit ranLe 8050 8060 860 80'80 8690 81'00 81'10 80,50 80O 8670 8680 8690 81'00 81'i0 Energy (eV) Energy (eV)

A direct comparison of the computed and experimental KL' peak shape is not encouraging (Fig. 1). However, a comparison of the experimental and expected values of polarization uniquely identifies the transitions and proves that their computed energies are close to the experimental ones (Fig. 2. Small shifts of the transition energies can be caused by additional vacancies in the M shell. Therefore, a new fit was done permitting for shifts of energies and for non-statistical population of the P and 3p states. A perfect agreement with the experiment was achieved (Figs 3 and 4 both for the shape and for local polarization values of the KL' peak. Energy shifts of the peak components are of about I eV except for the 3po __+ 3p] transition, where the fitted shift is about 6 eV. A stronger ionization of the 'P state (KL2) than of the 3p (KL3) is found. The fitted value of alignment is A2 = 0.77(21) for the 'P state and that for the 3p state is A2 = 0.53(10) so it is in a reasonable agreement with the value measured for the KL' peak of Al [5]. A smaller alignment of the 3p state can be caused by the L2L3M4,5 C-K transitions.

References:

1. W. Meierkord et al., Z. Physik D21 1991) 131; 2. F.A. Parpia, et al., Comp. Phys. Commun. 94 1996); 3. K. Blum, Density Matrix Theory and Applications, Plenum Press, New York 1981; 4. E.G. Berezhko et al., J. Phys. B10 1977) 2467; 5. B. Cleff, Acta Phys. Polon. A61 1982) 285. PLO300047

Impact Parameter Dependent L-Shell Alignment in the MO Ionization Region

Z. Stachura, A. Warczakl, P.H. Mokler 2 , D. Liesen 2 , Th. St6hlker 3 , Bing LiU4 , and B. Sulkio-CeW

2 'Institute ofPhysics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland, Geseltschaft far Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, Germany; 3ohann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universitdt, Frankfurt ad GS1, Darmstadt, Germany; 4CASTD Chinese Academyfor Science, Technology and Development), Shenzhen, PR China; nsitutffir Kern- physik, Westfidlische Wilhelms Universitdt, Miinster, Germany

The L3-shell alignment induced by collisions with light projectiles like electrons, protons or a-particles is fairly well understood. Ionization of target atoms proceeds due to the direct Coulomb interaction with the projectile. The semiclassical approximation where the projectile trajectory is described classically, can be applied to slow collisions. Close collisions ionize mostly linj = 12 substates of the 2p state and a negative alignment is observed. In the distant collisions mostly linj = 32 substates are ionized, giving positive alignment values. The alignment function crosses zero for impact parameters b close to the adiabatic radius, 58 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

rad ' hvIEB, where v is the projectile velocity and EB is the L3 binding energy. Impact parameter dependence of alignment was measured e.g. for the a - Dy collisions [I] and a general agreement with theory was confirmed. Alignment in the integral measurements averaged over b depends on the projectile energy scaled over EB. The shape of the alignment versus projectile energy function is similar to that of alignment versus impact parameter. That was proved in many experiments. In the ionization process with heavier projectiles the molecular orbitals (MO) interaction mechanism should dominate over the direct Coulomb interaction, especially close to 441,8e, ratio where the energy matching of atomic shells occurs. Integral measurements show that the large negative value observed for light projectile is decreasing with the increase of Zp,,j. Close to K-L matching region the negative alignment starts to increase, but soon it decreases again approaching zero at the K-L matching (cf. 2] and Fig. 1).

0,0 -

0,00- 0- -0,0 - L C. MU -0,10- KC.

7 -0,15- EL&_L Alignment measured -to- L u for the Z=>U or U=>Z. collisions -0,20- with p roj.ecti le energy E--l.4 Me V/u CD -0,25 (data taken from [2]). Solid line 0)Q) is dawn to guidethe eye. C -0,30- C0 -20- a U-Cu correlation diagram -0,35 0,0 012 4 0:6 0:8 1,0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 K-L matching Z i/Z uranium Interatomic distance (fm)

Fig 3 Impact parameter dependence of the L3-shell alignment in the 333 MeV U=>Cu collision

0,0--

a) -0,2 - b)

-0.4- a) ntegral measurement b) value for b>720 Cm (from anticoincidence measurement)

0 200 400 600 800 Impact parameter b (fra)

From the correlation diagram (Fig. 2 it follows that close to the K-L level matching a large negative value of alignment of the 1-3-shell is expected. Any vacancy created in the outer shell and diffusing into inner shells when the projectile is approaching target atom stops eventually in the 3dcy level (cf. Fig. 2 From there the vacancy can be transferred to the L-shell by a radial coupling to the 2pa state only (or L3, JmjJ = 12 state in the j-j coupling notation), giving a large negative value of alignment. The transfer occurs at a large distance during the outgoing part of the projectile trajectory. Therefore, the alignment should be the same both for close and for distant collisions. In the present work the impact parameter dependence of the L3-shell alignment induced in the 14 MeV/A U - Cu collision was measured. The measured alignment is constant for all impact parameters (Fig. 3 what confirms prediction of the MO ionization model and strongly differs from the results found in [I] where the direct Coulomb ionization is justified. References: 1. J. Konrad et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 1984) 188; 2. Z. Stachura. et al., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 17 1984) 835. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy 59 PLO300048

Crystal and Magnetic Ordering in GdPdCd

R. Krnie6, K. qkal, and R. Pbttgen 2

Marian nioluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 2Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maxiinilians-Ui2iversitdtMfinchen, Mfinchen, Germany

GdPdCd was obtained in pure form via reaction of the elements in a sealed tantalum tube in a high- frequency furnace. The structure was investigated by X-ray diffraction on both powder and single crystal:

ZrNiAl type, P2in a = 758.2(l), c = 391.78(7) prn, wR2 = 00410 for 358 F2 values and 14 variables. Striking structural motifs of GdPdCd are two types of palladium-centered trigonal prisms [Pd(l)Cd3Gd6] and [Pd(2)Cd6Gd3l. Together the palladium and cadmium atoms build a three-dimensional network in which the gadolinium atoms fill distorted hexagonal channels. Susceptibility measurements reveal Curie-Weiss behaviour with the ma-netic moment of 8.2(l) [LB/Gd. GdPdCd orders ferromagnetically at T = 62.5(5 K and shows a saturation magnetization of 7.3(l) AB/Gd at 42 K and T. Thermal variations of hyperfine pararne- ters in the GdPdCd compound were measured over a wide temperature range from 42 K to 67 K using 155Gd Mbssbauer spectroscopy (see Figs 1 2 and 3 The change of the electric field gradient below the Curie temperature Tc is interpreted by an anomalous thermal expansion associated with magnetostrictive strains.

0.30 - 4.0 Fig. 2 Temperature 1.000 GdPdCd . 8 dependencies of the 0.998 - 'T 67 0.25 - 3.5 isomer shift and the electric field gradient 0.996 - 3-0 E Vzz of GdPdCd.

1.000 - 0.20 - 42 0.998 - E 2.5 E 0.996 - (0 0.994 - 0.15 - 2.0 15 .0 V. E 1.00 - 0 Cl) 1.5 -0 0.10 a) 0.996 - W LL L) > L) 0.992 - a) 0.05 W 1.000 0.5 0.996 - 0.992 - 0.00 14.0 50 6,0.... 7100.0 0 1 0 20 30 0.988 Temperature K I 24 - GdPdCd 1.000 0.995 - 22 - Fig. 3 Temperature 20 - evolution of the mag- 0.990 18 netic hyperfine field 0-985 - GdPdCd z 16 B I at the gadolinium 0,980 'O 14 - B,(T)j site for GdPdCd. The Z U_ . -S=712 -5 -4 3 2 0 1 2 12 - continuous line repre- Velocity mmls R 10- sent the least-squares

8- fit of the Brillouin function for 7/2. 155 C 6- Fig. Gd resonance spectra for GdPdCd at various temperatures. The 4- continuous lines represent the least- 2- squares fits to the experimental points. 0 0 10 20 30 .40.... 5I0.... 60 7,0

Temperature [K 60 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300049

Fe-Ti Oxide Minerals Studied by M6ssbauer Spectroscopy

J. Kraczka, K. Jacher', M. Michalik', and M. Slobodnik 2

'Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland, 2 Department of Geology and Paleontology,Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

Fe and Ti in granitoids could be contained in primary mafic alurninosilicates (biotite, honblende) or in Fe-oxides, Ti-oxides, and Fe-Ti oxides. During granitoids alterations, iron and titanium are often moved into secondary minerals (e.g. chlorite, epidote group minerals, sphene, grandites, prehnite, rutile, and ilmenite) [1]. Orthornagmatic oxide minerals and their transformation products are the subject of this study using the Mbssbauer spectroscopy method. This method allo ws one to calculate the distribution of Fe between iron minerals occurring in studied samples and to make the characterization of these minerals more precise. The measured spectra of such samples are characterized by their complex structure (Fig. 1). Hematite, ilmenohematite, magnetite, ilmenite, biotite, and Fe3l -chlorite are mostly observed in measured spectra. Taking into account the shapes of spectra and their M6ssbauer parameters (isomer shifts, quadrupole splittings, Hff, and halfwidths of lines) we may conclude that the magnetite is nearly pure Fe3O4. Titanornagnet- ite occurs only in one of the studied samples. Isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings of titanomagnetite are similar to those of pure Fe3O4 but the values of Hff are slightly lower 2 3 The quadrupole doublet assigned to unknown iron compound containing in its structure Fe3lions in octahedral coordination is observed in two of measured samples.

100 F Z U)9

cr 98 ------F

L L VELOCITY (mmls)

Fig. 1: Wssbauer spectrum of one of the measured samples.

The spectrum consists of two doublets (AB) and four sextets (C-F). The doublets A and are assigned to ilmenite and to the above mentioned unknown Fe3l compound, respectively. Sextet C is assigned to diluted hematite and Wssbauer parameters of sextets E and F are typical for those of pure magnetite. Only in the case of this spectrum, magnetite sextets occur together with sextet D, whose parameters are nearly equal to those of maghernite. It is noteworthy, however, that the spectra of magnetite/maghemite mixtures as well as nonstoichiometric magnetite are very similar, so in that case Mossbauer spectra are not sufficient to de- cide which of those possibilities is more probable.

References: 1. M. Kusiak, M. Michalik, and B. Woldafiska, Geologica Carpathica 50 Spec. Issue 1999) 117; 2. M6ssbauer Minerals Handbook, 1998, eds. J.G. Stevens, A.M. Khasanow, J.W. Miller, H. Pollak, and Z. Li, Wssbauer Effect Data Center, Asheville, NC, 1998; 3. E. Murad, Hyp. Inter. 117 1998) 39. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300050 61

Determining Fermi Surface Features from Compton Scattering

N. Shiotanil, 1. Matsurnoto2, J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski, S. Kaprzyk 3, and H. Kawata 2

'Tokyo iversity of Fisheries, Tokyo, JapanPhoton2 Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organiza tion, Tsukuba, Japan;3Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland

Synchrotron-based Compton scattering experiments provide high resolution Compton profiles, J(pz) which, when measured for a number of directions in a single-crystal sample, can be used to reconstruct the shape of the Fermi surface (FS) of the studied material. The Compton profile is described by J = ffp(p) dpdp), and is thus directly related to the electron momentum density p(p), the quantity which bears the imprint of the Fermi surface. However, as it is in the form of a projection on the scattering vector (which defines the z-axis of the coordinate system) the 3D distribution of electron momenta must be reconstructed from the profiles measured along a series of chosen crystallographic directions [see for example 1 2. One of the methods to reconstruct p(p) is the Direct Fourier Method. It utilizes the properties of the so called reciprocal form factor B(r = fp(p)exp(ip r)dp, whose Cartesian components are simply Fourier transforms of the directional Compton profiles: B(0,0, z = fffp(p,, p,, p,) exp(-ip,) dp,,dpydp = f J (p,) exp(ipz) dp, . When J pz) 's are measured for p, set along a number of different crystalline axes the corresponding values of B(r) can be obtained on the lines in real space which are parallel to pz. Using these so called directional B(r) 's the B(r) is found in all of r space by mapping out its values on a cubic mesh of r points by interpolation. Once the B(r) is known the inverse Fourier transform can be carried out to yield the full D momentum density: p(p = 2z) -3 fff B(r) exp(ip r) dr. To map out the Fermi surface, the Fermi momenta p are determined for directions of interest. These are found from the position of a minimum in the first derivative of the relevant section of the reconstructed p(p) (after correcting for some effective broadening resulting from the reconstruction procedure 1 2). The reconstruction of the Fermi surface of the Cu - 16atAl alloy has been undertaken to verify some properties of a class of materials called the Hume-Rothery alloys which strongly demonstrate the influence of electron concentration on crystal structure, The average number of valence electrons per atom, e/a, in the alloy is 132 as compared with 1.0 for pure copper. The questions to be answered are how this increase in e/a affects the shape of the Fermi surface and whether it is true that particular features of the Fermi surface are responsible for the structural changes occurring in the alloy. According to the Rigid Band Model the FS of Cu should expand uniformly with the increase of the e/a ratio. This expansion is believed to lead to the phase transition upon the FS touching the octahedral faces of the first Brillouin zone (for Al content reaching the (x-phase limit i.e. 19at%). On the other hand it is argued 3 that the short-range order occurring in the a phase of Cu-Al is a result of characteristic geometry of the alloy's Fermi surface, namely of the existence of two parallel flat sheets of the FS, in this case perpendicular to the [I IO] axis. Therefore it is expected that the FS swells unevenly with increasing e/a, bulging in the [100] and flattening in the [I 10] direction. The 3D mapping of the Fermi surface will provide evidence to clarify all the above questions and thus contribute to the knowledge of the properties of alloys. The project has been carried out in cooperation with the Japanese group and the experiments are performed using the high resolution Compton spectrometer at the AR KEK synchrotron in Tsukuba. References: 1. Y.Tanaka, Y. Sakurai, A.T. Stewart, N. Shiotani, P.E. Mijnarends, S. Kaprzyk, and A. Bansil, Phys. Rev. B63 (2001)045120; 2. 1. Matsumoto, J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski, M. Itou, H. Kawata, N. Shiotani, S. Kaprzyk, P.E. Mijnarends, B. Barbiellini, and A. Bansil, Phys. Rev. B64 2001) 045121; 3. R.O. Scattergood, S.C. Moss, and M.B. Bever, Acta Met. 18 1970) 1087. 62 PLO300051 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

Positron Studies of Multilayer System -Cu-Ni-Cu- J. Dryzek and E. Dryzek

In the classical positron experiments with the isotope positron source, i.e. without moderation, the diffusion of positrons is seldom observed and taken into account. Notwithstanding, in the case when the sample contains heterogeneities, whose average size is comparable with the positron diffusion length, the positron diffusion can be observed. Previously, in order to prepare heterogeneous specimens of desired properties, special thermal treatment of selected alloys were applied, which introduced precipitations on micrometer scale. The layered samples produced by vapour deposition, sputtering or electrodeposition, contain also the well controlled heterogeneities. Owing to the fact that the last method induced minimum defects of vacancy type in the layer the material became suitable for the positron annihilation studies. We performed measurements of the positron annihilation characteristics on the stacking sequence of electrodeposited copper and nickel layers. The layers were deposited on the copper plate, I mm thick. The total thickness of the multilayer system was equal to 30 m. It ensured that 87% of positrons emitted from the 22 Na isotope were stopped in the system. Fig I presents the picture of the cross-section of the -Cu-Ni-Cu- system obtained by the SEM. The average thickness of the nickel layer measured from the picture was 490 ± 00 nm and that of the copper layer 1.6 ± 03 gm. Fig. 2 depicts the normalised value of the S-parameter of the annihilation line measured versus the thickness of the copper layer for this system. Solid line presents the best fit of the dependence predicted by the diffusion trapping model. From this we deduced the value of the positron diffusion length equal to 99 ± 70 rm. In the measured positron lifetime spectra we have found two lifetime components. The first one was equal to 120 ps which is close to the bulk value in copper. The second component, equal to 192 ± ps, may be associated with divacancies in the copper lattice. We can conclude that such a defect mainly occupies the boundary of the copper grain built between two nickel layers. We have also found that replacing nickel with silver in the layers changed the type of defects.

1.06 U) -Cu-Ni-Cu- 1.05 -

=3 1.04 - (D E 1.()3 C13 CL Ch 1.02 ...... 0 1 2 4 5 d-thickness of the Cu layer (gm)

Fig. 1: The SEM image of the-Cu-Ni-Cu sys- Fig. 2 Values of the S-parameter of annihi- tem. The magnification was equal to 104. Iation line vs. thickness of the copper layer. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300052 63

Magnetic Quenching of Positronium in Cotton Cellulose P. Golonka, E. Dryzek, and J. Dryzek

Positronium (Ps), the hydrogenlike bound state of a positron and an electron, may be formed when a positron slows down in molecular solids. Ps can exist in the singlet or triplet spin state with the total spin quantum number s = 0 (para-Ps)or = I ortho-Ps), respectively. The conservation of total angular momentum leads to a y decay of ortho-Ps with a correspondingly increased lifetime as compared to para-Ps, which decays into 2y photons. In a matter, a competitive mechanism called pick-off annihilation is present, when the positron of ortho-Ps suffers 2y annihilation due to collisions with molecules. In the magnetic field, the second order Zeeman effect destroys the separation into the ortho- and para- states. The ortho- state splits into two levels; the i = ±1 states remain unchanged but the energy of the state i = slightly increases. The para- state is lowered by the same amount. Mixing of the para-Ps wave function and the ortho-Ps wave function of the i = state is possible. As a result, 2y annihilation occurs and the lifetime of the in= state is shortened [1]. This means that the magnetic field induces 2y -annihilation of ortho-Ps instead of 3y annihilation and it is called the magnetic quenching of ortho-Ps. This effect may be used for detection of Ps in molecular or porous solids. Magnetic quenching of Ps in the cotton cellulose has been observed using the Doppler broadening of annihilation line spectroscopy. The measured quantity, the S-parameter, is defined as a ratio of the area under the fixed central part to the total area under of the whole annihilation line, In the absence of the magnetic field, the S-parameter can be expressed in the following form: So = Nf Sf + NPS + NSO, where N, are probabilities of the positron annihilation and Si are contributions to the value of the S-parameter coming from the annihilation of the positron: unbound in the para (p) and ortho (o) state of Ps. The influence of the magnetic field reduces the fraction of o-Ps annihilation, causing increase of the probability of 2 - annihilation, which mainly contributes to the S-parameter. In the presence of the magnetic field the - parameter may be described by the formula: S = Nf f + F2r(B) Sp + INO - F2r(B - NP IS, where 2Y(B) is the fraction of 2y annihilation of the Ps in the presence of the magnetic field of induction which is given in 2].

4 -

3 -

2 -

0 - ...... 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 B T]

Fig. 1: SB -SO for cotton cellulose vs. magnetic induction.

Fig. I depicts the dependency of the S-parameter on the applied magnetic field in cotton. The solid line in this picture represents the above relation, which seems to describe well the experimental data. The fitting procedure enables one to obtain the relative electron density on the positron in Ps, K,defined by the formula: IV(0)11 /IV f"'. 0) 12 where Vf (0) , Vf,,, (0) are the electron ground state wave functions at the positron in the matter and in the vacuum, respectively. In the case of cotton cellulose: K= 0 136 0.007). References: 1. Y. Nagai, Y. Nagashima, and T. Hyodo, Phys. Rev. 60 1999) 7677; 2. A.P. Mills, Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 62 1975) 2646. 64 PLO300053 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

The Growth of Indium on Copper(111)

M. Marszalek, J. Jaworski, H. Wider', A. Maier', and G. Schatzi

1 Faculty of Physics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany During studies of the influence of In surfactant on the growth of Co on Cu(I I 1) we investigated the growth of indium on the Cu( I 1) surface with different surface sensitive techniques. A sequence of LEED patterns obtained during deposition of In at room temperature is shown in Fig. 1. Upon initial In deposition, the (I xI) diffraction spots of the clean surface become dimmer, and in the range of 0.05 ML to about I ML of deposited In, a pattern of well ordered surface appeared, corresponding to the (q3xq3)R30' reconstruction. The next deposition of indium resulted in the gradual change of this pattern to p(2x2) reconstruction, which was seen up to about 2 ML of indium coverage. With additional In deposition the p(2x2) pattern disappeared and the LEED image showed only background intensity. The first reconstruction which has its maximum of the intensity at an In coverage of 0.5 ML is only visible for the lowest electron energy, in contrast to the second pattern which is also visible for higher energies. This means that the first surface state is restricted to the top layer but the second with its intensity maximum close to I ML of deposited In exists also in deeper layers.

p(2 2)

Fig. 1: Observed reconstructions in the LEED-patterns. The (q3xq3)R300 reconstruction at 0.5 ML deposited In, the pQx2)-pattern for I ML of In coverage. In-situ MEED (Medium Energy Electron Diffrac- 220 IML 2ML W ',L tion) experiments showed submonolayer oscillations within the first monolayer of deposited In with 200 - a maximum at 0.5 ML (Fig. 2.

180- One can recognize a small shift in the exact position -2 of peaks and a different behaviour in the absolute intensi- A 160 ties due to different recording areas on the spot. Also a pronounced peak was found for I ML. For 2 ML of 2 140. evaporated In again an increase of the intensity could be observed, but much less pronounced. 120 The bulk phase-diagram of these elements shows a rich

I I ...... L I, spectrum of ordered alloys. Also in a thin film system 0 49 98 147 196 245 294 343 392 441 new phases of ordered compounds were found [1]. There- [] fore the observed results can be explained by the forma- Fig. 2 Specular beam intensities of a MEED- tion of ordered alloys. On the basis of known amount of curves during the growth of In on Cu( II). the deposit, and bearing in mind, that p(q3x3)R30' for The different lines represent different record- an ordered surface phase must correspond to 21 ed spot areas. stoichiometry, we suppose that intermixed layer is an ordered surface alloy of composition CU2In. If this is the case then we assume that the In atoms substitute 13 of the Cu atoms in the outermost layer and form a single layer surface alloy phase. From the structure of p(2x2) lattice cell we can estimate the stoichiometry of surface elements as corresponding to creation of the C113ln alloy.

Reference: 1. W. Keppner, T. Klas, W. K6mer, R. Wesche, and G. Schatz; Phys. Rev. Let. 54 1985) 2371. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300054 65

Magnetoresistance of Co/Cu Multilayers Prepared on the Pb Buffer

M. Marszalek, J. Jaworski, Z. Stachura, S. Maranda, K. Marszalekl, V. Voznyi2, 0. B611ing3, and B. Sulkio-Clefe

Unhersity of Mining and Metallurgy, rak6w, oland ' 21,StitUte of Applied Pysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sumy, Ukraine; 31nStitUtftir Kernphysik, Universitdt Miinster, Miinster, Germany

In magnetic metallic multilayers and thin films, the appropriate microstructure of layers is an important factor determining their magnetotransport properties. In this study we concentrate on the influence of the Ph buffer layer on the magnetic properties of the Co/Cu multilayer system at the second maximum of the oscillating thickness dependence of magnetoresistance MR). The use of a Pb buffer layer was based on the recent achievements [1] in epitaxial growth accompanied by surfactant layers that changed thin film growth mode from island formation to layer-by-layer mode. The Co/Cu multilayers were evaporated in an UHV system onto silicon (100) substrates covered with Pb buffer layer of different thickness. After deposition of the Pb, [Co(l.0 nm)/Cu(2.0 nM)120 multilayers were grown at room temperature. The crystallographic structure of the samples and their interfacial properties were examined by X-ray reflectometry (XRR). All XRR measurements show the well defined finite-size peaks (Kiessig fringes), but no evidence of the Bragg superlattice reflections characteristic for the composi- tional modulation was found. The disappearance of superlattice peaks indicates large roughness of interfaces between system components, and a non-perfect chemical modulation of the deposits. The topography of single buffer layers and multilayer top surfaces has been observed by a home-built scanning force microscope (SFM). Surface roughness values cy,,,,, and the size of islands seen on the surface of layers have been found to increase with P thickness both for single buffer layers as well as for multilayers. Giant magnetoresistance measured for Co/Cu multilayers deposited on Pb buffer (Fig. 1, left panel) decreases with the increasing thickness of Pb. The drop of MR can be attributed to the increase of roughness and island size for thicker Pb buffers. As the MR depends, for a given degree of structural perfection, on the fraction of Co layers that are antiferromagnetically coupled, it is important to look at the remanent to saturation magnetization ratio M1g, which reflects the antiferromagnetic fraction of coupling. The relation between magnetoresistance and total magnetization M, for coherent rotation of magnetization in multilayers with antiferromagnetic exchange coupling is given by a simple relation: ARIR-M2. Fig, (right panel) demonstrates the magnetoresistivity for [CO(I.0 nm)/Cu(2.0 nM)120 multilayer deposited on 30 nm of P buffer as a function of M/0' ratio (data taken from the magnetization measurements). A clear flat-top parabola can be seen in Fig. 1, that cannot be reproduced with the above-mentioned quadratic expression.

3.0 Pb5nm 1.5 Pb 10 nm 2.5 - Pb 20 nm Pb 3o nm 2.0 - Pb 40 nm 1.0 1.5 1.0 < 05 j 0.5 0.0 0.0 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0,4 0.8 _1'O -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 BM M/M Fig. 1: Magnetoresistance of [Co(I.0 nm)/Cu(2.0 nM)120 multilayers deposited at room temperature on Pb buffer of different thickness (left panel). The dependence of MR ratio ARIR as a function of M10, (right panel). The presented data could be understood by assuming that discontinuous ferromagnetic layers, bridged through Cu spacer are formed. This discontinuous system is not exactly a heterogeneous granular alloy consisting of random ferromagnetic particles but an intermediate cluster-like phase combined with layered area, resulting from enhanced interlayer diffusion due to the presence of PE

Reference: 1. J.E. Prieto, Ch. Rath, K. Heinz, and R. Miranda, Surf. Sci. 454-456 2000) 736. 66 PLO300055 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

TDPAC Investigation of Ligand-Receptor Pairs Structure

M. Marszatek, M. Lekka, F. Heinrich', W. Tr6gerl, L. Shpinkova 2 , and T. Butz'

'Nukleare Festkbrperphysik, Fakultdtftir Physik wd Geowissenschaften, Universitlit Leipzig; 211stittite of Nu- clear Physics, Lon7onosov University, Moscow, Russia

Investi-ation of the molecular interaction between ligand-receptor pairs that are formed with the participation of metal ions (especially Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn) is particularly important in nuclear medicine for diagnostics and therapy. To determine the structural and chemical surroundings of metal ions in these complexes the Time Differential Perturbed Angular yy-Correlation (TDPAC) method has been applied. Static and dynamic electric quadrupole interactions (EQI) of ... Cd in ligand-receptor complexes with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied by the TDPAC technique using 1"In(EC) ... Cd isotope. A commercially available carrier-free solution of ... nC13 with a high specific radioactivity was used for preparation of samples. The initial radioactive solution was added to the 50 tM solution of EDTA. The ratio of molar concentrations [In]JEDTA] was set to about 1:1 (with a slight excess of the ligand) and for carrier-free solutions the concentration ratio was like 1 - Samples were prepared with different pH values in the range from 35 to 7 and put into sealed plastic tubes. The pH value was adjusted using NaOH base and HCI acid. After preparation each sample was incubated for I hour at 30T. For each pH value the reference samples of pure EDTA and pure BSA solutions were measured. The TDPAC measurements were performed with liquid samples at 293 K and with frozen solutions at 77 K. The angular correlations of the 172 - 245 keV y-ray cascade in I "Cd were measured using a slow-fast TDPAC-camera equipped with 6 BaF2 detectors. Thirty coincidence spectra were collected simultaneously in detectors positioned at the angles e = 90 and 180'. The example of data obtained for carrier-free solutions of BSA in comparison to samples containing complexes BSA-EDTA is shown in Fig. . Depending on the pH, value albumin undergoes conformational isomerisation. In the range of pH values between 27 and 43, BSA has F-form. This form is more unfolded than for higher pH values 4.3 - ), when BSA has a characteristic heart-shaped N-form. The conformational alterations of albumin structure can influence not only the properties of the formed ligand-receptor complex, but also the conditions of creating such complexes. Qualitative data analysis confirms the presence of conformational transition from the normal form at pH 7 to a faster migrating form (pH 35) reflected by the changes of the TDPAC spectra taken at RT. The data are now analysed and the values of reorientational times for EDTA-BSA complexes as well as for reference samples are determined.

pH 3.5 pH 7 0,00 0,00

-0,05. -0,05

-0,10 -0 1 0

-0.15 -0,15

pH 3.5 . . 1. EDTA + BSAI...... pH. =. 7 N-form 0,00 0,00

-0,05 -0,05 -0 10 -.gold, -0,10

-0,15 .- 0,15

0 100 200 300 400 100 200 3 00 400 F-form tirne [s]

Fig. 1: The TDPAC spectra measured at room temperature for two pH values 3.5 and 7 for carrier-free solution containing pure BSA (a reference sample) and for solution containing EDTA-BSA complexes. The pictures right to the anisotropy plot show isomeric forms of albumin [I].

Reference: 1. D.C. Carter and JX Ho, Adv. Protein Chem. 45 1994) 153. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300056 67

SFM Studies of Cell Young's Modulus Value M. Lekka, P. Laidlerl, J. Lkki, Z. Stachura, and A.Z. Hrynkiewicz

'Institute of Biochemistry CMUJ, Kak6w, Poland

Mechanical properties of living cells can describe the physiological state of the cell and can indicate pathological functions. One of such properties is the cell stiffness that was found changing depending on cell physiological state [1]. The alterations can origin not only from a specific interaction but also from non- specific reasons like charge of molecules or from different substrates used for cell growing. The studies were carried out on primary cutaneous melanoma cell line from the radial growth phase (WM35). Cells were grown in culture medium RPM1 1640 (pH 74) containing 10% fetal calf serum and were kept at 37C in an incubator 95% air 5% C02). After forming a monolayer cells were incubated for 40 minutes in 37C either with chitosan or poly-L-lysine solutions. Next, cells were washed with the fresh medium and their stiffness was measured using scanning force microscope. The measurements were performed in culture medium at room temperature. The Young's modulus values were determined by analysis of a large number of collected force-versus- indentation curves. Both compounds (poly-L-lysine and chitosan) 121 carry positive charge due to the presence of amino 8 groups. The poly-L-lysine is a polypeptide frequently used to improve adhesive properties of cells to glass substrate [1]. Two different concentrations of poly-L- 4 lysine were used: 0025% and of 0.05%. The chitosan lysine-1 is a cationic polysaccharide that can stimulate the im- 0,000 0,025 0,050 0,075 munological reactions. The same concentration of chi- 12 concentration ("lo) tosan preparations 0.02% per polymer weight) of three different deacetylation degrees (DD) of 97.7%, 88.7%, 0 59.6% were applied. A higher DD means a higher >. number of amino groups. 4 The results have shown that the cell stiffness grows CNtosa I when positively charged compounds were present in a 0 59.6 88.7 97.7 solution Fig. 1) A significant raise was observed in deacet ylati on degree (01o) solution containing more poly-L-lysine peptide and also in the case when the interacting molecule alone Fig. 1: The Young's modulus values as becomes more positively charged (higher DD degree) a function of the concentration of poly-L-lysine whereas the concentration of chitosan remains the (upper plot) deacetylation degree of chitosan same. (lower plot). Fig 2 presents a comparison between Young's modulus values obtained for WM35 cells growing on two different kinds of substrate: pure -lass surface carrying negative charge in water solution and glass cov- Substrate: ered with poly-L-lysine 0.01% v/v) carrying positive 0=1 glass char-e on its surface. ,:-4 151 poly-L-lysine The observed behaviour can be explained by alteration in the or-anisation of cell cytoskeleton, especially lo- in the actin filaments distribution. A detailed discussion 21 is given in 2]. 5- References: 1. 0. Thournine and A. Ott, Biorheology 34 415) (1997) 309; 2. M.Lekka, P. Laidler, J. Ignacak, M. Labq&, J. Lekki, Fig. 2 The comparison of Young's modulus H. Struszczyk, Z. Stachura, and A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, value obtained for two different types of sub- BBA (Molecular Cell Research) 1540 2) 2001) 127. strate: glass and glass covered with poly-L- lysine. 68 PLO300057 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

Relationship between the Adhesion Force and Loading Rate Measured by SFM J. Grybo, M. Lekka, J. Lekki, G. Pyka, Z. Stachura, and J. Styczefi

Many specific proteins take part in biological processes like molecular recognition or mediating signals in cell-to-cells and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Such molecular phenomena involve adhesive ligand-receptor interaction. Scanning Force Microscopy gives a possibility to determine the strength of the adhesion force beetwen two interacting molecules. From practical point of view, such experiment requires covering the SFM tip with one type of molecule while the other type is bound to a surface. Usually, ligands are immobilised to silicon nitride SFM tip and receptors are bound to glass or gold surface. In our studies, a model ligand-receptor system was etylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, ligand) and bovine serum alburnine (BSA, receptor). Modification of SFM tips with EDTA molecules was performed in the following way: first SFM tips were pretreated with 4 solution of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in toluene in order to enrich the surface with amino groups. Next, tips were immersed into 0 I mg/ml solution of EDTA for one hour. Molecules of albumin (cf. Fig. la) were attached to glass surface by immersing glass coverslips into 0.5 mg/ml BSA solution also for one hour. Quantitave determination of adhesion force requires not only a careful calibration of the microscope alone but also a detailed control during measurements. The measured adhesion value depends strongly on loadin- rate i.e. the time derivative of applied loading force 1]. This effect is due to formation of - more or less numerous - independent adhesive microcontacts. If the approach-retract cycle is carried out at the same linear speed, the loading rate is proportional to cantilever spring constant, as the loading force increases with spring stiffness. The aim of the reported study was to determine how the adhesion force depends on the cantilever spring constant value. The nominal values of spring constants were 0.01 N/m, 003 N/m, 0.05 N/m 01 N/m, and 0.5 N/m. All other experimental conditions were constant during the measurements. The measurements were carried out using SFM in a ,liquid cell" setup at room temperature in deionized water adjusted to pH 70 using NaOH base. The adhesion force values were obtained by analysis of the retracting part of the force-distance curves. For each adhesive system, 6 - 12 different positions on the sample surface were chosen. In order to reduce the statistical error, about 100 curves were collected at each position. The obtained results are in agreement with expectations - the total adhesion force increases with cantilever spring constant i.e. loading rate. Large systematic errors may screen this effect, therefore, the safest way of carrying out the adhesion measurements is to make relative measurements using the same type of cantilevers.

1.1 Jim 2.0 - spring constant value [Nlm]

Z 1. - C: 0.5

0 1.0 0.1 0 W

< 0. - 05 0 01 0.03

------0.0 a) 0 1.1 Jim b)

Fig. 1: a) Albumin molecules on a glass surface, b) the adhesion force obtained for several types of SFM cantilevers. Reference: 1. D. Leckband, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 29 2000) 1. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy 69

Calcium and Lanthanide Ions Influence Affinity of the Cu and Ni Binding Sites within Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem II* K. Burda and G.H. Schmid'

'Faculty of Biology, Cell Physiology, University of Bielefeld, Germany

The water splitting enzyme of photosystem 11 (PS II) is located on umenal side of the D1/D2 het- erodimer surrounded by the extrinsic 33 kDa, 23 kDa, and 17 kDa proteins. In the absence of the extrinsic peptides oxygen evolution requires for proper functioning the addition of calcium and chloride ions. It is also known that manganese ions are necessary for the reaction. Mn cluster accumulates oxidizing redox equiva- lents. However, the binding sites of the manganese complex, Ca' 2 and Cl-, and their cooperation are not really known 1]. We have shown that lanthanides, being suitable probes for Ca'2 binding sites (for example: Dy +3 and Eu 13 ) at about equirnolar Me+3/pS 11 reaction center (RC) proportions, stimulate oxygen evolution twofold 2]. At higher concentrations they are strong inhibitors of the process of water splitting. This action of lanthanides has been observed in the absence of calcium ions. Recently, we have found that copper ions at as low as 12 CU,2/pS II RC proportions stimulate the 02 yield twofold. This has been observed in the presence of Ca 12 . The studies with chelators suggest that Cu+2 may be a native component of PS 11 and may take part in the oxygen evolution process 3]. Ni +2 is a suitable probe for copper binding sites and our polarographic measurements have shown that nickel ions can stimulate oxygen evolution in the presence of Ca 2, however at concentrations 10-40 times higher than CU+2 . The most interesting observation is that the presence of calcium ions leads to decrease of the ratio 12jpS 11 RC, at which copper (11) stimulates 02 yield, in comparison to the preparations without Ca +2. In the case of Ca+2 absence ten times higher concentrations of copper ions are required. The binding site of Ni,2 is not influenced by calcium ions. We have also observed that copper (11) stimulates oxygen evolution even in the presence of such concentrations of La+3 , at which lanthanide inhibits the process of water splitting. Summarizing, our studies showed that there is a binding site within photosystem 11 oxygen evolving complex which has high affinity for copper (11) ions, The binding site undergoes conformational changes in the presence of calcium ions. This is supported by measurements with lanthanides that substitute Ca 12 . The binding site of calcium (lanthanide) ions is distinct from the binding Site Of CU12. Our studies were performed on photosystem 11 particles isolated from tobacco (Nicotana tabacum var. John Williams Broadleaf or from the Su/su var. Aurea mutant) according to the method of Berthold et al. 4] with modification of Baron et al. [5]. For the arnperometric oxygen evolution measurements we used the three-electrode system of Schmid and Thibault 6]. References: 1. R.J. Debus, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1102 1992) 269; 2. K. Burda, K. Strzalka, and G.H. Schmid, Z. Naturforsch. 50c 1995) 220; 3. K. Burda, J. Kruk, A. Radunz, K. Strzalka, and G.H. Schmid, submitted in Photosyn. Res.; 4. D.A. Berthold, G.T. Babcock, and C.F. Yocum, FEBS Letters 134 1981) 23 ; 5. M. Baron, J.B. Arellano, and J.L. Gorge, Physiol. Plantarum 94 1995) 174; 6. G.H. Schmid and P. Thibault, Z. Naturforsch. 34c 1979) 414.

Work supported by grant No: 6PO4A 03817 from the Committee for Scientific Research of Poland (KBN). 70 PLO300165 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

Analysis of Human Cancer Prostate Tissues Using FTIR Microspectroscopy and SPdXE Techniques

C. Paluszkiewicz 1,2 and W.M. Kwiatek

Regional Laboratory,Jagiellonian Uiversity, Krak6w, Poland, 2Department of Materials Science and Ceram ics, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland

It is known that I'IR spectra of human tissues are specific and can be used to discriminate between various disease states. Since the occurrence of prostate cancer disease seems to be increasing during the recent years, cancer and healthy parts of prostate tissues were examined in this study. The human prostate tissues were obtained during surgical operation. Sections of samples were mounted onto Mylar foils and measured by both Fourier Transform Infrared TIR) microspectroscopy and Synchrotron Radiation Induced X- ray Emission (SRIXE) methods. Neighbouring sections of tissues were mounted onto glass slides for histopathological study. Standard FTIR analyses of tissue sections are performed on samples placed on IR- transparent materials such as KBr, and BaF2or microscopic glass but in this study we have analyzed tissues on Mylar foils as well. SRIXE analysis of trace element concentrations in cancer and healthy parts of prostate tissues show significant differences between elemental concentrations. The levels of Ca and Fe concentrations in cancer tissue are much higher than in healthy tissues. The opposite relation is observed for Zn. The same tissues which had been placed on Mylar foil and previously analyzed with SRIXE were analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy. For FTIR analysis the same areas of the tissues were chosen. In addition, the tissues placed on KBr and standard microscopic glass were also measured. In the region from 2800 cm- to 3000 cm-' there are differences for prostate tissues what is presented in the figure. As is seen the band at 2930 cm-' is more intense than the band at 2960 cm-' for cancer tissue 0 spectrum (a). The relative intensity ratio of C. v,,CH2 t v,,,CH3 changes from 1.05 for U> healthy parts (b) to 1.5 for cancer parts (a) of the prostate tissue spectra. Similar relation -E C* can be observed for the bands due to symmet- b ric stretching vibrations vCH2 and vCH3- These differences may indicate disorder of the CH3groups in the prostate cancer tissue. Our study confirms that the region of CH stretchin- bands can be used to distinguish 2080 296D 2940 2S20 29'00 28'80 2860 286 2820 healthy and cancer parts of the analyzed tis- WavenUMbff I m4) sue. Fig. 1: FTIR spectra of cancer part (a) and healthy part (b) of the prostate tissue section.

Acknowledgements: The special thanks are given to Professors Tadeusz Cichocki and jenzy tachura both from Collegium Medicurn, Jagiellonian University for their help in histopathological investigations.

This work has been partially supported by State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN), Poland, Grants No: IFJ0202, AGH I 11 1160.92, and the National Synchrotron Light Source, General User Grant No: 3680. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy 7 PLO300058

Tissue Analysed by Means of Synchrotron Radiation*

W.M. Kwiatek, M. Galkal, A.L. Hanson 2, C. Paluszkiewicz 3,4, and T. CichocW

'Gabriel Narutowicz Hospital, Krak* Poland; 2Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA; 3 Regional Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, PolandUniversity4 of Mining ad Metallurgy, Kra k6w, Poland; 5Colegium Medicum, JagiellonianUniversity, Krak6w, Poland

The Synchrotron Radiation Induced X-ray Emission (SRIXE) and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) are two complementary techniques of obtaining information about the tissue content. The prostate tissue sections were obtained from the patients operated due to cancer disease. The samples were histologically examined. A 10 mm thick tissue sections cut on a cryo-microtome were placed on 3prn thin Mylar foil and were irradiated with monochromatic X-ray beam of 16 mm x 14 mm size. The two- dimensional scans on both cancerous and non-cancerous parts of the tissue were made in order to determine trace element concentrations by SRIXE. The results of the distribution of trace element concentrations are presented.

The XANES measurements were done at the same beam line with the incident monochromatic X-rays. The energy was scanned in about 03 eV steps over the zji(Li) Deaictur range approximately 20 eV to 30 eV relative to the nominal absorption-edge energyfor elemental iron 7.112 keV). The measurements were performed in fluore- scencemode. Basing on the XANES results we were able to determine the iron oxidation state in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues.

Fig. 1: XANES and PIXE aet-up at BNL-X26A beam line in NSLS.

Synchrotron radiation techniques are very power- Fe Ka Fluorescence (normalized counts) 1000 ful tools for: - trace element analysis in tissues, 20 - elemental mapping, 15 - chemical speciation at trace levels, - chemical structure determination. 1 0 Relalive energy [eA

Trace elements in cancerous tissues occur mostly 5- on lower levels in comparison to the levels in non- 0- cancerous tissues.

Fe exists on much higher level in cancerous tissues than in non-cancerous ones and it occurs on 3 rd 0 5 10 15 20 oxidation state in cancerous parts while in non- Relative Energy eV] nd cancerous mostly on the 2 Fig. 2 XANES spectra of two different prostate

tissue sections.

This work was partially supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN), International Exchange Programme and National Synchrotron Light Source, General User Grant No: 3680. 72 PLO300059 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy Concentration of Trace Elements in Antarctic Lichens and Moss Using PIXE Method P. Osyczkal, E.M. Dutkiewicz, and M. Olechl

'Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland

Activity of Antarctic research stations and development of tourism have posed the local ecological threats to natural Antarctic environment. Anthropogenic pressure can be particularly seen in the West Ant- arctic region, especially on the King George Island, which belongs to the South Shetlands. Therefore, the continuous environmental pollution monitoring in the neighbourhood of human activity centres is necessary. Lichens and mosses are very well known as bioindicators of airborne pollution. In our investigations lichens Usnea antarctica, Usnea aurantiaco-atraand moss Sanionia uncinata were used. Samples were collected from the area of seasonal and year-round working Antarctic stations located on the King George Island and Antarctic Peninsula (Fig. 1). Control group samples were collected in the innermost part of land for comparison.

117

r -

Fig. 1: Sampling location: I - H. Arctowski St., 2 - Ferraz St., 3 - Machu Picchu St., 4 - Peter J. Lenie St., - Artigas St., 6 - Bellinghausen St., 7 - Marsh St., - Great Wall St., 9 - Admirante Brown Base. In the material 10 trace elements were determined, namely: V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb, Br, Rb, Sr. Quali- tative and quantitative contents of elements in the material were measured using PIXE method (Particle In- duced X-ray Emission). This multielemental method is a very useful tool for environmental pollution monitoring. The same procedure was performed for all samples: they were dried, grinned in ball-melt and pressed into the pellets under 15 MPa A proton beam with 24 MeV energy from the 3 MeV Van de Graaff accelerator, Si(Li) detector with FWHM resolution of 180 eV for Mn K-cc line and ORTEC 919 Multichannel Buffer controlled by a PC computer were used for these measurements. External standard from International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna - lichen IAEA-336 reference material was used for the calculation of trace elements concentration. Off line analysis using our in-house developed code based on HEX procedure gave the concentration lewels. As an example of possible adverse human influence upon Antarctic environment, the maximal observed trace elements concentration in samples collected from the area of Antarctic stations of each species are shown in Table 1. Those concentrations are higher than observed in control group. Such results suggest that human activities may induce a local risk for the unique Antarctic environment.

Table . V Cr Mn Co Cu Zn Pb Br Rb Sr S. u./control 6±2 13±3 90±20 15±3 12±2 22±4 1±1 22±4 -a 35±8 S. U. 90±20 229±46 953±191 108±22 390±90 150±30 19±5 16±4 3±2 162±32 U. a./control 2±1 2±1 25±5 -a 6±2 26±5 -a 12±2 -a -a U. a. 75±15 45±9 76±15 26±5 95±19 32±7 3±1 53±11 10±2 20±4 U. a.a./control 3±1 -a 20±4 -a 5±1 22±4 1±1 15±3 -a 35±8 U. a.a. 15±5 15±3 280±60 25±5 960±190 55±10 6±2 550±100 -a 59±12 S. u - Sanionia uncinata U.a - Usnea ntarctica U.a.a - Usnea aurantiaco-atra -a - below detectable limit Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300060 73

Investigation of Elemental Composition of Inhomogeneous Materials by RBS and PIXE Techniques*

B. Rajchel, J. Staiszl, M. Mitur'a, E.M. Dutkiewicz, R. Haduk, J. Koni eczyfiskil, E. Wantuch 2 and B. Porankiewicz

2 'Silesian University of Technology, Departmentof Air Protection, Gliwice, Poland, University of Technology, Krak6w, Poland; 3Agricultural University of Poznah, Department of Woodworking Machinery and Machines Construction Bases, Poznah, Poland

The PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) is a technique frequently used for determination of trace elements in solid materials. Unfortunately, this technique can give unrealistic results for inhomogeneous materials. Especially, the PIXE analysis of heavy elements concentration in inhomogeneous materials composed mainly by C, N, 0 can be extremely incorrect. Such unfavorable experimental conditions can be found in the analysis of the elemental composition of filtered micro particles of metals, alloys or chemical compounds. An extremely large error is observed when the spot of the beam is larger than the size of the analyzed grain. Fortunately, this error can be reduced by simultaneous application of the RBS (Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy) and the PIXE technique. In our experimental method, one RBS spectrum, measured for auxiliary sample (carbon implanted with Bi ions) is used for determination of the total number of charged particles deposited by beam in the investigated sample. This RBS spectrum is recorded in auxiliary chamber working as a "chopper". The second RBS spectrum, measured for the investigated sample, is used for determination of the elemental composition of the matrix and for evaluation of a ratio of charged particles deposited by beam in investigated grain and in the matrix. The backscattered particles are detected at the 1700 angle to beam. Simultaneously with this RBS spectrum the PIXE spectrum is recorded at 900 angle to the beam. As a standard the sintered industrial dust (Ti, Fe, Cr, Co, W) or the STELLIT alloy (Co, Cr, W) is used. This analysis procedure can be applied when this ratio is bigger than 3. This PIXE/RBS procedure can be useful particularly for analysis of the elemental composition of filtered industrial dusts or filtered macro particles produced in wear experiments. Such grains can be stopped in filters as the industrial dust or as the product of wear of metals. We applied it for determination of concentration of heavy elements in small grains trapped in paper filters or in wood. The RBS and PIXE spectra recorded for paper - filtered industrial dust are shown in Fig. .

6000 (a) 10000 Ca-, F. (b)

6000 G%. 1000 Zn,, 8 4000 Ge., 42 136

2OW-100

0 250 5DD 760 IODO 1250 1500 1750 2ODD 0 20D 400 600 800 IODD 1200 14DO 1600 1WO 2;1. Channel 4 Channel

Fig. 1: The RBS (a) and the P1XE (b) spectra recorded for paper filters with bounded small metallic grains.

This work was partially supported by grant No: MR[USDA-98-322 Maria Sklodowska-Curie Joint Fund II in Warsaw "The Investigation of Chemical Wear of Cutting Edges by Processing Board Materials" and by the State Committee for Scientific Research grant. No: 7 T08C 0 1 9 15. 74 PLO300061 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

Investigation of Thin MAD Coating Layer Based on Calcium and Phosphorus * J. Baszkiewiczl, D. Krupa', B. Rajchel, M. Mitura, A. Adarnski, A. BarcZ2 jW. Sobczak 3, and A. Bilifiski3

Warsaw University of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Poland,.2 Institute of Electron Technology, Warsaw, Poland,.3 Unstitute of Physical Chemistry of Polish Academy of Science, War saw, Poland

The hydroxyapatite (HAP) can be a modern material for bioactive coating. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the HAP layers are strongly dependent on the method used for their creation. The dual beam IBAD method, based on simultaneous work of two beams ("implantation" beam and "sputtering" beam) can be applied for creation of layers with very good adhesion to substrate. Especially the dual beam IBAD methods can be applied for preparation of the HAP coating layer. The IBAD HAP layers can provide a good coating of the metallic endoprosthesis only when the corrosion resistivity is good. In this work the corrosion resistivity of the thin HAP coating layers were investigated. One set of the HAP IBAD layers was created by using P ions beam at the energy of 25 keV as the "implantation" beam. Second set of the HAP layers was created by using of Ca' ions beam at the energy of 25 keV as the "implantation" beam. As "sputtered" material the thick sintered HAP was used. For sputtering of the HAP block the Ar' ions beam at energy of 25 keV was applied. In both cases Ti substrate was used. The chemical composition of IBAD layers were determined using the RBS, PIXE, SIMS, and XPS methods. The PIXE/RBS give the Ca/P ratio close to 1.8 ± 04. The XPS analysis of layers shows that their surface contains phosphates and calcium oxide or hydroxide. The corrosion resistivity was measured in a simulated body fluid (SBF) by the electrochemical methods. The anodic polarization curves of titanium covered by IBAD layers are shown in Fig. 1. The sample (A) created with P ions beam were examined at the temperature of 37'C whereas the sample (B) created with Ca' ions beam were examined at room temperature. Prior to measurements, the sample (A) was exposed to the test conditions for approximately 13 h - 1488 h while the (B) sample was exposed 13 h. The corrosion resistivity of coated titanium depends on the layer formation time. For samples (B) the layer formed during 7h35' shows the highest corrosion resistivity.

100000 (a) 100000 (b) i0000 10000 1000 1000 100 =L 100 Z 10 10

011 0.01 0.0, 0,001 0.001 I -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Potential mVl Potential VI Fig. 1: The anodic polarization curves of titanium covered by: (a) IBAD layer, "implantation" beam: P', ip = 3lA, "sputtered" beam: Ar', iA = 50 tA, (b) IBAD layer, "implantation" beam: Ca', ic, = 2gA, "sputtered" beam: Ar+, iA = 50 tA.

This work was partially sponsored by the State Committee for Scientific Research, grant No: 7 T08C 003 17. Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300062 75

Simulation of the Interaction of Fe Atoms with Diamond under Extremely High Temperature and Pressure

B. Rajehel, L. Jaworskal, E. Wantuch 2, and T. Burakowski3

Institute of Metal Cutting, Krak6w, PolandUniversity2 of Technology, Krak6w, Poland, 3University of Tech nology, Radom, Poland

The DLC (Diamond Like Coating) and NCD (Nano Crystalline Diamond) layer can be used as a hard coating of cutting tools for machining of non - ferrous metals or alloys. Unfortunately the diamond structure can be strongly changed by the Fe, Ni, Co atoms, diffused into carbon layer from the core of the cutting tool. Fast diffusion of atoms from the substrate to coating layer can proceed under locally high temperatures exist- inc, when the carbon layer is created. In the present work the interaction of diamond with Fe atoms was investigated. The molecular dynamics method was applied to determine phase transformations of "sandwich" type Fe - diamond systems, For simulation of the transformation of carbon structures, a set of diamond layers mixed with iron layers was defined. Each system was composed of diamond layers and iron layers (total of 586 carbon and iron atoms). Molecular simulations were performed for different temperatures and pressures (e.g. 00 K - GPa], [300 K - I 0 GPa], 900 K - 200 GPa]). The SP2 and SP3 bonds characteristics for the graphite and diamond structures are routinely studied by means of the Raman spectroscopy. Therefore theoretical Raman spectra and sets of mechanical properties were calculated in this work for each of the geometrically optimized Fe-C structures. The simulated Raman spectra for 300 K - GPa], 900 K - 200 GPa] conditions are shown in Fig. 1. For all simulations the MSI - CERIUS-2 package was used. To test the results of the simulation, a set of carbon - Fe layers is prepared by the dual beam IBAD (Ion Beam Assisted Deposition) method which is just a technique in which locally extremely high temperatures and pressures are encountered. Experimental Raman spectra of the samples will be recorded in the near future.

1.0 (a) (b) x n0.8 t 0.0

t 0.6 - t

Y t Y 0.4. a b r0.2 b

0.0 O'.3 2.,.o 1'. 3 2. 2.3 3.0 3.5 4.0 0.5 2.15 2.0 2.11 b Z103 W a enumber a a I

Fig. 1: The theoretical Raman spectrum for Fe - diamond systems optimialized by molecular dynamic technique for: (a) 300 K and GPa, (b) 900 K and 200 GPa.

This work was partially sponsored by the State Committee for Scientific Research grant. No: 7 T08C 019 15 and by grant KBN/SGI-ORIGIN-2000/IFJ/132/1998. 76 PLO300063 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

Creation of the SW, and DLC Coating Layers by Dual Beam IBAD Method* B. Rajchel, E. Wantuchl, T. Burakowski2 , L.M. PronieWiCZ3 , L. Jaworska 4, M. Mitura, A. Adarnski, and St. Skrzypek 5

University of Technology, Krak6w, Poland, 2 University of Technology, Radom, Poland, 3Jagiellonian Univer sity, Dept. of Chemistry, Krak6w, Poland; 4 5 institute of Cutting Materials, Krak6w, Poland, University of Min ing and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland

Thin films, based on carbon and silicon, can be applied as modern protective layers of cutting tools or metallic endoprostheses. The carbon layer (DLC - Diamond Like Coatings, NCD - Nano Crystalline Coat- ings) are frequently used as extremely hard coatings. The SiC, especially the O-SiC polytype, can be use as a hard coating layer of cutting tools or as an intermediate sublayer between protected surface and main coating carbon layer (DLC or NCD type). The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the carbon and SiC layers are strongly dependent on the method used to create this layer. From mechanical point of view the adhesion to substrate and the internal stress in the layer can determine the final properties of cutting tools covered by protective coating layer. At the Institute of Nuclear Physics the ionic techniques are used to create the carbon and silicon based layers. For investigation of physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the carbon based layers and SiC films the RBS (Rutherford BackScattering Spectroscopy), Raman spectroscopy and the low angle X-ray diffraction technique are used. The RBS is used to measure the layer thickness and for determination of the Si/C ratio. The Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction can determine the micro structure of the layer. From a wide gallery of methods used to create a coating layer, the dual beam IBAD (Ion Beam Assisted Deposition) method can be applied to formation of layers with excellent adhesion to substrate. The IBAD method is a technique based on the interaction of the impact beam ("implantation" beam) with a dynamically formed layer. This layer is mainly formed by particles sputtered from "auxiliary" target. For sputtering of this target usually the beam of Ar' is used. The final micro structure of the layer can be controlled by total energy deposited by the "implantation" beam and by speed of sputtering of the "auxiliary" target. In the present work the "sandwich" type (DLC - SiQ thin layer was created by using "implantation" beam of C' ions at energy of 25 keV. As the "auxiliary" target the complex C - Si plate was applied. As the substrate the Si single crystal or sintered A1203 were used. The RBS spectra recorded for determination of C/Si ratio in prepared samples are shown in Fig. 1. The measured value of this ratio is close to .

1400 - 14D -

1200- 1200-

1000 1ODD -

800 Soo 0 LU 600 600 R 31 La' 400 - 400 - 9 z 200 - 200- 0 0

0 2;Q 5;0 7O 1(O IAO 0 250 WO 750 100 1250 Channel Channel

Fig. 1: RBS spectra measured for SiC thin layer (left) and for DLC thin layer (right). Both spectra were used for determination of the C/Si ratio.

This work was partially sponsored by the State Committee for Scientific Research grant No: 7 T08C 019 15 and by grant KBN/SGI-ORIGIN-2000/IFJ/132/1998. II IIIIII Hill III IIIII Hill 1111 IIII IIIIIIIIII 1 111 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy PLO300064 77 New Experimental Chamber of the Cracow Proton Microprobe J. Lekki, Z. Stachura, A. Potempa, E.M. Dutkiewicz, R. Hajduk, T. Pieprzyca, Cz. Samecki, Z. Szklarz, K. Wigniewski, R. Zaj4_c, and J. Styczeh A new experimental chamber has been constructed and set up at the ion beam line of the proton microprobe. The chamber allows simultaneous operation and data acquisition with the use of two X-ray detectors, one optional particle detector (standard or annular) and a microchannel secondary electrons detector. Up to four specimens (diameter -10 mm) together with energy calibration sample and a dimensional calibration grid are mounted on manually operated precise manipulator of four degrees of freedom (XYZ and rotation).

X-ray detector 1

Faraday cup NsM lkq and its manipulator anipulatr ,\\9 a0

Sample holder Proton beam direction [;0 D LL .tive and CCD camera

ive, le X-ray D camera attenuation filter A. B. Fig. 1: Cross section views of a new microbeam chamber. A: Top view (to simplify the drawing the sample holder and manipulator are removed). Side view objective is monitoring the sample surface and beam spot location using a tilted mirror (not shown here). Only the X-ray main detector (the one sensitive to soft X-rays) is drawn in the figure - the second detector is located above the first one and tilted, cf. Figure 2A. B: Side view. Filtering of high intensity low energy X-rays is provided with the use of Al foil filters 20 tm to 80 tm thick located in front of the main detector. A: Placement of two X-ray detectors (tilted front view corresponding roughly to the beam direction). First detector is either a standard, 'Li f, liquid nitrogen cooled Si(Li) OR- Sample manipulator TEC or an AMPTEK XR-100CR X staeyto r feedtrough cooled by a Peltier element. These X-rays 4 1111 detectors (efficiency of 90% and detector Annular particle Sample holder nM-h detector more) have energy windows starting Calibration grids Sample at 2 keV and limited to 12 keV, therefore an attenuation filter (cf. Attenuation filters Channeltron Fig. IA) should be applied for some

Filter adjustment measurements. The second detector rotary motion is a Peltier cooled AMPTEK XR- feedthrough A. B. 10OT-CZT, sensitive to higher en- Fig. 2 The geometry of detectors. ergy X and gamma rays (energy range of 10 keV up to -100 keV). B: Backscattered particles and secondary electrons detectors (in this drawing the standard particle detector shown in Fig. I B was replaced by the annular one). All detectors signals and beam charge (collected either from a Faraday cup or from the sample) are acquired in the list mode and displayed on-line by the data acquisition system based on CAMAC and a standard PC. 78 PLO300065 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

Microprobe Investigations in Geology and Biology J. Lekki, S. Lebed', M.L. Paszkowski2 , R. Hajduk, W. Polak, A. Potempa, Z. Stachura, and J. Styczefi

Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 2Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences

Below we present examples of first applications of the Krak6w proton microprobe. - Age determination of geological specimens. The method applied follows the technique [1] of chemical dating of U-Th minerals: if the Pb content in a mineral may be attributed mostly to U-Th decay, it is possible to determine the age of a specimen by solving an equilibrium equation which includes elemental content of U, Th and P and decay times of uranium and thorium. As the investigated specimens were small size monazite crystals (5 - 50 [tm) the application of a microprobe was necessary to extract information concerning single monazite (due to different geological history even neighbouring crystals may differ significantly in ae). In pactice, microbearn resolution of 10 l.Lm was sufficient to obtain significant data.

M IW OFIE NOWENNEW-77--l ADC-1 E: .64kV, Y: 96 Rol: 19.91,20.43 kV se S2. 3O.. Fig. 1: a) Big monazite crystal ima- -disks ged in full X-ray spectrum. b) Region of monazite X-ray spec- ThW ThWt Rol trum containing lines of interest (Pb,

R--d Different linestyles corre- IDO Th, U). -L-T_l spond to the spectra of the two sepa- I.- T

Illul rate monazite crystals.

IO 2 2. 1 12 -k Y 2256 Measurements were carried out in a provisory experimental chamber where X-ray geometry was far from optimal and for proton beam energy of 245 MeV only. Even for relatively low statistics reasonable results were obtained. The calculated monazite ages were estimated in the range of 230 - 260 My with age determination errors of about 30 - 45 My. Further, more extensive studies are planned in this field. Geological samples mapping. Fig. 2 shows the distribution of Fe and Ni in a sample of nickel-rich ore. MEN= Color scale of the images was chosen in such a way that bright regions correspond to a high concentration of an element. Please note the clear correspondence between Ni rich regions (right image) and darker spots in left image (low Fe concentration).

Fig. 2 Elemental map of a Fe-Ni ore.

256 Jim

Elemental mapping of biological objects. First results were obtained with the lichen Xanthoria parietine sample collected in Surny (Ukraine) area. Lichen samples were collected in a region considered as ecologi-

ul --r tb 2_m7wmr-"-M cally clean. The example distributions of several significant elements in a thin (8 - 50 tm) section of a lichen sample are shown in Fig. 2 The heterogenic distributions indicate that lichens are not passive accumulators of minerals from the environment but actively take part in the accumulation process. Next studies is this field are underway, this time with the use of a new, optimised experimental chamber, what has a geometry assuring very significant increase of an X-ray yield. Fig. 3 Distribution of K, Ca, Ti, and Fe in Xanthoria parietine. Please note that sample edge is in the lower part of the image. Reference: 1. J.-M. Montel et al., Chemical Geology 131 1996) 37. DeP artment of Nuclear Spectroscopy 79

GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: I Dr B. Rajchel - grant No: T 08C 0 1 9 15, "Creation of Hard Coating Layers by Ionic Methods for the HSM Cutting Technology" (1.09.1998 - 31.08.2001); 2. Dr J. Baszkiewicz (Warsaw Technical University) and Dr B. Rajchel - grant No: 7 508C 003 17, "Corrosion Resistance and Bioactivity Improvement of Titanium by the IBAD Creation of Surface Layer Containing Calcium and Phosphorus" 03.2000 - 06.2002); 3. Pi-of. J. Styczeh - grant No: 2 P03B 045 16, "A Search for Shape Coexistence in Exotic Nuclei" 1.01.1999 - 31.12.2001); 4. Dr A. Maj - grant No: 2 P03B 00 1 16, "Formation and Decay of Compound Nucleus Studied with the Giant Dipole Resonance" (1.0 1 1999 - 31.12.2000); 5. Dr K. Burda - grant No: 6 P04A 038 17, "The Influence of Inorganic Compounds on the Electron Transport in Photosystern. 11" (I. IL 1999 - 31.04.2002); 6. Prof.R. Broda - grant No: 2 P03B 074 18, "Medium and High Spin Yrast structures of Neutron Rich Nuclei" 1.01.2000 - 31.12.2002); 7. Assoc. Prof.P. Wodniecki - grant No: 2 P03B 066 18, "Hyperfine Interactions and Phase Transitions in Intermetallic Compounds" (1.01.2000 - 31.12.2002); 8. Assoc. Prof.J. Dryzek - grant No: 2PO3B 100 19, "Application of the Positron Diffusion Trapping Model to the Study of Grain Boundaries" (1.09.2000 - 31.03.2002); 9. Dr Eng. A. Pieczka (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy) and Dr J. Kraczka - grant No: 6 P04D 037 16, "Structural-Crystallochernical Study of Rare Mineral Phases (Arsenates, Vanadates, Phosphates, Sili- cates) from the Sudetes Mts" 1.01.2000 - 30.04.2002); 10. Dr M. Lekka - grant No: 6 P05A 129 21, "Studies of Binding Force Between Ligand-Receptor Pairs by Means of SFM" (1.09.2001 - 31.08.2003).

Investments Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: 1 . Dr J. Lekki - grant No: A 0201 , "Single Ion Beam System for the Nuclear Microprobe and the Modernisation of the Main Data Ac- quisition System of the Van de Graaff Accelerator"; 2. Dr J. Lekki - grant No: A 02013, "Supplement of the Basic Laboratory Equipment of the Research Laboratories"; 3. Assoc. Prof.P. Wodniecki- grant No: A 0201 , "Electronic Equipment Ensuring a Stable Working of the Spectrometers Used in the Nuclear Struc- ture and Solid State Investications"; 4. Dr W.M. Kwiatek - grant No: A 02017, "PIXE/PIGE Experimental Set-Up"; 5. Dr M. Marszalek - grant No: A 0202 , "Large Research Facilities in Studies of Nanomaterials - Complementary Equipment"; 6. Dr B. Rajchel - grant No: A 02022, "Modernization of the Implantation Chamber and Extraction Lenses of the Dual Beam Ion Im- planter".

Grants from Other Sources: 1. Prof.J. Styczei - Polish-Frcnch Convention between I N2 P3 and Polish Laboratories Convention Jumelage (W3001). 80 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: 1 .XXXV Zakopane School of Physics - InternationalSymposium: Condensed Matter Studies by Nuclear Methods, Zakopane, Poland, 14 - 19 May 2001.

Organizers: H. Niewodniczafiski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w and Institute of Physics, Jagiel- Ionian University, Organizing Committee: J. Styczeh (chairman), A. Hrynkiewicz (honorary chairman), W.M. Kwiatek (scientific secretar editor), M. Marszalek (editor), J. Stanek, A. Bana, J. Grqbosz, J. Grybo§, M. Lekka, J. Lekki, M. Niewiara, W. Polak, and Z. Stachura. 2. The Second Sumy-Cracow-MiinsterSymposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001.

Organizers: H. Niewodniczahski Institute of Nuclear Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics, MUn- ster University. Organizing Committee: J. Lekki, Z. Stachura, and B. Sulkio-Cleff.

MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: 1. W. M. Kwiatek - Member of Organizing Committee - InternationalConference on Synchrotron CrystalographySYNCR YS - 2001, Czarny Potok, Poland, 31 August - 4 September 200 ; 2. W. M. Kwiatek - Member of Organizing Committee and Advisory Committee (Treasurer) - VI InternationalSymposium and School on Synchrotron Radiation in Natural Science, Jaszowiec, Poland, 17-22 June, 2002; 3. J. Styczet - Member of Advisory Committee - Workshop on "Future of Nuclear Structure and Gamma Spectroscopy with Stable Beams", Institut de Recherches Subatorniques, Strasbourg, France, 7-8 June 2001; 4. P. Wodniecki - Member of International Advisory Committee - 12 1h InternationalConference on Hyperflne Iteractions,Park City, USA, 12-17 August 2001.

INVITED TALKS: 1. R. Broda, "High Spin States in and around Doubly Magic Nuclei", High Spi Pysics 2001, InternationalResearch Conference, Warsaw, Poland, February 2001; 2. R. Broda, "New Challenges in Regions of Doubly Magic 48 Ca and 208Pb9% 7th InternationalSpring Seminar o Nuclear Physics, "Challenges of Nuclear Structure", Maiori, Italy, 27-31 May 2001; 3. J. Dryzek, "The Solution of the Time Dependent Positron Diffusion Equation Valid for the Pulsed Beam Ex- periments", SLOPOS-9, Dresden (Rossendorf), Germany, 16-22 September 2001; 4. B. Fornal, "Polarization Charge of the 7rh 12 Orbital from the Yrast Structure of the 206 Hg"; 7th InternationalSpring Seminar on Nuclear Physics, "Challenges of Nuclear Structure", Maiori, Italy, 27-31 May 2001; 5. A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, "What is the Future of Nuclear Power Engineering in Poland?", XXXVI Meeting of Polish Physicists, Torufi, Poland, 19 September 200 ; Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy 8 1

6. A. Maj, "Nuclear Shapes Studies with EUROBALL, RFD and HECTOR Devices", 2nd "Sandanski" East-West CoordinationMeeting o Nuclear Science, Sandanski, Bulgaria, 5-9 May 2001; 7. A. Maj, "GDR as a Probe of Properties of Hot Rotating Nuclei", InternationalSymposium "At the Front of Giant Resonance Studies", Beijing, China, 29 October - 2 November 2001; 8. A. Maj, "GDR-Based Search for Exotic Nuclear Shapes", InternationalSymposium "At the Front of Giant Resonance Studies", Beijing, China, 29 October - 2 November 200 ; 9 A. Maj, "Entrance Channel Effect and Superdeformation Studied with HECTOR and Ge-Arrays", InternationalSymposium "At the Front of Giant Resonance Studies", Beijing, China, 29 October - 2 November 2001; 10. A. Maj, "Exotic Shapes Probed by the GDR", Workshop on Shapes, Rotation and Temperature in Atomic Nuclei, on the Occasion of Bent Her- skind's 70 Birthday, NBI Copenhagen, Denmark, 68 December 2001; 11. W. Mqczyfiski, "Physics with RFD: Reaching beyond Band Terminating States in Light Medium Nuclei and Search for Unknown Heavy Nuclei", Workshop on,, Future of Nuclear Structure and Gamma Spectroscopy with Stable Beams", IReS, Strasboura, France, 78 June 2001.

ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS: I K. Burda, "Size of the 180 Isotope Effect in the Water Splitting Reaction", Satellite Electron Transfer Conference, PS2001 Electron Transfer Satellite Meeting, Couran Cove, Australia, 18-23 August 2001; 2. J. Grqbosz, "How to Prepare a Popular Science Presentation", XXXVI Zakopane School of Physics, InternationalSymposium, Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 200 ; 3. A. Kulifiska, "Au-In System Studied with PAC Method", XXXVI Zakopane School of Physics, IternationalSymposium, Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 200 ; 4. W.M. Kwiatek, "Biomedical Application of Synchrotron Radiation", The Second Sumy-Cracow-MiinsterSymposiu o NuclearAnalytical Methods Applications, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001; 5. J. Lekki, "The Present State of the Cracow Proton Microprobe", The Second Sumy-Cracow-MiinsterSymposium on NuclearAnalytical Methods Applications, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001; 6. J. Lekki, "Adhesion Measurements Using the SFM", The Second Sumy- Cracow-MiinsterSymposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods Applications, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001; 7. A. Maj, "Search for the Jacobi Instability in Rapidly Rotating 46Ti* Nuclei", InternationalConference "High Spin Physics 2001" dedicated to the memory of ProfessorZdzislaw Szymaiiski, Warsaw, Poland, 610 February 2001; 8. A. Maj, "Search for Jacobi and Other Exotic Shapes of Light and Very Heavy Nuclei", 82 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

Workshop o Fture of Nuclear Structure and Spectroscopy with Stable Beams, Strasbourg, France, 79 June 2001; 9. A. Maj, "GDR-Based Search for Exotic Nuclear Shapes", InternationalConference "Exotic Nuclei at the Drip Line", Camerino, Italy, 25-28 September 2001; 10. M. Marszalek, "Characterization of Co/Cu Multilayers Growth by Scanning Probe Microscopy", 201h European Conference on Surface Science, Krak6w, Poland, 47 September 2001; 11. M. Marszalek, "Growth and Structure of Metallic Multilayers Systems", The Second Sumy-Cracow-MiinsterSymposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods Applications, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001; 12. W. Polak, "Future Research Program for Microprobe External Beam", The Second Sumy-Cracow-MiinsterSymposiu o Nuclear Analytical Methods Applications, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001; 13. B. Rajchel, "Creation of the SiCx Layers as Interface of Hard Wear Protective Coatings by Dual Beam IBAD Method", XVIth Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science Conference on AMT, Jastarnia, Poland, September 200 ; 14. B. Rajchel, "Creation of Biornaterials by Using the Dual Beam IBAD Methods", The Second Sumy-Cracow-Mi7nsterSymposiu o Nuclear Analytical Methods Applications, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001; 15. Z. Stachura, "Health Hazards Due to Percutaneous Uptake of Ultrafine Particles", The Second Sumy-Cracow-MiinsterSymposiu o Nuclear Analytical Methods Applications, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS: 1 . J. Dryzek, "Present Status of the Positron Pulsed Beam in G6teborg", SLOPOS-9, Dresden (Rossendorf), Germany, 16-22 September 2001; 2. E. Dutkiewicz, "Local Environment Pollution with Heavy Metals in the Admiralty Bay Region (South Shetlands, Antarctica)", XXXV1 Zakopane School of Physics, IternationalSymposium, Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 200 ; 3. P. Golonka, "A Monte Carlo Simulation of the Positron Diffusion in Copper in the Presence of External Magnetic Field", XXXVI Zakopane School of Physics, nternationalSymposium, Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 200 ; 4. A. Kulifiska, "PAC Study of Ni Irradiated Sb Films", 12th InternationalConference on Surface Modified Materials by Ion Beam, Marburg, Germany, 9-14 September 2001; 5. M. Lekka, "Single Bond Force Measured Using SFM", XXXVI Zakopane School of Physics, InternationalSymposium, Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 200 ; 6. M. Lekka, "SFM Studies. of Changes in Cell Stiffness", Scanning Probe Microscopies and Organic MaterialsX and Nanotechnology in Biology, Medicine and ParmacyI", Kaiserslautern, Germany, 89 October 2001; Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy 83

7. J. Lekki, "Recent Results of the Cracow Proton Microprobe", XXXVI Zakopane School of Physics, InternationalSymposium, Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 200 ; 8. J. Kwiatkowska, "Compton Scattering of Synchrotron Radiation", XXXVI Zakopane School of Physics, InternationalSymposium, Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 2001; 9. M. Marszatek, "Influence of Buffer Layer on Structural and Magnetoresistive Properties of Co/Cu Multilayers", XXXVI Zakopane School of Physics, InternationalSymposium, Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 2001; 10. M. Marszalek, "Influence of the Roughness of the Buffer Layer on the Magnetoresistance of Co/Cu Multilayers", First Seeheim Conference on Magnetism, Seeheim, Germany, 913 September 2001; 11. W. Polak, "Testing Efficiency of the Si3N4 Membranes for Registration of Charged Particles", XXXVI Zakopane School of Physics, InternationalSymposium, Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 2001; 12. B. Rajchel, "Creation the DLC and SiC Coating Layers by the Dual Beam MAD Technique. Present Status of the 75 keV Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD) Apparatus at the Henryk Niewodniczafiski Insti- tute of Nuclear Physics in Krak6w", 51h Torunian Carbon Symposium, Toruh, Poland, 5-8 September 2001; 13. P. Wodniecki, "The Electric Field Gradients in (Zr/Hf)AI3 and (Zr/Hf)2AI3 Intermetallic Compounds Studied by "'Ta- and ... Cd- PAC Spectroscopy", 12th IternationalConference on Hyperfine Interactions,Park City, Utah, USA, 12-17August 2001; 14. P. Wodniecki, "Hyperfine Interaction of ... Cd in Fe3Sn Compound", 12th IternationalConference on Hyperfine Interactions,Park City, Utah, USA, 12-17August 2001; 15. P. Wodniecki, "Ion Beam Mixing of Sb/Ni Bilayers a PAC Study with "In Marker Layers", 12t IternationalConference on Hyperfine Iteractions,Park City, Utah, USA, 12-17August 2001.

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: 1. Dr A. Maj - habilitation; "Properties of Hot and Rotating Atomic Nuclei Studied by the Giant Dipole Resonance in Exclusive Experiments"; 2. Dr J. Dryzek - nomination for Associated Professor; 3. Dr A. Maj - nomination for Associated Professor; 4. A. Kulifiska - Ph.D. degree (supervisor - Assoc. Prof. P. Wodniecki), "Au-In and Ni-Sb Systems Studied by the Perturbed Angular Correlation Method"; 5. M. Kmiecik - Ph.D. degree (supervisor - Assoc. Prof A. Maj), "Properties of Nuclei and Nuclear Reaction Mechanisms Studied with Giant Dipole Resonance".

SCHOLARSHIPS: I P. Bednarczyk, IReS, Strasbourg, France; 2. K. Burda, University of Bielefeld, Germany; 3. S. Gqsiorek, University of Goettingen, Germany; 4. W. Kr6las, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA; 5. W. Kr6las, University of Tennessee, USA.

PRIZES: 1. J. Grqbosz and M. ZiQblifiski, Main Prize of III Cracow Science Film Festival for the film "Mysterious World of Atomic Nuclei", 20 September 2001; 84 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy

2. M. Krniecik, Henryk Niewodniczahski Award for Young Scientists, Institute of Nuclear Physics, December 2001.

EXTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. A. Hrynkiewicz, "Polish Participation in te Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna", Colloqiurn on Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland, 4 January 2001; 2. A. Hrynkiewicz, "Poland in Joint Institute of Nuclear Research", Scientific Council of JINR, Dubna, Russia, 18 January 2001; 3. A. Hrynkiewicz, "Common Scientific Programms of Polish Scientific Centers in JINR", Coordination Meeting on the Collaboration of Polish Institutes with JINR, Dubna, Russia, 20 January 2001; 4. A. Hrynkiewicz, "Energy and Environment", Colloqium on Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland, 22 February 2001; 5. M. Krniecik, "The Measurement of The GDR in Coincidence with Discrete Transitions", Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, I June 2001; 6. W. Kr6las, "Gamma Spectroscopy of Deep-Inelastic Collision Products", Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA, 29 March 2001; 7. M. Lekka, "Cell Stiffness and Glycolytic Activity Studied by Scanning Force Microscopy", Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut de Genie Atomique (IGA) Switzerland, 21 March 2001; 8. J. Lekki, "SFM Studies of Local Elasticity and Adhesion at the IFT', University of Leipzig, NFP Group, Germany, 20 June 2001; 9. A. Maj, "Does Nature Conform to the Self-Criticality Hypothesis?", Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, 19 October 2001; 10. A. Maj, "Exotic Nuclear Shape Study in Exclusive GDR Experiments", China Institute of Atomic Energy, Pekin, China, 2001; 11. B. Rajchel, "Application of the Dual Beam - Ion Beam Assisted Deposition Method for Creation of Hard Carbon Cased Coating Layers", Institute of Physics, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic, 23 August 2001.

LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. W.M. Kwiatek, Lectures for students of medical physics, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Po- land; 2. W.M. Kwiatek, Teaching of physics at the 3d Independent High School, Social Educational Society at Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland; 3. B. Rajchel, "Nuclear Experimental Techniques in Analysis of the Elemental Composition and Structure of Solid Materials", "Modification of the Elemental Composition and Structure of Surface Layer of Solid Materials", Lectures for students of medical physics, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian. University, Krak6w, Po- land; 4. B. Rajchel, "Nuclear Experimental Techniques in Analysis of the Elemental Composition of Solid Materials", Lectures for students of geology, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland; Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy 85

5. B. Rajchel, "Creation of Coating Layers Using of Ionic Techniques", "Determination of Elements and Investigation of Structure of Surface Layers by Nuclear Methods", Lectures for students of Cracow University of Technology, Poland; 6. B. Rajchel, "Application of Ionic Methods for Creation or for Modification of Surface Layers of Solid Materi- als", I "Investigation of Elemental Composition and Structure of Surface Layers by Beam of Charged Parti- cles", Lectures for students of physics, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland.

SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. 0. Ailing., Ph.D. student. - MUnster University, Germany; 2. Dr S. Danilchenko - Institute of Applied Physics, Surny, Ukraine; 3. Dr J. Fedotova - Nuclear Center of High Energy, Bielaruss; 4. Dr A. Kalinkevich, Institute of Applied Physics, Surny, Ukraine; 5. 0. Kucharenko, M.Sci. - Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 6. K. Lebed, student - Institute of Applied Physics, Surny, Ukraine; 7. Dr S. Lebed - Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 8. A. Maier, Ph.D. student - University of Konstanz, Germany; 9. Cl. Moseke., Ph.D. student - MUnster University, Germany; 10. Dr A. Papke - IReS Strasbourg, France; 11. V Pilipenko, M.Sci - Institute of Applied Physics, Surny, Ukraine; 12. Dr L. Shpinkova - Moscow State University, Russia; 13. Prof.L. F. Sukhodub - Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 14. Dr B. Sulkio-Cleff - MUnster University, Germany; 15. Dr N. Szumejko - Nuclear Center of High Energy, Bielaruss; 16. V. Voznyi, M.Sci. - Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 17. H. Wider, Ph.D. student - University of Konstanz, Germany.

Department of Structural Research 87

PLO300066

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL RESEARCH

Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Tadeusz Wasiutyfiski Deputy Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Piotr Zielifiski Secretary: All. M. Mayer telephone: (48 12) 662-82-50 e-mail: Jerzy.Janikifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Neutron Laboratory Laboratory of Magnetic Research

Research Staff. Research Staff- Jerzy Janik, Prof. Maria Balanda, Ph.D. Jerzy Hubert, Assoc. Prof. Piotr Jagielski, M.Sc., E.E. Jail Krawczyk, Ph.D. Andrzej Pacyna, Ph.D. Maria Massalska-Aro&, Assoc. Prof. Tadeusz Wasiutyfiski, Assoc. Prof. Jacek Mayer, Assoc. Prof. Piotr Zielifiski, Research Student Ireneusz Natkaniec, Ph.D. Technical Staff: Malgorzata Nowina Konopka, Ph.D. Ewa ciesifiska, Assoc. Prof. Tomasz Stachyra Jan ciesHiski, M.Sc., E.E. Waclaw Witko, Ph.D. Wojciech Zaj4c, Ph.D. Piotr Zielifiski, Assoc. Prof. Technical Staff- Jerzy Brafikowski, M.Sc., E.E.

OVERVIEW:

Our research subjects concern thermodynamic phases, phase transitions and molecular motions in materials of various degrees of molecular and magnetic order. An interesting example is hexy- loxyethoxy cyanobiphenyl a mesomorphic dielectric substance, currently under investigation by means of various experimental methods. Initial measurements of dielectric relaxation, carried out in cooperation with the Leipzig University (Germany), suggested a monotropic system of phases. More detailed studies performed by means of the differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing microscopy and far infrared spectroscopy have revealed that the polymorphism of its solid state is, in fact, much richer than that detectable by the dielectric method. The molecular dynamics in the isotropic and smectic phases of this substance have been described in the framework of a free volume model. 88 Department of Structural Research

Our polarizing microscope is now being equipped with a phoelectric sensor capable of measuring changes of integral transmission during phase transitions. The device has been successfully used for identification of the thermodynamic phases of some antrachinone dyes. Influence of pressure on the phase diagram of mesomorphic compounds has been checked by the differential thermal analysis, in cooperation with the Ruhr University in Bochum (Germany). Vibrational spectra of Cu-complexes have been studied in the far infrared frequency range in order to detect phase transitions and to identify the particular phases. Reflectance spectroscopy in the far infrared range was used for studies of quaternary semiconducting alloys. Particularly, the influence of the Zn and Mn content on the physical properties of HgCdTe solid solutions was investigated. Large part of our work is performed in the Frank Neutron Laboratory at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. Studies of vibrational spectra of biological materials (progesterone and testosterone) have been performed using the NERA spectrometer at the Dubna IBR-2 reactor. As a part of a larger project undertaken with Institute for Energietekknik (jeller, Norway) the low energy excitations have been studied in a glass and in two crystalline phases of the glass-forming tri phenyl phosphate. Results of investigations of the dynamics of the methyl groups in the crystalline phase of 1,3,5,-(CH3)3C6H3 have been used during a testing procedure of computer simulation of the molecular dynamics based oil the quantum chemistry methods. Neutron scattering is also used to investigate properties of polymers: polymer electrolytes and blends. Deep inelastic ("Compton") scattering was applied to find the relation between stretching of the samples and kinetic energy of particular nuclei (the method capable of detecting potential anharmonicity). Structural factors affecting polymer miscibility were further studied by polarized neutron scattering techniques. In this research we cooperate with the Open niversity, Oxford, K. Our theoretical studies concern phase transitions in molecular crystals as well as general dynamical properties of anharmonic surfaces ad other structural defects. For an isomorphous phase transitions in the mixture of the fullerenes C70(1-,,)C60,, the highly anisotropic pseudospin model has been proposed, which turned out to be equivalent to the Ising model with two states of different statistical weights. The prediction of a disordered low temperature crystal has been confirmed by the dilatometric data. Delayed differential equantions governing the propagation of waves through an anharmonic defect have been solved with the use of an analogous electric circuit. Similar equations have been proposed to explain the deviation of the Curie constants from their mean field approximation values due to anharmonle effects in the temperature range close to the phase transition. Magnetic investigations have been performed for a wide scope of materials. For ternary 4 - 4d, 5d intermetallic compounds competing ferro- and antiferromagnetic interactions give rise to phase transitions which have been studied by means of static and dynamic magnetometry. For two series Cd T Mg (T= Ag, Au, Pd and Pt) and R Pd In (R = d, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er) the temperatures and the types of phase transitions have been determined. Solid solutions of orthoferrites and orthogallates have been investigated wthin a joint project with the Academy of Mining and Metallurgy. Substitution of the Fe+-3 ions in the distorted perovskite structure by the nonmagnetic ions of Al+-3and Ga+3 results in substantial shift of the compensation point and of the spontaneous spin reorientation region. A new subject in our studies is a search for molecular and polymeric systems (organic and organometallic) showing cooperative magnetic phenomena. Among the different compounds (synthesized in the Insti- tute of Chemistry of the Jagiellonian University) the most interesting one is CU4(H30)4[W(CN)814- The compound has been found to be a soft ferromagnet with T, == 34 K. Our Department maintains a program of weekly internal seminars. The latter provide a uniqe discussion forum for our current results as well as those presented by invited speakers. Much of our activity would not be possible without the financial support from the Polish Committee for Scientific Research. -Faoev KwvtvA_:-- Assoc. Professor Tadeusz Wasiutyfiski Department of Structural Research 89

REPORTS ON RESEARCH:

Density Functional Theory (DFT) Calculations for some Mesogenic Cyanobenzoates W. Witko and A. Harasi

'Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kak6w, Poland

Thermal and dynamical properties of mesogenic compounds are strongly influenced by their molecular structure. Even a small difference of e.g. cyano group position within the molecule may change its phase diagram. As an example one can compare two very similar cyanobenzoates, where placing CN- group outside a long molecular axis stimulates a formation of smectic A phase. Nernatic phase, which exists in compound with the CN- group parallel to long molecular axis, disappears.

CN 0 C8HWOb _C0--D C5H I K 46 A 52 I

0 C8H170_D _C-C CN K 73 N 79 I

Also dynamical properties of these compounds are different [1]. In order to elucidate these properties quantum chemical calculations 2 were carried out by means of density functional theory (DFT) [3]. The electronic properties of both species are discussed in terms of electronic parameters such as charge densities, electrostatic potentials as well as a character of HOMO and LUMO orbitals. The geometries of molecules are optimized using the criterion of the minimum of the total energy. The results of the calculations indicate a different conformational. stability for these compounds. Contrary to expectations there is a difference of total energy 7.5 kcal/mole) for planar and twisted conformations of substance with CN- group parallel to long axis whereas the total energy of the other compound is practically independent of conformation. This way the substance with hindered internal rotation forms less ordered nematic phase. It is shown that even the calculations done for a single isolated molecule may give hints towards a preferred ordering of bulk compounds.

This work is partially supported by the grant No 2 P03B 026 18 of the Polish Committee for Scientific Research. References: 1. W. Witko, J. Mol. Liquids 92 2001) 227-233; 2. W. Witko, A. Haras in preparation; 3. The DFT-LCGTO program package deMon with an extension by L.G.M. Pettersson and K. Hermann. 90 Department of Structural Research

Dielectric Relaxation in Hexyloxyethoxycyanobiphenyl 6020CB) near Glass Tansition'

M. Adassalska-Arod, V.Yu. Gorbachev', W. Witko, L. Hartmann 2, and F. Kremer 2

'Departament of Physical Chemistry, National Technical University of Ukraine, Kiev, Uaine; 2 University of Leipzig, Departament of Physics, Leipzig, Germany

Dielectric investigations of hexyloxyethoxycyanobiphenyl 6020CB) reveal a monotropic system of phase transitions in this substance. On slow cooling, isotropic liquid crystallizes at about room temperature (I Cr transition), while its fast cooling leads to a glass. On heating, the latter first transforms to a supercooled isotropic liquid and then to a smectic at 228 K. On further heating at 260 K a crystal appears, which further melts to an isotropic liquid.

-210 K 228 K 260 K 292 K GI ) Isc ) ) Cr I.

The dielectric relaxation detected in mobile phases of 6020CB at the frequency range from 10- Hz to 109 Hz has been described by the Havriliak-Negami formula:

6 + [I

where -0 is the dielectric constant, ce and describe the magnitude and shape of the relaxation times distribution and A- is the dielectric increment. The relaxation observed is connected with reorientation of elongated molecules around their short axes. At the temperature of the I, S transition a drop of relaxation time is as large as two orders of magnitude, while the value of electric permittivity changes by the factor of 6 This indicates that, the local ordering of molecules is rather high in the resulting smectic phase. Temperature dependence of in the smectic phase is of the Arrhenius type with the activation energy of 72 kJ/mole. In the isotropic liquid phase at temperature range above 290 K (where it is stable) and below 223 K (where it is metastable ) -r(T) obeys the same Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation:

T (TO) = To exp DTo (T -To) The limit value of glass transition To = 167 K and D 36 which suggests that 6020CB is a rather fragile glass-former.

10 isotropic liquid 8-

Fig. 1: Temperature changes of dielectric relaxation shown in form of the 6- - supercooled 10g(IS/T) VS. 1000/T. Solid line is the U) 4- isotropic result of the fitting of the V-F-T equa- -6 - tion. Lack of experimental points in the 0 2- I' uid smectic temperature range from 260 K to 292 K means the appearance of the crystalline 0 phase. 4 5

1 0001T [K-']

References:

1. S.J. Havriliak Jr. and S.J. Havriliak, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 172-174 1994) 297; 2. R. Bohmer, K.L. Ngai, C. Angell, and D. Plazek, J. Chem. Phys. B99 1993) 4201; 3. D. Leslie-Polecky and N. Birge, Phys. Rev., B50 1994) 13250; 4. M. Massalska-Aro&, G. Williams, D. Thomas, W. Jones, and R. DIbrowski, J. Chem. Phys B03 (1999) 4197.

'This work is partially supported by the grant No 2 P03B 026 18 of the Polish Committee for Scientific Research. Department of Structural Research 91 PLO300067

New Software for Operating the AC Susiceptometer P. Jagielski, M. Balanda, and A.W. Pacyna

The report concerns revamping of the experiment control and data acquisition system for the LakeShore AC susceptometer purchased end of 1995. The instrument is designed for measurements of real and imaginary components of magnetic susceptibility as functions of temperature, external magnetic field, as well as of frequency and amplitude of the driving field. The experiment control involves sample positioning and selecting varius field/frequency combinations for data collection. The user interface program, delivered with the instrument, has been created already in 1990. Written in MS BASIC 70 and designed to run in DOS environment, was somewhat inconvenient and could no longer fulfill the requirements of more complex measurements. Besides, some errors, noticed by the users, had to be addressed. It was decided to use the Limix (Debian) operation system and to write the program in language C, using GTK+ graphical libraries. GTK+ is a multi-platform toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces, primarily designed for the X Window System. The scheme of the software system is depicted in the figure. The part on the left presents the old system, while the part on the right presents the modernized system. In order to enable the communication between applications and the GPIB hardware interface it was necessary to supply the appropriate driver. Unfortunately, National Instruments does not support the Linux equivalent of the originally used GPIB-PCIIA card driver. The Linux-GPIB package, written by Claus Schroeter 2 available through the Internet has been used instead. The package contains the driver module and the GPIB library. Names of functions in the GPIB Library and in the National Instruments N1488.2TMLibrary correspond to each other, therefore it was possible to have some help from the LakeShore software source codes. At the moment the first stage of the work, namely launching the program for phasing the system, has been finished. The possibility of phasing the circuit for any frequency (5 Hz - 10000 Hz) of the oscillating field is especially important when detecting the higher harmonics response during the study of nonlinear effects in the sample. The menu-driven phasing program operates in communication with the MD140 current source, the step-motor for the sample positioning and with the phase-sensitive detector (lock-in).

User Interface Programs User interface Programs GTK+ Library

NI-488.2 GPIB Language Llbr Language Library

Nl-88.2 GPIB Driver Driver Module DOS Linux Kernel

GPIB-PCIIA

2clausischemielu-berlin.de 92 Department of Structural Research

GRANTS:

Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:

1. Assoc. Prof. M. Massalska-Arodi - grant No 2 P03B 026 18, "Studies on Classy Transformation in Systems with Complex Dynamics"; 2. Assoc. Prof. P. Zieliiski grant - No 2 P03B 072 18, "Modelling of Strongly Anharmonic Surfaces and Other Defects of Crystal Lattice"; 3. Dr A. Pacyna - grant No 2 P03B 035 14, "Structure, Magnetic Properties and Phase Transitions in Solid Solutions of Rare Earth Ortho- ferrites" (jointly with Dr. A. Bombik, Faculty of Ohisucs and Nuclear Technology, Academy of Mining and Matalurgy, Krak6w, Poland).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

ORGANIZED CONFERENCES: Janik's Tiends Meeting, Zakopane, Poland, 813 July 2001.

INVITED TALKS:

1. J. Mayer, A Simple Mechanical Model Mimicking Phase Transitions, Janik's Friends Meeting, Zakopane, Poland, 713 July 2001; 2. M. Balanda, Magnetic Treatment of Industrial Water. Silica Activation, Janik's Friends Meeting, Zakopane, Poland, 713 July 2001; 3. 1. Natkaniec, Quantum Chemistry Simulations and Real Vibrational Spectra from the INS Spectroscopy of Some Molecular Crystals, Janik's Friends Meeting, Zakopane, Poland, 713 July 2001; 4. 1. Natkaniec, Combined Neutron Diffraction and Spectroscopy as a Powerful Method for Studying Phase Transitions at Pulsed Neutron Sources, 20th European Cystallographic Meeting (ECM-20), Krak6w, Poland, 25-31 August 2001; 5. 1. Natkaniec, Neutron Spectroscopy and QC Modelling of Low Frequency Internal Vibrations of M-xylene Molecules with Deuterated Subunits, International Conference on Neutron Scattering, Munich, Germany, 913 September 2001; 6. I. Natkaniec, Ab Initio Computational Simulation and Neutron Scattering Investigation of Dynamics of Urea, 8-th International Seminar on Neutron Scattering Investigation in Condensed Matter, Poznafi, Poland, 10-12 May 2001.

ORAL PRESENTATIONS:

1. P. Zielifiski, "Reflection of Acoustic Waves from a Surface in the Presence of an Anharmonic Defect", 10-th International Conference on Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter, Hanover USA, 12-17 August 2001; Department of Structural Research 93

2. J. Hubert, "Replacing Mythos by Logos: an Analysis of Condition and Possibilities in the Light of Infor- mation Thermodynamics Principles of Social Synergetics", 4th World Conference of International Society for Universalism, Krak6w, 13-16 July 2001; 3. T. Wasiutyfiski, "Magnetic Properties of Molecular Complexes with Cyano Bridges", 8th International Seminar on Neutron Scattering Investigation in Condensed Matter, Poznafl, Poland, 10-12 May 2001; 4. W. Witko, "Stable and Metastable Phases in Chiral and Nonchiral Liquid Crystals", 14th Conference on Liquid Crystals, Zakopane, Poland, 03 September 2001.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS:

1. W. Zajqc, "Neutron Compton Scattering Studies of Stretched Polyethylene", International Conference on Neutron Scattering, Munich, Germany, -13 September 2001.

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:

1. M. Nowina Konopka, "Study of Conformations of Cyclohexanol Molecules in Various Crystalline Phases."

EXTERNAL SEMINARS:

1. I. Natkaniec, "Neutron Spectroscopy of Molecular Crystals and Modelling of Vibrational Spectra in Solid Xylenes", Polish Seminar on Neutron Scattering, Chlewiska, Poland, 30 September - 03 October 2001; 2. W. Zajqc "Compton Neutron Scattering on Stretched Polystyrene", Polish Seminar on Neutron Scattering, Chlewiska, Poland, 30 September - 03 October 2001; 3. J. Mayer, "A Simple Mechanical Model Mimicking PhaseRansitions", Institute of Energy Technology - Kjeller, Norway; 4. J. Mayer, "A Simple Mechanical Model Mimicking PhaseTransitions", Osaka University - Japan; 5. P. Zielifiski, "Model of Local Anharmonicity and its Electric Realisation", University of Lille 1, France; 6. W. Zajlc, "Reflection of Acoustic Waves From a Surface in the Presence of Anharmonic Defect", The Open University in the South, Oxford; 7. M. Balanda, "Magnetic Methods of Water Conditioning", Krak6w Seminar of Solid State Physics, Academy of Mining and Matallurgy, Poland; 8. M. Nowina Konopka, "A Study of Molecular Conformations of Cyclohexanol in Various Crystal Phases", Silesian University, Katowice, Poland-, 9. M. Massalska-Aro&, "Dynamics of Liquid Crystal Molecules in Porous Materials", Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland. 94 Department of Structural Research

LECTURES AND COURSES:

1. J. Mayer, "Structure, Dynamic and Phase Transitions in Crystals - Experimental Methods", a series of lectures and exercises for post-graduate students of the IFJ; 2. M. Massalska-Aro&, "Relaxational Processes", a series of lectures and exercises for post-graduate students of the IFJ; 3. P. Zielifiski, "Physics of Surface", a series of lectures and exercises for post-graduate students of the IFJ. Department of Theoretical Physics 95

DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS

Head of Department: Professor Jan Kwiecifiski Deputy Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Wojciech Broniowski Secretary: Ewa Pagaczewska telephone: (48 12) 662-82-50 e-mail: ewa.pagaczewskaQifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Research Staff: Andrzej Bialas', Prof. Robert Karnifiski, Ph.D. Lukasz Bibrzycki, M.Sc. Edward Kapugcik 2 Prof. Piotr Bochnacki, M.Sc. Sebastian Kubis, Ph.D. Piotr Boek, Ph.D. Marek Kutschera 1,4, Prof. Wojciech Broniowski, Assoc. Prof. Jan Kwiecifiski3, Prof. Marcin Cerkaski, Ph.D. Leonard Leniak, Prof. Tadeusz Chmaj, Ph.D. Teresa Lubowiecka4, Ph.D. Piotr Czerski, Ph.D. Marek Ploszajczak5, Prof. Wieslaw Czy', Prof. Emeritus Mariusz Sadzikowski, Ph.D. Wojciech Florkowski, Assoc. Prof. Slawornir Stachniewicz, Ph.D. Agnieszka Furman, M.Sc. Anna Stato, Ph.D. Krzysztof Golec-Biernat, Ph.D. Beata Ziaja, Ph.D. Andrzej Horzela, Ph.D. Stanislaw Zubik, Ph.D., Emeritus Joanna Jalocha, M.Sc. Piotr enczykowski6, Assoc. Prof.

Ph.D. Students: Anna Baran Mariusz Michalec Agnieszka Bieniek Jacek Niemiec Pawel Blasiak Magdalena Sowa Piotr Lach Barbara Szczerbifiska

also at the Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland. 2also at the University of L6d, Poland. 3Associate Editor of the European Physical Journal C; Member of te International Board of Acta Physica Polonica B; Member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences; Honorary Fellow of Grey College, University of Durham, UK. 'Member of the Acta Physica Polonica editorial board. 5also at GANIL, Caen, rance. 6Correspondent of the Comments on Nuclear and Particle Physics till July 2001; IFJ-FERMILAB international cooperation leader. 96 Department of Theoretical Pkvsics

OVERVIEW: PLO300068

Research activity of the Department of Theoretical Physics concerns theoretical high energy and elementary particle physics, intermediate energy particle physics, theoretical nuclear physics, theory of nuclear matter, theory of quark-gluon plasma and of relativistic heavy ion collisions, theoretical astrophysics and general physics. There is some emphasis on the phenomenological applications of the theoretical research yet the more formal problems are also considered. The detailed summary of the research projects and of the results obtained in various fields is given in the abstracts. Our Department successfully collaborates with other Departments of the Institute as well as with several scientific institutions both in Poland and abroad. In particular, members of our Department participate in the EC network which allows for the mobility of researchers. Several members of our Department have also participated in the research projects funded by the State Committee for Scientific Research. Besides pure research, members of our Department are also involved in graduate and undergraduate teaching activity both at our Institute and at other academic institutions in Krak6w. At present, eight students are working towards their Ph.D. degrees under the supervision of senior members of the Department.

Professor Jan Kwiecifiski

REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PLO300069 Research in General Physics A. Horzela and E. Kapugeik

The research was concentrated on two topics:

1. On time asymmetric Wigner quantization, 2. On generally covariant electrQdynamics in arbitrary media.

Within the first research area, the most general quantization procedure of physical systems with spontaneously changing Hamiltonians has been developed. The method was tested on the simple example of free motion. It has been shown that asymmetric character of time evolution shows up in instabilities of quantum mechanical uncertainty relations. It is possible to describe the whole physics of such unstable systems in terms of the Hamiltonians and operators responsible for quantum mechah- ical uncertainties. In particular, these quantities determine the position and momentum operators, customarily treated as basic physical observables. As far as the second topic is concerned, a new form of generally covariant Maxwell equations have been described. The theory may be applied to arbitrary media without explicit knowledge of the constitutive relations of the media. The results open new possibilities for the description of electromagnetic phenomena in the whole Universe. Department of Theoretical Physics PLO300070 97

Modern Many-Body Methods for Nuclear Matter P. Boek and P. Czerski

Calculations of the properties of a strongly interacting system, such as the nuclear matter, are very difficult; in the recent years, important advances improved our understanding of in-medium effects.

20 EF( Tmiat)

0 LULL Z

-20 E/N (BHF)

-40 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 kF OM-1)

Fig. 1: Binding energy and the Fermi energy as functions of the Fermi momentum, for the conserving T- matrix approximation and for the usual Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach using realistic interactions.

We applied the in-medium T-matrix approximation for the nuclear matter system. This approach is superior in to the usual Brueckner-Hartree-Fock scheme by treating consistently the single-particle and the global thermodynamical properties. The fulfillment of the Hugenholz-Van Hove property

E = EIN (Fermi energy equal to the binding energy at saturation) (1) was sought after by nuclear matter practitioners for 40 years. We have explicitely shown that this (and related) consistency relation are fulfilled in the T-matrix approximation. In the figure, we see that the Fermi energy and the binding energy curves cross at the minimum of EIN (Eq. )) for the T-matrix calculation, unlike for the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock results. Using standard approaches for the nuclear matter, we analyzed the role of rearrangement terms and improved single-particle dispersion on the the results for the binding energy and Fermi energy, and in reducing the violation of the Hugenholz- Van Hove theorem. The in-medium T-matrix has been generalized to the superfluid phase of nuclear matter. For the first time, calculation have been performed treating consistently effects due to the short range correlations and the superfluid order parameter. This new methods could find application in the study of dense, superfluid neutron stars.

Multiparticle Production in Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions T- W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, M. Michalec', A. Baran', and A. Bieniek' [- C) C) 'Ph.D. Students, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland CY)CD (D The purpose of recent experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is to create and _j analyze new forms of matter. Since the density of the matter created in such collisions is much higher than the typical density of nuclear matter, new physical phenomena are expected to occur. Among them, the most expected is the formation of the quark-gluon plasma, i.e. a weakly interacting gas 98 Department of Theoretical Physics of quarks and gluons. Certainly, at very high energy densities it is natural to describe the system in terms of quarks and qluons, however, it is not clear to which extent the system is thermalized and behaves like gas. Definite conclusions on the formation of plasma are difficult to draw, since in the experiment we deal only with ordinary hadrons emitted at final stages of the system evolution. One way to get some insight into the problem of the thermalization of matter is to study the ratios of the particle abundances observed in the detectors. If the hadrons are produced according to the thermal composition laws, then it is very likely that a thermalised system existed at earlier stages as well. In our recent paper [1] we have studied the ratios of the hadron multiplicities measured in Au Au collisions at RHIC. We have found that the ratios are described very well in the framework of the thermal model based on the grand-canonical ensemble. The fitted values of the temperature and the baryon chemical potential are: T = 165 MeV and AB = 41 MeV, respectively. Encouraged by the good description of the hadron multiplicities, we have calculated the hadron p I spectra 2 3 In order to perform this calculation we have assumed that, the chemical freeze-out (a moment when all inelastic collisions cease) and the thermal freeze-out (a moment when all elastic processes stop), coincide. In addition we have also included longitudinal and transverse expansion of the hadronic fireball. This expansion is governed by two parameters which determine the overall normalization and the shape of the spectra. Our results agree to a surprising accuracy with the measured spectra of pions, kaons, (ant0protons, antilambdas, and the phi mesons. The crucial fact for the success of our approach is a complete treatment of the hadronic resonances: all known hadronic states consisting of light (uAs) quarks are included in the calculation of both the particle ratios and the spectra. The very good agreement of our model calculation with the data works much in favor of the thermodynamic picture of the particle production in high-energy nuclear collisions. To explore this issue more extensively, we have also analyzed the data from Pb + Pb collisions at CERN SPS In this case again a very good agreement has been obtained for both the ratios and the spectra 4 An intriguing outcome of the thermal analysis is that the optimal temperature for the Pb + Pb collisions at SPS (.,s = 130 GeV A) and Au Au collisions at RHIC (V = 17 GeV A) is practically the same, which means that more energetic collisions at RHIC do not produce a hotter system. Moreover, closeness of the optimal temperature obtained in the thermal model to the critical temperature of the deconfinement phase transition inferred from the lattice simulations of CD indicates that the hadronization process leads directly to hadron distributions which have thermal shapes. A simple explanation of this fact would be provided by the fact that the earlier system of quarks and gluons is already thermalized. In our investigations we have also checked the impact of the possible in-medium mass and width modifications on the outcome of the thermal analysis [5]. In the case of Pb + Pb collisions at CERN SPS we have found that moderate, up to 20%, dropping of the masses does not spoil the quality of the fits. Larger dropping or growing of the masses are not likely, since they result in a significant increase of the X2 values. We have also shown that the increase of hadron widths by less than a factor of two does not affect the thermal-model fits. Similar behaviour is found for Au Au collisions at RHIC. In a related study, we have analysed the in-medium modification of meson vertices 6 relevant for the Dalitz decays of vector mesons. Such processes are one of the sources of dileptons, measured in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The sizeable enhancement of these vertices, found in our study, results in increased Dalitz yields, which may help to understand the enhanced dilepton production in the range of invariant mass around 500 MeV. References: 1. W. Florkowski, W. Broniowski, M. Michalec, Acta Phys. Pol. B33 2002) 761; 2. W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 272302; 3. W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, nud-th/0112043; 4. W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, to appear in the Proc. of the XXXth Hirschegg Workshop, nucl-th/0202059, 5. M. Michalec, W. Florkowski, W. Broniowski, Phys. Lett. 520 2001) 213; 6. A. Bieniek, A. Baran, W. Broniowski, Phys. Lett. B526 2002) 329. Department of Theoretical Physics 99 PLO300072 Theoretical Astrophysics S. Kubis, M. Kutschera, and S. Stachniewicz

1. Neutron Star Cooling and Kaon Condensates The cooling rate of neutron stars is very sensitive to the amount of protons present in the neutron star matter. The fast neutrino cooling mechanism - the direct URCA process can operate only above a critical proton fraction XURCA - .1. For realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions the proton fraction of the neutron star matter obtained in advanced many-body calculations is below XURCA. However, the presence of the kaon condensate can significantly icrease the proton fraction [1] making the direct URCA process possible. It was found [1] that the size of the proton component is determined mainly by the symme try energy, E,(n), whose behaviour at higher densities is not well known. In the kaon-condensed phase low values of E,(n) favour large proton fractions, resulting eventually in protonization of the neutron star core. The direct URCA process is possible in some density range, where the Fermi momenta of protons and neutrons satisfy appropriate kinematic conditions. In Ref. [1] the zones of fast neutrino cooling inside neutron stars are calculated. It is shown that the shells where the direct URCA process is allowed shrink when the nuclear symmetry energy decreases . 2. Formation of First Stars in the Early Universe: CDM vs. MOND Recent observations of the Gunn-Peterson trough in the spectra of distant quasars at redshifts Z - 6 prove that formation of first generation of massive stars with M _ 13M(D' was very vigorous at higher redshifts. These stars are supposed to originate from small density fluctuations present at earlier epochs wich collapse first. The microwave background observations constrain the amplitude of baryon density fluctuations at the recombination epoch, z, - 500, to be less than 6(z,,, < 10-4 In order for the overdensity to collapse by z - 20, some acceleration of th e amplitude growth with respect to pure gravitation instability rate, J(z - 11(1+z), is required. Current models of structure formation achieve this accelerated growth by invoking new kind of matter composed of weakly interacting massive particles. We study i Ref. 2 the collapse of density perturbations and the formation of first stars in the Cold Dark Matter (CDIVI) model. The first luminous objects in CDM form at redshifts z - 30. In Ref. 2 predictions of CDM models are compared to some alternative scenario provided by the MOdified Newtonian Dynamics model. We find that in MOND the first objects can form as early as z - 0 2.

References: 1. S. Kubis, Ph.D. thesis, 2001; 2. S. Stachniewicz, M. Kutschera, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 227; 3629. PLO300073 Formation of Singularities and Critical Behaviour in Nonlinear Field Theories

P. Bizoi', T. Chmaj, and Z. Tabor 2

'Department of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kak6w, Poland; 'Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kak6w, Poland We study the problem of global existence and formation of singularities in models described by nonlinear partial differential equations resulting from nonlinear field theories. In recent years this problem became a major topic in the theory of evolution equations. The basic question here is whether smooth finite energy initial data undergo global evolution or become singular in the future. In case of singularity formation, the most interesting problem is the mathematical nature of singularities and the character of the solution at the threshold of singularity formation. The most important and interesting case is general relativity where many interesting features on the threshold of singularity (i.e. black 100 Department of Theoretical Physics hole) formation were discovered in recent years. These phenomena are known as critical behaviour in gravitational collapse. However, even the simplest general relativity models are quite complicated and therefore difficult to understand analytically. This motivated us to look for singularity formation and threshold phenomena in simpler models which are more tractable then the Einstein equations. We have considered a spherically symmetric solution of the simple scalar field model with power-low interaction described by the Lagrangian:

L 01f) + 1 fp+" 2 I with p = 3 5 7 .... For these models, using combined analytical and numerical methods, we were able to show that, the solutions of the equations of the model do form singularities from generic smooth large initial data. This singular behaviour seems to be universal and takes the form:

(2(p + 1) P-1 t)_ 2 f (t) 1)2 (T where T is the blowup time. We have also studied static and selfsimilar solution of the model which may be potentially important in the threshold behaviour between collapse and dispersion. Numerical simulations seem to confirm that these solutions are indeed critical solutions on the threshold of singularity formation.

INTERACTIONS OF MESONS

Mesons are strongly interacting hadrons. Understanding of their mutual interactions is important for a further progress not only in different fields of particle physics but also in nuclear physics. Recent results obtained on the interactions between pairs of pseudoscalar mesons are briefly described in three subsequent communications.

Elimination of Ambiguities in the -7r-x Isoscalar S-Wave R. Karnifiski, L. Legniak, and K. Rybicki

We have performed a joint analysis of the ffir S-wave amplitudes using experimental results of three experiments. Two experiments on the 7r+7r- production, both using the 17.2 eV/c 7r- beam, have been performed already about 20 years ago at CERN. The second experiment was done on a polarized target with an active participation of the Krak6w group. However, the data obtained in these two experiments could be equally well described by at least two different solutions for the 77r S-wave phase shifts corresponding to the isospin 0 amplitude. Fortunately, in 2001 new results from the E852 experiment performed at Brookhaven (USA) on the reaction 7r-p - rron at 18.3 GeV/c, have been published. Using our theoretical model of the 77r production in which not only the pion exchange but also the a, meson exchange was included, we have obtained a unique solution (called "down-flat") for the scalar-isoscalar phase shifts. Thus a long-standing problem of ambiguities in the S-wave amplitude has been finally resolved and the second ("up-flat") solution was eliminated.

PLO300074 Department of Theoretical Physics 101 PLO300075

Roy's Equations and -7r,7r Scattering R. Karnifiski, L. Leniak, and B. Loiseaul

1LPNHE, Uiversit6 P. &M. Curie, Paris, France Roy's equations are used to test the amplitudes fitted to the - experimental data below I fGeV. Crossing symmetry condition is checked for scalar-isoscalar, scalar-isotensor and vector-isovector partial waves amplitudes. Contribution of the D- and F-partial waves as well as the high energy contributions to Roy's equations are calculated and compared with the existing published results. The "up-down" ambiguity in the scalar-isoscalar partial wave is resolved in favour of the "down-flat" solution. The "up-flat" solution does not fulfill crossing symmetry. The three-channel (7r-7r KY and cror) model fit to the "down-flat" data is obtained with chiral model constraints for the near threshold rir amplitudes. The resulting 7r7r scalar-isoscalar amplitude is crossing symmetric below the KY threshold.

7rq and KK Coupled Channel Model of ao Resonances

A. Furman and L. Lemak (D

Properties of the ao resonances are still not well known despite of the intensive experimental and 0 CO theoretical investigations. Especially a nature of the ao(980) state is lively discussed. There are 0 attempts to interpret the ao(980) meson as a K molecule since its mass is very close to the KY threshold. However, the ao(980) mass and width are not well determined experimentally, as it is seen, for example, by comparing the results obtained by the Crystal Barrel Collaboration for the pp annihilation and by the E852 Collaboration for the 7-p - 977r+7r-n reaction. We have shown that it is possible to obtain common positions of two - matrix poles related to the ao(980) resonance seen in those two experiments. We have constructed a coupled channel model of the ao resonances decaying to the rq and the KY systems. The msses and widths of the ao(980) and the ao(1450) mesons served as input to fix four parameters of the separable potentials acting between 7rq and KY pairs. The fifth model parameter has been set by a comparison of the theoretical branching ratios for both resonances with the experimental ones. Our model enables us to calculate the elastic amplitudes in the i7l and the KY channels as well as the transition amplitudes. We have evaluated phase shifts, inelasticity, coupling constants and the elastic, inelastic and total cross sections in both channels. In the framework of our model one can answer the question whether the ao(980) meson is the KY molecule. We have verified that the forces acting between kaons are too weak to make a scalar - sovector bound state.

Saturation Effects in Deep Inelastic Interactions

K. olec-Biernat', M.A. Kimber', J. Kwiecifiski, A.D. Martin', L. Motyka',', A.H. Mueller4, S. Munier', J. Outhwaitel, A.M. Stako', N. Timneanu', M. Wtisthoff6, and B. Ziajal

a also at the 11 Inst. f Theoretische Physik, University of Hamburg, Germany; balso at the INFN 0 Sezione Firenze, Florence, Italy; 'also at the Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, Up- 0 psala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK; ce) 0 'High Energy Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Physics, Jagiellonian -J University, Kakdw, Poland; 'Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; 5 INFN Sezione Firenze, Florence, Italy; 6 ISt. f Theoretische Physik, University of Hamburg, Germany

The internal structure of the proton is studied through electroweak interactions of leptons with protons in deep inelastic scattering (DIS). The DIS experiments revealed that the proton consists of 102 Department of Theoretical Physics point-like constituents - partons, interpreted by the theory of strong interactions, Quantum Chromo- dynamics (CD), as quarks and gluons. The current experiments at HERA in the DESY laboratory in Hamburg study the proton structure in a particularly interesting kinematic region of small value of the Bjorken variable x, where the density of gluons is very large. In such case gluon recombination, predicted by CD, has to be taken into account, which leads to saturation of a gluon density in the small x limit. These processes also allow one to obtain the unitary description of DIS. Thus, the experimental confirmation of parton saturation is one of the main challenges at HERA. Some years ago Golec-Biernat and Wiisthoff proposed a CD inspired model of saturation effects, based on a dipole formulation of DIS at small x, which provided a successful description of inclusive and diffractive DIS cross sections measured at HERA (see [1] for a recent review). The success and universality of the saturation model triggered a lot of activity. One of the main effects, predicted by the model and confirmed by the HERA data 21, is a new scaling law obeyed by the measured inclusive cross section. The new scaling is a manifestation of the existence of a saturation scale, characterising a dense gluon system. The existence of such scale was confirmed by a careful analysis 3 based on a nonlinear QCD evolution equation derived by Kovchegov. This equation provides a strong justification of the saturation model and allows one to study in detail saturation of a gluon density. This was done in 4 with a particular emphasis on the predictions for the experiments at a future LHC collider. Saturation effects play an important role for diffractive processes in DIS. This aspect was particularly emphasised in the formulation of the saturation model. Such experimental facts like the constant ratio of the iclusive to diffractive cross sections, the energy dependence of the diffractive cross section and Regge factorisation are naturally predicted in the saturation model. A systematic analysis of these effects in the context of diffractive parton distributions was performed in [5). The saturation effects at HERA can also be studied in more exclusive processes like diffractive meson electroproduction. Based on this process, the importance of these effects was estimated in 6 The insight gained from this analysis allows for more information about saturation effects, in particular about the spatial distribution of gluons in the transverse plane. A very interesting and to large extent surprising result was found by analysing gamma-gamma scattering 7 The parton saturation parainetrisation also provides a successful description of the total cross section for this process. The exclusive gamma-gamma reactions can be used for the determination of a gluon distribution in vector mesons, with a possible question about the role of parton saturation. A first attempt in this direction was done in [8] by analysing a gluon distribution in po. From a more formal point of view, parton saturation effects provide a mechanism for unitarization of a hard Pomeron exchange. The notion of a Pomeron exchange has a long lastig tradition in the description of scattering at high energies. Hard Pomeron is a CD realization of this notion. This type of exchange can manifest in some carefully chosen exclusive reactions in DIS, e.g. in azimuthal decorrelation of forward and backward jets, studied in detail in 9 for the experiments at TEVATRON in Fermilab. References: 1. K. Golec-Biernat, Saturation and Geometric Scaling in DIS at Small x, hep-ph/0109010, to be published in J. Phys. G; 2. A.M. Stato, K. Colec-Biernat, and J. Kwiecifiski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 596; 3. K. Golec-Biernat, L. Motyka, and A. M. Stato, Diffusion into Infira-Red and Unitarization of the BFKL Pomeron, hop-ph/0110325, to be published in Phys. Rev. D; 4. M.A. Kimber, J. wiecifiski, and A.D. Martin, Phys. Lett. B508 2001) 58; 5. K. olec-Biernat M Wiisthoff, Eur. Phys. J. C20 2001) 313; 6. S. Munier, A.M. St"to, A.H. Mueller, Nucl. Phys. B603 2001) 427; 7. N. Timneanu, J. Kwieciiski, L. Motyka, Saturation Model for Two-Photon Interactions at High Energies, hep-ph/0110409, to be published in Eur. Phys. J. C; 8. L. Motyka, B. Ziaja, Eur. Phys. J. C19 2001) 709; 9. J. Kwiecifiski, A.D. Mai-tin, L. Motyka, and J. Outhwaite, Phys. Lett. B514 2001) 355. Department of Theoretical Physics PLO300078 103

Low x Effects in Spin Dependent Deep Inelastic Scattering J. Kwiecifiski and B. Ziajai

lalso at the Department of Biochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Since a few years, the puzzle of proton spin has been attracting attention of high energy physicists (for a review see [1 2. Experimental data obtained by the EMC collaboration 3 show that the total contribution of quarks to the proton spin is very small. This contradicts the theoretical predictions, obtained from the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule. This sum rule expresses the moments of quark distributions in terms of the nucleon axial coupling constants. Following the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule, the quarks should participate in about one-fifth of the total spin of the nucleon. Several ideas have been put forward in order to explain the discrepancy between the theory and experiment. One of them refers to the not yet measured region of very low values of Bjorken x. Theoretical predictions show that at low the polarized structure functions of nucleon are dominated by logarithmic corrections, In'(I/x), and they are large. This may result in large contributions to the moments of structure function, originating from the region of very low x. So far, these contributions have not been taken into account in the experimental analysis. Our work is devoted to investigation of the structure of polarized nucleon at low x. We analysed the contributions to the moments of the spin structure function g (x, Q) coming from the region of very low x, 1- < x. Both the logarithmic resummation, In 2 (11x), and DGLAP evolution at the LO accuracy have been taken into account. These moments were obtained by integrating out the extrapolated nucleon structure function in the region of - < x < The results show that the contributions from the region of the very low x constitute at most - 10% of the total moment of g, (x, Q 4 - We have also used the logarithmic resummation, In 2(IIX), to investigate the structure function of the polarized photon at low x [5]. This region of low x may be accessible in the future linear colliders, ee- and e-y. In particular, we analysed how the non-perturbative gluon content influences the behaviour of the structure function. We have also obtained predictions for the spin dependent gluon distribution, Agy X, Q2). References: 1. B. Lampe, E. Reya, Phys. Rept. 332 2000) 1; 2. H.Y. Cheng, Chin. J. Phys. 38 2000) 753; 3. J. Ashman et al. [European Muon Collaboration], Phys. Lett. B 206 1988) 364; 4. B. Ziaja, Acta Phys. Polon. B32 2001) 2863; 5. J. Kwiecifiski, B. Ziaja, Phys. Rev. D63 2001) 054022. PLO300079 Towards Biomolecular Imaging with ]Free-Electron Lasers B. Ziaja' in collaboration with J. HajdU2, S. Lunell', P. Persson', D. van der Spoel2, and A. Sz6ke 4

lalso at the Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, we- den,- 2Dept. of Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; 'Dept. of Quantum Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; 'Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab., Livermore, USA

Radiation damage prevents structure determination of single biomolecules and other non-repetitive structures at high resolutions in standard electron or X-ray scattering experiments [1]. Emerging new X-ray sources, like free-electron lasers (FEL 2 3 will offer new possibilities in imaging. Analysis of the dynamics of damage formation in the sample in an FEL X-ray beam suggests that the conventional damage barrier 4], may be extended substantially at very high dose rates and very short exposure times [5 6. This barrier is several orders of magnitude higher than previous theoretical limits in conventional 104 Department of Theoretical Physics experiments. The calculations show that at these extremes, sections of molecular transforms from single macromolecules may be recorded without the need to amplify scattered radiation through Bragg reflections 2 5]. At the wavelength of IA, about nine-tenth of the interacting photons will deposit energy into a biological sample, causing damage mainly through the photoelectric effect. The departing photoelectron leaves a hole in a low lying orbital, and an upper shell electron falls into it, This electron may either emit an X-ray photon to produce X-ray fluorescence or may give up its energy to another electron, which is then ejected from the ion as an Auger electron. The probability of fluorescence emission or Auger emission depends on the binding energy of the electron. In biologically relevant light elements, the predominant relaxation process > 99%) is through Auger emission, and most photoelectric events ultimately remove two electrons from these elements (C, N, 0, S). The two electrons have different energies and leave the atom at different times (for a more detailed description, see [5 7 8]. In very small samples (like atoms and single molecules), the primary photoelectrons and the Auger electrons may escape from the sample without further interactions. However, in larger samples, these electrons will become trapped and thermalised. Thermalisation involves inelastic electron-atom interactions, producing secondary cascade electrons. We have analyzed the cascade of secondary electrons in diamond and amorphous carbon, generated by the thermalisation of a single Auger electron . The elastic electron mean free path was calculated as a function of impact energy in the muffin-tin potential approximation. The inelastic scattering cross section and the energy loss of the electron (expressed in terms of differential inverse mean free path) were estimated from two "optical" models, that utilise the measured dielectric constants of the materials. Using these data, a Monte-Carlo model describing the time evolution of the cascade was constructed. The results show that at most around 20 - 40 secondary cascade electrons are released by a single Auger electron in a macroscopic sample of diamond or amorphous carbon. Consideration of the real band structure of diamond reduces this number further. The release of the cascade electrons happens within the first 100 femtoseconds after the emission of the primary Auger electron. Relaxation of a perturbed "hollow ion" left after photoionization by X-rays may take different routes. In light elements, emission of an Auger electron is common. However, the energy and the total number of electrons released from the atom may be modulated by shake-up and shake-off effects. When the inner-shell electron leaves, the outer-shell electrons may find themselves in a state that is not an eigen-state of the atom in its surroundings. The resulting collective excitation is called shake-up. If this process also involves the release of low energy electrons from the outer shell, then the process is called shake-off. It is not clear how significant shake-up and shake-off contributions are to the overall ionisation of biological materials like proteins. In particular, the interaction between the outgoing electron and the remaining system depends on the chemical environment of the atom, which can be studied by quantum chemical methods. In [10] we performed calculations on model compounds to represent the most common chemical environments in proteins. The results show that the shake-up and shake-off processes affect about 20% of all emissions from nitrogen, 30% from carbon, 40% from oxygen, and 23% from sulphur. Triple and higher ionisations are rare for carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, but are frequent for sulphur. Our results have implications to planned experiments with ferntosecond X-ray sources. References: 1.R. Henderson, Q. Rev. Biophys. 28 1995) 171; 2. J. Hajdu et al., Structural Studies on Single Particles and Biomolecules, LCLS: The First Experiments. SSRL, SLAC, Stanford 2000) USA; 3. J. Hajdu, E. Weekert, Life Sciences - Scientific Applications of XFEL Radiation, TESLA, the Supercon- ducting Electron-Positron Linear Collider with an Integrated X-Ray Laser Laboratory, Technical Design Report, DESY, ISBN 3935702-00-0 2001) 150; 4. R. Henderson, Cryoprotection of Protein Cystals Against Radiation-Damage in Electron and X-Ray Diffraction, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. Sci. 241 1990 6; 5. R. Neutze et al., Nature 406 2000) 752; 6. J. Hajdu, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol. 10 2000) 569) 7. N.A. Dyson, X-Rays in Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Longman, London 1973); Department of Theoretical Physics 105

8. M.O. Krause, J.H. Oliver, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1979) 329; 9. B. Ziaja, D. van der Spoel, A. Sz6ke, J. Hajdu, Phys. Rev. B64 2001) 214104; 10. P. Persson et al., Protein Sci. 10 2001) 2480.

Weak Decays of Hadrons PLO300080 P. 2enczykowski

In the field of weak decays of hadrons attention was directed to the unsolved problem of weak radiative hyperon decays and to the studies of final-state interactions in the decays of B mesons. The issue of weak radiative hyperon decays constituted the subject of two in-depth analyses. First, it was shown that the violation of the Hara's theorem by the quark model may be accommodated in the hadron-level language only if axial electromagnetic baryonic current vanishes sufficiently slow at infinity, thus imparting certain non-local properties to baryons themselves. Second, it was proved that quark model violates Hara's theorem if and only if the standard current algebra contribution to nonleptonic hyperon decays is nonzero. The conclusion from these two analyses is that either baryons must exhibit some non-local properties when probed by zero energy photons, or the standard application of quark-level current algebra does not correspond to what happens in Nature. The decisive role of the measurement of the EEO A-y asymmetry in choosing between these two options was stressed. Studies of B decays focused on complications due to inelastic final state interactions. First, the contribution of inelastic intermediate states in a specific model for the B 4 -7rff and B + Kk decays was analysed in some detail. In the subsequent study all inelastic rescattering effects in B + i7r,,7rK, KK were considered. It was shown that Uspin relations between the amplitudes for strangeness-conserving and strangeness-violating B decays are modified by inelastic SU(3) symmetric final-state interactions. In particular, the relation between the size of rescattering in B+ 4 Kk' and B+, Bo, Bo -- 7K was established. Thus, if rescattering corrections in B+ - Kk' are important, the method of extracting the CP-violating angle -y from the B - rK decays may be not as reliable as originally thought.

GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Dr P. Boiek - grant No: 2 P03B 020 1, "The Role of Off Shell Propagation for Strongly Interacting Hadron Systems" (1.07.2000 - 30.09.2002); 2. Assoc. Prof. W. Broniowski - grant No: 2 P03B 094 19, "Description of Dense and Hot Hadronic Matter Based on Theoretical Models" (1.07.2000 - 30.06.2003); 3. Prof. M. Kutschera - grant No: 2 P03D 002 19, "The Role of ao and K Mesons in the Neutron Star Matter" 107.2000 - 30.06.2001); 4. Prof. J. Kwiecifisk - grant No: P03B 144 20, "Theoretical Analysis of Deep Inelastic Processes in Connection with Experimental Programme of High Energy Physics" 15.02.2001 - 15.02.2004); 5. Dr A. Sta9to - grant No: 2PO3B 120 19, `QCD Analysis of Lepton and Hadron Scattering at Very High Energies" 1.07.2000 - 30.06.2002); 6. Dr B. Ziaja-Motyka - grant No: 2PO3B 047 18, "Theoretical and Phenomenological Analysis of Deep Inelastic Scattering in the Region of Small Bjorken x" 101.2000 - 30.06.2001); 7. Assoc. Prof. P. 2,6nczykowski - grant No: P03B 050 21, "Weak Decays of Hadrons", 1.09.2001 - 31.08.2002). 106 Department of Theoretical Physics

Grants from other sources: 1. Dr P. Boiek - Convention IN2P3, No 01-102, "Nuclear Pairing in the Strong Coupling Regime"; 2. Prof. J. Kwiecifiski, "Quantum Chromodynarnics and the Deep Structure of Elementary Particles", (within the EU network coordinated by University of Durham, UK), TMR Research Network No: ERB4061PL970285; FMRX-CT98-0194 (DG 12 - MIHT) 1.03.1998 - 28.02.2002); 3. Prof. J. Kwieciiski - project No: 47261-IC-1-97-1-PL-ERASMUS, SOCRATES - ERASMUS, The European Community Programme in the Field of Higher Edu- cation 1998 - 30.09.2001); 4. Prof. J. Kwieciiski British-Polish Joint Research Collaboration Programme, WAR/992/157; 999-2001; 5. Prof. L. Legniak - Convention IN2P3, No 99-97, "Interactions des Mesons".

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: 1. A. Bialas and J. Kwiecifiski, Workshop on Low x Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 27-30 June 2001; 2. A. Bialas and M. Sadzikowski, XLI Cracow School of Theoretical Physics - Fundamental Interactions, Zakopane, Poland, 2-11 June 2001; 3. A. Horzela and E. Kapu9cik, 2nd International Symposium on Quantum Theory and Symmetries - QTS2, Krak6w, Poland, 18-21 July 2001.

MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEES: 1. P. 2enczykowski, Cracow Epiphany Conference on b Physics and CP Violation, Krak6w, Poland, 5-7 January 2001. CHAIRPERSONS: 1. A. Horzela and E. Kapu9cik, 2nd International Symposium on Quantum Theory and Symmetries - QT52, Krak6w, Poland, 18-21 July 2001; 2. J. Kwiecifiski, discussion session on Final States, parts I and II, Workshop on Small x Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 27-30 June 2001.

INVITED TALKS: 1. K. Golee-Biernat, "Diffractive Parton Distributions and the Saturation Model", gth Int. Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering - DIS2001, Bologna, Italy, 27 April - I May 2001; 2. K. Golec-Biernat, "Saturation Model of DIS at Small x", Workshop on Low x Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 27-30 June 2001; Department of Theoretical Physics 107

3. K. Golec-Biernat, "Saturation and Geometric Scaling", New Trends in HERA Physics 2001, Ringberg Castle, Tegernsee, Germany, 17-22 June 2001; 4. K. olec-Biernat, "Saturation in DIS at Small x," 4th EC Network Meeting: QCDNET2001 - QCD and the Deep Structure of Elementary Particles, Weimar, Germany, 12-15 September 2001; 5. J. Kwiecifiski, Y - y* Cross-Sections", Work-shop on Low x Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 27-30 June 2001; 6. J. Kwiecifiski,

C4-y - -y and -y - y* Total Cross-Sections at High Energies", 4th EC Network Meeting: QCDNET2001 - QCD and the Deep Structure of Elementary Particles, Weimar, Germany, 12-15 September 2001; 7. J. Kwiecifiski, ((- - y and -y*-y* Cross-Sections", I st Work-shop on the Extended ECFAIDESY Study on Physics and Detectorsfor a 90 to 800 Ge V Linear Collider, Krak6w, Poland, 14-18 September 2001; 8. A. Stato, "S-Matrix for Dipole-Proton Scattering in Impact Parameter Representation", 9th Int. Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering - DS2001, Bologna, Italy, 27 April - I May 2001; 9. A. Stafto, "S-Matrix for Dipole-Proton Scattering in Impact Parameter Space", Workshop on Low x Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 27-30 June 2001; 10. B. Ziaja-Motyka, "Radiation-Induced Electron Cascades in Diamond and Amorphous Carbon", SPIE's 46th Annual Meeting - Optical Science and Technology, San Diego, California, USA, 29 July - 3 August 2001; 11. P. 2enczykowski, "Inelastic Rescattering in B - 7r7r and B - KK", Cracow Epiphany Conference on b Physics and CP Violation, Krak6w, Poland, 5-7 January 2001.

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:

1. T. Chmaj - habilitation, "Critical Behaviour in Gravitational Collapse"; 2. S. Kubis - Ph.D., "The Role of ao and K Mesons in the Neutron Star Matter".

SCHOLARSHIPS:

1. K. Golec-Biernat, Deutsche Forschungs Gerneinschaft, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 15 January 2000 - 5 January 2003; 2. M. Sadzikowski, Foundation for Polish Science Scholarship, MIT, Boston, USA, 23 September 2001 - 23 September 2002; 108 Department of Theoretical Physics

3. A. Stato, INFN Fellowship, Frascati, Italy, I October 2000 - 30 September 2002; 4. B. Szczerbifiska, University of South Carolina Scholarship (USC Assistantship), Columbia, SC, USA, 12 August 1999 - 31 May 2004; 5. B. Ziaja, S. Batory Foundation Fellowship, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, I May 2000 - 31 March 2001; 6. B. Ziaja, Werner-Gren Foundation Fellowship, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, I April 2001 - 31 August 2002.

PRIZES: 1. K. Golec-Biernat, M. Miqsowicz prize of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences for the paper: K. Golec-Biernat, M. Wdsthoff, "Saturation Effects in Deep Inelastic Scattering at Low Q2 and Its Implications on Diffraction", published in Physical Review (Phys. Rev. D59 999) 014017).

EXTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. P. Boek, "Self-Consistent Calculations for Nuclear Matter", Rostock University, Germany, January 2001; 2. P. Boek, "In Medium T-Matrix for Nuclear Matter", 1PN Orsay, France, 26 November 2001; 3. P. Bo&k, "Nuclear Matter with Pairing", IPN Orsay, France, 4 December 2001; 4. W. Broniowski, "Medium EfFects on Meson Coupling", Workshop on Recent Developments in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Centro de Fisica da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, 30 April 2001; 5. W. Broniowski, "Thermal Model at RHIC - Conventional Physics at Work", Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, Germany, 7 November 2001; 6. W. Broniowski, "Thermal Model of Particle Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions", Inst. of Phys. Jagiellonian Univ., Krak6w, Poland, 14 May 2001; 7. W. Broniowski, "Thermal Model at RHIC", Inst. of Phys. Jagiellonian Univ., Krak6w, Poland, 12 November 2001; 8. P. Czerski, "Hugenholz-Van Hove Theorem", Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Torino, Torino, Italy, 6 June 2001; 9. P. Czerski, "Realistic Interactions and Nuclear Self-Energy", Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Torino, Torino, Italy, 7 June 2001; 10. W. Florkowski, "Chemical Freeze-Out in Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions", Workshop on Recent Developments in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Centro de Fisica Theorica da Uni- versidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, 30 April 2001; Department of Theoretical Physics 109

11. W. Florkowski, "Thermal Description of Particle Production in Experiments at RHIC", first. of Phys. Jagiellonian Univ., Krak6w, Poland, 1 November 2001; 12. K. olec-Biernat, "DIS2001: Summary of the Theory Part", DESY, Hamburg, Germany, ay 2001; 13. K. Colec-Biernat, "Saturation Model of DIS at Small x", Inst. of Theor. Phys. Univ. of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland, 14 May 2001; 14. J. Jalocha, "Millisecond Phenomena in the Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries", Inst. of Phys. Jagiellonian Univ., Krak6w, Poland, 12 December 2001; 15. R. Kamifiski, "What Can We Say about 7r7r Interactions below I GeV?", Univ. P.& M. Curie, Paris, France, 17 January 2001; 16. E. Kapu6cik, "Spacetime with Many Invariant Velocities", JINR, Dubna, Russia, 28 August 2001; 17. J. Kwiecifiski, "Probing QCD at Photon Colliders", Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden, 2 February 2001; 18. J. Kwiecifiski, "Probing the CD Pomeron in ee- Interactions", Inst. of Phys. Jagiellonian Univ., Krak6w, Poland, 21 May 2001; 19. J. Kwiecifiski, "CCFM Equation in the Impact Parameter Space", Workshop on Small x Physics, Univ. of Lund, Sweden, 14 March 2001; 20. L. Leniak, "Elimination of Ambiguities in the 7r7r Phase Shifts by a Joint Analysis of the 77r- and the New 7rO7r' Data", LPNHE, Univ. Paris 6 7 Paris, France, 19 September 2001; 21. J. Nierniec, "Electrospheres of Neutron Stars", Inst. of Phys. Jagiellonian Univ., Krak6w, Poland, 28 February 2001; 22. M. Sadzikowski, "Andreev's eflection", Inst. of Phys. Jagiellonian Univ., Krak6w, Poland, 19 March 2001; 23. M. Sadzikowski, "Nonuniform Chiral Phase in Effective Chiral Quark Model", CEN-Saclay, France, 28 June 2001; 24. S. Stachniewicz, "The First Compact Objects in MOND", The XXVth Int. School of Theor. Physics, Particles and Astrophysics Standard Models and Beyond, Ustrofi, Poland, 10-16 September 2001; 25. S. Stachniewicz, "Cosmological Implications of the BOOMERANG and MAXIMA Experiments", Polish Association of Amateur Astronomers, Krak6w, Poland, January 2001; 26. S. Stachniewicz, "Cosmological Friedmann Models", Polish Association of Amateur Astronomers, rak6w, Poland, 14 May 2001; 27. S. Stachniewicz, "Solar Neutrino Problem", Polish Association of Amateur Astronomers, rak6w, Poland, 11 June 2001; 28. S. Stachniewicz, "Recent Trends in Cosmology", Polish Association of Amateur Astronomers, rak6w, Poland, I October 2001; 29. S. Stachniewicz, "The End of the Dark Ages in MOND" Inst. of Phys. Jagiellonian Univ., Krak6w, Poland, 24 October 2001; 110 Department of Theoretical Physics

30. S. Stachniewicz, "Structure Formation in MOND", CAMK,'"7arszawa, Poland 14 November 2001; 31. A. Stato, "Saturation at Small x", University of Durham, Durham, UK, 30 November 2001.

LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. W. Broniowski, "The Physics of Quarks", lectures for graduate Physics students at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland; 2. W. Broniowski, Supervising Ph.D. theses of A. Baran and A. Bieniek, graduate Physics students at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland; 3. W. Florkowski, "Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions", lectures for Physics students at the Institute of Physics of the Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland, 4. W. Florkowski, "High-Energy Nuclear Physics", lectures for graduate Physics students at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland; 5. W. Florkowski, Supervising Ph.D. theses of K. Bajan and M. Michalec, graduate Physics students at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland; 6. M. Kutschera, "Evolution of Stars" lectures for Physics students at the Institute of Physics of the Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 7. M. Kutschera, Supervising Ph.D. theses of S. Kubis and J. Nierniec, graduate Physics students at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland and M.Sc. thesis of J. Jalocha, Physics student at the Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 8. J. Kwieciiski, Supervising M.Sc. thesis of K. Kutak, Physics student at the Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 9. L. Le6niak, Supervising Ph.D. thesis of A. Furman, graduate Physics student at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 10. M. Sadzikowski, "Topological Defects", lectures for graduate Physics students at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland-, 11. P. 2enezykowski, "Weak Decays of Hadrons" and "Weak Hadron Interactions", lectures for graduate Physics students at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland; 12. P. 2enczykowski, Supervising Ph.D. theses of P. ach and M. Sowa, graduate Physics students at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland. Department of Theoretical Physics

SHORT TERM VISITORS:

1. Prof. E.R. Arriola - University of Granada, Spain; 2. Prof. J. Bartels - University of Hamburg, Germany; 3. Prof. C. Burdik - Tech. Univ. of Prague, Czech Republic; 4. Dr A. Dorokhov - JINR, Dubna, Russia; 5. Dr B. Golli - University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; 6. Dr G.A. Kozlov - JINR, Dubna, Russia; 7. Prof. A. Molinari - University of Torino, Italy; 8. Prof. B. Loiseau - LPNHE, Univ. P.& M. Curie, Paris, France; 9. Prof. M. Rosina - University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; 10. Prof. M. Scadron - University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

Department of Particle Theory 113 HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DEPARTMENTS

DEPARTMENT OF PARTICLE THEORY I Head of Department: Prof. Marek eiabek Tel: (48 12) 633-33-66 Fax: (48 12) 633-38-84 e-mail: Marek.JezabekQifj.edu..p1

PERSONNEL: Research Staff- Stanislaw Jadach, Prof. Maciej Skrzypek, Assoc. Prof. Kacper Zalewski, Prof. Zbigniew Wqs, Assoc. Prof. Elbieta Richter-Wqqs, Assoc. Prof. Piotr Urban, Ph.D.

Technical Staff: Zofia Kawula

PLO300081 OVERVIEW:

In 2001 a dominant part of researches pursued in this Department was devoted to precision tests of the Standard Model and searches for a more complete theory of fundamental particles and their interactions. As in the previous years these studies were closely related to current and future high energy experiments as well as to other experimental studies in particle physics. In particular studies were continued on physics at present and future colliders: LEP, TESLA, Tevatron, LHC, B-, -r- and K-factories. The list of subjects studied includes: • physics of the W bosons and four-fermion processes at LEP2/TESLA energies, • two fermion production processes at present and future colliders, • Old and new physics at hadron colliders (LHC, Tevatron) including Higgs boson searches, • new developments in Monte Carlo simulation techniques, • production and decay of heavy quarks and -r-lepton, • neutrino masses and oscillations. The members of the Department played the leading role in organizing the 'First Workshop of the Extended ECFA/DESY Study: Physics and Detectors for a 90 to 800 GeV Linear Collider', Krak6w, 14-18 September 2001, and the'Cracow Epiphany Conference on b Physics and CP Violation', Krak6w, 6-9 January 2001. M. Jeiabek was a co-editor of the conference proceedings. We also actively participated in international working groups studying the physics potential of existing and planned high energy colliders. In particular, S. Jadach was a convenor of the Monte Carlo simulation group 114 Department of Particle Theory for TESLA and E. Richter-Wqs continued her work in the Advisory Committee a-ad and Editorial Board of the ATLAS Collaboration. It is worth mentioning that Z. WV was an editor of the journal Computer Physics Communications.

Professor Marek Jeabek

RESEARCH REPORTS: PLO300082 Physics of W Bosons and Four-Fermion Processes at LEP2/TESLA Energies: YFSWW and Kora1W Projects

S. Jadach M Skrzypek, and Z. Wqs (with W. Paczek' and B.F.L. Ward 2) 'Jagiellonian University, Inst. of Physics, Kak6w, Poland; University of Tennessee, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA

The largest ee- experiment in the world, the LEP-2 experiment at CERN in Geneva, has finished data collection at the end of year 2000. The data analysis however has vividly continued in the year 2001 in order to fully exploit the scientific potential of LEP-2 on verification of the Standard Model at the quantum level. Our group has also continued to provide the state-of-the art calculations for this analysis. Due to the complexity of the four-fermion phase-space, these calculations have to be done in the form of Monte Carlo simulations. During the year 2001 we continued our work on precise calculations for the process of W-pair production and decay in e+e- annihilation. We have further developed the Monte Carlo program YFSWW3. In particular it is now capable of calculating simultaneously various versions of matrix element with and without first order corrections. We have published for the first time the complete manual of YFSWW3. We have also redesigned the KoralW Monte Carlo code in such a way that it was possible to combine results of these two codes on the event-per-event basis. This combining has been done in such a way that both codes run simultaneously as two independent processes that exchange data in real time through the UNIX/LINUX operating system facility called "named pipes" (FIFO). Such solution we called a Concurrent Monte Carlo. This concept seems to be useful in combining any codes, written in any languages without any need of modifying the underlying codes and therefore provides a natural encapsulation mechanism. This way the Concurrent Monte Carlo KoralW&YFSWW3 for the first time ever simulated real events unweighted") with both background and first order corrections at the same time. The KoralW&YFSWW3 has became the basic analysis tool for LEP-2 experiments. We have also continued to analyse the physical precision of various observables. The precision of the simplest one, the total cross section, has already been established in the year 2000 at the level of 0.4%. In the year 2001 we turned into the W mass and showed that the theoretical uncertainty in its measurement at LEP-2 is at the level of MeV, well below the experimental error. We have also started the analysis of technical uncertainties in the measurements of anomalous WWV couplings. Finally, we have released a preliminary version of KoralW code, better adapted for the simulation of the so called single-W process. The most important modification was related to the inclusion of interference effects on the top of the initial state photonic radiation. We have also continued the studies of the application of KoralW and YFSWW3 to higher energies, in particular related to the TESLA project. We participated actively in the meeting of the Extended ECFA-DESY Study on Future Accelerators held in Krak6w. Department of Particle Theory 115

Error Type Scale Param. AM = x I Numerical cross-check Am" WW production

ISR 0(a4L4) E rwmw q)4 4 3) S,3W L e - . 10-' [a'L e - 0(a'L')]Kora]We < 1 MeV

ISR 0(a 2 L,) E Lm_ a)2 L - 5. 10-' KorWan I MeV s,3W ?r

ISR 0(a 2)P"," E rw Aiw 2 L - 4. 10-4 KorWan < I MeV S,8W1 7r e W decay

FSR 0(a)miss. 6 0,2 (E,, 2 In w) - 10-3 Basic tests of PHOTOS 2 MeV

FSR 0a2)',". E-! 7`21nmw - 2 8 7r PT lo--, On/off 2-y in PHOTOS < 1 MeV

Non-factorizable QED interferences (between production and 2 decays) C, o-4 0(al)inclusivemiss. 6 0.1 I Chapovsky & Khoze < I MeV

o(,2)inc1usive 6 lo-7 None I ev 2 4 0

Table 1: Estimation of the missing effects in MW determination with the Concurrent MC KoralW&YFSWW3 at LEP2.

PLO300083 Matrix Element Monte Carlo Generator AcerMC E. Richter-Wqs (with B. Kersevanl 2 3)

'Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana; 2Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Universit of Ljubljana, Slovenia; 'CERN, Geneve, Switzerland

E. Richter-Wqs continued her activity as the convenor of the Higgs WG of ATLAS. The main topic of her activity during the year 2001 was development, together with B. Kersevan (CERN), the matrix element Monte Carlo generator AcerMC for Standard Model background processes at LHC. The program itself provides a library of massive elements and phase space modules for generation of selected processes: Wbb, Wtf, ZI-y*bb, Z/-y*tf, CD, and EW tfbb. All implemented process are crucial for evaluating discovery potential for the Higgs boson in SM and MSSM of LHC experiments. The hard process event, generated with these modules, can be completed by the initial and final state radiation, hadronization and decays, simulated with either PYTHIA or HERWIC Monte Carlo Event Generators. Interfaces to both of these generators are provided with the distribution version of the package. The AcerMC also uses several other external libraries: CERNLIB, HELIAS, VEGAS. The matrix element code has been derived with the help of the MADGRAPH package. The achieved typical efficiency of 30% for the generation of unweighted events is a rather high figure given complicated topology of the implemented processes. The figure below shows an organizational diagram of the package. The prototype version of the packages have been published in the series of the Notes of AT- LAS Collaboration, B. Kersevan and E. Richter-W4s; ATL-PHYS-2001-020, ATL-PHYS-2001-021, ATL-PHYS-2001-022. The long wfite-up was submitted for publication in Computer Physics Com- munications. The package is already widely used for different analyses within the ATLAS Higgs WC. It allows also for more systematic comparison between matrix element and parton shower approaches. Such studies for the Wbb background to the Higgs search in the mass range of 120 GeV was completed and published by B. Kersevan and E. Richter-Was in ATL-COM-PHYS-2001-032. 116 Department of Particle Theory

Pythia 62

pyr 1 4 --bpyevnr pyalemPYPdu pyalps c-VEGAS dwno_py.exe grids pytbia_ac - - - acr ae'dump- xx acernicacerl'161T_7L 1CPdf ac _PY(0) ac it ac alpein ernjc.,(]) _oNipeml - - - - ac as A

Ace.rMC 1. 0 acevent

IF It anne Inpul.c.r. C"d _/_PH`SE\_ cevt ACF and I...C;.rdC.' ac. acermacard VEGAS

IF herwig_ac demo_hw.exe acpdj' a- -,rTC-1-V(-W - aclint : ac-alpelyl a ernicim(O)' - - - - ac-alps I acdunlpxx acernic hw(j) ------

HERWIG 6 3

Ihi-gen 4- I/Intel hivigin I hwilaenj Ophwefin 111VIin hwuatf hwini PDFLXB

Fig. 1: The calling sequence of the main event generation routine acevent-xx

CO Two-Fermion Production at Electron-Positron Colliders, 0 0 and -r Lepton Decay 0 S. Jadach, Z. Wqs (with T. Pierzchala', B.F.L. Ward', and M. Worek')

'Institute of Physics, Uiversity of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; 'University of Tennessee, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA

KKMC was accepted by experimental community as the main Monte Carlo tool for simulation of all two-fermion processes at LEP. It continued to gain popularity for applications at lower energies, like b-factories as well as in the community of scientists involved in planning future Linear Colliders. Its extension to the case of the neutrino mode was completed (hep-ph/0110371). Precision of % for the single photon observables was reached. Modification of the exponentiation approach was necessary, because of the WW-y coupling and related change in the gauge cancellation patterns. Series of talks devoted to this program were published in conference proceedings and as preprints (additional two positions) KORALZ, KORALB BHLUMI- There was a continuous support and development related to these three programs on our part and the codes continue to be widely used by experimental community (4 papers with over 100 citations). TAUOLA PHOTOS are generators for decay of the T lepton and for bremsstrahlung in decays. The programs are widely used (in total over 500 citations of the main papers), Recently, an interface for the use of the program in an universal environment was developed; T. Pierzchala, E. Richter-Weps, Z. W4s, M. Worek, Acta Phys. Polon. B32 2001) 1277, conference contribution devoted to these programs was also published. Department of Particle Theory 117 PLO300085

Production and Decays of Heavy Quarks M. Jeabek and P. Urban

Studies of semileptonic decays of mesons were continued. A method was proposed and published which enables a measurement of the quark mixing matrix element V bwith an accuracy of 10% on the theory side. Longitudinal top quark polarization in ee- annihilation near tf threshold was considered for both polarized and unpolarized beams.

GRANTS:

Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:

1. Prof. M. Jeiabek - grant No: P03B 93 20, "Theoretical Research of the Fundamental Fermions and their Interactions"; 2. Assoc. Prof. E. Richter-Wqs - grant No: 2 P03B 11 9 18, "Strategies and Potential for Searching for new Physics in Multi-b-jet Final States in the Proton- Proton Collision at 14 TeV"; 3. Prof. S. Jadach - grant No: 620/E-77/SPUB-M/5PRUE/DZI10/2001-2003, "Particle Physics Phenomenology at High Energy Colliders", (supplementary grant to HPRN- CT-2000-00149). Grants from other sources:

1. Prof. S. Jadach - 1 Maria Sklodowska-Curie Fund grant No: PAA/DOE-97-316, "Calculations of Radiative Corrections to Accelerator Experiments by Monte Carlo and Analyt- ical Techniques", 01 January 2001 - 31 January 2001; 2. Prof. S. Jadach - grant 5-th Framework EU grant No: HPRN-CT-2000-00149, "Particle Physics Phenomenology at igh Energy Colliders"; 3. Prof. S. Jadach - Convention IN2P3 No: 98 "Radiative Corrections at LEP"; 4. Assoc. Prof. E. Richter-Wqs - Convention IN2P3 No: 01-103 (cf 95-81), "Search for New Physics at LHC`; 5. Prof. S. Jadach - "Coordinator from the Partner Country" - NATO Collaborative Linkage Grant No: PST.CLG.977751; 6. Assoc. Pof. M. Skrzypek - "Coordinator from the Partner Country" - NATO Collaborative Linkage Grant No: PST.CLG.977761, "Parallel Computing, Quantum Field Theory and Computer Algebra".

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

1. "Cracow Epiphany Conference on b Physics and CP Violation", Krak6w, Poland, 5-7 January 2001; 2. 'Physics and Detectors for a 90 to 800 GeV inear Collider", First Workshop of the Extended ECFA/DESY Study, Krak6w, Poland, 14-18 September 2001. 118 Department of Particle Theory

MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEES:

1. E. Richter-Wqs, ATLAS Physics Workshop, Lund, Sweden, 12-17 September 2001;

INVITED TALKS:

1. K. Zalewski, "Some Questions Concerning Bose-Einstein Correlations in Multiple Particle Production Pro- cesses", Cracow School of Theoretical Physics, 41st Course: Fundamental Interactions, Zakopane, Poland, 2-11 June 2001; 2. M. Skrzypek, "Status of KoralW and YFSWW", Workshop WWMMI, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, 910 April 2001; 3. M. Skrzypek, "Single-W Production with KoralW Monte Carlo", WW Physics Workshop, Cetraro, Italy, 12-17 October 2001; 4. M. Skrzypek, "YFSWW3 Version 117", WW Physics Workshop, Cetraro, Italy, 12-17 October 2001; 5. M. Skrzypek, "On Theoretical Uncertainties of MW Measurements at LEPT', WW Physics Workshop, Cetraro, Italy, 12-17 October 2001; 6. M. Skrzypek, "On Theoretical Uncertainties of W Angular Distribution", WW Physics Workshop, Cetraro, Italy, 12-17 October 2001; 7. E. Richter-Wqs, "Introduction to the Status of the MSSM Higgs Discovery Potential", ATLAS Physics Workshop, Lund, Sweden, 12-17 September 2001; 8. E. Richter-Wqs, "Fast Simulation Environment and Validation", ATLAS Physics Workshop, Lund, Sweden, 12-17 September 2001; 9. S. Jadach, "Theoretical Uncertainty of the Luminosity Measurement at CLIC", 3-rd Open Meeting of the CLIC Physics Study Group, CERN, Geneve, Switzerland, June 2001; 10. S. Jadach, `KKMC Status Report", KLOE Physics Workshop, LNF Frascati, Italy, November 2001; 11. S. Jadach, "MC Tools for Extraction of Luminosity Spectra at LC", 4-th Open Meeting of CLIC Work-shop, CERN, Geneve, Switzerland, 18-19 December 2001.

ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS:

1. S. Jadach, "Precision Measurements of the WW Process", LEP WW Working Group Meeting, CERN, Geneve, Switzerland, 9 April 2001; 2. S. Jadach, "Foam: Multipurpose MC Tool - Last Update", ECFAIDESY, Krak6w, Poland, 18 September 2001; Department of Particle Theory 119

3. S. Jadach, "TU Uncertainty of Low Angle Bhabha at TESLA", ECFAIDESY, Krak6w, Poland, 18 September 2001; 4. M. Skrzypek, "Electric Charge Screening in Single-W Production with KoralW Monte Carlo", First Work-shop of the Extended ECRAIDESY Study, Krak6w, Poland, September 2001; 5. Z. qs, "Spin polarization, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox, MC Event Record", Physics and Detectors for a 90 to 800 GeV Linear Collider, ECFA/DESY, Krak6w, Poland, 18 September 2001; 6. Z. Wqs "Spin Effects and Requirements for Interfaces", CPP2001, Automatic Calculationfor Future Colliders, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, 28-30 November 2001; 7. S. Jadach (presented by Z. Wqs), "Exponentiation in QED: Example of Combining Real and Virtual Corrections", CPP2001, Automatic Calculation for Future Colliders, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, 28-30 November 2001; 8. S. Jadach (presented by T. Ohl), "Foam: General Purpose MC Cellular Algorithm", CPP2001, Automatic Calculation for Future Colliders, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, 28-30 November 2001; 9. P. Urban, "The Determination Of Vub from Semileptonic B Decays", Cracow Epiphany Conference, Krak6w, Poland, 57 January 2001.

SCHOLARSHIPS:

1. S. Jadach - Stipend Scientific Associate, CERN 6 months; 2. E. Richter-W,-p - Stipend Corresponding Associate, CERN 4 months; 3. M. Skrzypek - Stipend Corresponding Associate, CERN 3 months; 4. P. Urban - Roman Herzog Stipend, Karlsruhe, 14 months 3 in 2001).

EXTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. S. Jadach, "QED Exponentiation for Charged Resonances", IFH DESY-Zeuthen, Germany, 22. February 2001; 2. Z. Wqs, "Precision Experiments in Confrontation with Field Theory: from LEP2 to LO', Silesia University, Katowice, 13 March 2001; 3. M. Jeabek, "Why do we Doubt in the Standard Model?" Polish Physical Society, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001; 4. E. Richter-Was, "Prospects for the Higgs Bosons Observability at LHC NIKHEF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 22 September 2001; 5. Z. Wap, "Spin Polarization and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox in the MC Event Records NIKHEF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 22 September 2001; 120 Department of Particle Theory

6. Z. Was, "Spin Polarization and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox in the MC Event Records, General Introduc- tion", Nijmegen University, The Netherlands, 26 September 2001; 7. M. Jeabek, "Status of Neutrino Masses and Oscillations" Karlsruhe University, Karlsruhe, Germany November 2001; 8. Z. W, "EPR Spin Correlations in Hard Processes", Jagellonian University, Krak6w, 20 November 2001; 9. E. Richter-WIs, "All about Higgs Search" Jagellonian University, Krak6w, 30 October 2001; 10. E. Richter-WV, "Prospects for Precision Measurements in Higgs Sector" Jagellonian University, Krak6w, 18 December 2001.

LECTURES AND COURSES:

1. M. Jeabek, "Quantum Mechanics", lectures for Ph.D. students, Silesia University; 2. S. Jadach, "Monte Carlo Methods", Lectures at Torino Graduate School, Torino Univ 14 October 2001.

SHORT TERM VISITORS:

1. Prof. M. Ozer - Department of Physics, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 311 January 2001; 2. Prof. B. F. L. Ward - University of Tennessee, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, 57 January 2001; 3. Dr L. Neukermans - Laboratoire de Physique des Particules d'Anney-le-Vieux, Rance, 11-25 January 2001; 4. Dr H. Pzysiiniak - Laboratoire de Physique des Particules d'Anney-le-Vieux, France, 12-19 November 2001; 5. Prof, P. Violini - INFN-Sezione di Roma and University of Rome, "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy, 26 November - 3 December 2001; 6. Prof. F. Hakl - Institute of Computer Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic, 15-18 January 2001; 7. Dr A. Andonov - Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, JINR, Dubna, Russia, 621 December 2001; 8. Dr G. Nanava - Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, JINR, Dubna, Russia, 621 December 2001. Department of Leptonic Interactions 121

DEP ARTMENT

X.Z . OF LEPTONIC INTERACTIONS

Head of Department: Prof. Kzy,5ztof Rybicki Deputy Head: Assoc. Prof. Graiyna Nowak Tel: (48 12) 633-33-66 Fax: (48 12) 633-38-84 e-mall: Krzysztof.Rybickiifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Research Staff: Izabela Milcewicz, M.Sc. Elbieta Bana, M.Sc., E.E. Jerzy Michalowski, E.E. Andrzej Boek, Ph.D. Stanislaw Mikocki, Ph.D. Jolanta Brodzicka, M.Sc, Ph.D. student Zbigniew Natkaniec, M.Sc., E.E. Krzysztof Cieglik, M.Sc. Grayna Nowak, Assoc. Prof. Lidia G6rlich, Ph.D. Waclaw Ostrowicz, M.Sc., E.E. Leszek Hajduk, M.Sc. Henryk Palka, Ph.D. Zbigniew Hajduk, Ph.D. Grzegorz Polok, Ph.D. Pawel Jalocha, Ph.D. Maria R&afiska, Assoc. Prof. Piotr Kapusta, M.Sc., E.E. Krzysztof Rybicki, Prof. Bartlorniej Kisielewski, Ph.D. Jacek Turnau, Prof. Marcin Kucharczyk, M.Sc, Ph.D. student Mariusz Witek, Ph.D. Tadeusz Lesiak, Assoc. Prof. Technical Staff: Ewelina Lobodzifiska, Ph.D. Andrzej Florek Bogdan Lobodzifiski, Ph.D. Boguslaw Florek Janusz Martyniak, Ph.D. Jacek Garwolifiski Adam Matyja, M.Sc.

OVERVIEW: PLO300086

Our Department has evolved from the Laboratory of Electronic Particle Detectors (originally called the Laboratory of Filmless Detectors) founded in 1972. The department is involved in two running experiments (HI at DESY and Belle at KEK). In 2000 the DELPHI experiment has finished a decade of successful running. The analysis of collected data will continue for a couple of years. Since 1999 our group is a member of the LHC-b experiment at CERN In addition, a few department members work part-time for the ATLAS collaboration at CERN, and our engineers as well as technicians have been working for several years on the construction and testing 122 Department of Leptonic Interactions

of superconducting cavities for the TESLA project. This arrangement provides a neat equilibrium between dta analysis, running experiments and work on future projects. The main results of work done in 2001 are covered in reports on research. Here we mention only a few highlights:

• The Belle experiment demonstrated a strong CP violation in Bod decays. The measured asymmetry was sin(201) 099 ± 014 ± 006. This is the first (together with the BaBar experiment at SLAC) observation of the CP violation outside the KO sector. • The DELPHI collaboration (together with other LEP experiments) determined very precisely the parameters of the Standard Model in the electroweak sector and showed the strongest limit on the direct Higgs search e. MH > 114 GeV. • The HI experiment has measured the cross section for the b quark production to be much larger than the NLO CD predictions. This is especially surprising in Deep Inelastic ep Scattering where the predictions should be fairly solid. • The Krak6w LHCb group has designed and tested the prototype of the outer tracker. One should also mention high-quality carbon-carbon composites designed and produced in collaboration with the High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group. In 2001 there were 43 papers (meeting the highest KBN' standard), based on results from experiments with our group being the dominant Krak6w contributor. This was less than in 2000 (50) since the DELPHI experiment was no longer running but number of papers from Belle is growing rapidly so we should go back to the level of 50 papers per year in 2002. The following events additionally marked the year 2001 in our Department: • main contribution to the organization of the CERN exhibition at Krak6w, • bestowing a honorary professorship of our Institute on our long-term collaborator, Dr Bernard Hyams from CERN. It should be added that, Prof. K. Rybicki is a member of the CERN Scientific Policy Committee and of the Executive Board of the Belle experiment. Dr Z. Hajduk, Dr G. Polok and Prof. J. Turnau are Polish representatives in the Auxiliary Committee of CERN Users, in the HEP-CCC Technical Advisory Committee and in the European Particle Physics Outreach Group, respectively. In 2001, two young people (A. Matyja and I. Milcewicz) joined the group while one person left. There are now 30 people in the Department. In addition, Prof. B. Muryn from the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques of the University of Mining and Metallurgy has been working directly with us for a long time. The same is true for his Ph.D students, Mrs A. Mucha (Ph.D., as of 18.02.2002), Mr T. Szumlak and Mr K. Ciba. Our work would not be possible without the support of the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) as well as without the help of our collaborators, mainly DESY and KEK. Extensive and reasonably up-to-date information about the Department including: • history of our team, • personal pages of most of its members, • information on past and present experiments, • number of our papers (including number of citations for the most quoted ones), can be found at http: //chall. if j . edu. pl/Dept5/pedc. html.

, // _,J Professor rzysztof ybicki

'State Committee for Scientific Research Department of Leptonic Interactions 123

RESEARCH REPORTS: PLO300087

The Belle Experiment at the KEK B-Factory E. Bana, A. Boek, J. Brodzicka, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, W. Ostrowicz, H. Palka, M. R&afiska, and K. Rybicki2

The Belle experiment works at the KEK B-factory facility. KEKB is an asymmetric ee- collider running at T(4S) with the design luminosity of 034 CM-2S-1. The experiment is dedicated to perform precise measurements of B-meson decays and in particular to study CP violation in B-meson system. In 2001 the peak luminosity at KEKB exceeded 5 X 1033 CM-2S-1 which is the highest luminosity reached at colliders. In summer 2001, the total data volume registered in the Belle detector aproached 30M B-n pairs. This allowed one to observe a CP-violation and to extract the angle 1 of the unitarity triangle. The measured value sin(201 = 099 ± 0.14(stat.) ± 0.06(syst.) rules out a zero value for sin(201 by more than six standard deviations. This, together with the BaBar reSUlt3' Was the first observation of the CP violation outside the kaon system. The measurement is based on differences between time dependent decay rates of BO and SO mesons to CP-eigenstates with b - cEs transitions. Also several new rare decay modes have been observed by Belle. The Krak6w group performed studies of - 01020)K(*) channels, which are of particular interest in search for a physics beyond the Standard Model. 8

7 10 6 - 8 5

6 4 3 4 2 2 k-1 -- J 05.2 5.22 '5.24_'___'_'_5.26 5.28 5.3 qO.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 M, [GeV] A[ GeV]

Fig. 1: The Mb and AE plots for 0(1020)K,.

The Belle experiment is equipped with a general purpose detector capable of registering a big variety of decay channels with high efficiency and excellent accuracy. One of the crucial elements in the apparatus is a silicon vertex detector (SVD). The rak6w group participated in SVD calibrations and maintenance. Although the performance of the Belle SVD satisfies requirements of the basic physics goals, further improvements are possible. In 2002 an installation of a new version vertex detector is foreseen with improved geometry and radiation-proof readout electronics. The Krak6w group worked on a design of a new DOCK system comprising optocoupling for analog and digital signals, new voltage supply distribution and new control scheme based on the RS485 link.

2The Belle collaboration consists of about 330 physicists and students from 53 laboratories. 3BaBar Collaboration, B. Aubert et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 2525. 124 PLO300088 Department of Leptonic Interactions

The HI Experiment at HERA L. G6rlich, L. Hajduk, E. Lobodzifiska, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, and J. Turnau4 Engineers contributing to the project: E. Bana and A. Cyz

During 2001 the H experiment underwent major changes connected with upgrade of the HERA accelerator. The important parts of the detector were completly rebuilt, in particular the forward tracker, the backward calorimeter SPACAL and luminosity detector. The software of the experiment was also modernized, in some areas completly rewritten to comply with unix/linux and object-oriented standards. Members of the HI Krak6w group participated in many areas of this effort. They have made important contributions to software managing and monitoring of the on-line event reconstruction. Significant participation of students from the Computer Science Department of the Academy of Mining and Metallurgy should be acknowledged 5 The Krak6w Group contributed to the upgrade of the HI LAr Calorimeter providing and installing copper screens shielding the analog boxes. The Krak6w Group participates in the data analysis within the "Hadronic States and QCD" working group framework. Study of correlations in the hadronic final state with objective to distinguish between BFKL and DGLAP evolution schemes and the instanton search were continued. In 2001 the Krak6w Group coordinated the Monte Carlo Production for the H experiment.

+P ___ A X

Event MUON-2

PIT' 28 GeV, Py 67 GeV, P"" 43 GeV

R Z HI

Fig. 1: The events with high PT lepton and large missing transverse energy remain to be mysterious and exciting feature of the H experiment.

4The H1 Collaboration consists of about 400 scientists from 39 laboratories. 5J. Nowak, M. Kuta, W. Zajdel. Department of Leptonic Interactions PLO300089 125

The LHC-b Experiment at CERN E. Banag, J. Bocki, L. Hajduk, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, B. Kisielewski, T. Lesiak, J. Michalowski, Z. Natkaniec, W. Ostrowicz, C. Polok, M. Stodulski, M. Witek, and P. 2ychowski6 Engineers and technicians contributing to the project: B. D4browski, M. Despet, A. Florek, B. Florek, K. Galuszka, J. arwoliiski, A. Strqczek, and M. StrQk

The LHC-b experiment is devoted to precision measurement of CP-violation and to rare decays of B mesons. First collisions on the LHC collider are expected in 2006. The main field of activity of the Krak6w team is a tracking device called Outer Tacker (OTR). As it was shown by the Krak6w team, the basic element of such detector must consist of two layers of aluminized straw tubes. Each straw tube is equiped with the so called wire locators (to eliminate sagging of the wire) and a gold plated wire placed centrally by a special technique. This design, proposed by the Krak6w team in 1999, was accepted by the OTR group. The prototype was tested in the beam equipped with beam chambers. The tests included various gas mixtures, high voltage dependences, time spectra and treshold dependencies. Main results of the tests are presented in the figure below. Those results were decisive to convince the OTR community (six laboratories) to use only aluminized straws. The Krak6w team also designed the part of the OTR readout system. The idea was to reduce the number of channels of the readout system, directly after preamplifiers, by a factor of 8. After electronic simulations such a device (concentrator based on S-link) was designed, constructed and succesfully tested together with the part prepared by the NIKHEF group. One should also mention the software sector. It was shown that using the fringe magnetic field of LHCb magnets, it is possible to estimate the momentum of the particles on the LO trigger level with the accuracy of 20% but on LI level the accuracy can be increased to %.

14 U = 1450 V 14 U = 550 V 14 U = 1650 V Hit at xO Hit at x=O Hit at x=O 12 0.1 %subtr. co 12 1.6%subtr. 12 7.2%subtr.

" lo 2 lo 2 lo 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 -r- 9 i Fi i 0 _,i7F, i FL, il 0 J 1 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 Straw nr Straw nr Straw nr Cross-talk Cross-talk Cross-talk

Fig. 1: Measured cross talk vs high voltage for the second prototype.

rThe LHC-b collaboration consists of about 430 physicists from 49 laboratories. The Krak6w LHC-b group includes also K. Ciba , T. Kowalski, W. Kucewicz, B. Muryn, and E. Zar(bska-Rulikowska from the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining and Metallurgy. 126 Department of Leptonic Interactions PLO300090

The DELPHI Experiment at LE 7 P. Brilckman, K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, M. Kucharezyk, T. Lesiak, B. Murynt, A. bl4kowska-Muchat, G. Polok, H. Palka, T. Szumlakt, M. Witek, and A. Zalewska

t University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland

The DELPHI collaboration finished collecting data in November 2000, after eleven years of successful running. The experiment yielded numerous physical results published in about 240 papers. The major achievements, to name but a few, concern precision tests of the standard model predictions together with extensive searches for new physics and measurements of properties of heavy flavour hadrons and the -r lepton. In 2001 the physical analyses were continued, both on a high statistics data collected at the Z' peak and at LEP2 energies i.e. 130-1-208) GeV. The results were published in 17 papers and presented in 84 contributed papers at the main conferences of high energy physics. The activities of the Krak6w group concerned: • tests of the standard model predictions: measurements of the production of a single intermediate boson Z' and four fermion final states, in particular Z'ZO (cf Fig. I and Ref. [1]); cross-sections and forward-backward asymmetries of bb and i-; pairs (cf Fig. 2 and Ref 2; • photon-photon interactions: measurement of radiative width of the 7 meson and the cross section for the AA and pp pairs; analysis of the electron structure function; • hadron studies: spin correlations of hadron pairs; exclusive decays of heavy baryons.

DELPHI 0--% M 1.5 -Published results from CL 1997 and 1998 data

0 PRELIMINARY results from 41 1999 and 2000 data Q U) 0 O 0.5 cm O z 0 170 180 190 200 210 CMS Energy (GeV)

Fig. 1: Cross sections for the process ee- - ZZO measured by DELPHI from data collected in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000. The results obtained with the data collected in 1999 and 2000 are preliminary. The solid curve represents the standard model prediction.

It should be added that three members of the the Krak6w DELPHI Group were conveners of the analysis groups: dr P. Bilckman - b-baryon studies, dr T. Lesiak - LEP2 electroweak measurements with heavy quarks and prof. B. Muryn - photon-photon spectroscopy,

'The DELPHI Collaboration is composed of 340 members from 56 institutions. Department of Leptonic Interactions 127

In the nearest future, the DELPHI collaboration will concentrate on the completion of its rich physics studies.

1.4 DELPHI preliminary Rb DELPHI preliminary 0.22 1.2 b ------AFB 0.2 ------I 0 This measurement. T 130-172 published 0.18 0.8 A LEPI on-, off-peak

0.16 0.6 0 This measurement. 0.14 V 130-172 published OA A LEPI on., off-peak 1-11 Zf1tter sW s > 0 I, 0.85 0.2 ...... ------Zitter sWs > 0. I-, 0.85 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 80 100 120 140 160 180 qs (GeV) so'(G e V)

Fig. 2 The cross-section ratio Rb (left plot) and the forward-backward asymmetry AOFB (right plot) versus the LEP centre-of-mass energy Vs, as measured by DELPHI. The solid (dashed) lines represent the standard model predictions for vWl-,Fs > .1 (Vsi1V1s` > 0.85), respectively (VW is the reduced centre-of-mass energy).

References:

1. DELPHI Collab., A. Lipniacka, K. Cieglik, H. Palka, M. Witek et al., contribution to EPS HEP'2001 Budapest, Hungary 2001; internal note DELPHI 2001-096 CONF 524; 2. DELPHI Collab., E. Brodet, P. BrUckman, T. Lesiak et al., contribution to EPS HEP'2001 Budapest, Hungary 2001; internal note DELPHI 2001-095 CONF 523.

GRANTS:

Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:

1. Assoc. Prof. M. R6iaiska - grant No: 2 P03B 170 17, "Study of CP Violation in B-Meson Decays with the BELLE Detector"; 2. Prof. K. Rybicki - grant No: 2 P03B 103 18, "The HI Experiment: Physical Analysis, Detector Modification and Maintenance"; 3. Prof. K. Rybicki - grant No: P03B 017 21, Supervising Ph.D student: K. Cieglik. Thesis: "Investigation of Four Fermion Production in the e+e- Interactions by Neutral Currents".

Grants from other sources:

1. Assoc. Prof. T. Lesiak - 620/E-77/SPUB-M/CERN/P-03/DZ 297/2000-2002, "Participation in the DELPHI Experiment"; 2. Prof. J. Turnau - 620/E-77/SPUB-M/DESY/P-03/DZ 300/2000-2002, "Participation in the DELPHI Experiment". 3. Dr C. Polok - 620/E-77/SPUB-M/CERN/P-03/DZI23/2000-2002, "The LHC-b Experiment for the Precision Measurements of CP Violation and Rare Decays of B-Mesons". 128 DepartMent of Leptonic Interactions

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

Number of people taking part in international conferences: 25.

ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

1. "Workshop on Upgrade of the Belle Silicon Vertex Detector", Krak6w, Poland, 9-11 June 2001.

MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEES:

1. M. 116iafiska, 4-th Epiphany Conference, Krak6w, Poland, 79 January 2001; 2. K. Rybicki, 21-th Conference on Physics in Collision, Seoul, Korea, 28-30 June 2001.

INVITED TALKS:

1. T. Lesiak, "B-Physics at LEP", 4-th Epiphany Conference, Krak6w, Poland, 79 January 2001; 2. A. Boek, "Hadronic B Decays into Final States 7 K, D(*)K(*) and K(*)", The 4th International Conference on Physics and CP Violation, Ise-Shima, Japan, 19-23 February 2001; 3. M. 116afiska, "B-Physics Results from Belle", XXI Physics in Collision Conference, Seoul, Korea, 28-30 June 2001; 4. A. Boek, "Branching Fractions and Direct CP Violation in Two-Body Charmless B Decays at Belle", International Conference on High Energy Physics of the European Physical Society, Budapest, Hungary, 12-18 July 2001; 5. K. Rybicki, "Last Years Discoveries in Particle Physics" (in Polish), Polish Physics Society Meeting, Torufi, Poland, 17-21 September 2001.

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:

1. T. Lesiak - habilitation.

SCHOLARSHIPS:

1. B. Kisielewski, project associateship at CERN; 2. E. Lobodzifiska, DESY fellowship; 3. H. Palka, Monbusho fellowship; 4. M. Witek, project, associateship at CERN.

EXTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. A. Boek, "The Belle Experiment", Institute of High Energy Physics, Wien, Austria, 15 January 2001; Department of Leptonic Interactions 129

2. H. Palka, "Pixel Detectors", Workshop on Higher Luminosity Factory, KEK, Japan, 23 August 2001; 3. K. Rybicki, "Near and Far Future of CERN", Warsaw University, Poland, 19 October 2001; 4. M. R&afiska, "Results from the Belle Experiment Based on 30 fb-1", Warsaw University, Poland, 30 November 2001.

LECTURES AND COURSES:

1. J. Turnau, Lecture for the 4th year of.university students; 2. L. G6rlich, Laboratory for the 4th year of university students; 3. Z. Hajduk, Lecture for the 4th year students from the Jagiellonian University and from the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques of the University of Mining and Metallurgy.

SHORT-TERM VISITORS:

1. Prof. J. Haba - KEK, Japan; 2. Dr T. Tsuboyama- KEK, Japan; 3. Dr Y. Ushiroda - KEK, Japan.

Department of Hadron Structure 131

DEVAI-11RUIPMENT OF HADRON STRUCTURE

Head of Department: Prof. Andrzej Eskreys Deputy Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Jan Figiel telephone: (48 12) 633-33-66 ext. 24 fax: (48 12) 633-38-84 e-mail: eskreysQcha11.ifjedu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Research Staff- Janusz Chwastowski, Ph.D. Andrzej Eskreys, Prof. Jan Figiel, Assoc. Prof. Katarzyna Klimek, Ph.D. Bronislaw Niziol, Ph.D. Krystyna Olkiewicz, Ph.D. Bogdan Pawlik, Ph.D. Maciej Przybyciefi, Ph.D. Piotr Stopa, Ph.D. Leszek Zawiejski, Ph.D. Technical Staff: Jerzy Andruszk6w, E.E. Witold Daniluk, E.E. Bogdan Dabrowski Piotr Jurkiewicz, E.E. Andrzej Kotarba, E.E. Krzysztof 01iwa, E.E. Wojciech Ruchlewicz, E.E. Wojciech Wierba, E.E. Artur WIodarczyk

OVERVIEW: PLO300091

The XII Department of the Institute of Nuclear Physics was involved in the following experiments and projects in the year 2001: • ZEUS experiment at HERA (DESY)', which focused the main activity of the Department. The group from our Department participating in this experiment consisted of physicists: J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, K. Olkiewicz, M. Przybyeiefl, P. Stopa, and L. Zawiejski, as well as engineers and technicians: J. Andruszk6w, W. Daniluk, B. D%browski, P. Jurkiewicz, A. Kotarba, K. Oliwa, W. Ruchlewicz, W. Wierba, and A. Wodarczyk.

• DO experiment at TEVATRON (FNAL), USA 2- two physicists: B. Pawlik and M. Przybyciefi from the Department were involved in this experiment.

• Experiment PP2PP - two physicists: J. Chwastowski and B. Pawlik participated in preparation of detectors for the first run in 2002. 'ZEUS collaboration includes 51 institutions from 12 countries. 2DO collaboration includes 49 institutions from 11 countries. 132 Department of Hadron Structure

In total, nine physicists and nine engineers and technicians were involved in carrying the above programs. The ZEUS experiment is a continuation of the investigation of ep interactions at the HERA collider which started over 10 years ago and has a perspective of another years of activity. The upgrade of HERA and the expected 57 fold increase of luminosity makes the physical program very attractive. The Krak6w group is responsible for the upgrade of the luminosity monitor to meet the new working conditions after the HERA revamp. The year 2001 was devoted to both the analysis of the data collected so far, and the intensive realisation of the luminosity upgrade system. After the luminosity upgrade of the Tevatron accelerator, the FNAL laboratory again collides protons and anti-protons at 1.8 TeV cms. energy in the so called Run II data taking period. The people from the Department were involved in the implementation of the new DO component, the Silicon Multistrip Tacker. This includes participation in the activity of DO Run II Monte Carlo Group and the Algorithm Group. The complete TESLA Technical Design Report became available in March 2001. There is an increasing activity of the Department physicists and engineers in the TESLA project. Two physicists from the Department participated in the PP2PP experiment (at RHIC in Brookhaven National Laboratory) in preparation for the first run in 2002. The experiment is devoted to the study of elastic pp scattering in the energy interval (5 - 500) GeV using both polarized and unpolarized beams, in the energy region so far not covered by any experiment. Data analysis from the two presently continued experiments (ZEUS, DO) cover the research program ranging from the exploration of the structure of the matter in photoproduction, deep inelastic e±p scattering and j5p collisions through the searches of the exotic and rare processes (W, Z, top, leptoquarks production) to the new approach to the traditional subject like properties of the pion emission source or properties of the hadronic final states. The above outsketched research resulted in 26 papers published in the renown scientific periodicals in 2001.

Professor Andrzej Eskreys

REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PLO300092

ZEUS Experiment at HERA

In 2001, the ZEUS experiment was involved in two main subjects: physics analysis, based mainly on 1996 - 2000 data sample and in preparation for runs 2002 after HERA upgrade. For this purpose new detectors were built and the existing ones were modified. The main subjects of the physics program were: • the proton, photon and pomeron structure functions; • the diffraction dissociation processes observed in both photoproduction and deep inelastic scattering (DIS); • the hadron production through the jet formation at all accessible Q2 and x ranges; • the search for the new phenomena (e.g. the deviation from the Standard Model, new particles etc.). These analyses resulted in nine publications. For Krak6w group, the main task in 2001 was to finalize the project of the luminosity measurement after HERA upgrade. Several new detectors are icluded in this project: the luminosity monitor, Department of Hadron Structure 133

the luminosity photon conversion spectrometer and two electron taggers at 6 m and 40 m from the interaction point (1p). The Krak6w group, which was responsible for the luminosity monitor, built and tested the photon calorimeter, the active filter and the position detector placed inside the photon calorimeter. In addition, the group prepared the read-out electronics for all the mentioned detectors We have been also working on the modifications and adjustment of the MC programs simulating the ZEUS detector and in particular the new luminosity system.

Luminosity Monitor Upgrade PLO300093 J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, K. Olkiewicz, M. Przybyciefl, P. Stopa, and L. Zawiejski, J. Andruszk6w W Daniluk, P. Jurkiewiez, A. Kotarba, J. Ligocki, K. Ohwa, W. Ruchlewicz, W. Wierba, W. Ostrowicz, and B. Dqbrowski

To meet the consequences of the HERA collider upgrade (increase of flux and hardness of the synchrotron radiation and increase of the bremsstrahlung photon rates), the new luminosity monitor consisting of the active filter (2XO carbon absorber - aerogel Cerenkov counter - 2XO carbon absorber - aerogel Cerenkov counter) and the sandwich lead-scintillator calorimeter together with position detector was proposed. In 2001 all these components were built and tested and in Fig. these detectors are shown installed in the HERA tunnel. In Fig. 2 we show the bremsstrahlung photon rate as a function of time and its horizontal and vertical distributions observed during the first run after HERA upgrade. The tests of the luminosity monitor were performed using DESY electron test beam

Alexander Fig. 1: The componets of the new LUMI monitor: - three parts of carbon filters: (0.2XO Cu + 0.5Xo C), (1.5Xo C) and (1.8XO C), aerogel counters and photon calorimeter - after installation in te HERA tunnel.

H.,V-10 B- Hdk

Fig. 2 The first luminosity run (ep collisions) after HERA upgrade, (November 2001),

18:42 ICA) 101.14 I" Ime observed on the new LUMI display. The bremsstrahlung Beams displaced -no collisions rate and the beam position Collisions -first luminosity! as observed in photon position detector are shown.

of energy I - 6 GeV/c. The photon calorimeter energy resolution was found to be 14%IVE and the light collection efficiency in aerogel counters reached about 40%. The test data were well reproduced by standalone EANT simulation.

3These activities were carried out in collaboration with the aculty of Physics ad Nuclear Techniques of the University of Mining and Metallurgy. 134 Department of Hadron Structure

The electronics of the read-out and control system for three detectors: calorimeter, spectrometer and 6 m tagger, was finally mounted and put into operation. The final electronics system consists two main modules connected via transmission cables. In the first one there are several crates containing front-end electronics and slow control boards located next to particular detectors. The second module includes fast analog to digital converter (FADC) and data acquisition (DAQ) crates and is located in the ZEUS hall. The new luminosity DAQ system was synchronized with the ZEUS DAQ system and the connections to the first and second levels of the ZEUS trigger system GFLT, GSLT) and Event Builder were partially established. As far as software is concerned, the procedure for online and offline luminosity measurements after HERA uprage, was improved and extented. The simulation of electron and proton beam line from IP up to the luminosity monitor, as required for the ZEUS detector simulation in program MOZART, has been started.

Measurement of the Total Photoproduction Cross Section UTOT CY) J. Chwastowski 0 0 co0 In 1952, Heisenberg predicted rise of the total cross section with energy. A similar predicton put 0 forward by Regge and ribov was based on the analytical properties of the scattering amplitude. Experimentally, this effect was confirmed in proton - proton collisions at CERN. With the advent of HERA it was possible to study high energy behaviour of the photoproduction total cross section. The ZEUS Collaboration found the photoproduction total cross section, at the average photon-proton center-of-mass energy of 209 GeV, to be:

u7 (W 209 GeV) = 174 ± I stat. ± 13(syst.) mb .

This measurement is shown in Fig. 1. together with an earlier result of the H Collaboration and the lower energy data [1]. The curves shown, labeled DL98 and ZEUS fit, are the model predictions

-190 -ZEUS...'' 0 ZEUS 1996 OH[ 1994 low-energy experiments ...... DL99 ZEUS fit 160

Fig. 1: The photon-proton total cross section as a 130 - function of photon-proton center-of-mass energy. The present measurement is shown as the filled square. Also shown are the published HI value (open square), the low-energy data (filled circles), 100 I 10L 100 the DL98 parameterization (dot-dashed curve) and WV (GeV) the ZEUS fit (solid curve).

based on the Regge - Gribov theory. In particular these models predict the same energy dependence of the total cross sections for the photon - proton, proton - proton and anti-proton - proton cross sections. Reference: 1. ZEUS Collaboration, "Measurement of the Photon-Proton Total Cross Section at a Center-of-Mass Energy of 209 GeV at HERA", DESY-01-216, December 2001, submitted to Nuclear Physics B. Department of Hadron Structure PLO300095 135

Vector Meson Diffractive Photoproduction at Large Momentum rfransfer I t J. Figiel and K. Klimek

The measurement of the differential cross section duldt for the diffractive proton-dissociative photoproduction of p, and 1,O mesons at large momentum transfer -t was finalized [1]. The "ZEUS Preliminary" results were included in many conference talks and papers 2 Final results will be described in a forthcoming publication, which is already in preparation. Additionally to the already presented analysis, it will include determination of the slope of the Porneron trajectory a' and a comparison with a new theoretical model 3 which uses "ZEUS Preliminary" data to constrain its prediction. References: 1. K. Klimek, "Cross Section Measurement of Vector Meson Quasi-Photoproduction at High Four- Mornenturn'Ransfer by the ZEUS Experiment at the HERA Collider", IFJ, Ph.D. Thesis; 2. ZEUS Collaboration, "Measurement of Proton-Dissociative Diffractive Photoproduction of Vector Mesons at Large Momentum Transfer at HERA", paper 556 submitted to the International Conference on High Energy Physics of the European Physical Society, Budapest, Hungary, 12-28 July 2001; 3. J.R. Forshaw and C. Poludniowski, preprint No hep-ph/0107068, 2001.

Multiplicity Moments in DIS at HERA PLO300096 L. Zawiejski

The studies of the multiplicity moments in the restricted regions of the phase space prove the existence of multiparticle correlations, which can be measured in the hadronic final state. The results were compared with analytical perturbative CD calculations assuming duality between the properties of the hadronic and partonic final states (LPHD). The measurements deviate considerably from these QCD calculations, while QCD based Monte Carlo programs incorporating phenomenological models of hadronisation process describe the trend of the data. The results indicate a large influence of hadronisation stage on multiplicity distributions in restricted regions of the phase space and show some limitation of applicability of the Local Parton Hadron Duality in multiparticle correlations studies [1). Reference: 1. ZEUS Collaboration, Phys. Lett. B510 2001) 36. PLO300097

Bose-Einstein Correlations in DIS at HERA K. Olkiewicz and L. Zawiejski

Bose-Einstein correlations (BEC) are observed as an enhanced production of identical boson pairs at small four-momentum difference. This efect has been studied in one and two dimensional analyses in deep inelastic scattering using 1998--2000 data collected by the ZEUS experiment. In the case of one dimension, BEC was investigated by analysing the two-particle correlation function R in terms of the Lorentz-invariant four-momentum transfer defined as: 1 dnpair P (Q 12) Q12 (I -P2)2 P(PIP2) P(Q12 = N dQ12 R(Q12 = Po Q 12) where p, and P2 are four-momenta of the particles, and pO(Q12) represents the two-particle density without Bose-Einstein effect, i.e. the so called reference sample. For the reference sample one can use 136 Department of Hadron Structure unlike-sign pairs corrected for resonance decays and detector effects. Finally one calculates the double ratio: R(Q12) - p(±±)data 1(±±)MCnoBEC p(±)data / p±)MCnoBEC

Distribution of RQ12) is fitted by the commonly used Gaussian expression: R(Q12 = Nl + EQ12)(1 + Ae-,r2Q2 2 1 . (2)

The parametrisation 2 descibes the extension of source of identical bosons (mainly pions in space and time by a single source-size parameter r. The parameter A reflects the strength of the effect, the term(l + EQ12) is introduced to account for possible slow variation of R at large Q2 and n is a normalization factor. The BEC were studied in order to test energy dependence of r and A. In Fig. we show the radius r and the parameter as functions of four-momentum transfer squared Q extracted from the fits No Q2 dependence was found for r and A. For comparison H results at ower Q2 are included 1]. They are consistent with the ZEUS DIS results. In the next step, two-dimensional analysis BEC was

ZEUS 1.25- * ZEUS (prel. 9-00 -o H 1 < O < 1 00 GeV'

0.75

0.5

10, 10' Fig. 1: The Q2 dependence of radius and strength 02 (GeV2) of the BEC. The HI published data at lower Q2 are ZEUS (prel.) 98-00 also included. 0.75- H 1 < Q< 1 00 GeV2

0.5

0.25

10 lc 02 (GeV') studied as a function of the longitudinal qj) and transverse (qt) component of the vector q = p - 2 in the LCMS system (Longitudinally CoMoving System - defined for each pair of particles - in which the sum of two particles momenta is perpendicular to a selected reference axis). In this case data are fitted (Gaussian type) by the expression:

+ A,-,2q2-,r2q2 R (qj, t = K (1 + E + Jqt) (I t ) (3)

In this parametrisation the transverse and longitudinal dimension of the source are described by the parameters rt and rl. The first very preliminary results indicate significant differences of the transverse and longitudinal dimension for the particles source, in agreement with results of the LEP experiments. Reference: 1. ZEUS Collaboration, "Multiplicity Fluctuations and Bose-Einstein Correlation in DIS at HERA", conference talk, Datong (China), 17 September 2001 hep-ph/0111458. Department of Hadron Structure 137 PLO300098

DO Experiment at TEVATRON

B. Pawlik and M. Przybyciefi

The DO detector underwent a major upgrade in order to handle higher luminosity that will be provided by Tevatron in the Run 11 period and to improve precision of the event reconstruction and triggering for the rare processes (e.g. top production). Krak6w was involved in the implementation of a completely new component of the DO detector, the Silicon Multistrip Tracker (SMT). Our respon- sibilities were: development and maintenance of software for calibration and online monitoring. We contributed to the work of the DO Run II Monte-Carlo Group and Run 11 Algorithm Group. In March 2001 RUN II started. Before the physics runs several tests were done with new detector components of. The Monte-Carlo Group concentrated on the analysis of the tests, which resulted in optimization and tune-up of the simulation programs. Huge amount of data collected by the DO experiment needs sufficiently large computational power for reconstruction. The Krak6w group was involved in preparation of a PC Farm which was used for data processing and Monte Carlo generation. The main task was to design and implement an automatic system to submit and process the collected data. It includes: WWW graphical interface, database access functions and scripts to distribute and control reconstruction jobs over the Farm.

PP2PP: Elastic pp scattering at RHIC PLO300099 J. Chwastowski and P. Pawlik

The whole year 2001 was devoted to preparations to the engineering run in January 2002. Four Roman Pot stations were assembled and installed in the RHIC tunnel at the distance of 57 and 60 meters away from the interaction point. The trigger logic and data acquisition chains were tested. During the run, two stations will be equipped with the silicon strip detectors. The engineering run is forseen as a main test of all the experiment's components. It is planned to collect the data for the center-of-mass energy of 200 GeV and the four-momentum transfer squared from 0.005 to 0.015 GeV2.

GRANTS:

Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Reasearch:

1. Prof. J. Figiel - ant No: 2 P03B 046 16, "ZEUS Experiment: Physics Analysis, Maintenance of the Present and Construction of the New Luminosity Monitor".

Other Grants:

1. Prof. A. Eskreys - Technical grant No: 620/E-77/SPUB-M/DESY/PO3/DZ 247/2000-2002, "Study of Electron-Proton Interactions in ZEUS and HI Experiments"; 2. Pof. J. Figiel - Ph.D. supervisor's grant No: P03B 087 20, "The Measurements of the Differential Cross Sections in Diffractive Photoproduction Vector Mezons at High -t in ZEUS Experiment at HERA". 138 Department of Hadron Structure

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

INVITED TALKS:

1. J. Figiel, "Vector Meso'n Production at HERA", XXXVI Rencontres de Moriond: QCD and High Energy Hadron Interactions, Les Arcs, Rance, 17-24 March 2001; 2. L. Zawiejski, "Multiplicity Fluctuations in DIS", IX International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering, Bologna, Italy, 27 April - May 2001; 3. L. Zawiejski, "Charged Multiplicity Fluctuations and Bose-Einstein Correlations at HERA", XXXI International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics, Datong, China, 1-7 September 2001.

EXTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. K. Klimek, "Vector Mesons Photoproducton at High -t at HERA", ZEUS Student Seminar, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany, 25 May 2001; 2. J. Chwastowski, "Total Photoproduction Cross Section", ZEUS Collaboration Meeting, Hamburg, DESY, Germany, June 2001; 3. J. Figiel, "Vector Meson Production at HERA", Inter-Institute Seminar, rak6w, May 2001; 4. L. Zawiejski, "Multihadron Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA", Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, November 2001; 5. L. Zawiejski, "News aom XXXI Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics in Datong, China, 17 September 2001", Inter-Department Seminar, Krak6w, Poland, October 2001.

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:

DEGREES-

1. K. Klimek - Ph.D. "Cross Section Measurement of Vector Mesons Quasi-Photoproducton at High Four Momentum Transfer by the ZEUS Experiment at the HERA Collider".

LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. J. Figiel, "High Energy Particles Interactions", Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland. Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions 139

DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS

Head of Department: Prof.Roman Holyfiski telephone: (48 12) 633-33-66 e-mail: Roman.Ho1ynskiifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Laboratory of Heavy Ion Interactions Head: Prof BarbaraWosiek

Research Staff: Anna D4browska, Ph.D. Adam Trzupek, Ph.D. Roman Holy6ski, Prof. Barbara Wosiek, Prof. Andrzej Olszewski, Ph.D. Krzysztof Woniak, Ph.D. Pawel Sawicki, Ph.D. Agnieszka Zalewska, Prof. Monika Szarska, Ph.D.

Technical Staff: Janina Czajka Anna Polarska Marianna Kowalczyk

Laboratory of Cosmic Ray Physics Head: Assoc. Prof.Henryk Wilczyhski

Research Staff: Dariusz G6ra, Ph.D. Barbara Wilczyfiska, Ph.D. Piotr Homola, Ph.D. Student Henryk Wilczyfiski, Assoc. Prof. Jan Pqkala, M.Sc. Wladyslaw Wolter, Ph.D.

Technical Staff: Witold Kita Dariusz Kudzia, M.Sc., E.E.

OVERVIEW: PLO300100

During the year 2001 the Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions was involved in the following experiments and projects: The PHOBOS experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), aimed at understanding the behavior of strongly interacting matter at high temperature and density. Quantum Chromodynamics, the fundamental theory of strong interactions, 140 Department of High Energy NuclearIteractions

predicts that under these conditions, which may be probed in high energy heavy-ion collisions, a new state of matter will be formed, the quark-gluon plasma. The PHOBOS activities in the year 2001 concentrated on the studies of charged particle densities at mid-rapidity as a function of primary energy and centrality, the anisotropy of the final state azimuthal angle distribution and particle ratios at mid-rapidity in heavy ion interactions at the highest accelerator energies. • The objective of the PIERRE AUGER PROJECT is a high-statistics study of cosmic rays at energies above 1019 eV. The arrival directions, energies and mass composition of the cosmic rays will be measured in the effort to provide data necessary to determine the origin of these particles. • The ICARUS experiment is designed for neutrino studies. The interactions and oscillations of the solar and atmospheric neutrinos will be studied. The search for proton decay and detection of neutrino bursts in case of a supernova event are also possible using the ICARUS detector. • The data gathered in fixed target emulsion experiments E868/869 at BNL and EMU13 at CERN were used to investigate the nuclear fragmentation and particle production in heavy ion interactions as a function of primary energy and mass of the target nucleons. Some details on the research activities of the Department in the year 2001 are presented in Research Reports.

A 001 Professor Roman Holyfiski

RESEARCH REPORTS: PLO300101

PHOBOS Experiment at RHIC'

The PHOBOS Collaboration 2 Group from the Department of High Energy Interactions includes: R. Holyfiski, A. Olszewski, P. Sawicki, A. Trzupek, B. Wosiek, and K. Woniak

In the year 2000 RHIC started its operation and accelerated gold ions to the centre-of-mass energies per pair of colliding nucleons of VsNN 56 and 130 GeV. In the year 2001 the gold ions have been accelerated to the full RHIC energy of VNN = 200 GeV, the highest energy of heavy ions collision ever produced in an accelerator. Measurement of the charged particle pseudorapidity density near mid-rapidity, dN,11di71,71,1, is a good estimate of the energy density produced in the nuclear collisions. We have performed the first measurements of charged particle density for Au+Au collisions at VINN = 200 GeV [1]. In combination with the results obtained earlier by the PHOBOS collaboration at VsNN = 56 and 130 GeV 21 and the results from lower energies, these data enable a systematic analysis of particle production mechanisms in nucleus-nucleus collisions. In order to compare charged particle densities measured in interactions of different particle species, the measured densities were scaled by the number of pairs of interacting nucleons. Such comparison is shown in Fig. 1, where normalized yield per participant pair for central Au+Au and Pb+Pb collisions, and for proton-antiproton interactions is plotted as a function of energy. Within the precision of the existing data for nucleus-nucleus collisions, an approximate logarithmic rise of scaled multiplicities near mid-rapidity with VsNN is observed over the full range of collision energies. When compared with densities measured in proton-antiproton collisions, a large difference in particle density per nucleon pair is seen. This indicates that the particle production at mid-rapidity depends not only on the number of participating nucleons, but also on the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions.

1This res earch as been partially supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research, Grant No: 2 P03B 049 16; 2The PHOBOS Collaboration consists of about 60 physicists from institutions. More information can be found on the web page: http://phobos-srv.chrn.bnl.gov. Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions 141

A 5 t $ PHOBOS 200 GeV A RHIC comb, 130 GeV Z M PHOBOS 56 GeV C144 0 NA49(SPS) ,X 0 E866/E91 7 (AGS) _V 11 UAS (Iji) A CDF (Fp)

Z 2.5 -025 In(s) 0023 n'(s)

0 2 3 1 0 1 0 1 0S1/2 (GeV) NN

Fig. 1: nergy dependence of charged particle density normalized per pair of participating nucleons at midrapidity region. Results for central collisions of gold ions obtained at RHIC energies are compared with heavy ion collisions at lower energies and with proton-antiproton data. The solid line shows parameterization of the proton-antiproton data.

A detailed measurements of the dependence of charged particle density at mid-rapidity upon centrality has been performed by the PHOBOS collaboration for Au+Au interactions at VNN = 130 GeV 3 The observed centrality dependence does not follow a simple scaling with the number of participants. The scaled particle density dN,11d,-jj,7jj1(]12 Np,,,,) increases with the number of partici pating nucleons from the value of 2.9 (Np,, = 83) to 35 N,, = 353). This observation rules out simple superposition models such as the wounded nucleon model. Utilizing the capabilities of the PHOBOS detector to identify particles and measure their momenta, the relative production rates of anti-particles to particles have been measured for 12% most central Au+Au collisions at VsNN = 130 GeV 4 The following results have been obtained: /<,7'> = .00 + 0.01 (stat ± 002 (syst.), I= 091 ± 007 (stat ± 006 (syst.) < > p > = 060 ± 004 (stat ± 0.06 (syst.). We have used a statistical model [5] to interpret particle ratios measured by PHOBOS and we have found that for a fixed freeze-out temperature T = 170 MeV both Iad < > p > ratios are consistent with the single value of baryo-chemical potential uB = 45 ± MeV. This value is much lower than the value of uB = 240 - 270 MeV obtained in statistical model fits to Pb+Pb data from CERN SPS, indicating that with increasing collision energy we are getting closer to a baryon free state in the central part of the interaction region.

References: 1. B.B. Back et a., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 2002) 22302; 2. B.B. Back et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2000) 3100; 3. B.B. Back et al., Phys. Rev. C65 2002) 031901; 4. B.B. Back et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 102301; 5. K. Redlich, Nucl. Phys. A698 2002) 94c. 142 PLO300102 Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions Pierre Auger Project' The Pierre Auger Colaboration2 Group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics includes: D. G6ra, P. Hornola, M. Kutschera, J. Pqkala, B. Wilczyfiska, and H. Wilczyfiski

The goal of the Pierre Auger Project is a detailed study of extremely high energy cosmic rays using the largest cosmic ray detector system ever built. This system, called the Pierre Auger Observatory, will have a total area of 6000 kM2 , divided into two detector sites: one will be located in the southern hemisphere (in the Province of Mendoza, Argentina), and the other in the northern hemisphere (in Utah, USA). Extensive air showers initiated in te atmosphere by primary cosmic ray particles will be detected with a hybrid detector system composed of a ground array of water Cerenkov counters to record particles in a shower and an ,optical system to record fluorescence light caused by the shower in the atmosphere. The ground array measures the lateral distribution of particles in the shower, while the longitudinal development of the shower is recorded by the fluorescence detector. Although each of these kinds of detectors is able to fully detect and reconstruct the shower, simultaneous use of both kinds of detectors will result in unprecedented accuracy of the experimental data: both kinds of detectors record the same shower using different observables, so that cross-calibration of the two detectors is possible. In 2001 a prototype detector system ('engineering array') was constructed at the southern Auger site in Argentin a (see Fig. 1). It consists of 40 surface detector stations and 2 telescopes of the fluorescence detector. In December 2001, first hybrid detection of an air shower was achieved. Full-scale detector assembly will start in 2002.

h Fig. 1: Satellite photo of the Auger engineering array in Argentina. The squares mark locations of the ground array detector stations, spaced 1. km apart. The lines delimit the fields of view of the two telescopes of the fluorescence detector located on the Los Leones hill. Position of the Auger Observatory central campus in the town of Malargue is also shown. Clouds are visible as white spots on the picture.

The Krak6w group works on development of the fluorescence detector. We focus in particular on detailed study of the optical image. of an air shower, as detected in the telescopes of the fluorescence detector. Since the extensive air shower i's an extended source of light, the details of light distribution in the image are important for accurate energy determination and primary particle identification. We have refined our earlier studies of shower image by implementing distribution of particles in a shower, obtained from CORSIKA simulation program. Also, studies of various processes contributing to the image formation, especially light scattering in the atmosphere on aerosols and on molecules were performed. The results were published in papers 1-3]. The Institute of Nuclear Physics also contributes to building the detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. In 2001, aperture elements of the prototype telescopes were built at the FS and installed at the Auger Observatory site in Argentina. References: 1. D. G6ra et al., Astroparticle Physics 16 2001) 129; 2. P. Homola et al., Pierre Auger Project technical note GAP-2001-36; 3. D. G6ra et al., Proc. of 27th ICRC, Hamburg 2001 2 2001) 543.

This research was partially supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research, grant No: 2 P03B 112 17; 2The Pierre Auger Collaboration currently involves 55 institutions from 20 countries. More information can be found on the Project web page http://www.auger.org. Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions 143

ICARUS Experiment' PLO300103 The ICARUS Collaboration 2 Group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics includes: A. Dqbrowska, M. Stodulski, M. Szarska, and A. Zalewska

The ICARUS experiment is dedicated to study interactions and oscillations of the solar and atmospheric neutrinos, to search for proton decay and to detect neutrino bursts in case of a supernova event. The future physical program can also include studies of the neutrino oscillations (V vand V" V,,) in the accelerator neutrino beam produced at CERN and measurements performed at neutrino "factories" 1 2. The "ICARUS technology" was first proposed by C. Rubbia 2]. It is based on a concept of large Time Projection Chambers (TPQ filled with ultra-pure liquid argon. On one side it has all advantages of a fully electronic detector (e.g. triggering, on-line data reduction) while on the other side it offers a quality of track and vertex imaging comparable with old-days heavy liquid bubble chambers e.g. spatial resolution, particle identification based on ionisation energy losses). In addition it is a superb calorimeter of very high granularity and high accuracy. One should also stress a modularity of the detector allowing for building a very large detecting system (a few kilotons of total mass) by "cloning" a basic module. Thus it is an ideal detector for the neutrino physics and for the search for proton decay. The major achievement has been obtained by the ICARUS Collaboration in 2001. The first full-size (300 tons of liquid Argon) and fully equipped ICARUS TPC successfully passed all tests of the cryogenic and electronics performance up to the detection of a large sample of cosmic ray tracks and interactions (about 28 thousand triggers). The tests had been performed since the end of April for almost 100 days in INFN Pavia. Among 15 Polish physicists participating in the tests two were from our Department. Event inia g es registeredC> durin-t> tests fall into different categories like hadronic interactions, electromagneticZ> showers, long horizontal muon tracks, bundles of muon tracks, stoppingC, and decaying muons, s etc. An impressive event, composed of hundreds of parallel tracks and several electromagnetic showers and hadronic interactions, is shown in Fi-.Z:1 1. It is presumably a part of an extensive air-shower initiated by a very energetic cosmic ray interacting in atmosphere.

J i I t i I - T L P 10! L) ft WEr i, m;Yffit?EIR Wirv co.rd. (m)u

Fi g. 1: Run 313, Event 154: .0 Example of air-shower event. Figure comes from the ICARUS contribution to the 2001 Annual A spectacular event Nhovoing Report of the Gran Sasso Labo- A clense.Air hower formed by ratory, see: liudcdv of prallel t,"ks frnuon. and pioni) and law energy http://www.lnos.infn.ithcarus i's converting nto electrons. Also Osible in the zoo vws a hodr-or sho.cr, on cl.m. shower ond a highly colliniaied muon bundle.

References: 1. ICARUS Collaboration, "A Second-Generation Proton Decay Experiment and Neutrino Observatory at the Gran Sasso Laboratory (The Initial Physics Program)", LNGS-P28/2001; 2. ICARUS Collaboration, "A Second -Generation Proton Decay Experiment and Neutrino Observatory at the Gran Sasso Laboratory", LNGS-EXP 13/89 add. 201 (November 200 1); 3. C. Rubbia, "The Liquid-Arcyon Time Projection Chamber: a New Concept for Neutrino Detector", CERN-EP/77-08 1977).

Research activity in ICARUS is partially supported by NATO grant ref. PST.CLG.977410;

2The ICARUS Collaboration consists of about 100 physicists fi-om 20 laboratories. Professor Carlo Rubbia is spokesman of the collaboration. More information concerning the collaboration can be found on the ICARUS web pages: http:Hwww.aqui1a.infn.it/icarus and http://%vww.cern.ch/icarus. 144 PLO300104 Department of High Energy Nuclear Iteractions

The Fixed Target Heavy-Ion Experiments at AGS and SPS' A. D4_browska, D. Kudzia, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyfiska, H. Wilczyfiski, W. Wolter, and B. Wosiek

The fixed target emulsion experiments, E868/869 at Brookhaven National Laboratory and EMU13 at CERN, are dedicated to simultaneous studies of processes of nuclear fragmentation and multi-particle production in nucleus-nucleus interactions over a wide range of energies and masses of colliding nuclei. Our group has analysed the data obtained from emulsion stacks irradiated by Au beams of energies 4 and 10.6 AGeV from AGS and from emulsion stacks and lead-emulsion chambers exposed to Pb ions of energy 158 AGeV. We have studied the fragmentation of nuclei as a function of centrality of collision in interactions of gold projectiles at the energy of 10.6 AGeV with hydrogen, C/N/O and Ag/Br nuclei [1]. Our data indicated that in nucleus-nucleus collisions the number of slow recoil protons does not show a monotonic increase with increasing centrality, measured by the number of intra-nuclear nucleon-nucleon interactions. This observation precludes using the number of recoil protons as a suitable parameter for characterization the centrality of nucleus-nucleus collision. The analysis of the fragmentation of Pb nuclei in Pb+Pb and Pb+C5H402 Cllisions at the energy of 158 AGeV was focused on the study of nuclear multifragmentation. Multifragmentation is a complex nuclear reaction in which an excited nucleus disintegrates into several intermediate mass fragments. The noticeable interest in this process is stimulated by the expected association of multifragmentation with the liquid-gas phase transition in nuclear matter. A unique set-up of the emulsion chambers used in the EMU 13 experiment [2 3 allowed for pursuing the investigation of multifragmentation at the highest energy available for fixed target experiments. It was found that the probability of multifragmentation of the Pb projectile increases with the mass of the target nucleus. For Pb+Pb collisions, multifragmentation events represent more than 30 of the total nuclear charge changing cross-section. On the other hand, characteristics of multifragmentation are found to be independent of the mass of A 2. the target as well as the incident energy above C E = 1 58 AGeV 10 AGeV. We tested te Zipf law [41 which, N according to the theoretical calculations, should be V SPb+Pb 10- D Pb+CH.0, valid when applied to fragment emission in multifracmentation events. Our data were found to be t, 7 roughly consistent with the Zipf law (see Fig. 1), i.e. 6 the average charge of the fragment is inversely proportional to its rank. This observation may be interpreted as an evidence for the existence of the crifical temperature associated with a liquid-gas phase transition.

References: 3 1 5 6 7 8 1. A. D4_browska et a., Nucl. Phys. A693 2001) 777; Fig. 1: Mean values of the charge of the 2. M.L. Cherry et al., Acta Phys. Po]. B29 1998) 2155; fragment as a function of its rank, n. Lines 3. A. Dq_browska et al., Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 3099; show power law fits: - n with A= 0.88 4. Y.G. Ma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1999) 3617. ± 003 0.96 ± 004) for Pb (C514402) target.

Work partially supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research, Grant No: 2 P03B 054 17. Department of High Eergy Nuclear Iteractions 145

GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: I Prof.R. Holyfiski - grant No: 2 P03B 049 16, "Search for Quark-Gluon Plasma: PHOBOS Experiment at RHIC Accelerator" (I January 1999 - 31 December 2001); 2. Prof.B. Wosiek - grant No: 2 P03B 054 17, "Study of the Fragmentation and Particle Production Processes in Pb Interactions at Energy 158 GeV/Nucleon with Nuclear Targets" (I September 1999 - 31 August 2002); 3. Assoc. Prof. H. Wilczyhski - grant No: 2 P03B 112 17, "Investigation of Cosmic Rays at Ultra High Energies in Pierre Auger Experiment" (I September 1999 - 31 August 2001); 4. Pi-of. A. Zalewska - grant No: 2 P03B 11 16, "Testing of the Standard Model and Its Supersymmetric Extensions in the e'e- Collisions at Highest Energies". Grants from Other Sources: 1. Prof. F. Cavanna (Italy), from IFJ Prof. A. Zalewsk - NATO grant PST. CLG. 97741 0, "Preparation for Neutrino Oscillation Search", 2001-2002; 2. Assoc. Prof.H. Wilczyhski - UNESCO grant, POL 406, Project Pierre Auger, "Participation Programme", 2000-2001; 3. Prof. A. ZalewskalM. Sc. Eng. A. Czermak - EC grant (5"' Framework Program) GIRD-2001-00561, "Silicon Ultra Fast Cameras for Electron and Gamma Sources in Medical Applications", 2001-2004.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

INVITED TALKS: I B. Wosiek, "dNIld?7 as a Function of Centrality for Au+Au Collisions at SNN 130 GeW, RHIC/InternationalWorkshop, LBL, Berkeley, USA, May 2001; 2. B. Wosiek, "First Results from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider", XXI Physics i Collision Conference, Seoul, Korea, June/July 200 ; 3. A. Olszewski, "Overview of Results from PHOBOS Experiment at RHIC", 6" Iternational Conference o Strange Quarks i Matter, Frankfurt, Germany, September 2001.

ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. D. G6ra, "Size of Shower Image Derived from CORSIKA", Data Processing ad Analysis Workshop, Tor Vergata University, Rome Italy, 25-27 July 2001 and International Workshop Physics and Techniques of the Fluorescence Detector of te Pierre Auger Observatoi-y", Vsemina, Czech Republic, 18-23 August 2001; 2. P. Homola, "Extensive Air Shower Light Composition", Data Processing ad Analysis Workshop, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy, 25-27 July 2001 and International Workshop "Physics ad Techniques of the Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory", Vsemina, Czech Republic, 18-23 August 2001; 3. B. Wilczyfiska, "Fragmentation of Gold Nuclei at 4 GeV/Nucleon on Light Targets", 2 7'h International Cosin ic Ray Conference, Hamburg, Germany, August 200 . 146 Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions

POSTER PRESENTATIONS: 1. H. Wilczyfiski, "Size of Optical Image of an Air Shower", 27"' InternationalCosinic Ray Conference, amburg, Germany, August 2001.

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: 1. J. Pqkala - M.Sc.

SCHOLARSHIPS: 1. Dr K. Woniak - Scholarship founded by Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA).

EXTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. R. Holyfiski, "Charged Particle Pseudorapidity Density from Au+Au Collisions at VNN = 130 GeV", Institute of Nuclear Physics, Department of Nuclear Reactions, Krak6w, Poland, I March 2001; 2. R. Holyfiski, "Main Results Presented at Quark Matter Conference, January 2001", Institute of Physics, Warsaw, Poland, 21 April 2001; 3. A. Olszewski, "Fluctuations Measurements in PHOBOS Detector", PHOBOS Collaboration Meetina Bookhaven National Laboratory, USA; 4. A. Trzupek, "Slow Particles Reconstruction", PHOBOS Collaboration Meeting, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA; 5. A. Trzupek, "Very Low PT Spectra at RHIC", PHOBOS Collaboration Meeting, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA; 6. H. Wilczyfiski, "Extremely High Energy Cosmic Rays", Institute of Nuclear Physics, Dpartment of Nuclear Spectroscopy, Krak6w, Poland, 28 March 2001; 7. H. Wilczyfiski, "Pierre Au,-er Project and Data from AGASA and HiRes", Joint Astrophysical Seminar of Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland, 14 November 2001; 8. H. Wilczyfiski, "Pierre Au-er Project: Construction of a 3000 km2 Cosmic Ray Detector", Polish Acaderny of Arts and Sciences, Krak6w, Poland, 14 December 2001; 9. B. Wosiek, "First Results for Au+Au Collisions at Vvv = 56 i 130 GeV", Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w 3 March 2001; 10. B. Wosiek, "Flow Committee Report", PHOBOS Collaboration Meetina, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA; 11. B. Wosiek, "Reconstruction of Low Momenturn Particles", PHOBOS Collaboration Meeting, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA; 12. K. Wo2niak, "Vertexing Performance", PHOBOS Collaboration Meeting, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA; 13. A. Zalewska, "FirstObservationof vNeutrino", Polish Physical Society Seminar, Krak6w, Poland, 18 January 2001; 14. A. Zalewska, "Silicon Detectors in High Energy Physics Experiments", Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions 147

Department of Physics and Nuclear Techniques of the University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland, 19 February 2001; 15. A. Zalewska, "Silicon Detectors in High Energy Physics Experiments", Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Poland, 8 May 2001; 16. A. Zalewska, "Observation of the Tau Neutrino in the DONUT Experiment", Institute of Nuclear Problems, Warsaw, Poland, 23 November 2001.

LECTURES AND COURSES:

1. H. Wilczyhski, "High Energy Astrophysics", lectures for Ph.D. students; 2. H. Wilczyhski, supervision of a M.Sc. thesis of a Jagiellonian University student, J. Pqkala; 3. H. Wilezyfiski, supervision of Ph.D. theses of D. Kudzia and P. Homola; 4. A. Zalewska, "Elementary Particle Physics", seminars for Jagiellonian University students; 5. K. Fialkowski and A. Zalewska, "Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics", lectures for Ja-iellonian University students; 6. F. Figiel, J. Turnau, and A. Zalewska, "Elementary Particle Physics", lectures for Jagellonian University students; 7. A. Zalewska, "Elementary Particle Physics", supervision of student S. Czwartkowskyjl Grenoble, a Polish-French exchange student.

SHORT TERM VISITORS:

1. Dr C.K. Gurard - Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany; 2. DrM.Risse-ForschungszentrumKarlsruheGermany; 3. Dr Chiara Vignoli - INFN Pavia, Italy.

The ALICE Experiment Laboratory 149

THE ALICE EXPERIMENT LABORATORY

Head of Laboratory: Professor Jerzy Bartke telephone: (48 12) 633-33-66 e-mail: Jerzy.Bartkeifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Research Staff- Technical Staff- Jerzy Bartke, Prof. Danuta Filipiak Ewa Gladysz-Dziadug, Ph.D. Danuta Krzysztofi Marek Kowalski, Ph.D. Regina Macalka Ewelina Korna, M.Sc. (as of October 1st) Maria Mielnik, M.A. Andrzej Rybicki, M.Sc (Ph.D. Student) Tadeusz Wojas Piotr Stefafiski, Ph.D (until April 30th) Rozalia 2urek

OVERVIEW: PLO300105

The Laboratory is involved in research with ultrarelativistic heavy ions: the NA491 experiment at the CERN SPS and the preparation of the ALICE' experiment at the CERN LHC. The aim of the NA49 experiment is to study the production of charged hadrons and charged and neutral strange particles in collisions of ultrarelativistic hadrons and nuclei with nuclear targets. Sec- ondary particle multiplicities, single-particle spectra, two-pion correlations (boson interferometry) and the production of strangeness (A, EE and -hyperons, 0-mesons, and both, neutral and charged, kaons), are investigated in a search for the phase transition of nuclear matter to the Quark-Gluon Plasma predicted by Lattice CD. In fact, compelling evidence for tis new state of matter was announced at CERN in February 2000, with the NA49 experiment listed among contributors to this achievement. The investigation of proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions, initially meant merely as reference data for nucleus-nucleus collisions, evolved in recent years into a separate and very interesting field of research. ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a dedicated detector for heavy ion physics at the LHC whose goal is to pursue similar research at much higher energies. The LHC is expected to deliver 'Participating laboratories: Athens, Berkeley, Birmingham, Bratislava, Budapest, CERN, Krak6w, Darmstadt, Davis, JINR, Frankfurt, Houston, Los Angeles, Marburg, Milrichen, Yale, Seattle, Warsaw, Zagreb. 2Participating laboratories: Alessandria, Aligarh, Athens, Bari, Beijing, Bergen, Bhubaneswar, Birmingham, Bologna, Bratislava, Bucharest, Budapest, Cagliari, Calcutta, Catania, CERN, Chandigahr, Clermont-Ferrand, Coimbra, Colum- bus, Copenhagen, Krak6w, Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Gatchina, Heidelberg, Ioannina, Jaipur, Jammu, JINR, Jyv,skyld, Kharkov, Kiev, Koice, Legnaro, Lausanne, Legnaro, Lisbon, Lund, Lyon, Marburg, Mexico City, Moscow, Mnster, Nantes, NIKHEF, Novo*ibirsk, Oak Ridge, Orsay, Oslo, Padua, Prague, Protvino, ee, Rome, Saclay, Salerno, Sarov, Shanghai, St. Petersburg, Strasbourg, Rieste, Turin, Warsaw, Wuhan, Yerevan, Zagreb. 150 The ALICE Experiment Laboratory

lead ion beams colliding at the centre-of-mass energy of 5. A TeV. The experiment was approved by the CERN Management on February 6 1997 and should be on the floor in the year 2006, when the LHC is expected to enter into operation. A more detailed description of our activities in both experiments can be found in three short articles below.

Professor Jerzy Bartke

REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PLO300106 The NA49 Experiment J. Bartke, E. ladysz-Dziadu, E. G6rnicki, M. Kowalski, and A. Rybicki

The NA49 experiment is a continuation of NA35 using the lead beam of 58 GeV/nucleon (the NA35 experiment used oxygen and sulphur beams). Interactions of protons and pions with various nuclei are also studied with the same apparatus and at similar energies. The major components of the detector are two large volume, fine granularity time projection chambers (MTPC), and two smaller high resolution time projection chambers (VTPC) placed in a magnetic field. The hadron identification system is completed by high resolution time of flight walls. The new additions to the setup are the time of flight system based on Pestov counters and the detector of slow "grey" protons emitted from the target. The forward angle calorimeters measure the directional energy flow and provide a trigger on the "centrality" of the collisions. Their unique feature is the capability to identify neutrons. Large acceptance of the detector allows the study of global dynamical observables to be done at the event- by-event level. NA49 was one of the seven CERN experiments quoted in the February 2000 official announcement of the discovery of quark-gluon plasma as having contributed to this achievement. It is also one of the few experiments at the SPS to remain on the floor in the year 2002 and possibly beyond it, inspite of the general reduction policy with respect to the fixed-target programme. In the year 2001 interactions of protons and pions with elementary and nuclear targets were recorded with a "centrality" trigger based on detection of slow protons at beam energies of 100 and 158 GeV. One person from Krak6w participated in data taking runs. Our group was responsible for the maintenance of the TPC low-voltage system, built in Krak6w in 1994 - 95. It is also permanently responsible for krypton calibration of the TPC's. The physics data analysis was also continued in 2001. The Krak6w group took part in the NA49 Collaboration meetings. We will show here some interesting, yet unpublished results on internal correlations observed in p + p reactions, recently obtained by A. Rybicki. The excellent acceptance and particle identification capabilities of the NA49 experiment [1] give the possibility to study not only inclusive p + p reactions, but also internal relations between various particles in the p + p event. An example of such studies is presented below. Its aim is to investigate the connection between various features of pion production and the longitudinal momentum of the leading, final state proton. Owing to the hermeticity of the NA49 detector with respect to neutrons, the analysis insures that the proton is the fastest baryon seen in the pp event. The study is made for summed charged pions: (+ + 7-). The experimental results are given in Fig. 1. Panel (a) shows the dependence between the forward hemisphere pion multiplicity and the Feynman variable (XF(P) = PLPL mx of the leading proton. The pion yield depends very strongly on xF(p). The data indicate a smooth change by roughly a factor The ALICE Experiment Laboratory 151 of two in the experimentally accessible XF(p) range. Within this range, the pion yield is closely proportional to (I - x(p)). This is illustrated by the dashed line. The pion dNldxF distributions are presented in panel (b). Note that the distributions are normalized. Only data points satysfying the approximate condition XF(7r) XF(P <0.9 are shown in the plot - this is done in order not to include the (trivial) damping of the pion spectrum, occuring at the limit of the available phase-space. A surprisingly uniform behaviour emerges from the data. Within two orders of magnitude, the four distributions stay very close. Thus, the number of produced pions changes strongly with XF(P), but the shape of the pion spectrum remains to first order independent of leading proton momentum. The transverse momentum behaviour is shown in panel (c). The same XF (7r) + XF (P < 0. 9 restric- tion is applied. Once more, a definite pattern emerges from the data. Above XF(7r) -;0.1, the pion (PT) taken at fixed XF(,7r) values increases with decreasing XF of the leading proton. As it appears from the study presented above, each of the three considered observables displays a different pattern as function of the leading proton momentum. While the longitudinal pion distribution does not seem to "remember" about the proton XF position, a very different behaviour is observed for the number of produced pions. A certain "memory" about the proton is also observed for pion transverse momenta. While interesting in themselves, these results are also important for the

Na49 preliminary Na49 preliminary 1 0 A P+P-P+X 0.1

U P+P- + I--,> 0.6 C

X X X X X 0 0X 0 0 0.4 on

A 01

Fig. 1: Charged pion production in pp events as function of leading proton's longitudinal momentum. (a) Pion multiplicity in the forward hemisphere as function of xF(p). The dashed line is described in the text. (b) Longitudinal pion spectra in different XF(p) bins. The spectra are normalized to the same surface. (c) Pion (PT) VS. XF dependence for different XF(p) selections. Error bars given in panel (a) show mainly systematics (statistical errors are very small). Only statistical errors are shown in other panels. 152 The ALICE Experiment Laboratory

understanding of pion production in p A and A A collisions. This subject will be discussed in a Ph.D. thesis in preparation 2. (This work has been supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grant No: P03B 138 20 and 2 P03B 024 18). References: 1. S. Afanasev et al. [NA49 Collaboration], Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A430 1999) 210; 2. A. Rybicki, Ph.D. Thesis in preparation.

The ALICE Time Projection Chamber Simulations J. Baechler', C. GarabatoS2, M. Hoch', M. Kowalski, and T.C. Meyer' 0 0 'CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, GS1, Darmstadt, Germany M 0 -J The main tracking detector of ALICE is the large cylindrical time projection chamber (TPC), EL which covers ± 450 (Ji7 < 09) over the full azimuth. In the year 2001 the ALICE TPC group concentrated its efforts on the final design of the detector's ield cage. The latest finite elements calculations have shown the necessity of some modification of the TDR-based design. This resulted in the increased thickness of the vessels in terms of the radiation length. Thus, the detailed simulations of the influence of these changes on the detector performance were required. In Fig. I we show the comparison of the space-charge density and tracking efficiency for both, the TDR and modified designs. One can conclude that the propose design changes should not deteriorate the detector performance.

1.4 old design 110,13 0.8- A) 1.2- -0- Modified design 0.7

.S J- 0.6 Y It 0.8 0.5 0.4- ...... old design 0.6 0.3 - modified design 0.4- 0 0.2- 0:: 79 R < 109 cm 0 ... 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 50 100 150 200 250 Pt Geft) Z cm

Fig. 1: Comparison of tracking efficiency (left) and space-charge density (right) for the TDR and modified field-cage design.

Another important task was the calculation of the power dissipation in the TPC resistor chain. This is a very important factor, affecting the maximal tolerable temperature gradient in the drift volume, These calculations were done using the detailed simulation of the space-charge accumulation in the TPC drift volume and having in mind the operational constraints, that the resulting cross- current stays a factor of 10-4 below the nominal. The total current in the inner and outer resistor chains, obtained from our calculations is equal to 214 pA and 160 IzA respectively, resulting in the dissipation of the waste heat of 21.4 W and 16.0 W. It seems that this heat can be effectively removed and will not lead to the intolerable temperature gradients in the drift volume.

(This work was partly supported by Polish State Committee for Scientific Research grant No: 2 P03B 011 18 and SPUB-MICERNIP031DZ1199.) The ALICE Experiment Laboratory PLO300108 153

Performance of the ALICE CASTOR Calorimeter in the Detection of Exotic Events J. Bartke, J. Blocki, E. ladysz-Dziadu, and P. ychowski

The motivation to study the very forward phase space in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC stems from the potentially very rich field of the new phenomena to be produced in an environment of very high baryochemical potential. The study of this baryon-dense region in the laboratory will provide important information for the understanding of a QGP state at relatively low temperatures, with different properties from the one in the higher temperature baryon-free region around mid-rapidity. A small collaboration of several laboratories has been formed to carry out this study. The CAS- TOR detector for probing the very forward rapidity region in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC and to complement the CERN heavy ion physics program pursued essentially in the baryon-free midrapidity region has been proposed. The schematic design showing the main components of the CASTOR detector: the silicon multiplicity detector and the deep multilayer calorimeter, can be found in the 1997 and 1998 Annual Reports, and more recent description of the detector in [1 2 The calorimeter will be azimuthally divided into 8 octants and longitudinally segmented into layers, each layer consisting of a tugsten absorber plate followed by a number of quartz fibre planes. It will be 10 i deep and will be placed at - 17 rn from the interaction point to cover the pseudorapidity range .6 < 72 where the baryon density is expected to be large. It will search mainly for exotic events with large imbalance in electromagnetic and hadronic content and for abnormally penetrating objects 3. In order to illustrate the detector's sensitivity to new effects we have done simulations of Centauro- type events by means of our Monte-Carlo event generator CNGEN 4 Fig. shows two-dimensional lego histograms which illustrate the probability of a strangelet production, as a function of a pseudorapidity and energy. The simulated Centauro and strangelet events have characteristics apparently different from those predicted by "classical" (e.g. HIJING) generators 3 5]. The different exotic species were also passed through the deep calorimeter by means of GEANT 321. We simulated transition curves produced in the CASTOR calorimeter by: DCC clusters (both neutral and charged), Centauros, strangelets (both stable and unstable) and so-called mixed events produced by baryons and strangelets being the remnants of the Centauro fireball explosion. To study the sensitivity of the calorimeter to abnormally penetrating objects a neutral network technique was also used 2 In Fig. 2 there are compared transition curves produced by different exotic phenomena. It appears that all these phenomena give different energy deposition patterns and could be distinguished as well as from the background of usual events as one from the other.

1 20O 1. CV 3(0 1.b I

Fig. 1: Probability of a strangelet production as a function of its energy and pseudorapidity for two different sets of initial state parameters. 154 The ALICE Experiment Laboratory

EXOTIC EVENTS (signal background) in comparison with HIJING X10 30000 10000 20000 5000 10000

0 0 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 Neutral DCC, 40 and 20 TeV Charged DCC, 40 and 20 TeV Fig. 2 Simulated signals pro- 20000 15000 - duced by different kinds of ex- 15000 otic events (lines) in compar- 10000 10000 ison with HIJING event his- 5000 5000 tograms). The deposit of en- 0 0 ergy in one sector (hit by 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 the exotic object) vs. layer STRANGELET, 20 TeV STRANGELET, 40 TeV number in the calorimeter is shown. 15000 15000 10000 10000 5000 5000 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 CENTAURO, 140 TeV STR+CENT, 106+2OTeV

Prototypes of the calorimeter have been constructed and tested with electron and pion beams at CERN. The last CASTOR calorimeter test took place in October 2001. The preliminary results and comparison with the NA52 and HI calorimeters, employing the similar technology are promising.

_(This work was partly supported by Polish State Committee for Scientific Research grant No: 2PO3B 011 18 and SPUB-MICERNIP031DZI199.) References: 1. A.L.S. Angelis et al., Nuovo Cirn. C24 2001) 755; A.L.S. Angelis et al., Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 97 2001) 227; 2. A.L.S. Angelis et al., 6th Intern. Conf. on Strange Quarks in Matter, Frankfurt, Germany, 2001, to be publ. in J. Phys. C: Nucl. Part. Phys.; 3. E. ladysz-Dziadug, Institute of Nuclear Physics Krak6w, IFJ Report no 1879/PH, www.ifj.edu.pl/reports/2001.html; hep-ph/0111163, submitted to Phys. Part. Nucl.; 4. E. Gladysz-Dziadu et al., Proc. Third Intern.Conf. on Physics and Astrophysics of Quark-Gluon Plasma, Jaipur 1997, eds Bikas C. Sinha et al., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 1998, p. 554; 5. E. ladysz-Dziadu, ALICE Internal Note, ALICE/CAS-2001; A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadu, and Z. Wlodarczyk, EPJdirect C9 2000) 1-18, DOI 10.1007/sIO105OOcOO09. The ALICE Experiment Laboratory 155

GRANTS:

Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:

1. Prof. J. Bartke and Mr A. Rybicki - grant No: 2 P03B 024 18, "Charged Hadron Production in Elementary and Nuclear Collisions at 158 eV/c"; 2. Prof. J. Bartke with Prof. T. Siemiarezuk (Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw - grant No: 2 P03B 011 18, "Investigation of Interactions of Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ions at the Collisions Energy of 275 2.75 TeV per Nucleon in the ALICE Experiment at the LHC Accelerator at CERN"; 3. Prof. J. Bartk - Special grant No: 620/E-77/SPUB-M/CERN/PO3/DZ327/2000-2002, "Investigation of Interactions of Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ions at the Collisions Energy of 275 2.75 TeV per Nucleon in the ALICE Experiment at the LHC Accelerator at CERN".

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

INVITED TALKS:

1. J. Bartke, "Cali DCC be Detected in ALICET' Intern. Workshop on Relativistic Nuclear Physics from hundreds of Me V to Te V, Varna, Bul- garia, 10-17 September 2001.

ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS:

1. J. Bartke, "The ALICE Detector at the LHC", Intern. Workshop on Relativistic Nuclear Physics from hundreds of Me V to Te V, Varna, Bul- garia, 10-17 September 2001.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS:

1. A. Rybicki, "Recent Results from NA49", The Gordon Research Conference on Nuclear Physics, Newport, USA, 22-27 July 2001.

SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. Dr Marian vanov - GSI, Darmstadt, Germany and CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.

The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory 157

THE ATLAS EXPERIMENT LABORATORY

Head of the Laboratory: Prof.Piotr Malecki telephone: (48 12) 633-33-66 e-mail: Piotr.Maleckiifj.edu.pl

PERSONNEL: Research staff: Dariusz Bocian, M.Sc. Arkadiusz Moszczyiiski, M.Sc., E.E. Pawel Brilckman de Renstrom, Ph.D. Jotanta 01szowska, M.Sc., E.E. Szymon Gadomski, Ph.D. Monika Puchalska, M.Sc., E.E. Edward G6rnicki, M.Sc., E.E. Mariusz Sapifiski, Ph.D. Wieslaw Iwafiski, M.Sc., E.E. Agnieszka Spyrzewska, M.Sc., E.E. Anna Kaczmarska, Ph.D. Robert Szczygiel, M.Sc., E.E. Jan Kaplon, M.Sc., E.E. Michal Turala, Prof. Krzysztof Korcyl, Ph.D., E.E. Marcin Wolter, Ph.D. Piotr Malecki, Prof. Marian 2urek, M.Sc., E.E. Ewa Markiewicz, M.Sc., E.E

OVERVIEW: PLO300109 In 2001 the group continued preparations for the ATLAS experiment at the LHC collider at CERN to study p-p interactions at very high energies 2 x 7 TeV). Several members of the other IFJ groups have also been involved in this effort (J. Blocki, J. Godlewski, Z. Hajduk, J. Halik, B. Kisielewski, M. Stodulski, E. Richter-Wqs). The work was done in close collaboration with the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques and with the Academic Computing Centre "Cyfronet", of the University of Mining and Metallurgy in Krak6w. The activities involved: - simulation studies of physical processes (Higgs search, b-tagging, luminosity monitoring) and the development of software and computing infrastructure for future data analysis, - development and testing of electronics for the Semiconductor Tracker (ASIC VLSI chips, readout hybrids, power supplies), - design of electronics (ASIC VLSI chips, power supply) and control (monitoring) for the Transition Radiation Tracker, - studies of triggering and data filtering systems (architectures, PC farms, switches), - design of construction elements of the ATLAS spectrometer support system ("trucks") with a goal to produce them in Poland as "in-kind" contribution. In 2001 one Ph.D. student (M. Sapifiski) defended his thesis; two young researchers have been recruited for a postgraduate position (E. Markiewicz, M. Puchalska). Several members of the team (S. Gadornski, J. Kaplon, R. Szczygiel, M. ?urek) were working directly at CERN; several others (P. Briickman, A. Kaczmarska, M. Sapifiski, M. Wolter) were also taking part in other experiments (CDF, DELPHI, CELESTE, VIRGO), to get experience and to participate in physical data simulation and analysis. Prof. P. Malecki continued as a Polish representative in the ECFA committee. Prof. M. Turala continued as a member of the C 11 IUPAP commission and he was invited to become a member of the CERN LHC Electronics Coordination Committee (LECC). 158 The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory

At the end of 2001 the ATLAS Laboratory was upgraded to the level of a department (number XIV), with Prof. M. Turala as its head, starting January 2002.

Professor Piotr Malecki

REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PLO300110 The Parameterised Model of an Ethernet Switch for Simulations of Large LANs for the ATLAS High Level Trigger System K. Korcyl

In the high-level trigger system of the ATLAS experiment several GBytes/s of data, distributed over 1700 buffers, have to be delivered to a thousand processing nodes. Due to the network size, only modelling can assess its performance and scalability. To avoid lengthy simulation runs nd to concentrate on characteristics important for network transfers, models of the system's components need to be parameterized. A parameterized model has been developed for a class of switches, where a limited set of parameters, collected from measurements on real devices, is used to model switching characteristics. The parameterized model reflects the hierarchical architecture of the switch (ports are grouped into modules, modules are connected by a backplane to provide inter-module transfers) and implements store-and-forward mode of operation. To provide the transfer of a frame from the input buffer to the destination's port output buffer, certain switch resources have to be allocated (buffering, transfer bandwidth, etc.). In Fig. I the parameterized model of a switch for inter-module communication is presented together with a full list of parameters (including parameters for intra-module transfers). Their full description can be found in [I J.

32 FE pn th-gh th. 5 -pW -00, r.. ..p ipg. ..if.- d.v -P. Mdul. lop

Tz 10 ...... Backplane 7...... P6

P7 'lo'-T5comiltractmodel: Pq ram Pl_P2_-1000frannes ...... P3, P4 -not used - modeling h I to and from the backplan ? P5 NA - shared memory frames :06 6W64W/s (8 -P7:.no 1mil:on P7.131.58MBfs :7 PI =Input buffer length (#frames) Nk- shared memory - frame nt copied P6. P2 =output buffe length (#frames) P3 =M backplan throughput (MBytes/s) P = 732 us ...... P4 =Max o ne throughpu t (MBytes/ s) 0 4.I us: ax tofr m backplae Pi ...... 7 P5 =M=Max tb o gbput for intra-module(MBytes/s (not shown) =UU=1 75% Wd 700 t.,. 0% . P6 ax ba kplane throughput (MBytes/s) 2 500 , P7 =Inter-modu le transfer bandwidth MlBytes/s) Yt ...... P8 =Tntra-mo MBytes/s) (not shown) '110b M0%Wd dule transfer bandwidth d 500bV.75%14d P9 Inter-mod le fixed overhead not shown) 10 P10= Intra-module u fixed overhead not shown) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5LW ... Y. -3 3.5 1 1.5 I

Fig. 1: Model of inter-module transfer. Fig. 2 Results from modeling compared with measurements.

Recently we augmented our model to cover switches with no limitation on the access to the backplane (parameters P3 and P4 become irrelevant), however with increased transfer latency (see results in the Fig. 2. In Fig. 2 we compare latency produced by the model using parameters collected on the 48 Fast Ethernet ports switch Kornpact from BATM to the latency measured in the test setup with a real switch. In the test setup we used 32 ports Fast Ethernet tester generating random destination traffic with inter packet gap picked up randomly from a negative exponential distribution with an average corresponding either to 50% or 75 of maximal load for two data sizes 700 Bytes and 1500 Bytes respectively. Latency distribution is presented as a fraction of frames not reaching their destination within time shown on the latency axis. The biggest The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory 159 discrepancy for the 50% load can be seen for latencies in the range between 400 and 450 s. Model predicts that one fame per 1000 will have latency greater than 450 As, whereas measurements show that I frame per 1000 arrives to the destination later than 420 s (error is still less than 10% for one per mill of frames). Reference: 1. R.W. Dobinson, K. Korcyl, F. Saka, "Modeling Large Ethernet Networks Using Parameterized Switches", OPNETWORK 2000 Conference, Washington DC, 28 August - I September 2000, http:Hnicewww.cern.ch/korcyl/opnetwoi-k2OOO/op2k-paper.pdf.

Model of the SCT Detectors and Electronics for the New Simulation of ATLAS PLO300111

S. Gadomski Geant4 is a simulation tool planned for the final ATLAS software. The tool simulates interaction of particles with detector material and produces "hits" - simulated deposits of energy in detectors. It is up to a user of GeaDt4 (or any other general simulation package) to povide a model of response of his detector and of its readout electronics. For this step a fast simulation of detectors and electronics, usually called "di-itization", is necessary. For the ATLAS silicon tracker (SCT) the existing FORTRAN-coded simulation was written before the prototypes of detector modules were available. The digitization did not reflect the understanding we now have for the SCT modules. The need to rewrite in C+ the final simulation of the SCT, was seen as an opportunity to improve the digitization. The new digitization incorporates an improved model of detectors and electronics, including in particular all the time-related effects. Both the drift time of charges in silicon C, Z:1 detectors and the time characteristics of the readout electronics are now taken into account. Modelling of time effects enables one to calculate correctly the amplitude of the signals from the detector. The simulation of timinc, will also enable the background to be calculated correctly, taking into account low momenturn particles, which can make loops in the magnetic field of the ATLAS Inner Detector. Particles like that can cross SCT detectors at various times, not synchronized with the clock of the electronics. Background from looping particles was not calculated correctly in the existing simulations of ATLAS. The new di-itization of the SCT is validated by comparisons with beam test data. One example of such comparison is shown in Fig. 1 A description of the simulation, as well as other comparison plots with beam test data, can be found in [1]. The simulation is now integrated with the new software of ATLAS Inner Detector, written in Object-Oriented C+.

HS A.g..t 2000, module angle 0.0, B0 T

Ma = 0 V Mas = 120 V vbl,_- K0 0.8 - Mas 200 V Fig. 1: Efficiency vs. threshold curves for different values of detector bias 0.6 A 0 data voltage. Solid points show beam test Omodel results, open points connected by lines 0.4 - A are results from the new simulation.

0.2 K. I 9

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 threshold (fc)

Reference: 1. S. Gadornski "Model of the SCT Setectors and Electronics for the ATLAS Simulation Usinc, Geant4", ATLAS internal note ATL-SOFT-2001-005, June 2001; also at: http://cern.ch/szymon/g4/SCT-DigitizationModel.pdf. 160 The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory

Preparation of the Off-Line Alignment Software for the Silicon Detectors of ATLAS

P. BrUckman de Renstrom. PLO300112

Inner Detector (1] is the main tracking device of the ATLAS spectrometer. It consists of three sub- detectors, the silicon Pixel Detector, the SCT - silicon strip detector tracker and the TRT - an assemble of straw proportional chambers. High precision alignment of the silicon part of the ID will have a decisive impact on the ultimate tracking performance of ATLAS. Physical requirements for the alignment precision were first formulated in [1]. They were motivated by the necessity of good vertexing needed for efficient b-tagging and good momentum resolution for high-PT tracks. These led to the conclusion that misalignment should not deteriorate the resolution of any track parameter by more than 20%. Later, the idea of the precise measurement of the W boson mass based on the reconstruction of the "transverse mass" defined as MT2 = 2p1T2p'T(1-cosJ(p) brought an extremely tough requirement on the knowledge of the absolute momentum scale. The target qy.,,(mw < 15 MeV/C2 translates into qy.,,(p)1p < 002% and hence to controlling systematic error of the alignment to I m/10 [tm/10 prn level in Rp/R/Z respectively 2 3. This can be assured neither by the initial detector survey nor by the continuous position monitoring using the FSI technique [1]. The ultimate precision has to be provided by the offline alignment using reconstructed tracks. The chosen alignment strategy consists of a simultaneous fit of all reconstructed tracks together with the relevant alignment parameters i.e. degrees of freedom of individual modules building the tracking detector. The fit is equivalent to minimizing a "giant X2" of the form X = Z,,.k, e TV le, where e = e(7ca) denotes track extrapolation residuals with respect to hit positions and V - their covariance matrix. The residuals are function of track parameters and alignment constants. In the proposed approach the first order expansion is used to linearise the problem 4 This is justified since the expected corrections to alignment constants are small and higher order terms become negligible. The solution of an individual track fit with fixed alignment is then given by:

o21o = =; 67 = (E TV' E-' E TVl e(xoa), where: E = delor. By re-inserting the above result into the expression for the global XI and expanding it around the initial track parameters 7ro, one can derive the solution for the alignment constants:

d1ld = =5 ba = M- delda T W Ie(7ro,ao),

where: W = '-V'E(E TVIE) -'ETV' and M = """ eldaTWldelda. This formalism can be extended to fit a common vertex of an event and to allow for constraints on track or alignment parameters [5]. The corrections to alignment constants are given by the solution of the system of N linear equations where N equals to the number of degrees of freedom of the system. The main challenge of the alignment task comes from the complexity of the detector. The table summarizes number of individual modules in different detector subsystems and corresponding number of alignment parameters involved. Altogether, there are 29,064 alignment parameters to be determined.

Barrel Forward Detector PIX SCT PIX SCT # of 3 4 2x3 2x9 layers/disks 1456 2112 2xl44 2x988 # of modules 8736 12672 1728 5928 # of DoF I Subtotal 21408 7656

This may naturally lead to serious numerical problems. So far the alignment formalism has been tested using a standalone toy program containing fast simulation, reconstruction and alignment itself. Due to lack of sufficient computer resources the tests are still limited to much smaller number of modules than the target The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory 161 one, 1000). However, the proposed formalism proved adequate and efficient 6]. Currently a new program usingZD track and geometry information from the full simulation of ATLAS detector undergoes first tests. In the future the main effort will be concentrated on assuring proper scalability and numerical stability of the solution. References: 1. ATLAS Co] laboration, ID Technical Design Report, CERN/LHCC/97-16, 97-17 1997); 2. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS Detector and Physics Performance TDR, CERN/LHCC/99-14, 99-15 1999); 3. S. Haywood, "Offline alignment and calibration of the Inner Detector", ATL-COM-INDET-99-001 1999); 4. S. Haywood, http://hepwww.rl.ac.uk/Atlas-SCT/alignment/algorithm.pdf; 5. P. BrUckman, http://hepwww.ri.ac.uk/Atlas-SCT/alignment/constraints.pdf; 6. P. BrUckman, http://cern.ch/pbruckma/ID-align/ID-align-stat-261001.pdf. PLO300113

Luminosity Measurement with Two-Photon pp - pp + ee- Process

D. Bocian and P. Malecki

The luminosity measurement of pp colliders based on QED process of two-photon ee- pair production is investigated (Fig. 1). The signal and background cross-section estimates are presented. The process of the two-photon ee- pair production can be used for calibration of luminosity at LHC'. The expected precision of the measurement is 13%. For realization of this possibility it is necessary to build a dedicated detector.

P, (E. P) P 11"% Event selection criteria: ql(&)Iq PI(Cl-PI) I electron energy I- 5 GeV (Pl'P2)' P, 2. electron polar angle 0< 25 mrad

q2(W2,q2) e=E,-E2 3 . e+e- pair invariant mass Mi, < 20 MeV P2 P2) P2(E,-P) 4. e+e pair momentum PT < 20 MeV 5. Acoplanarity angle 10 < 600 Fig. 1: The QED diagram and the definition 6. Veto on charged particles with Ii7 < 76 of acoplanarity angle (o.

The cross-section of the process pp ---;pp + ee- for the forward region can be calculated within QED 2 with an accuracy of I % or better allowing for a precise luminosity determination using the number of events observed and the calculated cross section: L = N76"'. yy C' 7 Wiu decay BrernmtrAWng The simulation was done with a particle-level

Monte Carlo programs.ZD The LPAIR 3 program was 300 employed for the signal event generation. It fully 100 implements the QED matrix element for pp - pp + 10" 200 e+e- which is essential for the very forward region. 100 so The dominating physical sources of the background are the Dalitz decays of hadrons (g.7 00 0.02 00 0.02 00 0.02 e+e- + y) and bremsstrahlung pair production Pair p, GeV) 1500 e+e-). The Dalitz decays background was simulated 600 loo using PYTHIA 4. It was also employed to generate pp low collisions for further simulations of the bremsstrahlung 4W in the classical current approximation according to no 50 Ref. [5]. no Distributions of the signal and backgrounds are 0. 0. . . .180 ISO.190 ISO.180 No presented in Fig. 2 By applying all proposed event Acopluarily ar,& 0 dgree) selection criteria total background gets suppressed Fig. 2 Most important distributions for the down to 002% of the signal. signal and the backgrounds.

A dedicated detector for the necessary measurements and selection of the ee- pairs consists of a small analyzing dipole (about 0 I Tin), a tracker and electromagnetic calorimeter. Its rapidity and azimuthal 162 The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory acceptance as well as resolutions are optimized to allow for a clean separation of the signal from the background of minimum-bias events, which mimics two electron final states. To achieve 1% accuracy of the absolute luminosity, the visible e'e- cross-section must be measured and calibrated at low luminosity L 1032 CM-2S- ' and then used for higher luminosity runs. Application of pp ---,pp + ee- for precise luminosity measurement at L > 1033 CM-2S-1 could be limited by pile-up effects. References: 1. K. Piotrzkowski, "Proposal or Luminosity Measurement at LHC", ATL-PHYS-96-077 1996); 2. V.M. Budnev et al., "The Process pp ---> pp+e+e- and the Possibility of its Calculation...", Nucl. Phys. B63 (1973); 3. J.A.M. Vermasseren, "Two-Photon Processes at Very High Energies", Nucl. Phys. B229 1983) 347, 4. S.P. Baranov et al., LPAIR-A Generator for Lepton Pair Production, "Physics at HERA", 199 1, vol.3, p. 1478; 5. T. Sjostrand, Pythia 571; 6. A.B. Arbuzov et al., Phys. Atom. Nucl. 60 1997) 591.

DTMROC-S - The Digital Readout Chip PLO300114 for the Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) in the CERN Atlas Experiment

R. Szczygiel The ATLAS Straw Tube Detector (Transition Radiation Tracker) will be build of 424,000 straw sensors filled with a as mixture, which will allow collection of ionization from charged particles and from electromagnetic cascades from transition radiation of electrons [I]. A pair of chips, ASDBLR and DTMROC, dedicated for the readout of the TRT detector was developed in 1999 using 0.8 tm BiCMOS technology 2]. The high cost of this technology was the main reason for the DTMROC-S project - the new chip was designed in the deep sub micron CMOS technology 0.25 tm) using radiation hard standard cell libraries developed at CERN.

SELF-RECOVER MAJORITY VOTE

0UT

L> CLK SEU E>__V

LOAD ......

Q I

Fig. 1: The SEU resistant self-recovering d-flop with SEU flag output.

The chip size is 52 mm by 5.0 mm; it contains 500,000 transistors and covers all the functionality of the DTMROC. Some new features were also added: boundary scan and chain scan accessible via JTAG interface, memory Build-In Self Test and so on. In all critical points the Single Even Upset resistant self- recovering dflops were used. The chip will be released for production in January 2002. References: 1. ATLAS TDR 5, CERN/LHCC/97-17, ISBN 92-9083-103-0,30 April 1997; 2. Mitch Newcomer at al., Implementation of the ASDBLR and DTMROC ASICS for the ATLAS TRT in DMILL Technology", Proc. of the 6th Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiments, Cracow, Poland, I - September 2000, CERN, Geneva, 25 October 2000. The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory PLO300115 163

System of Power Supplies for the ATLAS SCT Detector E. G6rnicki, S. Koperny', A. Kotarba, P. Malecki, and B. Sowicki

'Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques of the University of Mining ad Metallurgy

Semi-Conductor Tracker (SCT) of the ATLAS Experiment consists of 4088 modules of which 2112 are mounted on four barrel cylinder layers and 1976 on end cap wheels of the Inner Detector of ATLAS [ 1]. Mi- cro-strip detectors glued back-to-back form double-sided modules with 1536 strips each. Every module is equipped with eadout chips and with electronics that controls digital data transfer between modules and off- detector stations. This electronics require several low voltage (LV) supplies and silicon micro-strip detectors require in addition the biasing voltage (HV), regulated in - 0 V range, in order to compensate for the increase of the effective dppiDgconcentration caused by radiation. Low and high voltage power supplies form together one system. It is a system of floating", fully isolated ower supply modules. The granularity of this system follows the granularity of SCT, which means that every detector module is powered from separate power supply modules by separate multi-wire line (tape or cable). The low and the high voltage power supply modules are designed and constructed as multichannel boards. One LV board houses four power units providing low voltages for four detector modules while eight high voltage units are mounted on each HV board. Basic integration of LV and HV modules is on the level of a common crate, where number of LV and HV cards powering 48 channels are plugged into the custom made back plane and are serviced by the common crate controller and the common software. The design and prototyping of LV boards is carried out by the Prague Atlas roup 2] while HV boards, Z-1 t:1 the crate backplane and the crate controller card are designed by us. Basic specification and design principles have been published recently 3]. They have been verified by extensive tests of prototypes produced in the VME standard, performed at CERN and at some ATLAS collaboration laboratories. HVSCT VME board made in our Institute is shown on Fig. 1. Basic blocks and main characteristics of this VME version of the HV board has been described in Ref. 4]. The final desian of the HV card undergoes various modifications which incorporate test results, improvements of the circuitry coming mainly from the use of new sort of microcontrollers (AduC812), as well as various changes in design of the square wave enerator and, in particular, of its transformer construction. This last modifications reflect the special attention which is paid to problems of grounding, shielding, current loops and common mode noise effects which are of great importance for experiments like ATLAS consisting of millions of highly sensitive electronic modules distributed over lar-e volumes and working in a very noisy environment. References: 1. ATLAS Collaboration, "ATLAS Inner Detector Technical Design Report", CERN/LHCC 97-17, 30 April 1997; 2. http://www-hep.fzu.cz/Atlas/WorkingGroup/Pro- jects/MSGC.html; 3. J. Bohm et al., "Power Supply and Power Distribu- Lion Systems for the ATLAS Silicon Strip Detectors", CERN/ LHCC 2001-005, p. 363; 4. E. G6micki et al., "Multichannel System of Fully Isolated HV Power Supplies for Silicon Strip Detectors", CERN/LHCC/2000-041, p. 376; N. Spencer, ATLAS SCT/Pixel Grounding and Shielding note UCSC, 22 November 1999. http://scipp.ucsc.edu/groups/atlas/sct-docs.htm]. 164 PLO300116 The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory

Development of Computing Infrastructure in Poland for the Needs of LHC Experiments

M. Bubakl, P. Malecki, M. Turala, and M. Witek'

Institute of Computing Sciences of the University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland, 2INP Lepton Physics Department

Future particle physics experiments, in particular the ones at the LHC collider, require new approach to simulation and data analysis. This requirement is largely due to a new type of collaborations, which become truly worldwide, to a very long lifetime of experiments (order of 20 years), but above all due to enormous amount of data to be handled. Recent review of LHC computing needs 1] speak about several PB (I PB = 1015 B) of "raw" and simulated data per one experiment per year. For the generation of Monte Carlo events, and for the analysis of accumulated data, every experiment will need a computing power of more then 106 S195 units, which corresponds to about 105 present 500 MHz Pentium III processors. The work on the "world-wide-computing" started some time ago 2 and recently several Grid computing projects have been launched to tackle the problem 3 All these projects base on a high quality networking, with the bandwidth in the range of a few Gb/s. The foreseen LHC Grid computing structure is presented below.

2.5 Gb/s RN 2.5 Gb/s National ier 0 laboratory I ..... P Tie- 1 22 Mb/s L 3 622 Ws Large \622 institute i a b b Tier2 Institute 2 Mb/s 22 MbIs University

Desktop r= r=

Polish physics groups from IFJ Krak6w and 1FD UW Warsaw started discussions on the local infrastructure for LHC computing in 2000. The proposal of building large farms of personal computers (PCs) accompanied by large storage systems has been well received by computing centers of Krak6w, Pozna6 and Warsaw. In 2001 a "Polish Data Grid Consortium" was established, and a follow up CrossGrid poposal, with 21 participants from 11 countries, was prepared under the Polish leadership. The proposal has been accepted and the project is starting at the beginning of 2002. For the Polish groups the participation in the EU CrossGrid project means access to the GI-id developments, but also a possibility of getting funding from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research, which will allow us to build a local infrastructure. It is assumed that in the year 2002 a farm of thirty-two I GHz Intel processors will be assembled at Cyfronet and connected to the GEANT network via a Gb/s link, to allow our physicists installation of the LHC software and runing large Monte Carlo simulations. Later on it will be upgraded to 128 nodes. References: 1. Rapport of the steering group of the LHC computing review, CERN/LHCC/2001-004, 22 Feb. 2001; http:Hlhc-computing-review-public.web.cern.ch/lhc-computing-review-public/; 2. MONARC project, http://monarc.web.cem.ch/MONARC/; 3. DataGrid EU project, http:Hwww.eu-datagrid.org/; 4. LHC Computing Grid project, http:fllhcgrid.web.cem.ch/LHCgrid/lw2OO2/; 5. CrossGrid EU project, http://www.crossgrid.org/. The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory 165

GRANTS: From The State Committee for Scientiric Research: 1. Prof P. Malecki - grant No: 620/E-77/SPUB-M/CERN/P-03/DZ 295/2000-2002, "Detector Construction and Preparation of the Research Programme for the ATLAS Experiment at CERN".

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

1. "Cracow GRID Workshop" - Krak6w, Poland, 56 November 2001, The workshop hosted four invited talks, 13 presentations and panel discussions.

INVITED TALKS: 1. M. Sapifiski, "Jets, b-Jets, Tau-Jets and Etmiss in ATLAS", LHC Seminar, Chia Italy, 25 October 2001.

OTHER CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS: 1. S. Gadomski, "A Measurement of Quark Fragmentation Functions by CDF", Cracow Epiphany Conference, Krak6w, Poland, January 2001; 2. M. Sapi6ski, "Time over Threshold on Sector Prototype", TRT Workshop, Istanbul, Turkey, 41 0 May 200 ; 3. J. Olszowska, "Gas Gain Stabilisation System", TRT Workshop, Istanbul, Turkey, 410 May 2001; 4. J. Olszowska, "Controls of LV Power Supplies", TRT Workshop, Istanbul, Turkey, 4- 10 May 200 ; 5. J. Olszowska, "Status of Wiener OPC Server", ATLASDCS Workshop, Amsterdam, Holland, 10-12 October 2001; 6. J. Olszowska, "Subdetector Work - TRT", ATLAS DCS Workshop Amsterdam, Holland, 10-12 October 2001; 7. P. Malecki, "Power Supply and Power Distribution System for the ATLAS Silicon Strip Detectors", 7-th Workshop on LHC Electronics,Stockholm, Sweden, 10-14 September 2001; 8. M. Turala, "Overview of the CrossGrid Project", Cracow Grid Workshop, Krak6w, Poland, 56 November 2001; 9. K. Korcyl, "Distributed Trigger Syterns for LHC Experiments", Cracow Grid Workshop, Krak6w, Poland, 56 November 2001; 10. P. Malecki, "Distributed Data Analysis in HEP", Cracow Grid Workshop, Krak6w, Poland, 56 November 2001; 1 . D. Bocian, "Luminosity from Forward ee- Production", Workshop o Luminosity and ForwardPhysics, Valencia, USA, 26 November 200 . 166 The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: HONORABLE RESPONSABILITIES: 1. M.Turala-MemberoflUPAPCIlCommittee; 2. M. Turala - Member of the LHC Electronics Board (LEB); 3. M. Turala - Main Coordinator of the international EU project - CROSSGRID; 4. P. Malecki - Polish Representative in R-ECFA (Restricted European Committee for Future Accelerators).

DEGREES: 1. Mariusz Sapifiski - Ph.D.

SCHOLARSHIPS:

I A. Kaczmarska - Scientific scholarship, LAPP Annecy, 2000-2001; 2. S. Gadomski - CERN Fellowship, 01 I 1 1999-31.12.2001; 3. M. Sapifiski - Scientific scholarship, University of Montpellier, 2001-2002; 4. R. Szczygiel - CERN Project Associate; 5. M. Wolter - Scientific scholarship, Tufts University, Boston, Mass., USA.

LECTURES AND COURSES: I Z. Hajduk, P. Malecki, and M. Turala, "Selected Methods in Experimental High Energy Physics", lectures for students of Physics, 8-th semester from Jagiellonian University and Academy of Mining and Metallurgy; 2. M. Turala, Series of lectures at the CERN exhibition, Cracow December 2000 - February 2001. High Energy Physics Detector ConstructionGroup 167

HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DETECTOR CONSTRUCTION GROUP

Head of Group: Marek Stodulski, M.Sc., Eng. Telephone: (48 12) 633-33-66, ext. 53 Fax: (48 12) 633-38-84 e-mail: marek.stodu1skiifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Research Staff: Technical Staff: Jacek Blocki, Ph.D., Eng. Marian Despet Kazimierz Galuszka, M.Sc., Eng. Andrzej Strqczek Jan Godlewski, Ph.D., Eng. Mieczyslaw Strqk (until October 2001) Marek Stodulski, M.Sc., Eng. Leopold Obartuch (from November 2001) Pawel Zychowski, M.Sc., Eng

OVERVIEW: PLO300117

The tasks of the Group comprise the design and construction of mechanical structures and cooling systems applied in high energy physics experiments and accelerators. The design includes research and development, while the construction includes prototyping and tests. Since a few years the Group has been involved in works for the PHOBOS experiment at the already running Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at BNL, as well as for the ALICE, ATLAS, and LHCb experiments at the future Large Hadron Collider (LHQ at CERN. In case of the PHOBOS experiment, our Group played a leading role in the design and construction of mechanical structures, and a cooling system for all silicon detectors. Since July 2000 the PHOBOS apparatus is working well, collecting a lot of data. Results of the data analysis have been published in numerous papers. Research and development of new materials, such as carbon-carbon (C/C) composites is also carried out since 1993, in collaboration with the Department of Leptonic Interactions of our Institute, the Department of Special Ceramics of the University of Mining and Metallurgy in Kak6w and since 1998 also with CERN. The C/C composites have unique properties, such as low density and mean atomic number (resulting in high values of radiation and interaction lengths), resistance to high temperature and radiation. One group of these composites has excellent mechanical properties, e.g. Young's modulus and tensile strength significantly higher than those of steel. In the second group of C/C composites high thermal conductivity can be obtained (comparable to aluminium alloys and even to copper), however their mechanical properties are worse. These material features are particularly desirable in high energy physics experiments. The main achievements of the Group in the CIC composites area are as follows: - evaluation of a numerical method allowing the determination of the elasticity constants of the composite materials basing on known constants of carbon fibres and matrices, - evaluation of a comparative method allowing the determination of thermal conductivity in case the samples have non standard dimensions, 168 High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group

- manufacturing of mechanical parts for series of furnaces used for carbonization and heat treatment of the C/C composites. Below are listed some results of our work carried out in Krak6w, BNL or CERN together with the above-mentioned groups from our Institute and other collaborating institutions. Here is the list of our co- workers from other departments and institutions: Department of Hadron Structure B. D4_browski Department of Leptonic Interactions J. Michalowski, B.E.

Department of Special Ceramics of the S. Blajewicz, Prof., J. Chlopek, Ph.D., Eng. re, University of Mining and Metallurgy J. Piekarczyk, Ph.D., Eng.

Marek Stodulski

REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PLO300118

Engineering Support for Current and Future High Energy Physics Experiments

J. Blocki, M. Despet, K. Galuszka, J. Godlewski, L. Obartuch, M. Stodulski, A. Str4_czek, M. Strqk, and P. Zychowski,

ATLAS

Mechanical Structures • In order to check the possibility of servicing the Inner Detector, a full-scale model was designed and manufactured at CERN. Our group took part in the supervision of the design as well as assisted in manufacturing the model. This activity was a continuation of work performed in 2000. • Static and dynamic analysis of the squirrel cage of the TRT end-cap was performed. The aim of the analysis was to define static deformations of the squirrel cage structure together with the cable trails caused by their own weight. Dynamic behaviour of the structure was examined by analyzing the eigenvalue problem. For different types of the boundary conditions the lowest eigenvalue was calculated.

..ddmmb.l a) b)

Fig. 1 A finite element model (a), and the eigenmode of the lowest eigenvalue (b) for the squirrel cage.

Cooling systems Our group was engaged in: • Coordination of the design and installation work of the cooling and ventilation systems for te whole experiment. • ANSYSO calculations of temperature distribution in SCT silicon detectors. • Design and construction of the experimental stand for the verification of this temperature Distribution. High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group 169

LHCb Mechanicalstructures A conceptual design of mounting of the outer tracker magnet stations has been completed. Cooling systems The heat characteristics for different silicon ladder design options were evaluated using ANSYS a finite element analysis software package. Thermal performance of the silicon ladder after 10 years of operation in the LHCb radiation environment was investigated.

a) design b) finite element model

Fig. 2 Silicon ladder for the Inner Tracker.

C/C Composites Numerical method A method of determination of the material constants of fibrous composites has been developed using the Finite Element Method. The values of the elasticity coefficients obtained by means of this method for composites consisting of two isotropic materials have been compared with those calculated using analytical formulae. The comparison was made for composites containing strongly anisotropic carbon fibres KI 10 in carbon and phenol resin matrices. The method developed is very simple and does not require a large number of three-dimensional elements to be used. It permits numerical calculations to be made without introducing additional assumptions resulting from plane stress or strain state. It does not require any restrictions on the cross section of fibres and the elastic properties of the materials of the composite. Development of equipment Work on the construction of the graphitization furnace 2500 'Q has been finished. The furnace has been equipped with a programmable control system and an infrared gauge.

Fig. 3 Furnace for graphitization of carbon-carbon composites (steel shield cooled with water and a heating element from C/C composites which is inside the shield). 170 High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group

GRANTS:

Grants from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Dr G. Polok -Joint grant 620/E-77/SPUB-Nl/CERN/P-03/DZ 123/2000-2002, "Experiment LHCb- for Precise Measurements of CP Parity Violation in B-Meson Decays".

Investments Grants from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. M. Stodulski, M.Sc., Eng - IA 0348/2001 - A31013, Upgrade of research laboratory equipment.

Other funds: Collaborating institutions invited and covered the costs of stays of our group members abroad (29 men-months in total).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

MEMBERS OF COMMITTEES:

1. J. Godlewski - Member of Steering Board and Executive Board JOCV (Joint Cooling and Ventilation Project for LHC Experiments).

SCHOLARSHIPS, CONTRACTS:

1. J. Blocki - member of Integration and Installation Group of the ATLAS Technical Coordination, CERN, Switzerland, 2001/2002; 2. J. Godlewski - Coordinator of the cooling and ventilation systems for the ATLAS experiment, Fluids Coordinator, Flammable Gases Safety Officer for ATLAS, staff member, CERN Switzerland, 2001-2003.

EXTERNAL SEMINARS:

1. J. Blocki, "Assembly Process Calculations", TILECal Mechanic Engineering Meeting, CERN, 13 February 2001; 2. J. Blocki, "Thermal Calculations by FEM for the Ladders of the Inner Tracker", LHCb Experiment, Inner Tracker Group Meeting, Zurich, Switzerland, 6 July 2001; 3. J. Godlewski, "Cooling Systems Status", ATLAS TRT week, 12 October 2001; 4. J. Godlewski, "Muon Cooling and Temperature Distribution inside the Cavem", ATLAS Technical Management Board Meeting, CERN Switzerland, 15 November 2001; 5. J. Godlewski, "Cooling Projects Status Overview", ATLAS Technical Management Board Meeting, CERN, Switzerland, 4 October 2001; 6. J. Godlewski, "ATLAS Cooling Projects", ATLAS Technical Management Board Meeting, CERN Switzerland, 14 June 2001; 7. J. Godlewski, "Ongoing Development of Thermal Screens for the ATLAS Inner Detector", JCOV Executive Board Meeting, CERN, Switzerland, 25 October 2001; 8. J. Godlewski, "Examples of Commercially Available Cooling Units", JCOV Executive Board Meeting, CERN, Switzerland, 4 October 2001; High Energy Pysics Detector Constructioiz Group 171

9. J. Godlewski, "Overview of the Present Status of the ATLAS TRT Cooling System", JCOV Executive Board Meefina, CERN Switzerland, July 2001; 10. J. Godlewski, "Questionnaire for LHC Cooling Systems Survey", JCOV Executive Board Meeting, CERN Switzerland, 31 May 2001; 1 1. J. Godlewski, "Pixel Global Support Structures, Conceptual Design Review and Poduction Readiness Review of the Local Support Structures of the Pixels, (reviewer); 12. J. Godlewski, "Cables Cooling in the Muon System", Gap Task Force Meeting, CERN, Switzerland, 15 May 2001; 13. J. Godlewski, "Cooling Status and Future Mock-Up Work", TRTworkshoplstanbulTurkey, 3-10May2001; 14. M. Stodulski, "Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of a Complex Plate Structure on the Example of the PHOBOS Detector", Institute of Mechanics and Machine Design, Cracow University of Technology, Poland, 30 October 2001 and Chair of Mechanics and Machine Design, Szczecin University of Technology, Poland, 20 November 2001.

Semirars of theDdepartinentsof High Energy Physics 173

SEMINARS OF THE DEPARTMENTS OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS: joint seminars with the Theoretical Physics Department of the Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland:

I A. Bialas (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Bose - Einstein Correlations in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC (data from STAR)"; 2. A. Bialas (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Hadron Formation in Deep Inelastic Positron-Proton Collisions"; 3. A. Bialas (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Production of the Higgs Boson in Reaction With Double Pomeron Exchange"; 4. A. Bialas (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Proposal of the Experimental Investigation of the Higgs Boson Production at the Tevatron"; 5. A. Bialas (Jagiellonian Univ.), ,,Scatterine, of Polarized Electrons on Nuclei"; 6. K. Fialkowski (Jagiellonian Univ.), "XXXI International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamic in Datong, China"; 7. J. Figiel, "Vector Meson Production at HERA"; 8. R. Holyfiski, "Charged Particle Production in Au+Au Collisions - Latest Results from PHOBOS Experiment"; 9. M. Jeabek, "The Born-Huang Approximation"; 10. A. Kotafiski (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Decidablenes - Consciousness - New Physics"; 11. S. Mikocki, "Search for QCD Instantons in e-p Collisions at HERA"; 12. H. Palka, "News from the BELLE Experiment"; 13. R. Peschansky (CEN Saclay, France), "Inclusive Higgs Dijet Production in Dual Pomeron Exchange", 14. A. Rybicki, "What Happens to Antibaryons in Elementary and Nuclear Collisions?"; 15. A. Rybicki, ,,What Happens to the Baryon in Hadronic and Nuclear Collisions at SPS Energies?"; 16. K. Rybicki, "Near and Far Plans of CERN"; 17. Z. Wqs, "High Precision Data Confronting Field Theory and Monte-Carlo Calculations"; 18. H. Wilczyfiski, "AGASA, HIRES, or AUGER - Extensive Air Shower Experiments"; 19. E. de Wolf (Antwerpen, Belgium), "Correlations at LEP and WW Problem"; 20. B. Wosiek, "News from the 15-th Quark Matter Conference in Stony Brook".

Local seminars:

1. J. Brodzicka, "Frontiers in Flavour Physics - hKEK Topical Conference"; 2. M. Bubak (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy and CYFRONET, Krak6w, Poland) and M. Turala, "Time for GRID ?"; 3. A. Dqbrowska, "The Accelerator Neutrino Physics in the ICARUS Experiment; Tests of a First Large TPC Filled with Liquid Argon"; 174 Semirars of theDdepartments of High Energy Physics

4. W. Florkowski, "Chemical Treeze-Out'in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions"; 5. M. Je2abek, "Status of the Neutrino Oscillations"; 6. T. Lesiak, "Cosmic Inflation"; 7. T. Lesiak, "Hyperspace: Physical Concepts in More than Four Dimensions"; 8. L. Leniak, "Removal of Non-Uniqueness in n7i Phase Shifts Using the New Brookhaven Data for 7E0,A0 Production"; 9. M. Markiewicz (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland), "Construction and Operation of the ICARUS Detector"; 10. J. Michalowski, "Carbon Composites in Technics and Medicine"; 1 1. M. Misiaszek (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Re-eneration of the Solar Neutrinos"; 12. B. Muryn (Faculty of Physics, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy) "Problems with Determination of the Photon Wave Function"; 13. W. P61chlopek (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland), "The Wavelet Real Time Data Compression for the ICARUS Experiment"; 14. M. R62afiska, "Results from the Belle Experiment at Luminosity 30 fb-1"; 15. A. Sandacz (INP, Warsaw, Poland), "Spin Physics on the RHIC Accelerator"; 16. M. Sapifiski, "Search for Hig-s Boson in Multi-b-Jet Final States"; 17. M. Skrzypek, "Precision Physics of WW Pairs in e 'e Collisions"; 18. M. Skrzypek, "Simulation of the Sin-le W Production Process in LEP-2"; 19. M. Szarska, "The Non-Accelerator Neutrino Physics in the ICARUS Experiment"; 20. J. Turnau, "The Lepton - Photon 2001 Conference in Rome"; 21. Ch. Vignoli (INFN Pavia, Italy), "Internal Trigger, Control Systems and Installation of the ICARUS Detector in Gran Sasso"; 22. Z. Wqs, "Exponentiation - Spin Amplitudes - Phase Space - Experimental Data"; 23. M. Wolter, "Neural Networks and Their Use in High Energy Physics"; 24. M. W6jcik (Jagiellonian Univ.), "First Results from the Sadbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)"; 25. M. W6jcik (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Neutrino Astronomy"; 26. M. W6jcik (Jagiellonian Uiv.), "Solar Neutrinos and the Sun Standard Model"; 27. M. W6jcik (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Studies of the Solar Neutrinos in the New Generation Experiments"; 28. A. Zalewska, "Oscillations of the Atmospheric Neutrinos"; 29. A. Zalewska, "The K2K Experiment and the MINOS Project"; 30. A. Zalewska, "The CNGS Programme: the Beam, the OPERA and the ICANOE Projects"; Senzirat-s of he a d of High Energy Physics 175

31. K. Zalewski (Jagiellonian Univ., Krak6w, Poland), "Introduction to the Neutrino Theory"; 32. L. Zawiejski, "News from XXXI Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics in Datong, China".

Joint seminars with the Physics Department of the Jagiellonian University on neutrino physics, Krak6w, Poland:

I A. DELbrowska, "The Accelerator Neutrino Physics in the ICARUS Experiment; Tests of a First Large TPC Filled with Liquid Argon"; 2. M. Jetabek, "Status of the Neutrino Oscillations"; 3. T. Lesiak, "Cosmic Inflation"; 4. M. Markiewicz (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland), "Construction and Operation of the ICARUS Detector"; 5. M. Misiaszek (Jagielionian Univ.), "Regeneration of the Solar Neutrinos"; 6. W. P61chlopek (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland), "The Wavelet Real Time Data Compression for the ICARUS Experiment"; 7. M. Szarska, "The Non-Accelerator Neutrino Physics in the ICARUS Experiment"; 8. Ch. Vignoli (INFN Pavia), ,,Internal Trigger, Control Systems and Installation of the ICARUS Detector in Gran Sasso"; 9. M. W6jcik (Jagiellonian Univ.), "First Results from the Sadbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)"; 10. M. W6jcik (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Neutrino Astronomy"; 11. M. W6jcik (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Solar Neutrinos and the Sun Standard Model"; 12. M. W6jcik (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Studies of the Solar Neutrinos in the New Generation Experiments"; 13. A. Zalewska, "The CNGS Programme: the Beam, the OPERA and the ICANOE Projects"; 14. A. Zalewska, "The K2K Experiment and the MINOS Project"; 15. A. Zalewska, "Oscillations of the Atmospheric Neutrinos"; 16. K. Zalewski (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Introduction to the Neutrino Theory".

Department of Environmental and Radiation... 177

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND RADIATION TRANSPORT PHYSICS

Head of the Department: Assoc. Prof.Urszula Wo-inicka Deputy Head of Department: Prof.Andrzej Zuber Secretary: Ewa Lipka telephone: (48 12) 662-83-45 e-mail: ewa.1ipkaifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Laboratory of Environmental Physics: Head: Prof Andrzej Zuber

Research Staff: Pawel Mochalski, Ph.D. student Jan Lasa, Prof. Marcin Opoka, Ph.D. student freneusz Iiwka, Ph.D. Marcin Jackowicz-Korczyfiski, M.Sc. (from 22.10.01) Technical Staff: Edyta Lokas, M.Sc., Eng. Antoni Rociszewski

Laboratory of Neutron Transport Physics: Head: Assoc. Prof. Krzysztof Drozdowicz (from 109.01.)

Research Staff: Andrzej lgielski, M.Sc., Eng. Urszula Woinicka, Assoc. Prof. Grzegorz Tracz, M.Sc. Teresa Cywicka-Jakiel, Ph.D. Urszula Mai, Ph.D. student Ewa Krynicka, Ph.D. Mariola Kosik-Abramczyk, M.Sc. (until 30.06.01) Joanna Dqbrowska, M.Sc., Eng. Andrzej Drabina, M.Sc., Eng. 1/2) Technical Staff-. Dominik Dworak, M.Sc. Wladyslaw Janik Barbara Gabafiska, M.Sc Arkadiusz Kurowski, Eng.

Laboratory of Natural Radioactivity: Head: Dr Krzysztof Kozak (from 1.08.01)

Research Staff: Krystyna Kulczykowska, Eng. Jerzy Loskiewicz, Prof. 1/2) Jadwiga Mazur, M.Sc., Eng. (until 31.08.01) Jan Swakofi, Ph.D. (115 from 1.08.01.) Joanna Bogacz, M.Sc. Technical Staff: Miroslaw Janik, M.Sc., Eng. Ryszard Haber E12bieta Kochowska, M.Sc., Eng. (from 5.1 1.01) Tadeusz Zdziarski 178 Department of Environmental and Radiation... PLO300119 OVERVIEW: The scientific activity of the Department i 2001 can be summarised as follows. In the nvironmental Physics Laboratory gas chromatography methods are being developed mainly for atmospheric investigations and hydrological applications. A method for measuring the SF6 contents in water for determinin- the age of young groundwaters is well advanced. Reconnaissance measurements performed in two aquifers yielded a reasonable agreement with the ages obtained from the tritium method. A proper determination of trace gases dissolved in water equires the measurement of the so-called "excess air" resulting from the excessive dissolution of air bubbles at the groundwater table. For this purpose, a new method of analysing the concentrations of argon and neon in water was developed. The separation of argon from oxygen in -as samples, extracted from water, carried out with the help of the catalyst of NiO type. Neon is determined with the aid of a pulse discharge elium detector (type PI-213, VALCO Ltd) doped with neon. The initial results are promising. Atmospheric investigations were continued by measurements of the concentrations of F I 1, F 12, F- 13, CHC13, CHCC13, CC141 and SF6 in the Krak6w area. Incidentally, high concentrations of SF6 are observed. The air flow trajectories available in the BADC Trajectory Service (http://cirrus.badc.rl.ac.uk/tr-,tjectory/) were used in an attempt to identify the emission source of these high SF6 concentrations. So far only the north-west direction was identified. Hydrogeological investigations of the ori-in and a-es of different interestinc, roundwater systems by environmental isotope methods were also continued, and the ori-in of chemically unique mineral water in Krynica Spa has been identified as related to dehydration of clay minerals in burial diagenesis. The Natural Radioactivity Laboratory has been involved in interdisciplinary projects on the measurements of radon concentration in soil gas in areas of different geological structures, in collaboration with the Institute of Geoloaical Sciences of Polish Academy of Sciences. The geological fault system which surrounds the ,Las Wolski" horst is covered with loess overburden. An evident increase in radon concentration in the upper loess layer is observed over the fault position. This may have important environmental implications. Several samples of soil taken from those areas were analysed for the concentration of natural isotopes (U, Th, and K). Natural radioactivity measurements in various samples (soils, rocks, raw, and building materials, etc.) have been carried out using low background spectrometers (with Nal(TI) and HPGe detectors). The results are used in the data base of the Polish Central Laboratory of Radiolocical Protection and were presented at the III Nat. Conf. on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. The increasing interest in adon environmental research bears fruit of some co-operation with various institutions in Poland and Central Europe. We took part in the national inter-comparison concerning the methodology of jadon-in-water" measurements. The results are to be published. A joint project Jhe Radon Centre - Non-Governmental International Scientific Network" has been started in co-operation with the Central Minin- Institute in Katowice. The main goals are to prepare and execute joint research projects and programmes, and to disseminate and put into practice the results of research activities of particular Network members. Neutron methods are an important part of nuclear geophysics and are also used in medical modalities. Investications of the neutron transport parameters requi re usually the detection and/or calculation of spatial, time, and energy distributions of fast, epithermal and thermal neutrons, and of the accompanying y radiation. The research has been directed into several aspects: - Basic theoretical and experimental investigation for the thermal neutron transport: a) the temperature behaviour of the pulsed parameters in a hydrogenous moderator, b) diffusion cooling in small two-region systems containing substances of different types of energy characteristics of thermal neutron scattering. - Calculations of te radiation field and energy deposition in the water beam dump for the TESLA electron-positron collider for the DESY facility, using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code; - Monte Carlo study for designing a BNCT facility at the Polish research nuclear reactor MARIA; Theoretical determination of the apparent neutron arameters of rocks in the complex borehole geometry p 4:1 (slowing-down, migration, and diffusion lengths); - Modelling of properties of the well logging tool sensitive to the contents of Si, Cu, Fe (using Monte Carlo method); - Modelling of a pototype eophysical tool designed for a borehole neutron absorption cross section measurement with a two detector system (thermal-epithermal). Department of Environmental ad Radiation... 179

The benchmark MC calculations for eophysical applications are verified by experiments on the Polish 1eophysical calibration facility in Zielona G6ra. The neutron experiments are carried on at the pulsed 14 MeV neutron generator, additionally equipped last year with a thermostatic sample chamber ( - 70 'Q. The research carried on in the Department corresponds to its formal structure. The wide range of subjects entailed the succeeding division into laboratories. The Laboratory of Physics and Modelling of Radiation Transport (P&MRT) came into being in 1975 under the leadership of Prof. Jerzy Loskiewicz. The research carried on in the P&MRT Laboratory comprised numerical methods of calculation of particle transport problems, laboratory experiments solving the problems of gamma and neutron transport in media, and problems of natural radioactivity in environment. These main subjects have been developed and have rown up becorning more and more independent. In 2001 the Scientific Council of the Institute resolved to reorganise the P&MRT Lab. The new Laboratory of Natural Radioactivity (NR Lab) arose in the middle of 2001. The NR Laboratory has taken over those parts of scientific output of the previous Lab, which are adequate to its designation. The remaining part of the P&MRT Laboratory group has been merged with the Laboratory of Neutron Tansport Physics (NTP). This fusion reinforced the NTP Laboratory which carries on the theoretical, numerical and experimental research for the neutron and radiation transport physics.

IVA 01' AkA,- dkQ, Assoc. Professor Urszula Wo2nicka

REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PLO300120

Geological and Isotopic Evidence of Diagenetic Waters in the Polish Flysch Carpathians N. Oszczypkol and A. Zuber 'Jagiellonian University, Institute of Geological Sciences, Krak6w, Poland

The origin Of C02-rich chloride waters in the Polish flysch Carpathians is the subject of controversies even when isotope data are considered. Earlier studies showed that they contain a non-meteoric component, with isotopic composition characteristic for dehydration waters released in metamorphic processes, i.e., 4Y80 = 6.5%o and H =_ -25%o. However, the present study and comparison with other known occurrences of waters having similar isotopic composition suggests that they mainly result from the transformation of smectites to illities during the burial diagenesis of flysch sediments. These waters are characterised by high chloride contents (up to about 14 g/L), which differ in different regions, and remain difficult to explain as the .Y80 and dH values are slightly scattered and do not show any distinct contribution of marine water. It is shown that such waters are also characterised by high ratios of Na/Cl- and B/Cl-, which can be useful in their identification. Particularly interesting waters occur in the four deepest wells of the Krynica Spa, which undoubtedly contain a non-meteoric chloride component. Their positions on VO-dH diagrams are scattered to the left from a typical mixing line of meteoric waters with dehydration waters, which makes it difficult to determine their origin. However, they can be regarded as containing different percentages of a dehydration component because their 4H relation is linear and similar to typical mixing lines of dehydration waters with meteoric waters. The non-typical positions of these waters on the (Y80_ (H diagram can be explained by isotopic shifts of Y30 from a typical mixing line to more negative values, supposedly caused by isotopic exchange of oxygen between C02 and water. In that process, small volumes of water are involved, as deduced from very slow flow rates in rocks of a low porosity, and large amount Of C02, as deduced from very high pressures measured at well heads, and an eruption Of C02, which occurred during drilling one of the wells. 180 Department of Environmental and Radiation... PLO300121

Correlation between Radon Concentration and Geological Structure of Krakow Area*

K. Kozak, J. Swakoh, M. Paszkowskil, J. Loskiewicz, M. Janik, J. Mazur, J. Bogacz, T. Horwacik, and P. 01ko

Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Krak6w, Poland

The influence of some geological structure of basement on the concentration of radon in the soil gas and in the buildings was investigated. The radon (222 Rn and 22ORn) concentration measurements in soil gas (using ionization chamber AlphaGUARD PQ2000 PRO and CR-39 detectors) have been performed. The concentrations of natural isotopes (K, Ra, Th) in soil samples were also determined using gamma spectrometry with Nal and HPGe detectors. Radon in the buildings was measured using diffusion-barrier charcoal canisters and CR-39 detectors and the results were compared with radon concentrations in soil gas. The selection of measurement areas was based on a study of geological maps of Krak6w. Geophysical methods (ground penetrating, radar and shallow acoustic seismic) were applied to confirm predicted geological structures. Preliminary investigations and interpretation of our results confirmed geological structure, especially fault zones, to be potential sources, structural traps and ways for radon migration. The example of the distinctive correlation between radon concentrations in soil gas and geological structure of basement is shown in figure.

interpreted depth [m] 300

222 2EO Rn [kBq/m3]

:22ORn [kBq1m3] 250

240 oess

2ffi

200 Cretaceus marl Jurassic 180 limestone "Vl 4.34M...... Jurassic 160 fault zone limestone distance [m]

0 M X0 3M 4CO 5M

Fig. 1: Cross section of Alpine fault zone rimming northern slope of Sowiniec Hill, obtained by shallow acoustic method and distribution of radon concentration in soil gas.

Work supported by the State Committete for Scientific Research, grant No: 6PO4D 026 19. Department of Environmental d Radiation... 181 PLO300122

MCP-N (LiF:Mg, Cu P TLDs with Charcoal Canisters for Radon Measurements

J. Bogacz, J. Mazur, J. Swakoh, M. Budzanowski, and P. 01ko

A method of measurement of radon concentration in air was developed, based on high-sensitive LiF:Mg, Cu P (MCP-N, TLD POLAND) thermoluminescent detectors installed in charcoal canisters. Charcoal canister with a diffusion barrier is a convenient tool for screening measurements of indoor radon concentration [I - 3 The detector set-up for radon measurements consisted of the diffusion-barrier charcoal canister and two sets of MCP-N detectors. Each TLD set contained 6 detectors placed in a round, Plexiglas housing. Both TLDs and charcoal canisters were produced at the Institute of Nuclear Physics and were described in details elsewhere 4 - 6.

1000000

-D NET X -D2 0 D, 100000 jig

0 0 x X 0 0 xx 10000 0 0 Ix X_ X-F ------

1000 -in Natural y- ray backgroundQ

100 100 1000 10000 100000 Radon concentration [Bq/m)

Fig. 1: The dependence of doses DI (registered in the charcoal - circles), D2 (outside the charcoal - cross) and net dose (DNET-squares) on average radon concentration in the calibration chamber.

6000

5000 -

4000 - U 3000

C1 2000 -

1000 -

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Radon concentration [Bq/m31

Fig. 2 The relationship between net doses inside charcoal layer and average radon concentration for TD= 0 h (empty circles) and TD= 95 h (solid squares). 182 Department of Environmental ad Radiation...

The TLD SETI was placed inside the canister (in charcoal layer), and was used for determination of DI dose, and SET2 - next to the canister at the distance of 20 cm was used for determination of for D2 dose. The whole device was located in the radon calibration chamber of 211 dm 3volume and exposed for 72 hours. Additionally, the natural gamma-ray background in a measurement site D3 was determined by SET3 which was hung outside the radon calibration chamber. The relationship between doses measured with TLD's (DI, D2, D3) and the average radon concentration in the chamber is shown in Fig. 1. The presence of radon in the ZD Z calibration chamber leads to a significant enhancement of D (inside the chamber; cross) at the concentration above 1500 Bq/m 3. The net doses inside charcoal layer, DNET, marked by solid squares in the Fig. I were calculated as: DNET = DI - D2- Two measurement procedures were used in this work: ,prompt" procedure with TD= h and ,delayed" procedure with TD= 95 h. The relationship between net doses inside charcoal layer and the average radon concentration in the chamber using both procedures is presented in Fig 2. It was found that in the considered Rn concentration range the net doses inside charcoal layer depends linearly on radon concentration. The calibration factor k for a ,prompt" procedure equals to 40 nGy/Bqm-3 and can be applied within radon concentration range from about 500 Bq.m--3 to 50 000 Bq.m-3 . For a "delayed" procedure the calibration factor k = 714 nGy /Bqm-3 was determined for a chosen TD = 95 h and for radon concentration ranging from about 50 Bq-m-3 to 800 Bq _M-3 . The obtained results show that it is possible to measure low radon concentrations more effectively and precisely when using TLDs together with a diffusion-barrier charcoal canister and complying with a,,delayed" procedure. The main advantage of the method is that the charcoal canisters can be now applied for large scale indoor Rn concentration surveys.

References: 1. B.L. Cohen and E.S. Cohen, Health Phys. 45(2) 1983) 501; 2. A.C. Geor-e and T. Weber, Health Phys. 58(5) 1990) 583; 3. H.M. Prichard and K.A. Marien, Health Phys. 48(6) 1985) 797; 4. M. Budzanowski, P. Bilski, L. Botter-Jensen, A. Delgado, P. Olko, J.C. Saez-Vergara, and M.P.R. Wafla6rski, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 66 1996) 157; 5. P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, and P. Olko, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 69 1997) 187; 6. T.M . Lou-hnane,Z, M .Sc. Thesis, University College, Dublin (1989). IIIIIIII line III1111 IIIIIIIIII IIIII line 1111IIIIIIII PLO300123

Thermal Neutron Diffusion Cooling in Small Two-Region Pulsed Systems K. Drozdowicz, E. Krynicka, and U. Wonicka

In any bounded volume the diffusion cooling of the thermal neutron energy distribution is observed due to the leakage of neutrons outside the system. The diffusion cooling coefficient C is a characteristic parameter of a medium and is defined by its scattering properties. It can be determined theoretically or from the pulsed experiment on homogeneous samples of the material. Both the ways create some problems which were discussed elsewhere [I - 3 The situation is much more complicated if the system consists of a few regions even if each of them is homogeneous. Separate coefficients C are defined for each region and can be used in the theoretical description of the system. Due to the diffusion of thermal neutrons between the regions, their energy distribution becomes, however, distorted in a slightly different way than in a homogeneous system. Let us consider a cylindrical two-region system in which the external cylindrical moderator of neutrons (region 2 contains the internal cylindrical sample of a different material (region 1) A decay of the thermal neutron flux is observed in the entire system after the irradiation with the neutron burst. The decay constant A depends on the physical and eometrical characteristics of the re-ions. It can be described theoretically i the C) C, P3 approximation using the absorption , and transport Y, cross sections, supplemented by the diffusion coolin- coefficients of the media,

f (4 ',I, Etrb Ch 1,2, Et-2, C2, RI, R2 = where R symbolises the geometry of the system. Analytical dependencies can be obtained only for the simplest geometries (plane or spherical). In the cylindrical geometry a specific solution * = A*(R2) can be obtained by a perturbation calculation for the system wen: - the size RI of the inner cylinder is fixed, - the neutron parameters of the outer moderator, Za2, E,2, C2, are known, Department of Environmental and Radiation... 183

- the so-called dynamic material buckling for the inner re-ion is assumed to be equal to zero, and then the function 1* is independent of the neutron parameters of the inner region 4 Small discrepancies between the theoretical approximation and the experimental reality can be reduced by a change of the value of the coefficient C2 of the material of the outer region. We found, however, that this change depends slightly on the thickness of the outer zone. As a change of the thickness changes the * value, a better theory-experiment consistency is achieved when a function C = C2(A*) is introduced instead of a constant value [5]. As mentioned, the coefficient C results from the scattering properties of the medium. Thus, we have found that the function C2(A*) can be influenced by a type of neutron scattering in the inner region (Y-1, = const or Y = EtE)). The ,theory experiment" procedure was described in [5]. On this base we have determined the C2 function for Plexiglas in two region cylindrical geometry: C = C2 *(A*), when the inner medium is hydrogenous, Y, = E,E), C = C2""x(A-), when the inner medium is a mixture of non-hydrogenous (Yt, - coast) and hydrogenous substances. The measurements have been performed using numerous samples of water solutions of KCI and of H3BO3 which offered a variable E, and, as a consequence, the variable decay constant 1*. The 10000 mixtures have been prepared of H31303 solutions Inner sample: and fine silicon 0.9999 purity). 900( C2' hydrogenous substance References C,"' mixture of hydrogenous and 1. K. Drozdowiez, J. Phys.D31 1998) 1800; 8000 - non-hydrogenous substances'

2. K. Drozdowicz and V.H.Gillette, Ann. Nucl. 7000 Energy 26 1999) 1159; 0 ...... 3. K. Drozdowicz, IFJ Report 1838/PN 1999); 6000 ...... C2*(X*) 4. U. Woinicka, J. Phys. D14 1981) 1167; :3 LL 5. E. Krynicka et aL, IFJ Report 1857/PN 5000 - (2000). 40001 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000 32000 Decay constant ,* [s" PLO300124

How Far a Grained Sample Is Homogeneous For Thermal Neutrons

E. Krynicka and B. Gabafiska

A problem of heterogeneity of the sample can appear during measurements of thermal neutron diffusion parameters of complex media (mixtures), such as the macroscopic absorption cross section E, of rock material. In the experimental practice, a 1-mm -rain size is often assumed as assuring the homogeneity. The question is whether it is sufficient in the case when a mixture consists of grains of different types, differing strongly in their absorption cross sections. Another problem is whether the cross section , can be correctly measured when the sample contains bigger grains. The theoretical description and the experiments performed on model samples: Plexiglas (1owE,) containing silver grains (very high E,), showed a significant eff _y hwn of decrease of the effective absorption cross section E, in comparison to the cross-section " a corresponding homogeneous material (consisting of the same elements in the same proportions) 1, 21. Here we present results of a teoretical prediction and of experiments on samples composed of silicon grains (very low Y) saturated with highly absorbing fluids. H31303 solutions of various concentrations have created a variable E, Such mixtures form artificial rock samples which have well defined thermal neutron absorption and scattering properties. The experiments have been performed using Czubek's pulsed neutron method of the E, measurement 3 The results are presented in the table where the bracket denotes the values averaged over the energy distribution of the thermal neutron flux. The diffusion cross section Ed of the fluid has been used to express the grain size in units of the thermal neutron diffusion mean free path. 184 Department of Environmental and Radiation...

Si grain The ry Experiment size, 2R Sample k (ld d (Y-d) (Wo", aylyff (Frp [mm] [mm] [wt. %] [cm-'] lmfpl [cm-'] [cm-'] [cm-'] I 1.2 2.9145 0.12 0.0529 0.0529 0.0526 0.6 0.40 ±0.0002 ±0.0003 ±0 I 11 3.5 3.0536 0.12 0.1298 0.1298 0.1299 ±0.0006 ±0.0006 III 1.2 2.9145 0.33 0.0549 0.0549 0.0551 1.7 1.13 ±0.0002 ±0.0003 ±0.3 2.0 2.9622 0.33 0.0817 0.0817 0.0816 7 I ±0.0004 average chord length of the grain k - concentration of the -131303 solution

In Samples I and II the silicon grain size expressed in the mfp is a small perturbation to the thermal neutron transport in the matrix medium (the hydrogenous solution). The result F,f = -l hom was expected. In Samples III and IV the grain size reaches one third of the mean free path and one could be afraid of an influence of the perturbation on the thermal neutron absorption. The theoretical calculation, E, eff confirmed by the experimental results E exp, shows that the rock material crushed up to about 2 mm grains and saturated with a highly absorbing fluid still assures the homogeneity of the sample in respect to the thermal neutron transport. References: 1. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabafiska, E. Krynicka, and U. Woinicka, Ann. Ncl. Energy 28 2001) 1485; 2. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabafiska, A. Igielski, E. Krynicka, and U. Wo2nicka, Ann. Nucl. Energy 28 2001) 519; 3. J.A. Czubek, K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabafiska, A. Igielski, E. Krynicka, and U. Wonicka, Progress in Nucl. En. 30 1996) 295.

X.L-1." View Based Control System for Pulsed Neutron Measurements Carried 0 CY) out in Different Temperatures of the Sample C CL A. Igielski and A. Kurowski

The methodology of measurement of the time decay constant of a thermal neutron flux in small samples, ;ing a pulsed neutron generator, was described in [1] and the instrumentation system was described in details in 2]. The measurement should be done in well defined and stable conditions, such as the average intensity of measured pulses, a low background, the temperature of the sample. A control system based on the LABView 5.0 software was designed and applied to control these parameters. One can preset independently the upper and lower levels of the average intensity of pulses in both measuring lines. If the average intensity in any line is outside the given interval, the data acquisition is stopped and an alarm signal appears. Dynamic changes of the background (which is measured in the time window between the neutron bursts) are visualised on the monitor. A stabilising system has been developed to stabilise the temperature of the sample in the range of up to 70 C. t is described in details in 3 The sample temperature is controlled by the programmable PID autotuning device. After the sample temperature setting the PID autotuning run is performed. During this run the proportional band (P), the integration time (1) and the derivative time (D) are adjusted automatically. When the run is finished the temperature of the sample is stabilised in the PID action. The accuracy and stability of the temperature of the sample during the measurement is ±0.1 C. The PID controller is connected to a PC computer by the bidirectional RS485 link and RS485/RS232 interface. The reading command from LABView based control system is transmitted to the controller and, if the transmission is valid, the action status of the controller and the temperature of the sample is transmitted to the PC and presented on the monitor. The data acquisition of the pulsed neutron measurement is going on as long as the temperature of the sample is within adjusted limits. If not, the data acquisition is stopped and the alarm signal appears. The measurement is interrupted until the reason of the interruption disappears and then the control system resumes data acquisition. Department of Environmental and Radiation... 185

The elaborated and used LABView based control system is very useful in our measuring practice and can be easily extended. References: 1. K. DrozdowiczB. Gabahska, A. Igielski, E. Krynicka, and U. W&nicka, IFJ Report 1651/AP 1993); 2. J.Burda.,A.IgielskiW.JanikM.KosikA.Kurowski,andT.Zaleski,IFJReportl774/E(1997); 3. J. Burda, A. Igielski, W. Janik, A. Kurowski, and T. Zaleski, IFJ Report 1862/E 2000).

Feasibility Study of the Spectrometric Neutron-Gamma Borehole Logging by Use of Monte Carlo Met hod T. Cywicka-Jakiel and T. Zorskil PLO300126

'University of Mining ad Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland

The Monte Carlo modelling calculations are being performed to support the spectrometric neutron- gamma borehole logging. For identification and quantitative analysis of elements in geological formations the spectrometric neutron-gamma borehole logging is useful. Gamma-rays produced by thermal neutron capture and those from fast neutron interactions are detected using gamma-ray probes of special construction. Gamma spectrometric probe has to be calibrated for a wide range of elemental variations to assure the proper quantitative investigations made in-situ. Calibration measurements performed in Calibration Station in Zielona G6ra Well Logging Division showed the possibility of determination of the concentration of Si, Ca, and Fe elements: However the calibration standards (sandstone, limestone and dolomite of various porosities) showed limited range of the main constituents. For extending the range of Si, Ca, and Fe concentrations, the Monte Carlo simulations are being performed, which allow the sensitivity for Si, Ca, and Fe determination to be known more precisely. The complexity of the probe construction and the presence of fluid-filled borehole disturb the garnma- rays field, induced by neutron interactions. The quality of gamma-rays spectra is reduced, which changes the sensitivity of the real measurement. The Monte-Carlo simulation of the borehole well-logging require the detailed modelling of the probe (type of source, detector, geometry, materials etc.), of the borehole (diameter, filling fluid) ad of the surrounding geological medium. Preliminary modelling calculations were performed, by the use of the MCNP4C code [1], for eight calibration standards with borehole diameter of about 220 mm. The simulated gamma-rays ,spectra" have been the bases for multiple linear regression analysis, used to establish the calibration equations. The high linear correlation coefficients R between concentration of elements predicted by modelling and those from chemical analyses (regarded as ,true") were derived. For concentrations of Si, Ca and Fe, the values of R amounted to 09923, 09869, and 09206 respectively, being in good agreement with those derived from experimental data 0.9865 09795 08381 correspondingly). The preliminary results showed the ability of modelling calculations to extend and support the spectrometric neutron-gamma borehole logging. Reference: 1. J.F. Briesmeister, MCNP4C (CC 700 - "A eneral Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code', Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 2000).

Monte Carlo Method for Calculation of Neutron Parameters of Rocks D. Dworak and A. Drabina

Knowledge of the neutron parameters of rocks (slowing-down, diffusion length etc.) is needed in almost all nuclear geophysics applications, especially for the calibration of neutron porosity tools. In simple case of a point isotropic source and infinite, uniform medium these parameters can be determined in pure theoretical way. In real borehole conditions the corresponding apparent parameters are complicated functions of many variables like formation materials, borehole diameter, source, and tools positions, and so on. Exact analytical formulae for these functions are in general unknown and can only be approximated under additional assumptions. Following this way Czubek has developed his semi-empirical method to approach solution of

PLO300127 186 Department of Environmental and Radiation... the calibration problem [1]. Although very promising, the usage of this method for neutron parameters calculations is restricted by invested assumptions which are not always valid in case of real problems 2]. We are proposing the general Monte Carlo method for finding apparent neutron parameters which seems to be free of all troubles mentioned above. In our method all quantities are calculated directly from their definitions without additional assumptions. The main advantages of the proposed method are as follows: 1. Infinite geological formations can be considered as well as real, finite stone blocks; 2. Precalculation of the neutron field in the formation under investigation is not needed; 3. Analyzed formation may consists of many media and/or complex materials of different shapes; 4. General 3-dimensional geometry is used (without restrictions to, for instance, plane or r-z geometry); 5. There is no limit on a source position relative to the borehole axis. Accuracy of the results depend only on the computer time spent on calculations and the quality of the cross- sections library used. At present we are preparing a computer program to apply the above method. As a base of our pro-ram we took the MORSE Monte Carlo code 31 from HERMES code system 4]. Currently, the following neutron parameters can be calculated: the slowing-down, diffusion and migration lengths,ID and the probability of escaping absorption during slowing-down process. Extension for the apparent thermal neutron absorption cross-section calculation is in progress. The program should work on each standard PC machine. As an example, results obtained for an ideal limestone formation (only CaCO3) and fresh water saturation for a few porosities are presented in the Table below. Corresponding results obtained by Czubek [1] are also included in the Table. Porosity p.u." means there a pure CaCO3 rock matrix, while the porosity 100 p.u. means pure water. In the same table we put also results obtained by using our and Czubek's methods for much more realistic cases: real stones with water filled boreholes of variable diameters and iron pipes of different thicknesses at the borehole ed-es. The neutron sources were positioned not centrally but almost on the iron pipe wall. These formations are signed from I to III.b. Relative differences between results of both methods are not so high as one could expect. They are only preliminary results, works are still in progress. We want express our thanks to prof. J. Loskiewicz from our Institute who was a precursor of the idea.

Table. Comparison of Czubek's and this paper methods.

Formation CaCO3 I 11.a II.b II1.a 1ILb Porosity (p.u.) 0 5 10 20 50 100 2.99 18-00 18.00 36.82 36.82 Slowing-down length (cm) Apparent s-d length (cm) This paper 25.856 17.841 14.654 11.345 7.320 7.594 14.512 9.915 9.938 7.947 7.949 Czubek 24.025 16.584 13.926 11.363 8.492 6.961 15.133 10.124 10.506 8.821 8.889 Rel. difference 7.6% 7.6% 5.2% 0.2% 13.8% 9.1% 4.1% 2.1% 5.4% 9.9% 10.6% Migration length (cm) Apparent migration length (cm) This paper 29.876 20.561, 16.968 13.061 8.219 9.067 16.843 11.367 11.309 9.914 9.917 Czubek 28.10 20.10 16.90 13.57 9.62 7.49 16.096 11.049 11.126 9.420 9.466 Rel. difference 2.8% 2.3% 0.4% 3.8% 14.6% 7.7% 114.6% 2.9% 1.6% 6.4% 6.9%

stone Morawica MO I MV: = 2677 -/ccm, borehole diarn. = 141 mm, iron pipe thickness t = 13.1 mm; ILa - stone J6zcf6w JOIJI:,o 2.691 g/cem, 143 mm, t = mm; ILb - as 1l.a but t = 15 mm; III.a - stone Pificz6w PI1B, jo 2.7 6 g/ccrn, 145 mm, t, = 13.1 mm; III.b - as ILa but tF = 5 mm. References: 1. J.A. Czubek, Nucl. Geophys 6 No 4 1992) 445; 2. D. Dworak, J. Loskiewicz, and M. Janik, App. Rad. Isot. 54 2001) 845; 3. M.B. Emmett, ORNL-4972, Oak Ridge, USA 1975); 4. P.ClothD.Filgeset.al.,Jul-2203,JiilichGermany(1988). PLO300128

Monte Carlo Simulation of Photon Transport at the INP Calibration Facility J. Dqbrowska

In order to study an influence of lead absorber thickness and of the distance from the 137CS source on photon energy spectra at the INP calibration facility, Monte Carlo simulations of the photon transport in the irradiation room have been performed using the MCNP code [ 1 ]. The collimator with the 37CS source was modelled in detail. Dimensions of the irradiation room filled with air and the concrete wall opposite to the collimator were taken into account. Source of photons of Department of Environmental and Radiation... 187 energy 0662 MeV was assumed as uniform and isotropic. I simulation of photon interactions a detailed physics treatment was applied but coherent Thomson scattering was neglected. In transport of electron- induced photons a thick-target bremsstrahlung model was used. Simulations were carried out for the case without absorber and for two cases with lead absorbers positioned at the exit of the collimator. They were 3.1 and 56 cm thick. Photon energy distributions at distances of 1.5 m 3 m and 45 rn from the centre of the source of the collimator along its horizontal axis were calculated within keV energy intervals. The energy spectra started at I keV, which was caused by low energy limits of cross-section tables. Fluxes of interest were estimated using the point detector (175) deterministic tally. Because of difficulties with convergence of the problem, caused by singularity of a scoring function paying role in the case of presence of air in 41, Zn t, a vicinity of detector, for each of nine simulated cases preliminary simulations were performed in order to determine the optimal parameters for the 4=1geometry splitting variance reduction 0game used in the final simulation. A ood convergence was achieved and for the obtained spectra relative errors at I a level did not exceed 5% except for a couple of energy channels.

1E-4 - Wth out ab so rbe r 3.1 cm thick absorber 1E-5 - 5.6 cm thick absorber

IE 1E-6

IE-7-

1E-8-

1 E-9

la IE-10

IE-11

1E-12 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Energy (MeV)

As an example of the simulation results three different photon energyC, distributions at a distance of 3 m from the source are compared in the figure above. Te fluxes are normalised per one source particle and a width of energy intervals.

Reference: 1. J.F. Biesmeister, Ed., MCNP - A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code, Version 413", LA-12625-M (March 1997,

Bonner Balls Benchmark Computations PLO300129 H.T. Hunter I and G. Tracz 'Oak Ridge Nalional ahoratoiy,CPED, Oak Ridge

The SINBAD 2000 (Shielding Integral Benchmark Archive and Database) is a project uder the auspices of the ORNL Radiation Safety Information Computational Centre and the NEA Data Bank. Benchmark experimental data were collected in order to preserve and diffuse information among international community. The database includes over 40 benchmark data sets for various experiments. One of them is the JASPER Program Axial Shield Experiment, which took place in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1990 - 91). The Tower Shielding Reactor II (TSR-11) served as the neutron source. The source spectrum was modified by iron, aluminium, boral and radial blankets, which consisted of uranium rods and 188 Department of Environmental and Radiation... sodium. In the further stages of the experiment the axial shield followed the radial blankets to study different configurations of assemblies that were placed in seven hexagons positioned in the horizontal neutron beam from the reactor. The complex geometry of the measurement system enables to test credibility of the MCNP4C code that was used in the calculations. It is the first attempt to carry out Monte Carlo benchmark calculations associated with this experiment. The previous ones were made with deterministic discrete ordinate codes (DORT). There were four different types of detectors used in the JASPER Program Axial Shield Experiment. The Hornyak detector was used to determine the absorbed energy per mass unit. Both the NE-213 liquid scintillation detector and hydrogen counters measured the neutron spectra. A set of Bonner ball of various diameters was used to measure neutron count rates behind complex configurations. The Bonner ball measurements were chosen for benchmark calculations since there are available numerous experimental data obtained in the course of the experiment. The set of the detectors consisted of six polyethylene Bonner balls covered with cadmium of 76, 10.2, 12.7, 20.3, 25.4, and 30.5 cm outer diameters that surrounded the counter of 5.1 cm diameter filled with BF3 gas. The Bonner balls were placed in different locations both on the centreline behind the configurations and on horizontal traverses behind the spectrum modifier and/or the axial shield. Because the data concerning both materials and geometry of the experiment are very well known the computational work may provide a large set of reliable benchmark data. Due to the complex geometry of the experiment and large source-detector distance the calculations required the application of variance reduction techniques such as weight window generation. In order to speed up the computations a large surface source file was created for each geometry configuration and than

3500-

...... 3' measured 3000 - a' calculated 5" measured 2500 - 0 5" calculated U) 1 0" measured * IO" calculated 2000 -

1500

1000

500

0 0 20 6,0 80 160 distance [cm] used for various locations of the Bonner balls. The calculated neutron spectra were folded with the bare Bonner ball response function. The obtained results show good conformity of experimental and calculated data. The computational work will be continued for other shield mock-ups to make use of the existing database and provide new benchmark data for future applications.

GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. A. Drabina,M. Sc - grant No: 9 T I B 0 16 18, ,,An Influence of the Intermediate Zone in a Borehole for the Response of a Well-logging Neutron Tool"; 2. Prof Jan Lasa - grant No: 9 T12B 049 17, "Development of the Application of Anthropogenic Trace Gases (SF6, F I 1, F- 2 as Tracers for Investigations of Surface and Groundwaters"; 3. Dr J. Swakoh - grant No: 6 P04D 026 19, ,,The Investigation of Elevated Radon Concentrations around Fault Zones and Karst Bedrock Areas: Radiation Risk Aspect in Krak6w Region"; 4. Assoc. Prof. U. Woinicka - grant No: 9 T I B 027 16, ,,Effective Absorption of Thermal Neutrons in Complex Geological Media"; Department of Environmental and Radiation... 189

5. Assoc. Prof. U. Woinicka - grant No: T I B 050 21, ,,Numerical Simulations of a Fission Converter of Reactor Neutrons"; 6. M. Opoka, Ph.D. - grant No: T B 0 1 5 20, ,,A Method for Uncontaminated Sampling of Anthropogenic Gases for Determining Groundwater Ages"; 7. P. Mochalski, Ph.D. - grant No: T I B 0 14 20, ,,A Method for Measuring Concentrations of Stable Gases in Air and Groundwater"; 8. Dr L jiwka - grant No: 7 T09D 042 21, ,,Estimation of the Emission of Chlorinated Compounds (Freons) in Southern Poland from the Global Data and Own Measurements"; 9. Assoc. Prof K. Drozdowicz - grant No: T I B 046 2 , jncreasing of Informativeness of the n-n and n-Gamma Well-logging Tools Constructed in Poland for Oil Exploratio n".

Grants from other sources: 1. Dr T. Cywicka-Jakiel - IAEA Research Contract No: 9613/RI/RBF, ,,Computational and Experimental Research on Humidity Measurement of Coke and/or Cement"; 2. Prof. J. Loskiewicz - Annex 2 Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between NAEA (Poland) and the Foundation, ,German Electron-Synchrotron DESY" Collaboration in the Field of Radiation Protection at High Energy Accelerators".

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1 . J. Lasa, ,,Application of the GC and Anthropogenic Tracers for Determination Dynamics and Underground Water Age", VII All-Polish ChromatographicConf and the XXV Scientific Symp. "ChromatographicInvestigations of Organic Compounds", Katowice - Szczyrk, Poland, 5-8 April 2001; 2. 1. Iiwka, ,,Estimation of the Chlorofluorocarbons Emission in the South Region of Poland on the Basis of Global and Local Measurements Data", VII A 11-Polish ChromatographicConf. and the XXV Scientific Symp. "ChromatographicInvestigations of Organic Compounds", Katowice - Szczyrk, Poland, 5-8 April 2001.

ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. E. Lokas, 112'OPb Dating of Young Holocene Sediments in High-mountain Lakes of the Tatra Mountains", 17hInternationalConference, Methods ofAbsolute Chronology, Ustroh, Poland, 23-26 April 2001.

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: 1. Dr K. Drozdowicz - habilitation, jhermal Neutron Diffusion Parameters Dependent on the Flux Energy Distribution in Finite Hydrogenous Media".

EXTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. G. Tracz, ,,Preliminary Results of Uranium Converter Calculation for the BNCT Treatment", Serninarium IAEA, wjerk, Poland, 19 March 2001; 2. J. Lasa, ,,Geophysiology - 20 Years of Gaia Hypotesis", Polish Academy of Arts, Krak6w, Poland, 27 June 2001; 190 Department of Environmental and Radiation...

3. J. Lasa, ,,Gcophysiolo-y - 20 Years of Gaia Hypotesis", Gdafisk University of Technology, Chemical Dep., GdaAsk, Poland, I I October 2001, 4. J. Lasa, ,,Geophysiolo-y - 20 Years of Gaia Hypotesis", Institute of Court Experts, Krak6w, Poland, I I December 2001.

LECTURES AND COURSES: I U. Wo2nicka, "Neutron Sources for Medicine", Lecture for students of V academic year for Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 2. J. Lasa, "Analytical Methods in Environmental Potection", Lecture for students of IV and V academic years, the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland; 3. J. Lasa, ,,Elements of the Gas Chromatography", Lecture for students of V academic year of Physics Department, Faculty of Environmental Protection of the Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 4. 1. liwka, "Analytics in Potection of the Environment", Lecture for postgraduate students of the Department of Chemistry, University of Nicholas Copernicus, Toruii, Poland; 5. J. Lasa, Supervising M.Sc. thesis of Agnieszka Sygula, student (medical physics) at the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland, Continuation of the Lon- Term Measurements of Halogenated Compounds in Air of Krak6w"; 6. J. Lasa, Supervising M.Sc. thesis of Urszula Ma2, student (medical physics) at the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland, "Determination of the Catalyse Efficiency in Destruction of the Halogenated Compounds and Oxygen"; 7. 1. Iiwka, Supervising M.Sc. thesis of Ewa Markiewicz, student (medical physics) at the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland, "Measurin- Methods of Freon F- I I and F- 12 Concentrations in Water for the Hydrological Applications"; S. J. Lasa, Supervising M.Sc. thesis of lzabela Milcewicz, student (medical physics) at the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland, I'Measurin- Methods for Determinin- the Concentrations of Noble Gases in Groundwater"; 9. U. Wo2nicka, Supervising M.Sc. thesis of Katarzyna Witek, student (geophysics) of Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland, "The Influence of the Accuracy of Acoustic and Radiornetric Well-logging Measurements on the Final Geophysical Interpretations".

SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. Pi-of N.G.Sjbstraiid-ChalmersUniversityGbteborgSweden. Department of Radiation and Evironmental Biology 191

DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Head of Department: Prof.Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska Deputy: Agnieszka Panek, M.Sc. Secretary: Ewa Bartel telephone: (48 12) 662-83-22 e-mail: wasi1ewsa1f.ifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Laboratory of Radiation and Environmental Genetic Head: Prof.Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska Deputy: Anna Wierzewska, M.Sc.

Research Staff: Stanislaw Krasnowolski, M.Sc. Igor Pawlyk, M.Sc., Eng. 1/2) Wojciech Nie&wie&, Ph.D. Anna Wieche6, M.Sc. Jolanta Opiela, M.Sc., Eng. Wojciech Dyga, M.Sc., Eng., Ph.D. Student Agnieszka Panek, M.Sc. Krystyna Schneider, M.Sc., Eng., Ph.D. Student

Technical Staff: Jolanta Adamczyk Ewa Kasper, M.Sc., Eng. Joanna Wiltowska

OVERVIEW: PLO300160

The year 2001 started for us with new demanding tasks connected with participation in a new research project performed in collaboration with aexcellent teams from six countries under the 5h EU the Quality of Life Programme. The aim of the project EXPAH is to propose methods of molecular epidemiology for the risk assessment of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air. The exploration of cause-effect relationships for carcinogenic agents will be based on the study of exogenous and endogenous influence on DNA damage in exposed population, and will determine the relationship between biomarkers of exposure, effects and susceptibility in the exposed populations. Analysis of this damage is carried out using highly specialising multidisciplinary techniques brought together by seven laboratories specialised in chemical, biochemical and biological techniques for analysing DNA damage and repair, together with access to populations exposed to environmental pollution and experience in collecting samples. In the year 2001 all the members of the department put much effort in co-organizing XII Meeting of the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Polish Radiation Research Society. The Meeting was held in the September in Krak6w and rewarded hard work of everybody with many applauding comments for the high scientific and organization level. Our parallel activities were concentrated on arrangement and preparation of the forthcoming Course on Human Monitoring for Genetic Effects proposed to us by the Alexander Hollaender Committee of the International Environmental Mutagenesis Society. 192 Department of Radiationand Environmental Biology

The Alexander Hollaender "HUMOGEF" Course will concentrate on the commonly measured biomarkers (chromosome aberrations; micronuclei; DNA damage), but others (p53 protein levels; metabolic genotypes) will also be addressed. Scientists of international standing from the fields of toxicology, molecular biology, cytogenetics, mutation, and epidemiology, will present and discuss the state-of-the-art knowledge and recent developments in human monitoring for biomarkers (http://humogef.ifJ.edu.pl). The course that had already attracted many participants, will include both lectures and demonstrations. We hope that participants of the course should gain the knowledge on mechanisms leading to environment related health effects and establishment of mechanistic and dose response data to better link exposures to effect from epidemiological studies.

Professor Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska

REPORTS ON RESEARCH:

An Investigation of the Mutagenic Damage that is Caused in Human Cells by Debris from Worn Orthopaedic Joint Replacements

W. Nie&wiedil 2and C.P. Case'

Bristol Implant Research Centre, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, UK. 2Department of Radiation and Environmental Biology, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland

Orthopaedic joint replacement is the second most commonly performed surgical operation in the UK. However, the joint replacement becomes loose in approximately 20% of patients, resulting in the generation of particular and soluble wear debris. This wear debris contains metals, including Ni, Cr, Co, Vi, and Ti, which are known carcinogens or mutagens as well as plastic and cement. The wear debris is systematically disseminated to the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Previous studies have shown an increase in chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow of patients exposed to wear debris [1 2 observed a 5-fold increase in aneuploidy in the peripheral lymphocytes of patients with titanium prostheses and a 3.5-fold increase in chromosomal translocations in the peripheral blood of patients with cobalt chrome prostheses. Increasing numbers of young patients are undergoing joint replacement surgery; one-third of patients are now under 60 years of age, and 10% are under 40. Therefore, there is concern for the health of these patients and for their offspring after long term exposure. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanism of the genetic damage observed in vivo using an in vitro system analysed by the comet assay and flow cytometry. Pooled human amnion cells in tissue culture were exposed to wear debris extracted from patients with failed prosthesis, using a dose of wear debris that give a statistically significant induction of micronuclei after 24 h of exposure. The results show that Co/Cr wear debris causes a progressive increase in DNA damage with time, and initial decrease in cell viability up to 6 h In contrast, no DNA damage was detected in cells exposed to titanium wear debris even after 9 h of treatment, and cell viability was unaffected. Both, Co/Cr and Ti wear debris caused the arrest of cells in - phase after 24 h of treatment. The normal kinetics of the cell cycle was restored following a further 24 h exposure to Ti, but not Co/Cr. The result show that the different mutagenic effects of titanium (aneuploidy) and Co/Cr (chromosomal translocations) wear debris are accompanied by differences in the cell cycle kinetics, cell viability and DNA damage. Further experiments are in progress to reveal the precise nature of induced DNA damage, the mechanisms responsible for alteration in the cell cycle and the genes involved in the chromosomal alterations observed. References: 1. C.P. Case, D. Path, V.C. Langkamer, at al., CORR 329S 1996) 269; 2. A.T. Doherty, B. Lewis, R.T. Howell, G. Langkamer, and C.P. Case, IBJS 2001) (in press). Department of Radiation and Environmental Biology PLO300161 193

Interexperimental Standard in Molecular Epidemiology Studies Using the SCGE Assay A. Cebulska-Wasilewskal, A. Wieche6, B. Kukielczak, and 1. Pawlyk

also The Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Department, CMUJ, Krak6w, Poland

The single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) has been widely used to detect DNA damage of a cell in vitro, and i vivo exposed to various physical or chemical agents. In molecular epidemiology studies DNA damage evaluated by the comet assay is selected as a biomarker of exposure 1]. However, attention has been paid to the experimental variability of this assay 2 When large numbers of samples need to be analysed, internal standard is indispensable. We would like to show preliminary research for EC EXPAH Project. Standardization of the SCGE assay for molecular epidemiology studies is the aim of this work. The experiments were made by two experimenters and repetitive slides were analysed by them. We scored 75 cells per duplicate slide using the Komet 30 image analysis system from Kinetic ling. DNA damage was iinduced by the 2 Gy as a challenging dose of X-rays (oxygen radicals and oxidative damage inducing agent). To evaluate the DNA damage we chose three parameters (TL - length of the comet tail, tDNA - fraction of the DNA in the comet tail, TM - percentage of DNA in the tail multiplied by the tail length). Every experiment was run for donors exposed on PAHs (town policemen) and for the reference group from the Czech Republic. Additionally Mr Standard's lymphocytes' slides were prepared for standardization donors' results. In our previous study 3] the reproducibility of comet assay slightly decreases with increasing number of independent experiments. Results from studies on chemicals genotoxicity have shown that the reproducibility decreases with the number of independent experimenters. It is therefore observed that performing preparation can significantly influence the outcome of the experiment. In this work we present results for a healthy male donor called Mr Standard in our experiments. Mr Standard's results showed a very high reproducibility for various experimenters in independent electrophoresis. We didn't observe statistically significant differences for three parameters measured by two experimenters. Our recent and previous study 3 have shown that TM and tDNA parameters are more reproducible than tail length (TL). Comparison of residual damage values of tail moment (TM parameter) for Mr Standard obtained by two experimenters is presented in Fig. .

Expe rime nter 1 120 Experim on ter 2 M edian I o expe rime nters I 00 Mean of medians 8. Mean of medians .3SD M

'o 200 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 Is Experiment's codes

Fig. 1: Median of residual damage [%] for Mr Standard. Comparison values of two experimentators. References: 1. D.W. Fairbairn, P.L. Olive, and K.L. O'Neill, Mut. Res. 339 1995) 37; 2. M.D. Boeck, N. Touil, G. Visscher, et.al., Mut. Res. 469 2000) 18 1; 3. A. Wieche6, 1. Pawlyk, and A. Cebulska- Wasilewska, Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica 39, suppl.1, 2001.

Acknowledgments: Research was partially supported by grants: EC EXPAH QLK4-CT-2000-00091. 194 PLO300162 Departmentof Radiation and Environmental Biology

Influence of Occupational Exposure to PAHs on the Induction and Repair of DNA Damage Evaluated by the Alkaline Version of the SCGE Assay A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,', A. Wieche6, B. Kukielczak, I. Pawlyk, B. Binkova 2 , R.J. Srarn 2 and P.B. Fartner 3

also The Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Department, CMUJ, Krak6w, Poland; 2Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR and Regional Institute of Hygiene of Central Bohemia, Prague, Czech Republic; 3MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) has been widely used to detect DNA damage of cells exposed in vitro and in vivo to various physical or chemical agents. In molecular epidemiology studies DNA damage evaluated by the comet assay is considered as non-specific biomarker of exposure effects [1]. However, attention has been paid to the experimental variability of this assay 2]. When large numbers of samples need to be analyzed, an internal standard is indispensable. We have applied this method for studies of an influence of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on the DNA damage detected in lymphocytes of exposed people, and cellular susceptibility to the induction of the oxidative damage. For the latter purpose the SCGE assay was applied to evaluate the DNA damage induced by 2 Gy of the challenging dose of X-rays (as an oxygen radicals and oxidative damage inducing agent), and again after a certain time of incubation during which a "completed" repair of the induced damage should significantly diminish the damage detected in the cells. For the purpose of proper ajustment of the residual (unrepaired) damage studies of the DNA repair kinetics were performed. The half life time of the repair process for a young male donor estimated from the kinetics was -5 min, so, incubation of irradiated lymphocytes for the period longer than one hour did not decrease anymore the amount of residual damage. Lymphocytes of the unexposed and exposed donors were divided into three parts for the estimate of the damage: a) induced in vivo, b) by challenging dose of X-rays, and c) a residual damage after repair during the incubation. To control stability of the assay experimental conditions, a group of cells from the same sampling probe of Mr Standard's was divided into two parts for an analysis after challenging X-rays exposure and after repair of X-rays induced damage. To evaluate the DNA damage three parameters have been chosen (TL - length of the comet tail, tDNA - fraction of the DNA in the comet tail, TM - comet tail moment equal to percentage of DNA in the tail multiplied by the tail length). Experiments were run for the group of 100 donors from a reference group and persons exposed to PAHs (town policemen) from the Czech Republic. Comparison of preliminary results showed a high reproducibility between an independent eectro- phoresis for the Mr Standard samples, and no significant difference between exposed and unexposed subgroups for various measures of the DNA damage induced i vivo. Preliminary results also suggest a difference between unexposed and exposed donors' responses to radiation and the efficiency of the X-rays induced damage repair.

References: 1. D.W. Fairbairn, P.L. Olive, K.L. O'Neill, Mut. Res. 339 1995) 37; 2. M.D.BoeckN.Toui],G.Visscher,et.all.,Mut.Res.469(2000)18t.

Acknowledgments: Research was partially supported by grants: EC EXPAH QLK4-CT-2000-00091. Department of Radiatio ad Environmental Biology 195

Influence of Occupational Exposure to Mercury Vapours on Lymphocytes Susceptibility to the Induction of Genetic Damage

A. Cebulska-Wasilewskal, A. Wierzewska, E. Kasper, A. Panek', P. Moszczyftskj2' and Z. Zabifiskj2

also The Epidemiology Department CMUJ, Krak6w, Poland; 2International Institute of Universalistic Medicine i Warsaw, Department i Tarn6w, P1and

Many reports suggest that exposure to mercury can be dangerous for human health. This paper presents preliminary results of the studies on the influence of occupational exposure to mercury vapours on lymphocytes susceptibility to the induction of genetic damage. The aim of this study was to compare levels of the DNA and cytogenetic damage induced i vivo in lymphocytes from unexposed donors and from persons occupationally exposed to mercury vapours. DNA damage levels were estimated on the base of sin-le cells electrophoresis assay and cytogenetic damage was estimated from the analysis of chromosomal aberration (CA) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies. Preliminary results show no statistically significant differences between the examined groups, neither in the levels of DNA damage nor in the sister chromatid exchange rates. However, SCE was significantly higher for recent smokers 7.8 against 71 p < 0.026). Statistically significant higher levels of ytogenetic damage measured in metaphases of the first divisions were detected in lymphocytes of donors from the roup exposed to mercury vapours comparing the levels observed both in the reference roup for recent studies and in unexposed roup from previous investigationsZ [1]. ome correlation is observed of the detected cytocrencticZ damageLI with the years of working (Table 1). Results also show significant linearity with working years, although, the group under study was not large. In our previous studies i vitro, results have also shown statistically lower repair efficiency of X-ray-induced DNA darnage both in non-stimulated lymphocytes 70.8% for the exposed, 84.5% for the unexposed) and stimulated lymphocytes 85.7% for the exposed and 90.4% for the unexposed) [2]. Results from recent and previous studies seem to confirm that occupational exposure to mercury vapours may affect individual susceptibility to genotoxic aents, by affecting cellular repair processes involved in the expression of the induced damage in the mitosis.

Table 1. Comparison of cytogeneticZ: biomarkers detected in metaphase of the first mitosis in lymphocytes of exposed donors with averages fom the referent goup [ J.

Code WY TM TAW/cell AbF/cell AbC % SCE PRI

ReO No nd .032 .017 3.10 nd n d

Exposed All .67 .053 ±006 .015 5.37 7.32 1.16

RG No .71 .020 .004 2.12 7.47 1.08

Mean ± SE 0-9 .71 .047 ±008 .012 4.42 7.37 1.15

10-19 .66 .059 ±021 .022 5.63 6.78 1.21

20-29 .64 .05 ±014 .016 4.85 7.92 1.12

30-35 .73 .064 ±003 .011 6.41 6.51 1.28

P < .319 .0002 .0003 .0001 .614 .0027

P in < .0000 .0015 .0000 .688 .0030

References: 1. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska., A. Wierzewska, E. Ni2ankowska, B. Graca, J.A. Hughes, and D. Andei-son, Mutat. Res. 431(1999)123; 2. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, A. Panek, W. Dyga, A. Wierzewska, E. Kasper, Z. 2abjhski, and P. Moszczyhski, IFJ Report No 1870/B 2000).

Acknowledgments: This research was partially supported by grants: State Research Committee of Poland No: 6PO4A5112, EC ERBIC 15CT 960300 and PAA/NIH-97-308. 196 Department of Radiation and Environmental Biology

GRANTS: 1. Prof.A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, - EXPAH Contract QLK4-CT-2000-0009 , "Effects of PAI-Is in Environmental Eollution on Exogenous and Endogenous DNA Damage"; - SPUB-M No: 620/E-77/SPUB-M/V.PRUE/DZ74/2001-2003, "Effects of PAHs in Environmental Pollution on Exogenous and Endogenous DNA Damage"; - grant from the State Committee for Scientific Research No: 3969/IA/620/01, IA-0348/01, IA-569/01, "The Complernentation of Laboratory Equipment".

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: XII Conferencefor Polish Society of Radiation Research, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001.

INVITED TALKS: A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, 1. "Comet Assay as Prognostic Tool for Genotoxicity", XXVII InternationalScience Seminars IBM, Zakopane, Poland, 21-26 April 2001; 2. "Studies of Occupational Exposure to Mercury Vapours Influence on the Levels of Cytogenetic Damage Detected in Lymphocytes", 8th InternationalConference on EnvironmentalMutagens, Shizuoka, Japan, 21-26 October 2001.

ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS: A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, 1. "Prognostic Value of the Susceptibility to X-Rays and Repair Efficiency of Induced DNA Damage Evaluated by SCGE Assay", I National Conference of Molecular Biotechnology, Gdafisk, Poland, 18-20 October 200 ; 2. "Susceptibility to UV-C and X-Rays and Repair Capacity Evaluated in Lymphocytes from Unexposed and Exposed to Mercury Vapours Donors"; "Comparison between Influence of Occupational Exposure to Pesticides in Various Countries on Susceptibility and Repair Capacity of UV Induced Damage", Comet Assay Workshop, Ulm, Germany, 22-24 July 200 ; 3 "Procedures Necessary for the Evaluation of the Cellular Susceptibility and Repair Capacity Based on the DNA Damage Induced by the Challenging Dose and Detected with the SCGE Assay", Genetics Research Institute (ONLUS), Mediolan, Italy, June 2001. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska and A. Wieche6, 1. "Evaluation of Susceptibility and Repair Efficiency", Studies for EC EXPAH Project, National Center of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition, Sofia, Bulgaria, December 2001. A. Wieche6, 1. "Genotoxicity of Various Agents Evaluated by a Comet Assay (Critical Approach)", NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Bialystok, Poland, 812 May 200 .

POSTER PRESENTATIONS: A. Panek, 1. "Susceptibility to UV-C and X-Rays and Repair Capacity Evaluated in Lymphocytes from Unexposed and Exposed to Mercury Vapours Donors", NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Bialystok, Poland, 812 May 2001. Department of Radiation and Environmental Biology 197

A. Wieche6, 1. "Genotoxicity of Various Agents Evaluated by a Comet Assay (Critical Approach)", NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Bialystok, Poland, 812 May 200 .

SCHOLARSHIPS: 1. W. Nie&wie - Ph.D. Postdoc fellowship, University of Bristol, UK.

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: NOMINATIONS: 1. Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. Nomination for Professorship.

LECTURES AND COURSES: A. Cebulska-Wasilewska: 1. Syllabus of Radiation and Environmental Mutagenesis Lectures for Students of Medical Physics and Dosimetry Faculty at Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland: Lecturers program contains: 1 I Biological effects of ionizing radiation: a) energy deposition in living cells, b) mechanisms of damage induction on the cellular level, c) molecular models of radiation, d) DNA repair and dose rate, split dose and oxygen effects, e) radiobiology of neutrons. 1.2 Models of interaction between agents; synergism, antagonism, adaptive response. 1.3 Environmental hazards: a) structure dependence models for genotoxic potency of chemicals, b) short and long term consequences; (stochastic and nonstochastic effects), c) avoidable cancer causes, genetically based preventive medicine, d) susceptibility to environmental agents (polymorphism of cytochrorne p450), e) role of antioxidants. 1.4 Environmental risk characterization; biological dosimetry of adsorbed dose and chemical exposures, a) bioindicators; in vivo and in vitro short term assays, b) biological monitoring of adverse effects, parallelograms and Sv-equivalent models. 2. Medical Physics and Dosimetry, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland: Laboratory Training: 2.1. Genotoxic potency of the chemical agent (in the individual and combined with radiation action) estimated on the base of the DNA damage measures in human lymphocytes, 2.2. Comparison between individual susceptibility to chemicals based on a frequency of sister chromatid exchanges induced in human lymphocytes, 2.3. Biological dosimetry of absorbed dose based on chromosome aberration frequency in human lymphocytes, 2.4. X-rays dose response relationship for the induction of gene mutations in the Trad-SH cells, 2.5. Split dose effect in Trad-SH cells. 198 Department of Radiation d EnvironmentalBiology

SHORT TERM VISITORS: I Prof.D. Anderson - University of Bradford, Bradford, UK, May 2001; 2. Dr B. Binkova - Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic, May 2001; 3. Dr C.F. Chignell - NIEHS, RTD, USA, October 2001; 4. Dr JK. Khn - KAERI, Taejon, South Korea, July 200 ; 5. Prof. T.H. Ma - University of Chicago, Chicago, USA, May 2001; 6. Prof.R. Srain - Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic, May 2001. Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy 199

DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR RADIOSPECTROSCOPY

Head of Department: Prof.Andrzej Jasifiski Deputy Head of Department: Assoc. Prof.Zdzislaw T Lalowicz Secretary: Maria Noga telephone: (48 12) 662-82-53 e-mail: Andrzej.Jasinskiifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Magnetic Resonance Laboratory: Head: Assoc. Prof.Zdzislaw T. Lalowicz

Research Staff: Artur Birczyfiski, Ph.D. Jacek W. Hennel, Prof. Jerzy Blicharski, Prof. Zbigniew Olejniczak, Ph.D. Pawel Filipek, M.Sc. Grzegorz Stoch, Ph.D.

Ph.D. Student: Agnieszka Korzeniowska, M.Sc.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory: Head: Prof.Andrzej Jasihski

Research Staff: Jacek Kibifiski, Ph.D. Tornasz Sk6rka, Ph.D. Artur Krzy2ak, Ph.D. Zenon Sulek, Ph.D. Piotr Kulinowski, Ph.D. Krzysztof Szybifiski, Ph.D. Stanislaw Kwiecihski, Ph.D. Wladyslaw Wqglarz, Ph.D. Joanna Markiewicz, M.Sc.

Ph.D. Student: Tomasz Banasik, M.Sc.

Technical Staff: Administration: Pawel Borowiec, E.E. Maria Noga

Cryogenics Laboratory:

Technical Staff: Jacek Kiczek, E.E. Roman Wiertek Piotr Sk6ra, M.Sc. 200 Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy PLO300130 OVERVIEW: Research at the Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy concerns various aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and its applications to solids and to biological systems. Current research activity covers two areas: investigation of molecular dynamics and structure in solids using NMR spectroscopy, and biomedical investigations on animal models and humans using NMR imaging and localized spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING LABORATORY: Biomedical applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy (MRS), as well as development of MR technology were our main topics of research. Our research capabilities were significantly widened with the commissioning of the 47 T horizontal bore animal MRI system with MARAN DRX console from Resonance Instruments Ltd. The water diffusion teDsor in the spinal cord of the rat was investigated as a function of the diffusion gradient amplitude in order to determine different components of diffusion. In vitro DTI measurements using our 8.5 T MR Microscope were performed on excised samples of the injured and normal spinal cord of the rat kept in PBS A non-exponential diffusion was found in the gray matter. In the white matter diffusion in the transverse direction to the axon bundles was non-exponential, whereas along the axon it had a single component. Experimental data could be best fitted using a model of two-component anisotropic diffusion. Our results and absolute values of the DT components are similar to the well known results obtained for the optical nerve. In order to analyze diffusion weighted MR images, a software using IDL was developed. First results of DTI i vivo for the rat brain and the rat spinal cord were obtained on our new 47 T MRI system. Continuing our interest in volume measurements using MRI, subdermic and visceral fatty tissue volumes were determined for a group of 46 patients undergoing a 6 months lose-weight program. In collaboration with the Academy of Physical Education measurements of individual muscles of the human leg were performed to correlate muscle geometry with its power generation efficiency. MAGNETIC RESONANCE LABORATORATORY Deuteron NMR spectroscopy was applied to the study of reorientational mobility and rotational tunnelling of ammonium ion isotopomers. Establishing symmetry of the hindering potential and detection of the domain structure in the ordered phase may be pointed out as particularly interesting results. (ND4)2PtCI4 undergoes an order-disorderphase transition at about 148 K. Selective T, measurements performed on well separated components in single crystal spectra disclosed diverse mobility of ions in domains and in transition regions between them. Those in domains relax very slowly via cross-relaxation channel before their reorientation takes over above about 65 K. On the other hand two-fold reorientation in the middle of the transition regions appears to be effective in relaxation already at K. The range of observed correlation frequencies covers six orders of magnitude. Two spectral components were found below the order-disorder phase transition at 32 K in (ND4)2TeCI6. They had been attributed to ND4' ions in ordered domains (about 75% abundance) and in transition regions between them. The temperature dependence of the tunnelling frequency was measured for both regions, with low-temperature plateau values equal to 0.5 and 22 MHz, respectively. A high resolution solid state NMR spectroscopy using the Magic Angle Spinning technique was applied to the study of structure of novel materials that are important for industry. Among them were two recently discovered compounds in two- and three-component systems (V205 - x-Sb2O4andV205 - M003- oc-SbA), namely SbVO5 and Sb3V2M03O21, with potential application in catalysis. The 15V MAS-NMR provided information on structure and coordination of vanadium atoms in these compounds. Two non-equivalent vanadium positions were found in SbVO5, while most of vanadium was probably in the paramagnetic state in Sb3V2M03O21

ssor Andrzej Jasifiski Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy 201

REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PLO300131

Lonely Deuteron in NH3D' Ions as a Spectator of Their Mobility

Z.T. Lalowicz

Partially deuterated ammonium ions open a new field in studies of molecular mobility and crystal structure. Depending on the deuteration rate the sample contains NH4', NH3D+, NH2D2+, NHD3+ and ND4+ ions with relative abundances given by the binomial distribution of hydrogen and deuterium. All carrying deuterons isotopomers contribute characteristic deuteron NMR spectra 1].

2 e D 0 H 0 N

Rotational tunnelling involves indistinguishable particles. Therefore, for NH3D', only protons tunnel at low temperatures and the deuteron is static. It can, however, be locked at four spectroscopically distinguishable positions in a crystal unit cell (see drawing). Each position contributes a doublet in the single crystal spectrum, with in principle, the same intensity. We can imagine that the local potential barriers at these positions are of different depth, say at the position 4 the potential appears the deepest. Such situation was encountered in ammonium persulphate 2 As a result, the related doublet exhibits increased intensity. The effect is called isotope ordering. We may get information about mobility of protons analysing the shape of deuteron lines. With deuteron at position 4 we find that protons do tunnel and reorient at very high frequency. At other positions reorientation is absent, however tunnelling frequencies are measurable and different: 200 kHz and 70 kHz at deuteron positions 2 and I or 3, respectively 3]. At the particular orientation with magnetic field parallel to N-D(4) bond, the spectrum is void of dynamic effects. On the other hand however, its particular structure allows separate evaluation of dipolar deuteron-proton and deuteron-nitrogen interaction and thus precise measurement of their distances 2]. Evolution of deuteron spectra with increasing temperature observed for NH3D' in ammonium persulphate confirms our cognition of the barrier shape. Deuterons at position 1 2 and 3 start to exchange their positions already at about 20 K while that one at position 4 remains static up to about 40 K. At still higher temperatures isotropic reorientation takes place leading to line narrowing. However, instead of anticipated Darrow line, a sharp doublet was observed. It may indicate a specific distortion of the ion. Another interesting observations were obtained in the case of ammonium erchlorate. Here just two doublets have been observed: from rigid deuterons at position 4 and from all other, reorienting already at 4 K. Thermally activated transition between these two dynamic states is characterised by a very low activation energy of 157 rneV. In this case, due to rather low and symmetric potential, existence of the postulated dipole moment of NH3D' ions 41 may be pointed out as a dominating interionic interaction and a possible ordering mechanism.

References: 1. Z.T. Lalowicz, A. Birczyhski, Z. 01einiczak, and G. Stoch, Molecular Physics Reports, 31 2001) 108; 2. T. Schmidt, H. Schmitt, H. Zimmermann, U. Haeberlen, Z.T. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, and T. Oeser, Acta Crystallogr. (in print); 3. Z. Olejniczak, Z.T. Lalowicz, T. Schmidt, H. Zimmermann, U. Haeberlen, and H. Schmitt, J. Chem. Phys. (in print); 4. M. Prager, P. Schicbel, M. Johnson, H. Grimm, H. Hagdorn, J. 1ringer, W. Prand), and Z.T. Lalowicz, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 11 1999) 5483. 202 PLO300132 Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy

High Resolution MR1 Application in Joint Diagnostics in Humans

J. Kbifiski

Traditional methods of skeletal system diagnostics in humans are based on X-ray images. However, in cases of joint lesions, the use the X-rays is not fully sufficient, because of poor visualisation of soft tissue and cartellage. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) allows for excellent visualisation of such tissues, with spatial resolution considerably better than that of X-rays. Diagnostics of the small joints, such as interphalangeal, wrist, and ankle joints, does not require a big, expensive whole body MR tornograph. Good results are achieved using much smaller, high field 4.7 T), high resolution system. Such a system has been operating at Dept. of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy since the end of 2001. Research reports, presented on the 34-th Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Application, Krak6w, Dec. 34, 2001, demonstrate age related and post injury lesions of interphalangeal joints (see Fig. 1 2. No visible effects can be seen on X-ray picures.

Fig. 1: Normal image: Left hand, 4-th finger. Fig 2 Abnormal image: Right hand, 4-th finger. Status post blund trauma.

Spin Relaxation of Multipole Orders in the Rotating Frame

J.S. Blicharski

Nuclear Magnetic Resonace (NMR) relaxation theory in the rotating frame has been developed for multipole orders L = 2 3 quadrupoles and octupoles) and M-quantum coherences. The calculations of the multipole relaxation times TLm have been performed for nuclear spins I = I and 32 in the presence of time dependent nuclear quadrupole interaction and a week collision approximation. This theory has been presented in plenary lectures at International RAMIS-200IConference, Polish-Israeli Conference in Poznafi and XXXIV Polish NMR Seminar. Correlation functions and NMR relaxation times T = T10 and T2= T11 for nuclear dipolar orders in the laboratory frame have been also calculated in the presence of time dependent dipole-dipole interactions between nuclear spins. In these calculation we have used the Smoluchowski equation in the presence of translational and rotational diffusion and intermolecular interactions, which are described by effective isotropic and anisotropic potentials, respectively. These results have been published in Mol. Phys. Reports.

PLO300133 Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy PLO300134 203

MR Visualisation of Restricted Water Diffusion in Nervous Tissue* W.P. Wglarz, D. Adamekl, J. Pindel, and A. Jasifiski

'Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krako6w, Poland

The brain and spinal cord tissue consist of white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM). WM contains nervous cells - highly oriented axons of cylindrical symmetry, parallel to each other, surrounded by myelin sheaths relatively impermeable to water, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and blood vessels. The cells in GM - pericarial. part of neurones, glial cells, capillary blood vessels form a much more isotropic structure. Due to the tissue structure the diffusion in WM is highly anisotropic - fairly free along tubules while limited across them. Diffusion weighted MR imaging of the nervous tissue underwent a rapid development during the last decade due to high sensitivity of the anisotropic diffusion to structural changes in the tissue. This property may be used to monitor early changes in brain or spinal cord nervous tissue formed during hypoxia or injury. Monoexponential diffusion model was used for data analysis until it was found that in the brain tissue diffusion measured as a function of square of the gradient strength (b-value) is non-exponential. Considerable effort was made in recent years to characterize non-exponential diffusion in the brain and the spinal cord tissues and to correlate its components with physiological water pools [1 - 2. However, serious difficulties were encountered while finding correspondence between component fractions and known composition of the brain tissue. In other works, the role of restrictions was pointed out. The diffusion in bovine optic nerve was explained etirely on the basis of the analytical model of restricted diffusion 3]. The spinal cord represents tissue of intermediate complexity between single nerves and brain tissue. The WM forms its outer part, surrounding GM (Fig. 1). In general, the apparent diffusion in the spinal cord WM measured with b-values up to 4000 s/mm 2 may be described by a two-exponential decay with "fast" and "slow" components (Fig. 2. The fast component comes from water molecules experiencing approximately isotropic diffusion as may be concluded from similar values of the fast component in both directions. The averaue distance of free diffusion for this component is 7 tm, which is comparable to typical axon's diameter, and is much smaller than the axon's length 4 Thus the slow component observed in the transversal diffusion in WM is due to the fact that in the direction perpendicular to the spinal cord axis the water diffusion is restricted to much hicher extent than in the longitudinal direction. From 2D micro-images the difference between diffusion in WM and GM is easily seen for b-values above _1000 S/MM2, where the slow diffusion component is dominant (Fig. 1.). From the presence of the transversal as well as longitudinal slow components in GM, it may be concluded that water diffusion in GM is restricted in both directions, due to the lack of dominant lono, cell structure.

E d

U) 0.1 0.9% Saline

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 b[s/mm'l Fig. 1: Diffusion weighted MR images of the excised Fig. 2 Experimental and modelled longitudinal rat spinal cord. Diffusion gradients oriented in (D,,,,,) and transversal diffusion decays transversal (upper row) and longitudinal (lower row) for spinal cord WM. direction, with b-values equal to: 0, 810, 2250 S/MM2. References: 1.T. Niendorf, R.M. Dijkhuizen, D.G. Norris, M L. Campagne, and K. Nicolay, Magn. Reson. Med. 36 1996) 847; 2. B.A. Inglis, E.L. Bossart, D.L. Buckley, E.D. Wirth III, and T.H. Mareci, Magn. Reson. Med. 45 2001) 580; 3. .J. Stanisz, A. Szafer, G.A. Wright, and R.M. Herikelman, Magn. Reson. Med. 37 997) 103; 4.J.C. Ford, D.B. Hackney, E. Lavi, M. Philips, and U. Patel, J. Magn. Reson. Iniag. 8 1998) 775.

Work was supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) of Poland under grant No: 2 P03B 102 18. 204 PLO300135 Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy

Quantitative Analysis of the Fatty Tissue Distribution within the Human Body in Diabetes Type 2

K. Szybifiski and A. Jasifiski

Epidemiological studies show that the most important factor influencing the risk score in obesity connected diseases is not the amount of the fatty tissue itself, but rather a distribution of tis tissue within human body. There are two well distinguished types of the adipose tissue: visceral fat tissue (accumulation of fat in the abdominal cavity) and subdermic fat tissue (adiposus layer under the skin). Distribution of the fatty tissue between these two regions determines the type of the obesity: "pear" type - domination of the subdermic fat tissue, predominant in women, and "apple" type with domination of visceral fat tissue mostly found in men. It has been shown that excess of visceral adipose tissue was associated with a cluster of metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance, glucose intolerance or hyperinsulinemia. It was also found that such disturbances substantially increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is particularly useful for fatty tissue examination as there are imaging techniques, which allow to collect the NMR signal from fatty tissue, at the same time suppressing signal from surrounding tissues (water suppression techniques). In this work we used a newly developed approach to quantify the volume of the fatty tissue (visceral and subdermic separately), based on the partial volume free integration over the surface of the investigated object. This technique was tested on the phantoms, showing results with error in the range of %. Traditional method, based on operator decision, gives the error between 15% and 35%. We examined 20 men and 24 women with diagnosed diabetes type 11. The method was verified by comparing measurements from the group of patients, with other obesity indices like waist hip ratio (WHR) or Body Mass Index (BMI). The results show very good correlation between the volume of the fatty tisuue and other indices. We also found a good correlation between the volume of the visceral fat tissue and the level of insuline in blood.

GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for ScieDtific Research: 1. Dr P. Kuhnowski Supervisor: Prof.A. Jasihski - grant No: T I I E 008 15, "Application of Localized MRS in Studies on Human Skeletal Muscles Physiology" (09.199 - 07.200 1); 2. Assoc. Prof. Z T. Lalowicz - grant No: 2 P03B 074 15, "Studies on Rotational Dynamics of Ammonium Ion Isotoporners by Deuteron NMR Dedicated for Crystalline Structure and Phase Transitions Qualification" 09.1998 - 03.2001); 3. Prof.A. Jasihski - grant No: 8 I E 03 17, "Fast Sequences of MR Water Diffusion Imaging in Spinal Cord. Application to Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Changes of Cervical Spine" 08.1999 - 05.2002); 4. Dr W. Wqglarz - grant No: 2PO3B 102 18, "Characterisation of the Multicompartmental Water Diffusion in Biological Systems Using MR Diffusion Tensor Imaging and MR Localized Spectroscopy Methods" (03.2000 - 02.2002).

Technical grants from State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Prof.A. Jasihski- grant No: 3775/IA/620/2000, "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Console with Accesories"; 2. Prof.A. Jasihski - grant No: 3433/IA/620/2000, "Purchasing of RF Power Amplifier I kW/6-220, AMT 3200"; 3. Dr W. Wqglarz -grant No: 3968/IA/620/200 , "Purchasing of 23 Channel Shim Coils, Model 400/23/54/45, and Dedicated Power Supplier Oxford Instruments". Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy 205

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: 1. Symposium: Progressesof MR Imaging and Spectroscopy in Biomedicine, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 26 October 2001; 2. XXXIV Polish Semina o NMR and Its Applications, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 34 December 2001.

MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: 1. Symposium: Progresses of MR Iaging and Spectroscopy in Biomedicine, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 26 October 2001 - A. Jasifiski, M. Noga, S. Kwiecifiski, J. Markiewicz, T. Sk6rka, K. Szybifiski, and Z. Sulek; 2. XXXIV Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 3-4 December 2001 - J. Hennel, A. Jasifiski, M. Noga, J. Blicharski, Z. Olejniczak, A. Birczyfiski, G. Stoch, J. Markiewicz, and P. Kulinowski.

INVITED TALKS: 1. Z.T. Lalowicz, "Rotational Dynamics of Ammonium Ion Isotopomers Studied by Deuteron NMR Spectroscopy", AMPERE IX NMR School, Zakopane, Poland, 38 June 200 ; 2. Z.T. Lalowicz, "NI43D as Spectators of Ammonium Ion Dynamics", XI IternationalWorkshop on Quantum Atomic and Molecular Tunelling in Solids, University of Nottingham, 5-8 September 2001; 3. A. Jasifiski, "MRI Investigation of Water Diffusion in Nervous Tissue and Its Application to Early Diagnoses of Spinal Cord Injury", Polish-IsraeliConference on Magnetic Resonance, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznafi, Poland, 10 14 October 200 ; 4. Z. Lalowicz, "Lonely Deuterons in NH3D' as Spectators of Ammonium Ion Mobility", Polish-IsraeliConference on Magnetic Resonance, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznafi, Poland, 10-14 October 2001; 5. J. Blicharski, "NMR Relaxation of Multipole Orders in the Rotating Frame", Polish-IsraeliConference o Magnetic Resonance, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznaii, Poland, 10 14 October 200 .

ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. A. Jasifiski, "Application of Diffusion Tensor Microscopy to Study Spinal Cord Nervous Tracts in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury", 6th ICMRM, Nottingham UK, 25 September 2001; 2. J.S. Blicharski, "Interference Effects in NMR Relaxation Spectroscopy", XIX Int. Sem o Modern Magnetic Resonances (RAMIS 2001), Pomah, Poland, 6-10 May 2001; 3. A. Jasifiski, "Water Diffusion in Spinal Cord Tissues and Its Application to Diagnostics of Spinal Cord Injury", XIX Int. Sem. on Modem Magnetic Resonances (RAMIS 2001), Poznafi, Poland, 6- 1 0 May 200 ; 4. Z.T. Lalowicz, "Tunelling and Reorientation of Ammonium Ion Isotoporners", 206 Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy

XIX Int. Sem. on Modern Magnetic Resonances (RAMIS 2001), Poznafl, Poland, 6-10 May 2001; 5. A. Jasifiski, "MRI Investigation of Water Diffusion in Nervous Tissue and Its Application to Early Diagnoses of Spinal Cord Injury", XXXVI Zakopane School of Physics, IternationalSymposium "Condensed Matter Studies by Nuclear Methods", Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 200 ; 6. J.S. Blicharski, "Spin Relexation of Multipole Orders in the Rotating Frame", XXXIV Polish Seminar o Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 3 4 December 200 ; 7. Z.T. Lalowicz, "NHO as a Spectators of Tunelling and Reorientation of Ammonium Ions", XXXIV Polish Seminar o Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 3-4 December 2001; 8. Z. Sulek, "Investigation of Water Diffusion in the Rat rvous Tissue in Vivo Using MR Imaging", XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ad Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 3-4 December 2001;

POSTER PRESENTATIONS: I Z.T. Lalowicz, P. Filipek, A. Birczyfiski, Z. Olejniczak, and G. Stoch, "Deuteron Tunelling Spectroscopy below Order-Disorder Phase Transitions", XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 3-4 December 2001; 2. B. Sulikowski, P. Marciniec, Z. Olejniczak, and R. Rachwalik, "Physico-Chemical and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite H-Y (FAU) Silylated in the Liquid Phase", XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 3-4 December 2001; 3. R. Rachwalik, B. Sulikowski, Z. Olejniczak, and P. Marciniec, "Silylation of H - Ferrierite (FER) in the Liquid Phase Affects Its Physicochernical and Calatytic Properties", XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 3-4 December 2001; 4. W.P. Wi,glarz, D. Adamek, J. Markiewicz, P. Kulinowski, P. Brzegowy, and A. Jasifiski, "MR Imaging of the Components of the Anisotropic Water Diffusion in the Spinal Cord of a Rat in Vitro - Dependence on the Diffusion Time", XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 3-4 December 2001; 5. W.P. Wqglarz, T. Kupka, M. Tanasiewicz, T. Sk6rka, K. Szybifiski, Z. Sulek, M. Gibas, and A. Jasifiski, "Application of the MR Imaging in the Teeth's Cavities Visualisation. An in Vitro Study", XXXIV Polish Semina o Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 3-4 December 2001; 6. Z. Sulek, A. Jasifiski, P. Kulinowski, K. Szybifiski, J. Kibifiski, and T. Banasik, "High-Resolution MRI of Articular Cartilage in The Interphalangeal Joints of Human Finger", XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poalnd, 3-4 December 2001; 7. E. Staszk6w and J. Kibifiski, "Post Injury Lesions MRI of the Interphalangeal Joint, a Case Report", XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 3-4 December 2001; 8. S. Kwiecifiski, P. Doro2yfiski, P. Kulinowski, T. Sk6rka, A. Jasifiski, K. Szybifiski, and R. Jachowicz, "MRI Evaluation of Macromolecular Polymers for Preparation of Hydrodynamically Balanced Systems", Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy 207

XXXIV Polish Seminar o Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ad Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 3-4 December 2001; 9. W.P. Wqglarz, D. Adamek, J. Pindel, P. Kulinowski, and A. Jasiiiskj, "Many Compartments or Restrictions? MR Diffusion Microscopy of the Rat Spinal Cord i Vitro", 6" ICMRM, Nottingham UK, 25 September 2001; 10. W.P. Wqclarz, A. Hilbrycht, D. Adarnek, J. Pindel, and A. Jasifiski, "In Search of the Nature of the Anisotropic Diffusion in Nervous Tissue - MR Microscopy of the Excised Rat Spinal Cord", NATO ARW Magnetic Resonance i Colloid Iterface Science, St. Petersburg, Russia, 25-29 June 2001; 11. W.P. Wqcrlarz, D. Adamek, J. Pindel, and A. Jasifiski, "Investigations of the Restricted Anisotropic Diffusion in the Rat Spinal Cord in Vitro Using MR Microscopy", AMPERE IX NMR School, Zakopane, Poland, 38 June 200 ; 12. W.P. Wq-larz, A. Hilbrycht, D. Adamek, J. Pindel, P. Kulinowski, and A. Jasifiski, "Correlation of the Multicomponent Anisotropic Water Diffusion with Structure of the Nervous Tissue - MR Microscopy Study of the Rat Spinal Cord in Vitro", XIX Int. Sein o Modern Magnetic Resonances (RAMIS 2001), Poznah, Poland, 6-1 May 200 ; 13. W. P. Wqglarz, A. Jasiftski, J. Pindel, D. Adamek, P. Kulinowski, and T. Sk6rka, "MR Microscopy Studies of the Appearance of the Muldexponential Diffusion in a Rat Spinal Cord in Vitro", ISMRM-ESMRMB oin Anual Meeting, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, 21-27 April 2001; 14. A. Jasifiski, A. Krzyak, J. Pindel, D. Adarnek, W.P. Wq-larz, and A. Urbanik, "Investigation of Spinal Cord Nervous Tracts Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury", ISMRM-ESMRMB Joint Annual Meeting, Glas-ow, Scotland, UK, 21-27 April 2001; 15. K. Szybifiski, A. Urbanik, R. Motyl, A. Szczudlik, J. Kozub, B. Sobiecka, and A. Jasifiski, "Reduction of the Brain Tissue Volume in Alzheimer Disease. Clinical Study vs. Quantitative Measurements", ISMRM-ESMRMB Joint Annual Meeting, Glas-ow, Scotland, UK, 21-27 April 2001; 16. Z.T. Lalowicz, A. Birczyfiski, Z. Olejniczak, and G. Stoch, "Order-Disorder Phase Transitions as Observed by Deuteron NMR Tunelling Spectroscopy", XI IternationalWorkshop o , Quantian Atomic ad Molecular Tunelling i Solids", University of Nottingham, UK, 5-8 September 2001; 17. J.S. Blicharski and M. Krzystyniak, "Nuclear Quadrupole Relaxation in the Laboratory and Rotating Frame" AMPERE IX NMR School, Zakopane, Poland, 38 June 200 .

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: DEGREES: Ph.D.: 1. Tomasz Sk6rka, M.Sc.: "Generation of Ma-netic Field Gradients for Fast MR Imaging and Localized Spectroscopy Methods M.Sc.: 1. Pawel Filipek (University of Mining and Metallurgy, Faculty of Physisc and Nuclear Techniques): "Deuteron Spectroscopy of Ammonium Ions Tunelling in Low Temperatures"; 2. Anna Mazurkiewicz University of Mining and Metallurgy, Faculty of hysisc and Nuclear Techniques): "Investigation of Human Sceletal Muscle Efficiency by 3'P NMR Spectroscopy During Dynamic Exercises"; 208 Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy

3. Marta Misiak (University of Mining and Metallurgy, Faculty of Physisc and Nuclear Techniques): "Application of Magnetic Rezonance in Vivo to Investigations of Pathological Changes in Rat Brain"; 4. Barbara Szerszoh (University of Mining and Metallurgy, Faculty of Physise and Nuclear Techniques): "Application of MR Microscope to the Imaging of Bone Structure Changes During Osteoporosis"; 5. Aleksandra Hilbrycht (University of Mining and Metallurgy, Faculty of Physisc and Nuclear Techniques): "Investigation of Water Diffusion Anisotropy in Model Biological Systems - Nervous Tissues"; 6. Artur 01szewski (University of Mining and Metallurgy, Faculty of Physisc and Nuclear Techniques): "Procedures of Fourier Transform"; 7. Beata Frqczek (University of Mining and Metallurgy, Faculty of Pysisc and Nuclear Techniques): "Localized MR Spectroscopy of Brain Tumors on H".

EXTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. Z.T. Lalowicz, "Dynamics of NH3D Ions", Seminar of RadiospectroscopyDivision of Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 2. Z.T.Lalowicz, "Ammonium Ions Isotoporners Spectra", Seminar of RadiospectroscopyDivision of Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 3. J. Hennel, "Windowed Fourier Transform", Seminar of RadiospectroscopyDivision of Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 4. Z.T. Lalowicz, "Tunelling and Reorientation of NH3D", University of Turku, Finland; 5. T. Sk6rka, "Magnetic Filed Gradient Generation for Fast Methods of MR Imaging and Localized Spectroscopy", Symposium Progressesin MR Imaging and Spectroscopy in Biomedicine, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland, 26 October 200 ; 6. P. Kulinowski, "Application of Localized MR Spectroscopy to the Investigations of Human Seletal Muscles Physiology", Symposium Progresses in MR Imaging and Spectroscopy in Biomedicine, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland, 26 October 200 ; 7. A. Jasifiski, "MR Imaging of Diffusion Tensor in Nervous Tissue - Possibilities, Limitations, Applications" Symposium of the Section of Neuroradiology PLTR with Board of Radiology of the Commitee of Clinical Pathophysiology PAN and Polish Medical Society of Magnetic Resonance Imaging of te Nervous System Traumas", Sucha Beskidzka, Poland, 20-21 April 2001.

LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. J.S. Blicharski, "Radiospectroscopy" (15 two-hour-long lectures), Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland.

SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. L Horvath, Ms.Sc. - Department of Physics, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia; 2. Dr T. Gottschalk - VARIAN, Germany; 3. DrP.Dvortsak-BrukerAnalitykGmbH. Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry 209

DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Head of Department: Professor Zdzislaw Szeglowski e-mail: Zdzis1aw.Szeg1owskiifj.edu.p1 Deputy Head of Department: BarbaraPetelenz, Ph.D. telephones: (48 12) 662-83-90, 662-83-92, 662-83-99 e-mail: Barbara.Pete1enzifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Laboratory of Chemistry and Radiochemistry Head: ProfessorZdzislaw Szeglowski Research staff: Technical staff: Barbara Kubica, Ph.D. Roman Fialkowski (part-time) Helena Godunova, M.Sc. Maria Tuteja-Krysa, M.Sc. Marcin Stobifiski, M.Sc.

Laboratory of Environmental Radioactivity Head: Mirostawa Jasifiska, M.Sc. Research staff. Technical staff: Krzysztof Kozak, Ph.D. (until July 2001) Pawel Gaca, M.Sc. Jerzy Wojciech Mietelski, Ph.D. Sy1wia Grabowska, M.Sc. (since July 2001) Ewa Tomankiewicz, M.Sc., Ch.E.

Laboratory of Pysical Chemistry of Separation Processes Head: Dr BarbaraPetelenz Research staff: Technical staff:

Ewa Ochab, Ph.D. Miroslaw Bartyzel Pawel Zagrodzki, Ph.D. (part-time) Ryszard Misiak, M.Sc. Miroslaw Szalkowski M.Sc., Ch.E. Bogdan Wks, M.Sc., Ch.E. 210 Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry PLO300156 OVERVIEW:

Research in the Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry concentrates on three main topics: 1. Radiochernistry of transactinide elements; 2. Environmental radioactivity and elated problems; 3. Preparation and applications of radioactive isotopes. The investigations on radiochernistry of transactinide elements are carried out in the Laboratory of Chemistry and Radiochemistry. Practical difficulties due to short half-lives and very low cross sections of formation of the superheavy nuclei are being overcome by developing fast and efficient methods of chemical separation, basing mostly on ion-exchange processes which are thoroughly studied via model experiments on lighter hornologues of the elements of interest. During the year 2001, work with composite ferrocyanide sorbents was continued, and the efforts resulted in a patent application. The developed ion-exchangers (whose characteristics are constantly checked and improved in the laboratory) can find pactical applications in environmental potection as well as in fundamental studies on the most exotic elements: 104Rf, 105Db, 06S9, 10713h, ]8Hs, and more. As to the latter, the discovery in Dubna of the relatively long-lived element 114 (t,12=30s) gives hope that studies on aqueous chemistry of the elements Z 107 would be feasible. In this context, chemical methods of separation and identification of the heaviest elements are necessary to know the behaviour of the whole decay chains, for example: 14 - cc -> 12 - . - I 0 - a 108 - a - 106.- The group is contributing its expertise to the top specialist international co-operation, involving the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia, the Institute of Geochernistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, and three German institutions: the Technical University of Dresden, the University of Mainz, and the S1 Darmstadt. The Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory is following up traces of x-, P-, and y-radioactive isotopes in the environment. The ultra-low-background detection methods developed in the laboratory are constantly upgraded, along with amelioration of radiochernical separation procedures. All this allows very low radioactivities to be seen in the live and still nature, from the depths of lakes to stratospheric altitudes. The interest of the team is concentrated upon the natural and artificial alpha emitters, pedominantly Pu and Am isotopes, and on the main medium Z components of the radioactive fallout: 9Sr, 131 I, and 137CS . The most important practical aspect of the goup's activity is the ability of early warning about nuclear events (since its very beginning, the laboratory is an active part of the appropriate network). In the scientific aspect, the detected contaminations can (and do) serve as very low-cost tracers in a variety of studies on biological, geochemical, meteorological and related processess in the environment. The scientific co-operation of the group is wide. The main institutions involved are the following: the Technical University of Budapest, Hungary, the University of Extremadura, Spain, the Bremen University, Germany, te IAEA, Vienna, Austria, the Academy of Medical Sciences of the Ukraine, the University of Northern Arizona, USA, and among the Polish institutions: the Central Laboratory of Radiation Protection, Warsaw, and the Health Physics Laboratory of our Institute, the Institute of Geography, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, and the Institute of Geology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krak6w. The Laboratory of Physical Chemistry works on preparation and calibration of sources for various applications. Last year, using a temporary target assembly on the AIC-144 cyclotron, several isotopes were produced, from which the most useful was 85Sr. In the meantime a rernote-control system for the new target assembly was completed by a contractor, in co-operation with the Mechanical Works and the Cyclotron Group of the Institute. Simultaneously, calibration of 32p sources for intravascular brachytherapy was continued, in relation to the cooperation with the Medical niversity of Silesia (two clinical hospitals in Zabrze, Poland), the Institute of Oncology, Division in Gliwice, Poland, and from our Institute: the Health Physics and the Ion Implanter research groups. Last but not least, studies on selenium and vanadium status in healthy or diseased animals and humans were continued, contributing to the co-operation with the Rowett Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland, the Medical College of the Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, the Drug Institute, Warsaw, Poland, and the National Institute for Veterinary Research, Pulawy, Poland.

Dr Barbara Petelenz and Professor Zdzislaw Szeglowski Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry 211

REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PLO300157

Investigation of Os and Re in Sulfuric Acid Solutions

Z. Szeglowski, Dinh-Thi Lien', L.I. Guseva 2, S. T. Timokhin', B. Kubica, and G.S. Tikhomirova 2

IJoint Institue for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia; 2Vernadsky Institute of Geochendstry and Aalytical Chenfistry, Moscow, Russia

Studies on the chemistry of transactinide elements are difficult because of very short half-lives and low cross-sections of formation of their nuclei. Theoretical calculations which predicted the enhanced nuclear stability of the heaviest neutron-rich nuclides, and the recent discovery of long lived isotopes of 265,266S g and the element 114, allow one to hope that some of these problems will be soon overcome. Indeed, after many successful gas chromatography experiments with 6000- homologues of the elements 107 and Dowex-50 0.05 H 108 (Re, Tc, Os, Ru), the first Os6Y11 experiment on chemical identification Of 0713h in the gas phase was completed 3000- cently. As to the chemistry Of 10713 in liquid media, only one experiment was performed up to date, by solvent extraction using the SISAK system. 0- ...... Since we have developed an I 0 260 3 4 0 effective ion-exchange method for En continuous isolation of ultra-trace ...... ergy.[ 7, amounts of short-lived transactinide Dowex-1 + FeS elements in the process of their 0 0.05m H2SO4 0S5X/1a synthesis with simultaneous studies of Z 2100 their chemistry in solutions containing various complexing agents, we started investigations on chemical properties of Bh and Hs in aqueous solutions basing on model experiments with their 100 ... homologues: Re and Os. 160 ...... 200 300 400 500 Recently we investigated the Energy [keV] 8000-- behaviour of Os and Re in the system: Dowex-50, Dowex-I+FeS and sulfuric 4 Eluate acid solutions. The gamma spectra of 0.05m H2SO4 Os7x[l two columns in the on-line experiments are presented in Fig. . 4000- The presented data show that the developed ion-exchange method may be used for continuous isolation and chemical study of Bh and Hs in diluted 0 ...... sulfuric acid solution, provided that I 2 300 400 500 their behaviour is similar to that of their Energy [KeV] lighter homologues.

Fig. 1: Gamma spectra of two columns of Dowex-50 and Dowex-1+FeS connected in series, when the 0.05 M H2SO4 solution containing radionuclides of Re, W, and Os was passing through them in the on-line regime. 212 PLO300158 Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry

Fast Isolation of Short-Lived Osmium Isotopes from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions on Nickel-Potassium Hexacyanoferrate B. Kubica, Z. Szeglowski, Dinh Thi Lien', L.I. Guseva 2 S.N. Timokhin', G.S. Thikhomiroval, and A.B. Yakushev]

'Joint Institue for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia; 2 Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia

All experimental research concerning chemistry of the element 104 (Rf) and element 105 (Db) show that they constitute the first two transactinide elements (TAE). The currently known nine TAE have been placed in the Periodic Table under their lighter homologues of the 5d series: Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, r, Pt, Au, and Hg. Studies on chemistry of TAE are difficult because of short half-lives and very low cross sections for formation of their nuclei. This implies the necessity of searching for and developing of new, fast and highly efficient methods for isolation of these elements from products of nuclear reactions, in reliance on extraction and ion exchange methods. In our earlier work, we have developed an effective ion-exchange method of fast and continuous isolation of single atoms of short-lived TAE during the process of their synthesis in the cyclotron. In the present work we used this method to investigate the aqueous chernistry0f 10713h and 1gHs according to model experiments with their homologues Re and Os. Osmium isotopes were produced in the reaction atD Y(2oNexn)Os at the U- Dowex-50 400 cyclotron of Flerov Laboratory of 40000: 0.05m HC1 Nuclear Reactions LNR). Radionu- 0 clides of Re and W were present in the system as products of osmium decay. 2000- We worked in the system of the 0.05 M HCl solution that was passed through the three ion exchange columns 0 1 0 2 3 460 ...... 560 connected in series (Dowex-50, nickel- Energy [KeV] potassium hexacyanoferrate, Dowex-1). 2000- The y-spectrometric measurements NiNF were performed in the on-line regime, 0.05 m HC1 using a HPGe detector, when the solution containing radioactive nuclides 1000-il was pumped through the consecutive columns. (Fig. 1). The results show that the described ion-exchange 0.05 M HCl system is 0 .... 66 ...... 6...... suitable for the on-line isolation of 1 2 360 ...... 460 ...... 500 osmium in heavy ion experiments. Energy [KeV] Short-lived Os, as well as Re and W Dowex-1 isotopes produced either in direct 0.05 m HC1 nuclear reactions or in Os decay, were 3000 completely absorbed on the nickel- potassium ferrocyanides. 0 The presented chemical system may be applicable for isolation of short-lived 1000 elements (Hs, l3h, Sg) from TAE.

100 200 300 400 500 Energy KeVI Fig. 1: Gamma spectra of the three columns: Dowex-50, nickel-potassium hexacyanoferrate (NiNF), and Dowex-1, connected in series in the on line regime, when the 0.05 M HCl solution containing radionuclides of Re, W, and Os was passing through the columns. Departmentof Nuclear Physical Chemistry PLO300136 213 A Search for the Element 110 in Nature J.W. Mietelski, P.IGaca, and E. Tomankiewicz

The calculation of half-life of the super-heavy nucleus 2921 [I] leads to an estimate of the order of 100 years. This is the longest half-life for an isotope of the element with Z = 10. This element is said to be chemically similar to platinum. Predictions for the details of decay give the alpha particles energy of 7.12 MeV, and the energies of the alphas from daughter nuclides 651 MeV (211 108) and 606 MeV (281 106) [I]. Despite rather obvious scepticism, we started searching for traces of these isotopes. The sample was a 120 g of mostly stratospheric dust collected at cabin filters of two Boeing 767 airliners exploited on the North Atlantic routes. After dry and wet mineralization, the sample was dissolved in M HCI and passed through a colurrm filled with anion exchange resin Dowex-1. In such conditions platinum, gold and polonium ions are absorbed in the column. Next, the resin was taken out of the column and ashed. A thin alpha-spectrometric source was prepared from ashes of the resin dissolved in aqua regia by electroplating on a platinum disc. The alpha spectrum was collected during a measurement lasting 135 days. Another source was prepared from 10 g of the spent Dowex-1 resin, previously used for analyses of environmental samples. That alpha spectrum was collected for 84 days. The background of the spectrometer for the high energy region was obtained by cumulating several Pu alpha spectra, each collected for one week. Natural isotopes from the Th series were well visible in the spectra (Fig. 1). The most interesting finding were possible traces of the rare isotopes: 211po 2 'Bi (Ac series), present only in the source prepared from the stratospheric dust. Some unexplained counts were found at about 83 MeV, but it mi 9ht b a fluctuation. No traces of the predicted 2921 were found at all. The minimum detectable activity was estimated to 15 nBq/g, which gives the upper limit for the element Z I 0 concentration as lower than 0-" g1g.

20. P-220 R.-224 O 18. U 16.

14.

12.

P.-212

Bi-212 1,1 6 Bi-211 ? 4 N, 2151 Po-214

J, ? 111ell illusion' 11' 11 I R `1 I k 1l;1,11,111 IE HP P II! 5503 19 84 6464 6944 7424 7914 8404 8884 9374 9864

J.g. Po-210 4 .Cate 1 I E[keV] 5 986 1946 2916 3886 4857 5817 6787 7?57 87LO 9688

Fig. 1: Alpha spectrum of the Pt, Au, Po fraction of stratospheric dust. The upper part displays the high energy part of the spectrum with linear vertical scale, the lower part shows the whole spectrum in logarithmic scale discriminated at 20 counts Ievel). The expanded high energy part is marked with black arrows. White arrows indicate positions of the searched peaks. Reference: 1. A. Sobiczewski, private communication. PLO300137

Plutonium Isotopes in Bottom Sediments of the Mazurian Lakes M. Zalewski'l, J. Kapala', J.W. Mietelski, E. Tomankiewicz, and P. Gaca,

1The Medical Academy of Bialystok, Biophysics Division, Bialystok, Poland

Samples of bottom sediments were taken from 29 lakes in North-Eastern Poland in May 2000, by means of diving. The sediments were taken off-site of littoral zone, where no vegetation was observed. The divers worked down to the maximum depth which still allowed the visibility good enough for sample collection. For ofigotrophic lakes (Biale Wigierskie, Biale Filipowskie) it was about 20 m. In other cases it ranged from a few to not more than 10 m. 214 Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry

The sediments were collected and taken to the surface as monolithic cores in plastic tubes of 1 cm diameter and 30 cm heigth. After drying, the sediments were homogenised and taken for gamma spectrometric measurements. Then, sub-samples were taken for determination of plutonium activity. They were mineralised, and Pu was separated on anion-exchange resin. Activities of alpha emitting isotopes of Pu (238PU, 239+24OpU) were determined, as well as the activity of the pure beta-ernitter 24'Pu. For 239,24OpU the activities ranged from 8 ± 13 nlBq/kg for the sediment of the Dbniak Lake to 319 265 mBqlkg for that of the Zawadzkie Lake. Similar results were found for 238pU - the activities ranged from 9 ± Bq/kg for the Rogale Dute Lake or less than 13 mBq/kg for Dqbniak (again one of the niinimurn values) to up to 549 ± 122 for the Zawadzkie Lake (again the maximum value). The arithmetic mean for 219-1-240pu activities was 1285 mBq/k-,C, with the standard deviation (SD) equal to 1012 mBq/kg A very high SD value 97 mBq/kg) relative to the mean value 72 niBq/kg) was observed for 238pU . The arithmetic mean for the recovery was 83.8% with SD equal to 14.5%. The analysis of the isotopic composition allows one to trace back the origin of Pu and to calculate the percentage of the Chernobyl contribution to the fallout (F). The maximu 2pU to 219+240pu activity ratio does not exceed 15% (Zawadzkie Lake), what yields F = 24%. For many other samples the F is below 5%. 'he results on 2A1PU to 239+24OPu ratios lead to a similar figure. The article is under preparation.

Transfer of 137 238,239+24OPu and 24'Am to Some Species of Insects -,V-(O 0 J.W. Mietelski, P. Szwalkol, E. Tomankiewicz, P. Gaca, S. Malekl, J. Barszczl, S. Grabowska, C:)CY) and M. Jasifiska -J a- The Hugo Koltqtaj Agricultural Uiversity of Krak6w, ForestDepartment, Poland

Insects are a very important part of natural food chains, and a direct dietary protein source in many human cultures, so that it seemed interesting for us to do a piloting study on concentrations of artificial radionuclides within insect bodies. As representative species, differing a lot in their living and feeding habits, we have chosen the following ones: 1 .Anoplotrupes stercorosits (Coleoptera, Geotrupidae) one of the most common, relatively big forest beetle, interesting because the young form (larva) lives in the soil taking nutrients from humus clusters formed there by its parents. It is collected into traps as a grown form (imago). 2. Agelastica alni (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae a common species of a beetle, feeding on leaves. It is relatively easy to sweep it from alder, their feeding plant. 3. Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), another common species of a beetle. The larva lives in the soil, feeding on the roots of pine. It is easy to collect imagines into pheromone traps. 4. Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), another common species of a small beetle, living and feeding in the cambium of spruce. It can be collected as imagines into pheromone traps. 5. Lymantria monacha (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) a moth which lives and feeds as caterpillar mostly on pine or spruce needles. It is easy to collect flying males into pheromone traps. Apart from the insect samples, samples of the most important feeds components were collected as well, namely: the forest litter (leaf and humus layers), pine roots, needles of pine or spruce, bark. The majority of samples were collected during the summer of 2001 in forests at one location in the North-Eastern Poland and at two locations in Southern Poland. The North-Eastern sampling area had an unusual, for a remote site, isotopic composition of the Chernobyl fallout due to deposition of a number of small hot particles. The insects were weighed, counted, dried, and ashed in 400'C. The gamma activities of ashes were measured using a low background gamma-rays spectrometer with a HPGe detector. Gamma activities of the other samples were also determined, some in the bulk material, some also after ashing. Then, tracers (85Sr, 236pU,243 Arn) were added and all the samples were wet mineralised using hot acids. The sought radionuclides were separated sequentially: Pu and Sr were separated from M HN03, on anion exchanger Dowex- I and Sr-Resin (EIChroM Industries, Inc. USA), respectively, and Am from methanol-acids solutions on Dowex-1. Alpha spectrometric sources (Pu, Arn) were prepared using the NdF3 co-precipitation method. The measurements were performed using the Silena AlphaQuattro spectrometer with silicon detectors. The activity of Sr was determined on the liquid scintillation spectrometer Wallac 1414-003 Guardian, and the chemical yield was determined by gamma spectroscopic measurement of 85 Sr. After determination of all the activities the transfer factors will be calculated. Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry 215

(The above investigations are the ain part of a projectfinancedby the Polish State Committeefor Scientific Research, grantNo. PGO4 075 20).

Gamma Emitters, 9Sr. 24 'Am, and Plutonium in Bones of Small Mammals Eatell (D by Owls Cy)C) 0 P. Gaca, 1. Kitowskil, J.W. Mietelski, S. Grabowska, and E. Tomankiewicz CL

'The Maria Curie-Skfodowska University, Deparmientof Nature Conservatioiz, Lublin, Poland

Owls pellets contain bones and pieces of fur of their prey. Relatively large collections of such material can be obtained fom the onithologists. The material is elatively easy to collect in the neighborhoods of the owl nests, and therefore it can be attributed to given species of owls. sually it is collected for studies of proportion of the species within the diet of raptors. It should be mentioned that this material may be different from raw bones, due to possible partial digestion during its presence in the owl's stomach. Small bones are not present in such samples, and what they mostly contain are skulls, which is enough to distinguish the species to which they belong. The samples were collected in the South-Eastern Poland. The collected skulls of preys belonged to the species: Common shrew (Sorex minutus), Pygmy shrew (Sorex ades), White-toothed shrew (Crocidura lelicodon), Stripped field mouse (Apodenius agrarius), and Common vole (Microtus arvalis). The last two are rodents and the three others are insectivorous. It seemed interesting to us to analyse this material for the presence of the bone-seeking radionuclides: Sr , 238,239+240pu and 24'Am, and of any gamma emitters. The pellets were gouped into 14 sets, regarding the species of raptor and prey. Extra sets were formed from three skeletons of owls which were fund dead on the investigated aea: one of the Barn owl (Tyto alba) and two of the Little owl (Athene noctua). The samples were ashed in 400'C and the gamma activities of ashes were measured using a low background gamma-rays spectrometer with a HPGe detector. After the measurements the samples were re- incinerated in 600'C. Then, tracers (85Sr , 236pU, 148Gd) were added and the samples were wet mineralised using hot nitric and hydrochloric acids. The solutions were diluted, and oxalates were precipitated at pH = . After destroying the oxalates in the oven (at 600'Q the co-precipitated radionuclides were separated sequentially: Pu was separated on anion exchanger Dowex-1 from M HNO3, Sr on Sr-Resin (EIChroM Industries, Inc. USA) from M HNO3, and finally Am together with rare earth elements) using Dowex-1 and methanol-acids solutions. Alpha spectrometric sources (Pu, Am+Gd) were prepared using NdF3 CO- precipitation method. The measurements were performed on the Silena AlphaQuattro spectrometer with Canberra PIPS detectors. The activity of Sr was determined using the liquid scintillation spectrometer Wallac 1414-003 Guardian. (The ivestigation is a part of a projectfinancedby the Polish State Conunitteefor Scientific Research, grant No: PGO4 075 20).

A New Low Energy Gamma Ray Spectrometer in ERL J.W. Mietelski, M. JasiAska, J. Jurkowski, R. Hajduk, K. Kozak, and S. Grabowska

A fourth gamma spectrometric system was set-up in the Evironmental Radioactivity Laboratory (ERL). It consists of a planar germanium detector mounted in a Be window cryostat a shield made of cm lead, an inner lining made of 3 mm Cu and mm organic glass, a HV supply mod. 3102D, and a spectroscopic amplifier mod. 2022 (both fom Canberra), and a multi-channel analyser (MCA) Tristan (Inter-Polon). It is planned for this year to replace the old MCA by one from Silena. The inner lining has been introduced recently to reduce the Pb-X and 21 OPb background peaks. The energy window was set from 5 keV to 150 keV. The achieved resolution was about 0.5 keV for the 59.5 keV24'Am peak in optimised geometry. The set-up is dedicated mostly for 2'OPb measurements. Its first application were the measurements of 2 OPb in air filters exposed in the ASS-500 station. These measurements were the subject of the diploma work done by a student frorn the University of Mining and Metallurgy, spervised by One of us (K.K.).

PLO300138 216 PLO300139 Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry

Modernisation of the ASS-500 High Volume Aerosol Sampler M. Jasifiska, J.W. Mietelski, K. Kozak, and S. Grabowska

The high volume aerosol sampler station ASS-500 designed by the CRP at Warsaw [1] is a standard equipment of the Polish network for ultra-sensitive monitoring of radioactivity in the ground level air. The concept of the station is simple: the air is pumped down through the Petryanov PP-15-1.5 filter of 02 rn area, and the aerosols are collected on it. Although the station is a very efficient tool for collection of air aerosols, and as such is used for determination of-4air radioactivity, it is insensitive to radioactive gases. To explain how much of disadvantage the latter can be, it is enough to mention' that during the Chernobyl accident it was found that gaseous forms of iodine contribute to up to 80% of the total activity of 1311 in the air 2]. So, the main aim of modernisation of the station was to add the possibility for collection of gaseous forms of iodine. The modernised station is equipped with a double filter of impregnated charcoal, situated in the air inlet below the Petryanov filter. The modernised station is a second ASS-500 aerosol sampler in our Laboratory. Basically, it is not included to routine measurements within the network, and therefore it's application to different investigations will be possible. Besides other features, the station was designed as mobile. This property also enhances the possibilities of future applications. It might be moved to any place of interest to collect aerosol samples. References: 1. J. Jagielak, M. Biernacka, M. Bysiek, and R. Zarucki, Raport CLOR, Warszawa 993; 2. E. fius, K.L. Sojoblorn, H. Aaltonen, S. Kernola, and H. Arvela, Report STUK - A67, 1987.

Ultra Pure 8 Sr and 83 Rb Tracers Obtained with the AIC-144 Cyclotron R. Misiak, P. Gaca, M. Bartyze], and J.W. Mietelski

A need for the "Sr tracer appeared in the course of search for the best method for determination of chemical yields in analyses of Sr in environmental samples. In three subsequent attempts, the isotope Sr was obtained in the AIC-144 cyclotron of this Institute, in the R(pxn) reactions on a'RbCl. Each target was irradiated during one hour with the internal proton beam of about I tA intensity and about 30 MeV energy. The isotopes detected in the irradiated targets were 1 Sr tl,264.84 d), "Sr (t,, 32.41 h), "Rb tl,2 86.2 d), '4Rb tj,2 32.9 d), and 16 Rb (to 18.7 d), which could be produced in one or more of the following processes: 85Rb(pn)85 Sr , 87 Rb(p,3n)"Sr, "Rb(p,3n)83 Sr, 13 Sr decay, 8Rb(pp2n)83Rb, 85Rb(ppn)84Rb , 83 Rb(n Y)14 Rb, 87 Rb(ppn)86 Rb, "Rb(ny)'6Rb. The detected trace activities of 13 113a tl,2 11.8 d), 133 Ba (t,12 10.5 a), and 132CS (t,12 648 d) were apparently formed in the 133cS(pXn)131,133I3a or 133CS(p pn) 132 Cs reactions from the stable caesium present in the RbCl target as chemical impurity. The chemical procedure was as follows: the irradiated target was dissolved in water, and the solution was filtered, evaporated to dryness, and dissolved in 3 M HN03 0.1 M COOH)2. The carrier-free 85Sr was separated from Ba, Rb and Cs, by extraction chromatography with Sr-Resin (EIChroM Industries, Inc. USA). In the first step, strontium and barium were retained on the column whereas Rb and Cs passed through. Barium was eluted by washing the column with 3 M HN03 0 I M COOH)2, and Sr was eluted using deionised water. After 14 days, during which 83Sr decayed almost completely to 13 Rb a second purification using the Sr-Resin column was done. In this step, the carrier-free 83 Rb was separated form the carrier-free 85Sr. The 83 Rb tracer, obtained here as a by-product, may be useful for radiochernical work on radiocesium in environment. The eluate fractions were measured by means of high resolution y spectrometry. The complete separation and elution af all cations was achieved within 60 free volumes (Vo) of the column (Fig. 1). The reproducibility of the three subsequent separations was very good. The total activity of 81 Sr obtained in three irradiations was about 2 MBq.

PLO300159 Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry 217

30000- 85S r 20000- 10000-

I 3M HN03 0,1 M (COO"2 Z 200-

B3Rb 131,133 Ba 100-

0-1 ...... O 0 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 VO

Fig. 1: Elution of Rb, Ba and Sr on the Sr-Resin column. The units on the x axis are the free volume (VO) of the column. Counting time = 30 s for each fraction. (The authors express their gratitude to the Cyclotron Group of the Institilute,for irradiatingthe targets and for constant co-operation).

Selenoproteins in Streptozocin4nduced and Vanadium-Treated Diabetic Rats 1,2 2 2 P. Zagrodzki M. Kro§niak S. Zarczyfiska and R. Grybo§ 3

1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 2 Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland, 3Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland Aim: Both trace elements - selenium and vanadium can exert insulin-like stimulation of glucose metabolism in diabetic animals. It was also proved that selenium treatment can prevent the toxicity of vanadium in various animal tissues. In the present study the streptozocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with a newly synthesized vanadium complex: sodium (2,2'-bipyridine)oxodiperoxovanadate(V) pentahydra- te, Na[VO(02)2(bpy)]-5H20- In order to evaluate the possible influence of vanadium administration on selenium status of diabetic rats, the activities of the selenoenzymes - cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (cGSHPx), and thioredoxin reductase (THRR) were measured (these enzymes are among the best characterized indices of selenium status). Method: The material (liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidney tissues) came from four groups of rats: RI: 6 animals, control group; R2 7 animals, streptozocin-induced diabetic rats; R3 6 animals, streptozocin- induced vanadium treated 20 LD50) diabetic rats; R4 6 animals, streptozocin-induced vanadium treated (1/1OLD50) diabetic rats. Na[VO(02)2(bpy)] 511-20 (I [tmoUL) was administered by gavages. The experiment lasted for I month. The tissues were homogenized in 0 125 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 74 containing 1 mM EDTA. Thereafter, the homogenates were centrifuged at 20000 g at 4C for 15 min and supernatants were used for analysis of the activities of selenoenzymes. Cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (cGSHPx) activity was measured using the test procedure developed by Paglia and Valentine, with minor modifications. Thioredoxin reductase (THRR) was determined according to Tamura and Stadtman method, using dithiobis- nitrobenzoic acid as substrate. Results: cGSI]Px activity: significant difference (increase) between: RI and R4 (p = 00374) in pancreas; RI and R2 (p = 00483), RI and R3 (p = 00250) R and R4 (p = 00285) in kidney. THRR activity: significant difference (increase) between RI and R4 (p = 00250) in pancreas. 218 Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry

Conclusions: The hypothesis of activation of antioxidant mechanisms in some organs in diabetic animals was confirmed. The changes in THRR activities were less visible than those in cGSHPx activities. No therapeutic effect of Na[VO(O2)2(bpy)j-5H2O administration was observed.

GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Dr J W Mietelski - head, grant No: 6 P04G 075 20, "Bioindication of Radioactive Contamination (Mainly with 9Sr, 24'Am and Plutonium Isotopes). Studies Usin- Insects, Plants and Other Elements of Semi-Natural Ecosystems", 2001-2002, co-operation with the Agricultural University of Krak6w. Technical grants from te State Committee for Scientific Research: I Dr B. Kubica - grant No: IA 0348/2001, "Purchase of the Alpha Spectrometer SOLOIST-UO450"; 2. Dr B. Kubica -grant No: IA 0355/200 , "Upgrading of the Laboratory Equipment"; 2. M. Jasihska,M. Sc - grant No: IA 0355/200 , "Purchase of Equipment for Aerosol fractionation"; 3. M. Jasifiska,M. Sc. - grant No: IA 0348/200 , "Modernization of the ASS-500 Station for Collection of Gaseous Iodine Samples". Grants from other sources: 1. P. Gaca, M.Sc - Travel grant fom the Scientific Society in Warsaw and the Stefan Batory Foundation, for participation to the conference LSC 2001, Karlsruhe, Germany, 711 May 2001.

CONTRIBUTION TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: Apart from the activities listed below, the goup contributed to 14 oral or poster presentations at Polish conferences.

MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEES: 1. J.W. Mietelski - secretary of the organizing committee of the XIIth Congress of the Polish Society for Rad iation Research, Krak6w, Poland, 10- 12 September 200 .

INVITED TALKS: 1. J.W. Mictolski, "Radioactive Contamination of Polish Semi-Natural Products", SA VEC The Spatial Analysis of Vulnerable Eosystems i Central Europe) - 4th group meeting, Jablonna, Poland, 30 May - I June 200 ; 2. J.W. Mietelski, "Some Remarks on Poblems Related to Depleted Uranium Weapon Used in Kosovo", ENRY - First International Conference on Evironmental Recovery of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 27-30 September 2001; 3. P. Zagrodzki, "Selenium and Selenoenzymes - Methods of Determination in Analytical Samples" (in Polish), Analytics - New Century, Old Problems, lesin, Poland, 14-16 May 2001. Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry 219

POSTER PRESENTATIONS: 1. B. Kubica, J. W. Mietelski, et al., "Concentration of Radionuclides Cs-137 and K40 and Some Heavy Metals in Soil and Lichen Samples from the Tatra's National Park - Peliminary Investigation", InternatonalConference EUROECO 2001, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland, 18-19 June 2001; 2. J.W. Mietelski, P. Gaca, "Measurements of Sr and 241pU in Various Matrix Samples", LSC 2001, Karlsruhe, Germany, 71 May 200 ; 3. J.W. Mietelski, "Radionuclides from Chernobyl Hot Particles in the Environment of North-Eastern Poland - a Leaching Experiment", InternationalCongress o Radioecology of Continentalad EstuarineEnvironments, ECORAD 2001, Aix-en-Provence, France, 37 September 2001; 4. P. Zagrodzki et al., "Selenoproteins in Streptozocin-Induced and Vanadium-Treated Diabetic Rats", 17-th IternationalCongress of Nutrition, Wien, Austria, 27-31 August 2001.

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: M.Sc. 1. E. Kochowska, "Determination of Minimum Detectable Activities (MDA) for Various Geometries of Measurement"; 2. S. Oksiutowicz, "Time-Dependent Variations of 20 Pb Concentration in the Ground Level Atmospheric Air", Advisor: K. Kozak. Two M.Sc. theses (in Polish) defended at the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, St. Staszic University of Minig and Metallurgy, Krak6w, July and September 2001; 3. and 4 A. Szybiak and A. Sudol, "Investigation of Levels of Trace Elements in Samples of Soil and Lichens from the Tatras National Park", Advisor: B. Kubica. Two M.Sc. theses (in Polish) defended at the Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, St. Staszic University of Minio, and Metallurgy, Krak6w, June 2001.

PATENTS:

1. B. Kubica, Z. Szeglowski, M. Tuteja-Krysa, and R Fialkowski, "A Composite Magnetic Ion-Exchanger", Patent application No: P 350 468 (PL).

EXTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. B. Petelenz, "Radioactive isotopes for Medicine" (in Polish), Discussion Forum of the Exact Sciences, T. Ko9ciuszko High School, Krak6w, Poland, 8 January 2001; 2. P. Zagrodzki, "Selenium in Food" (in Polish), Polish Society of Food Technologists, Krak6w, Poland, I December 2001.

LECTURES AND COURSES: I P. Gaca, M. Jasifiska, K. Kozak, and JW. Mietelski, Talks to the groups of young people egularly visiting the Institute; 220 Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry

2 K. Kozak, Lecture topics: Electromagnetic fields in occupational environment; Laser radiation; Ionizing radiation; Radiation protection; Laboratory tasks: Ionizing radiation; Detectors of ionizing radiation; Equipment calibration; Calculation of doses (point source approximation); Radiation shielding against alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation; Surface decontamination; A series of lectures and supervision of students' laboratory experiments as a contribution to the "Occupational Health" post-graduate course, Institute of Materials Science and Metal Technology, Centre for Education and Organization of Quality Management, T. Ko§ciuszko Cracow University of Technology, Krak6w, Poland, May 2001; 3 J.W. Mietelski, "Natural and Artificial Radioactive Elements in the Environment", A single, 3-hours lecture - the every year's (since 1999) contribution to a post-graduate course, Post- graduate School of the Environmental Protection and Engineering, Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Faculty of Biology and Earth Science, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland, 25 November 2001; 4. J.W. Mietelski, "Radionuclides in the Forest Litter", A single, 2-hours lecture - the every year's (since 1999), contribution to the 4th year undergraduate course in geophysics, the University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, December 2001; 5. B. Petelenz, "Cyclotron-Production of Isotopes for PET, SPECT and Targetted Therapy", A single, 2-hours lecture - the every year's (since 1998) contribution to the ,Nuclear medicine" 3-rd year undergraduate course. Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, St. Staszic University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland, 24 April 2001.

SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. Dr M.G. Buzinny - Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences of the Ukraine; 2. Dr ZS. Zunic - Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca", Belgrade, Yugoslavia; 3. Dr H. Wershofen - Physikalisch-Technische B undesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany; 4. Dr Z H61gy - National Institute of Radiation Protection, Czech Republic. Department of Materials Research by Computers 221

DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS RESEARCH BY COMPUTERS

Head of Department: Prof. Krzysztof Parffiiski Secretary: Malgorzata Litwiniszyn telephone: (48 12) 662-84-08 e-mail: 1itwinwo1f.ifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Administration: Pawel Jochym, Ph.D. Malgorzata Litwiniszyn, M.Sc. Jan La&wski, Ph.D. Zbigniew Lodziana, Ph.D. Krzysztof Parlifiski, Prof. Przemyslaw Piekarz, Ph.D.

PLO300140 OVERVIEW: During the year 2001 the activity of the Department was concentrated around a variety of ab initio calculations. This theoretical approach becomes more standard, and precise. Using it we are able to calculate a large number of materials properties. At arbitrary pressure, but at zero temperature it is possible to predict the crystal structure and symmetry, lattice constants and particle positions. We could obtain the electronic bands and electronic density of states, phonon dispersion curves, phonon density of states, thermodynamic functions at finite temperatures including heat capacity and Debey-Waller factor, and describe the inelastic incoherent and coherent neutron scattering. We have attempted to calculate the effective charge tensor, and the magnetic structure. These abilities have been applied to a number of crystalline materials, to minerals, chalcopyrites, and superconductors. The main results are related to the phonon calculations. In order to carry out the latter, we use the so called direct method which requires that the Hellmann-Feynman forces be calculated. They are generated by atoms displaced from their equilibrium positions. The force constants, being the core quantities in the lattice dynamics theory, are then fitted in a symmetry controlled way to the Hellmann-Feynrnan forces. The method is suitable for treating also complex crystals with relatively large unit cells. Within the direct method we have calculated the phonon dispersion curves in the CaTiO3 crystal [1]. This material has been thought to be an important constituent of waste containers that are being developed for the desposition of highly radioactive wastes, since it is able to immobilize 222 Department of Materials Research by Compaters lanthanides and actinides by forcing solid solutions wit tem. It is also known as a iportant component of ferroelectric ceramics. This compound due to its negative tmperature coefficient is also used as a thermally-sensitive resistor element. CaTiO3 crystallizes in the perovskite structure. Ve ave calculated te phonon dispersion relations in three phases, ad found tat the orthorhombic phrase of P7n??,b symmetry is stable. By calculating ground state energy we wre able to pove that the experimentally observed intermediate phase has 14,rricm symmetry and not Cmcm symmetry as suggested by some diffraction measurements. The oron nitride BN 2, which crystallizes in a cubic structure, is one of the ardest materials de to strong covalent coupling. It is, however, not easy to syntetize. Therefore not many experimental data are avaliable. We have calculated the plionon dispersion curves of cubic BN. We lso used this aterial to demonstrate that the irect ethod can give the LO/TO (longitudinal/transversal) splitting of the phonon optic mode. Our suggested method is equivalent to the approach of planar force constants. We carried out structural and lattice dynamics calculations of silver thiogallate AgGaS2 3 4. The calculated lattice constants and the full set of te lastic constants are i good agreement with the experimental data. Te calculated phonon dispersio crves deliver also the Raman and infrared phonon frequencies which fit experimental easurements quite well. Another aterial, for which the lattice dynamics has been calculated is te mineral, A492SiO4 [5 in cubic phase. From te phonon data we could calculate the temperature dependence of heat capacity, which agrees relatively well with the experimentally measured termal properties. A lot of time was devoted to search for possible high-pressure pases of the GeO2 6 crystal. Testing under pressure number of possible structures we found that GeO2 has a second order ferroelastic phase transition from rutile to CaC12-type structure, and two other first-order phase transitions to the c - PbO2-type, and piryte structures. The two last phase transitions have not been measured yet. Other papers are related with phonons i ZnSnP 7 superconducting MgB2 [8], magnetic FeBO3 [9], rotational barriers in arnmonium hexachlorometallates [10] adsorption mechanisms of metallic Cu and Pt adsorbed on te surface (0001) of A1203 [11]. We ave also worked on the dynamics of the order-parameter i mineral lawsonite 12] ad hole-hole interaction in the high-T, superconductor [13]. We published 13 papers alltogether.

Professor Krzysztof Parlifiski References:

1. K. Parlifiski, Y. awazoe ad Y. Waseda, J. Chern. Phys. 114 2001) 2395; 2. K. Parliiski, J. Alloys and Compounds 328 2001) 7; 3. J. Laewski and K. Parliiski, Mol. Phys Rp. 31 2001) 81; 4. J. aewski and K. Parlifiski, J. Chem. Phys. 114 2001) 6734; 5. J. akwski, P.T. Jochym, K. Parlifiski ad Piekarz, J. Mol. Struct. 596 2001 3; 6. Z. Lodziana, K. Parlifiski, and J. Hafner, Phys. Rev. B63 2001) 134106; 7. J. La&wsk ad K. Parlifiski J Alloys and Compounds 328 2001) 62; 8. K. Parlifiski, Acta Phys. Pol. A100 2001) 767; 9. K. Parlifiski, J. aewski, P.T. Jochyrn, A. Chumakov, R. Ruffor, and G. Kresse, Europhys. Lett. 56 (2001) 275; 10. A. Birczynski, Z.T. Lalowicz, and Z. Lodziana, Mol. Phys. Rep. 31 2001) 117; 11. Z. odziana nd J.K. Norskov, J. Chem. Phys. 115 2001) 11261; 12. P. Sondergeld, W. Schranz, A. Troster, H. Kabelka, H. Meyer MA Crpenter, Z. Lodziana, and AN. Ki- tyk, Phys. Rev. B64 2001) 024105; 13. P. Pickarz ad J. Konior, Phys. Rev. B63 2001) 214517. Department of Materials Research by Computers 223

RESEARCH REPORTS: PLO300141

Ab Initio Study of Lattice Dynamics of MgB2 K. Parlifiski

Recently, the discovery of superconductivity T - 39K) in hexagonal magnesium diboride MgB2 has been annouced [1]. It is believed 2 that this material becomes superconducting by the classical BCS mechanism proposed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schieffer. This mechanism assumes that the interaction between the electrons that give rise to superconductivity is mediated by thermal phonons in the underlying lattice. Modern ab intio determination of phonon dispersion relations helps to understand the role played by the electron-phonon coupling. The ab initio calculations are carried out using the density functional theory. To optimize the crystal structure we used primitive hexagonal unit cell, space group P6/mmm with 3 atoms at the Mg positions: (0, 0, 0), B: and B:(2, 1, 1). This structure consists of layers of two-dimensional triangular lattice of Mg, intercalated with a two-dimensional planar graphite-like network of boron. The calculated structural parameters are a 3.0651 and c 3.5176 A, while the experimental values [1] are a 3.086 and c 3.524 A.

F K M F A H L A 25 M9B2 B1

1 5 2g

0 C: U =1a) 10 Elu

(40 [0''o [,,1/2] [0, 1 2] 0 ... I __ -1 - -_ Wave vector Fig. 1: Phonon dispersion relations of the MgB2 crystal.

Phonons are determined by the direct method 3]. In Fig. 1, we show the phonon dispersion relations for MgB2. Far from the F-point the acoustic phonon dispersion relations reflect the vibrations of the Mg atoms. The optic branches describe vibrations of the graphite-like boron network. Moreover, the branches of symmetry A,, and B1. at the r-point correspond to the out-of-plane boron vibrations, while four remaining curves with symmetry El,, and E2q at the F-point determine the in-plane boron motion. The out-of-plane and in-plane polarizations are approximatelly kept along the same branches all over the Brillouin zone. This feature could justify construction of a simple two-dimensional model for either out-of-plane, or in-plane boron vibrations. Notice that the in-plane boron modes E2g and El,, exhibit a considerable dispersion over the Brillouin zone. The E2g mode shows an exceptionally strong coupling to electronic states at the Fermi level. The decouplings of the magnesium and boron vibrations to acoustic and optic modes, respectively, are caused by a large mass difference of the constituent atoms. References:

1. J. Nagamatsu, N. Nakagawa, T. Muranaka, Y. Zenitani, and J. Akirnitsu, Nature 40 2001) 63; 2. J. Cava, Nature 410 2001) 23; 3. K. Parlifiski, Acta Phys. Pol. A100 2001) 767. 224 Department of Materials Research by Computers PLO300142

Influence of Magnetic Interaction on Lattice Dynamics of FeBO3

K. Parlifiski J. La&wski, P.T. Jochym, A. Churnakov', R. Rilffer', and C. Kresse 2

'European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble Cedex, France; nstitute for Materials Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

The lattice dynamics of crystals are usually considered to be independent of magnetic properties. The influence of magnetic structure on phonon spectra for non-metalic systems, if not neglected entirely, is treated as a next-order perturbation. This assumption is partly supported by studies of magnetic phase transitions, where the crystal structure usually does not experience abrupt changes going from magnetic to paramagnetic state. Much more appropriate would be an investigation of the influence of magnetic interactions on lattice dynamics by comparing the differences between magnetic and nonmagnetic states directly. An obvious difficulty of such an experiment is the absence of nonmagnetic counter-part, i.e. a sample being nonmagnetic. However, present state of the density functional theory allows one to address the problem theoretically. Namely, in the magnetic state the ab initio calculations treat the spin-up and spin-down electronic bands as independent variables, and their difference determines the magnetic properties. In the nonmagnetic treatment the spin-up and spin-down bands are considered identical, thus preventing to create the magnetic moment in the system. We report ab initio calculations of lattice dynamics of the ferric borate FeI303 crystal for both, the magnetic and the nonmagnetic states. Contrary to common expectation, the calculations reveal a very strong influence of the magnetic structure on the lattice vibrations: the magnetic interaction reduces the mean phonon frequencies of the magnetic Fe atoms by as much as 46%. To our best knowledge, these are the first lattice dynamics calculations where accounting for the magnetic interactions resulted in such a drastic change of the vibrational frequencies. The calculations were confirmed by measurements of the partial density of phonon states for the iron atoms, performed using nuclear inelastic absorption of synchrotron radiation. Iron borate is a weak ferromagnet with the'eel temperature of TN 348 K. It exists in a rhombo- hedral phase with the space group Rc (D' 3d ) (Z = 2 and lattice constants of a, 5520 A and a 49.54' [1]. Magnetic moments of both Fe atoms are located in the basal symmetry plane (perpendicular to the three-fold symmetry axis), and are almost antiparallel to each other, with a small canting angle of about 1'. The resulting small magnetic moment stays in the basal symmetry plane [1]. The FeI303 shows a magneto-optic effect. The present ab initio calculations of FeBO3 were performed within density functional theory 2. The calculations of lattice dynamics were compared with experimental data obtained with nuclear inelastic spectroscopy, which gives a direct access to the partial density of states of the Fe atoms, whereas neutron inelastic experiment would be difficult because of the numerous vibration modes and strong boron absorption. Energy spectra of nuclear inelastic absorption were measured at the Nuclear Resonance beam-line at the ESRF. From these data the partial Fe density of phonon states along the corresponding directions were derived. In Fig. I we compare the partial density of states for Fe atoms within our DFT-GGA calculations for the AFM phase with measurements of nuclear inelastic absorption. The overall agreement is very good. For vibrations along the three-fold symmetry axes the calculations reproduce nicely the two pronounced phonon peaks at 48 and 64 THz. In order to evaluate the influence of the magnetic interactions on the lattice dynamics, we have calculated the partial Fe phonon density of states for a nonmagnetic phase (not existing in reality). Fig. 2 compares the calculations for the NM phase with the same experimental data for both geometries. A drastic difference is clearly seen. The calculated phonon spectrum is expanded by about 46% towards higher frequencies. The total density of states for the NM phase (not shown) revealed that this expansion concerns mainly the Fe atoms. The and atom vibrations are relatively insensitive to the magnetic interaction. The drastic change of the phonon spectrum for Fe atoms results mainly from a decrease of the lattice constant and decrease of the unit cell volume from Department of Materials Research by Computers 225

VAFM = 30.53 3 to VNm = 26.76 A3. To verify this, we repeated calculations for the NM state at the volume V = 30.53 A3. This configuration 'remains stable when applying a negative pressure of 22.6 GPa. At this strained NM state the mean frequency of the Fe phonon density of states increased by only 15%. Thus, larger interatomic distances in AFM phase cause smaller atomic forces and consequently a decrease of phonon frequencies. so

40- 0

W 20 .10-

0.14-12-10-8-6.4-2024 N P X r Z ENERGY (eV) WAVE VECTOR Fig. 1: Comparison of the partial phonon Fig. 2 Comparison of the partial phonon density of states for Fe atoms calcu- density of states for Fe atoms calculated lated for the AFM phase (solid line) and for the NM phase (solid line) and mea- measured by nuclear inelastic absorption sured for the AMF phase by nuclear in- (squares). Top: vibrations within the elastic absorption (squares). Top: vibra- basal plane. Bottom: vibrations along tions within the basal plane. Bottom: vi- three-fold symmetry axis. brations along the three-fold symmetry axis. Notice the different frequency interval compared to Fig.

References:

1. R. Diehl, W. Jantz, B.I. Nohing, and W. Wettling, "Growth and properties of iron borate, FeBO3" in Current Topics in Materials Science, Vol. 1 1, edited by E.Kaldis, Elsvier Science Publishers B.V., 1984) 241; 2. K. Parlifiski, J. Laewski, P.T. Jochym A Chumakov, R. RiZer, and C. Kresse, EuroDhvs. Lett. 56 (2001) 275.

PLO300143 Elastic Properties of AgGaS2 from Ab Initio Calculations

J. Laewski and K. Parlifiski

The silver thiogallate AgGaS2, crystallizing in the chalcopyrite structure, attracts much attention as a prospective nonlinear optical material in the infrared region because it as a direct band gap in the blue region at 275 eV and a large nonlinear optical coefficient. The aim of our note is to find, from the first principle calculations, the elastic constants compress- ibility parameters and anisotropy factors of the AgGaS2 compound. To do this a set of tetragonal and shear deformations of the crystal were applied and a linear elasticity approximation was used. Tetragonal structures are characterized by six elastic constants: II, C33, C44, C66, 12, and C13. The cij have been determined from small deformations of crystallographic unit cell. We applied two types of strains: uniaxial and shear. Each time the ion positions were re-optimized in the strained lattice in order to include the coupling between the vibrational modes and crystal strains. We used length deformations from 0.5% to 3, and angular ones from I to 3 degrees. The results among different deformations are consistent. Our calculated elastic constants are shown in Table 1. Their values agree within a few percent with the experimental data [1 2. Using the linear elasticity approximation the compressibilities X, and X, along the a and c directions, respectively, have been calculated from the elastic constants. Obtained values X = 226 Department of Materials Research by Computers

2.7xj0-3GPa-' and X = 8.4xj0-3Gpa-1 show a big anisotropy between a and c directions. For tetragonal crystals the elastic anisotropy is characterized by anisotropy factors Al 2c44 and 2 C11-C12 as well as by ratio of compressibilities X,/X,,. Our results Al = 133, A = 136, and X,/x,, C44 3.1 are in good agreement with those derived in Ref. 2 from measurements: 144, 128, and 28, respectively.

present Ref. [11 Ref 2] cil 99.7 87.9 85.2 C33 77.1 75.8 74.4 C44 21.8 24.1 25.7 C66 29.8 30.8 31.9 C12 67.0 58.4 53.6 C13 65.7 59.2 60.6 B 74.8 67.2 66.0

Table 1. Calculated elastic constants (in GPa) of AgCaS2 compared with experimental data.

It is worth to comment that now, if one is able to obtain a rather good agreement of the structure and elastic properties of a relatively complex crystal, then there is a hope to calculate in the future similar quantities for more complex crystals, for which the measurements have not been done, ad expect then that the obtained results will reflect the real properties of the crystals.

References:

1. M.H. Grimsditch and G.D. Holah, Phys. Rev. B12 1975) 4377; 2. N.S. Orlova, Cryst. Res. Technol. 33 1998) 1.

PLO300144

Band Structure Of CU1nS2 from Ab Iitio Calculations P.T. Jochyrn, J. Laewskl, and K. Parlifiski

Ternary compounds that crystallize in a chalcopyrite structure form a family of semiconductors with different structural, electronic, optical and dynamic properties. The chalcopyrite structure is a ternary analogue of the diamond structure and a superstructure of zinc-blende. Going from binary compounds to their ternary analogues one can observe large increase of number of electronic and optical properties which are valuable for different applications. In this paper we present an ab initio study of the electronic properties of CuInS2: electronic band structure and electronic density of states.

Chalcopyrites crystallize in the space group 142d (D 2d12) with four formula units in the crystallographic unit cell. Each anion (S atom) is coordinated by four cations (two Cu and two In atoms), whereas each cation is tetrahedrally surrounded by four anions like in zinc-blende structures. The Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP) [1] was used in all calculations. Electronic structure calculations have been performed along a line from r through N, , x, r, and Z special points in the reciprocal space. The data are presented in the Fig. 1. We have obtained a small positive optical gap of the order of 002 eV. Our gap is underestimated by 1.5 eV eith respect to the one measured by the Alonso at al. 2 this is, however, a well-known deficiency of the DFT approach [3 - 51. We have obtained a correct shape of the In-S bond band at 6 eV, and a correct position, above 14 eV, of the sulphur 3s band. Since the gap is positive, the conduction band states are still unoccupied and therefore calculations of ground state properties are expected to be valid. Department of Materials Research by Computers 227

60- 0 >

40- LL. LU 0

.10 20 -

P N P X r z 0-14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 WAVE VECTOR ENERGY (V) Fig. I Fig. 2

An approach, similar to the one described above, has been used for the electron density of states calculation. Here, we have used a fairly dense grid of 8x8x8 k-points. The results are presented in Fig. 2 The calculated curve shows very good agreement with XPS data 6 In Fig. 2 we have shifted the position of XPS data by 043 eV, which was necessary to account for a different definition of the energy reference level in the measurement. The positions of main features of the upper valence band, deeper In-S bond bands and the gap around 3 eV in the Cu3d+S3p band above 2 eV and around -4 eV fit well the XPS data. Our agreement with the experimental data is slightly better than in the previous calculation by Jaffe and Zunger 3), which is not surprising since we were able to use a much more dense k-point grid. References: 1. G. Kresse and J. Furt Inniffler, Software VASP, Vienna 1999); Phys. Rev. B54, 11169 1996); Comput. Mat. Science 6 1996) 15; 2. M.1. Alonso, K. Wakita, J. Pascual, M. Garriga, and N. Yamamoto, Phys. Rev. B3 2001) 075203; 3. J.E. Jaffe and A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. B28 1983) 5822; 4. J. Furthmilller, J. Hafner ad C. Kresse, Phys. Rev. B50 1994) 15606; A. Zunger, J. Perdew, and G. Oliver, Solid State Commun. 34 1980) 933; A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. 21 980) 4785; 5. J.P. Perdew and A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. B23 1981) 5048; 6. S. Kono and M. Okusawa, J. Phys Sc. Jpn. 37 974) 1301; W. Braun, A. Goldmarm, and M. Cardona, Phys. Rev. B10 1974) 5069.

GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:

1. Dr P. T. Jochym - grant No: 6 P04D 013 20, "Calculations of some Properties of Minerals under High Pressure with Computational Quantum Mechanics", (IMarch 2001 - 28 February 2003); 2. Dr J. Laiewski - grant No: P03B 028 21, "Structural, Dynamical and Termodynamical Properties of Chalcopiryte from First-Principles Calculations", (15 August 2001 - 30 April 2003); 3. Prof. K. Parli7isk - grant No: P03B 069 20, "Prediction of Pressure Induced Structural and Dynamical Changes in Crystals with First- Principles Methods", (I March 2001 - 28 February 2004). 4. Prof. K. Parkriski - grant No: 2 P03B 120 17, Supervising Ph.D. student J. a&wski. Thesis: "Properties of Lattice Vibrations of Selected Crystals Calculated by the ab Initio Methods." 228 Department of Materials Research by Computers

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:

INVITED TALKS:

1. Z. Lodziana, "Reflection of Acoustic Waves from a Surface in the Presence of an Anharmonic Defect", Tenth International Conference on Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter, Hanover, USA, 12-17 August 2001; 2. K. Parlifiski, "Influence of Magnetic Interaction on Lattice Dynamics of FeI303", 2-nd International Workshop on Nuclear Inelastic Scattering, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France, 23-24 April 2001; 3. K. Parlifiski, "Microscopic Mechanical Properties of Technologically Important Materials Studied by Theory and Experiment", Review Seminar on Scientific Cooperation between Austria and Poland, Vienna, Austria, 27-30 May 2001; 4. K. Parlifiski, "First-Principle Calculations of Structure, Lattice Dynamics and Phase Transitions", 10-th International Meeting on Ferroelectricity, Madrid, Spain, 37 September 2001; 5. K. Parlifiski, "First-Principle Calculations in Condensed Matter", XXXVI Meeting of Polish Physicists, Torufi, Poland 17-20 September 2001.

ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS:

1. K. Parlifiski, "Computer Modeling of Crystal Properties", XXXVI Zakopane School of Physics, Zakopane, Poland, 14-19 May 2001.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS:

1. P.T. Jochym, "Pressure Induced Phase Transitions in AgBr", 10-th International Workshop on Computational Material Science Total Energy and Force Meth- ods, Trieste, Italy, 11-13 January 2001; 2. Z. odziana, "Defunctional. Theory Studies of Adsorption of Pd and Cu on a Alumina Surface", Fundamental Aspects of Surface Science, San Feliu de Guixols, Spain, 23-28 June 2001; 3. Z. Lodziana, "Stability and Reactivity of Hydroxylated a - A1203 (0001) Surface", 5-th European Congress on Catalysis, Limerick, Ireland, 27 September 2001. 4. K. Parlifiski, "Ab Initio Calculations of Phonons and Phase Transitions", 10-th International Workshop on Computational Material Sience Total Energy and Force Meth- ods, Trieste, Italy, 11-13 January 2001. Department of Materials Research by Computers 229

SCHOLARSHIPS:

1. Z. Lodziana - Scholarship founded by Danish National Research Fundation, in Center for Atomic- Scale Material Physics (CAMP), Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Lyn- gby, Denmark; 2. P. Piekarz - Postdoc fellowship, University of Pennsylvania, USA.

EXTERNAL SEMINARS:

1. T.P. Jochyrn, "Phase Ransitions in AgBr under Pressure", University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland, 24 October 2001; 2. T.P. Jochyrn, "Ab Initio Calculations of Minerals under High and Nonhydrostatic Pressures", University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 7 November 2001; 3. J. haewski, "Elasticity of AgGaSe2 under Pressure", University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 28 November 2001; 4. Z. odziana, "Stability and Reactivity of (0001) Corundum Surface", University of Esbjerg, Danish, March 2001; 5. P. Piekarz, "Ab Initio Study of Dynamical Properties of Materials", University of Pennsylvania, USA, June 2001.

LECTURES AND COURSES:

1. Prof. K. Parlifiski, "Phase Tansitions in Crystals", lectures for graduate Physics students at the Institute of Nuclear Physics.

Healt Physics Laboratory 231

HEALTH PHYSICS LABORATORY

Head of Laboratory: Dr Pawel 01ko Deputy Head: Dr BarbaraMarczewska. Secretary: Irena Lipehska telephone: (48 12) 662-84-11 e-mail: Pawe1.01koifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Pawel Blski, Ph.D. Pawel Olko, Ph.D. Maciej Budzanowski, Ph.D. Michal Walig6rski 1, Prof. Barbara Marczewska, Ph.D. Technical Staff: J6zef Dybel Tomasz Nowak 2,M.Sc., E.Eng. Tomasz Horwacik 3 M.Sc., Nucl.Eng. El2bieta Ryba 4, E.Eng. Irena Lipefiska Katarzyna Zbroja 4 M.Sc., Nucl.Eng. Anna Nowak

OVERVIEW: PLO300145

The activities of the Health Physics Laboratory at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ) in Krak6w are principally research in the general area of radiation physics, dosimetry and radiation protection of the employees of the Institute. Theoretical research concerns modelling of radiation effects in radiation detectors and studies of concepts in radiation protection. Experimental research, in the general area of solid state dosimetry, is primarily concerned with thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetry, and more specifically: development of LiF:Mg, Ti, CaF2:Tm and CVD diamond detectors for medical applications in conventional and hadron radiotherapy and of LiF:Mg, Cu P and LiF:Mg, Cu, Si, Na for low-level natural external ionising radiation. Environmental radiation measurements (cosmic-rays on aircraft and radon in dwellings and soil) are also performed using track CR-39 and TLD detectors. The Laboratory provides expert advice on radiation protection regulations at national and international levels. Routine work of the Health Physics Laboratory involves design and maintenance of an in-house developed TL-based personnel dosimetry system for over 200 radiation workers at the INP, supervision of radiation safety on IFJ premises, and advising other INP laboratories on all matters pertaining to radiation safety. We provide personal and environmental TLD dosimetry services for several customers outside the IFJ, mainly in hospitals and nuclear research institutes in Poland. We also calibrate radiation protection instruments 400 per year) for customers in the southern region of Poland. The year 2001 was another eventful year for the Health Physics Laboratory. M. Walig6rski has received his Professor of Physics state nomination from A. Kwaniewski, the President of Poland. P. Bilski and M. Budzanowski were granted their Ph.D. degrees by the Scientific Council of the

'Part-Time Consultant, 2Radiation Safety Officer, 3Part-Time Ph.D. Student, 4Chief Radiation Safety Officer at the Institute. 232 Healt Physics Laboratory

Institute of Nuclear Physics. We continued several national and international research projects. Dr Bilski co-ordinates a project on the measurements of radiation doses on board of passenger aircraft of LOT - Polish Airlines and a dose mapping experiment on board of the International Space Station. Dr Marczewska and I develop the application of artificial diamonds for dosimetry of ionising radiation. Dr Budzanowski developed high sensitive LiF:Mg, Na, Si thermolurninescent detectors for personal and environmental dosimetry. We also participated in a project coordinated by Dr J. Swakoh on measuring radon concentration in soil and in houses around different geological structures in Krak6w. In collaboration with the Medical Physics Department of the Centre of Oncology in Krak6w, led by Prof. Walig6rski, we applied our TLD detectors in medical dosimetry. We continued a technical project concerned with the development of the radiotherapy facility for treating eye melanoma with 60 MeV protons from our AIC-144 isochronous cyclotron. On 21 December 2001 our Laboratory for Calibration of Dosimetry Instruments obtained formal accreditation from the Polish Centre of Accreditation, PCA, as the first laboratory at IFJ and the first calibration laboratory in Poland.

Dr Pawel Olko

REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PLO300146

Dosimetry of Cosmic Radiation on Board of Passenger Aircraft and in the Space Laboratory

P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, T. Horwacik, P.01ko, and G. Reitz'

1DLR, K61n, Germany

A passive dosimetric package for measuring doses from cosmic radiation received by aircrew during passenger flights, is under development. It consists of thermoluminescent detectors and CR-39 track detectors placed in a polyethylene holder. Various types of TLI)s are used in these measurements: MTS (LiF:Mg, Ti), MCP (LiF:Mg, Cu, P) and also specially developed LiF:Mg, Ti with an increased efficiency for high LET radiation. All detectors, developed and produced in our Laboratory, feature different isotopic composition of lithium: natural, 7Li enriched or 6Li enriched, to separate the signal from neutron and non neutron components of the radiation field. Calibration exposures were performed at the high-energy reference field at CERN (CERF) which offers the best on-ground approximation of the radiation spectrum encountered at flight altitudes, particularly in the case of neutrons. The developed dosimeters were used in measurements during a three-month period in all five B-767 and two B-737 airplanes of the LOT Polish Airlines. The highest equivalent dose due to the neutron component measured by CR 39 detectors exceeds 25 mSv during the 3-month period. The measured doses with TLD's and CR-39 were consistent with values obtained by calculations using the CARI-6 computer code, which estimates doses basing on the altitude profile of the flight and takes into account the variation of solar activity (see Table 1). At the end of year 2001 our dosimeters were also exposed on board of a Czech airlines aircraft, in a joint project with the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Prague. Our TL detectors were also used for measurements of radiation doses in space. During the first half of 2001 several packages with MTS and MCP TL detectors were installed on board of the Intepiational Space Station Alpha (ISS) for a period of a few months, within the project "Dose Mapping on ISS . The average dose rate measured in different places of the space station ranged from 17 - 22 tGy/day. Healt Physics Laboratory 233

Ambient dose Neutron Neutron signal Total Aircraft Number of flights equivalent non- component expressed as effective dose type neutron component) measured with photon calculated 7 CR-39 equivalent dose with long- middle- measured with LiF CARI-6 distance distance mSV msv msv B-767 59 12 1.21 ± 0.05 1.36 1.37 ± 003 2.3 109 15 1.80 ± 004 1.06 2.06 ± 0.30 4.1 121 4 2.04 ± 002 2.4 2.44 ± 0.27 4.5 127 2 2.10 ± 0.02 2.8 2.73 ± 0.09 4.8 93 31 1.73 ± 0.04 2.3 2.33 ± 0.23 3.8 B-737 - 181 1 .62 ± 0.01 - 0.58 ± 0.02 1.16 240 1 0.90 ± 0.02 0.8 0.82 ± 0.08 1.7

Table 1: Total doses for particular aircraft: non-neutron component of ambient dose equivalent measured with 7LiF TLD, the neutron signal expressed as gamma dose producing in MTS-6 and TLD-600 (in cm PE holder) a TL signal equal to that induced by neutrons, and effective dose calculated with the CARI-6 code.

Thermoluminescent Detectors for Medical Dosimetry, Radiation Protection and Environmental Monitoring C) 0CY) P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, B. Marezewska, P. Olko, M. Walig6rskil, and M Nesladek' _j

also Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland, 2Diepenbeek University, Belgium

At the, Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krak6w (INP), in collaboration with the Centre of Oncology Krak6w, several types of miniature thermoluminescent LiF:Mg, Ti and LiF:Mg, Cu P detectors specially designed for clinical dosimetry in radiotherapy, were developed. The detectors are manufactured in the form of solid pellets of diameter down to I mm and typical thickness 0.5 mm, in the form of rods with diameter down to 0.5 mm and length of a few millimetre and as two-layer detectors with a thin (in the range of 0065 mm) active layer of high-sensitive LiF:Mg, Cu, P. The three types of newly developed detectors are intended for applications in the dosimetry of conformal and stereotactic radiotherapy photon beams, and have been applied in proton beam dosimetry, surface dosimetry of eye-plaque brachytherapy applicators, phantom dosimetry for vascular brachytherapy and in vivo dosimetry in interstitial brachytherapy. These detectors were found to be very useful for dose measurements in high dose gradients, where spatial resolution exceeding mm is required. We have also found these detectors to be useful in verifying dose distributions calculated by radiotherapy planning systems and in simulated i vivo dosimetry, within the requirements of a Quality Assurance programme for treatment planning system in a radiotherapy department. Realistic 3D treatment plans were prepared using several systems (CadPlan, Theraplan and BrainLab) for treating volumes in an Alderson phantom, which was prepared for topometry (CT-scanned) and repeatedly irradiated in fully simulated conditions of patient radiotherapy. In the example shown below (Fig. 1) MTS-N TL detectors were placed at I I points inside and around the treated volumes in the pelvic region of the phantom, in a standard four-field "box"-type plan 6 MV X-rays, CadPlan). While fraction-to-fraction. repeatability was found to be satisfactory (within 12%), some under-exposure of the region of interest, by 2- 3%, was stated. This difference, perhaps related to the conversion of Hounsfield units to mass absorption coefficients in the tomography of the Alderson phantom, requires further study. In co-operation with the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute KAERI, studies were performed to obtain high-sensitive TL material based on LiF:Mg, Cu, Si (called later MCS-N) applicable for dosimetry of ionising radiation in medicine, radiation protection and environmental monitoring. These studies concentrated on the optimisation of activation techniques of the MCS-N powders and of sintering methods in order to obtain solid detectors with a reduced high temperature peak (which is unwanted in practical dosimetry) and with enhanced sensitivity. After extensive studies the highest detector sensitivity, comparable with that of LiF:Mg, Cu P (MCP-N) material (Fig. 2 has been obtained for MCS-N sintered pellets with 0.1% (Mg), 02% (Cu), and 1.0% (Si). The new sintered MCS-N pellets show very good sensitivity and high ratio of dosimetric to high-temperature peak (P4/P5). The new material is also more 234 Healt Physics Laboratory resistant than MCP to overheating during routine annealing in 2400 C and shows no decrease of sensitivity after multiple readout. The work will be continued to develop the technology of large-scale production of MCS-N detectors.

WI'

Fig. 1: Example of validation of a radiotherapy treatment plan in an antropomorphic phantom. Therapy planning system: CadPlan, v. 31.3. Therapy unit: CLINAC 2300; number of 6 MV X-ray fields: 4 field size: 10 x 10 cm 2 SSD = 00 cm, normalization 2 Gy at ICRU reference point (no 7). The calculated dose distribution was verified against phantom "radiotherapy" at points no: 1-1 1 by three MTS-N detectors exposed together at each point.

35000 -

30000 - K61 ---- LiF:MgCuP (MCP-N) 25000 -

-E 20000 - C 2) 0 1500 - _j

10000

500 -

0 50 100 150 200 250 Temperature, C

Fig. 2 Measured TL signal after irradiation with a dose of I rnGy and read out with a heating rate of 5'Cls. The highest main peak sensitivity relative to MCP-N 0.9) and relative total TL signal 1.12) have been reached for MCS-N detectors sintered from sample powder K61 at 850 C and annealed at 260 'C.

Diamond is believed to be a promising material for medical dosimetry due to its tissue-equivalence, mechanical and radiation hardness, and lack of solubility in water or in disinfecting agents. A number of diamond samples, obtained at the Limburg University (Belgium) under different growth conditions using the Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) technique, were tested as thermoluminescence dosemeters. Their TL glow curves, TL response after doses of y-rays, fading, etc., were studied at dose levels and for radiation modalities typical for radiotherapy. The investigated CVD diamonds displayed sensitivity comparable with Healt Physics Laboratoty 235 that of standard thermolurninescence lithium fluoride MTS-N (LiNg, Ti) detectors, reproducibility after several eadouts below 10% (I S.D.) and negligible fading 4 days after irradiation. A dedicated CVD diamond plate was grown, cut into 20 detector chips x 3 x 0.5 min) and used for measuring the dose-depth distribution at different depths in a water phantom, for Co-60 and 6 MV X-ray radiotherapy beams. Due to the sensitivity of diamond to ambient ight, it was difficult to achieve reproducibility comparable with that of standard LIF detectors.

Development of CVD Diamonds as Active Detectors of lonising Radiation

P. Bilski, B. Marczewska, P. Olko, M. Wali-6rskil,O and M Nesladek 2

also Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland; 2Diepenbeek University, BeIghun

Several types of CVD diamonds rown at the Institute for Materials Research at the Limburg University (Belgium), were used to construct detectors working in ionisation chamber mode, applicable in medical physics. CVD diamonds with removed Si substrate, cut into 3 mm x 3 mm x 0.8 mm pieces, with deposited Au contacts and exposed in an external field of 320 kVp X-rays demonstrated sensitivity which varied from 50 nC/Gy to 630 nC/Gy, and a sublinear esponse with dose rate. Fig. I presents the response of the 8 detector after irradiation with different sources,

100000 X-rays, 32OkV

10000 IN!!1 00

1000 0 0 100 241 Co Am alpha source 0 _j 10 CL

O 1 day light 0.1

Id=O.C)32pA

Radiation sources

Fig.Z> 1: Response of the S8 detector after iradiation with different sources. Id i the value of the dark current of the detector S8 prior to irradiation.

A pencil-shaped holder (Fig. 2 was developed and used for testing the diamond detectors. The holder ensures electronic equilibrium and screens the detector from external electrical fields. The main deficiency of the diarnond detector system so far are extended periods required to reach signalC, saturation and recovery after iradiation. We expect this deficiency to be overcome by improving the quality of CVD diamonds.

70 n

Fia0 2 Schematic view of the pencil-shaped holder for CVD diamond detector. 236 PLO300149 Healt Physics Laboratory Development of the Proton Radiotherapy of Eye Melanoma Facility P. Olko, T. Nowak, A. Czermak, and M. Walig6rskil

also Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland

In 2002 the new AC-144 isochronous cyclotron at the INP is planned to begin operation with 60 MeV proton and 30 MeV deuterODbeams. Within the Hadron Radiotherapy Center (CRH) project carried out in collaboration with the Department of Ophthalmology (Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum) and the Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, these beams will be used for proton and fast neutron radiotherapy, satisfying national needs for treating ocular melanoma and clinically indicated fast neutron radiotherapy. In 2001 the proton radiotherapy room has been completed (Fig. 1). Elements of the optical bench required for beam dosimetry and beam formation, were developed.

k 'E-,W

Fig. 1: Proton radiotherapy room for treating eye melanoma.

PLO300150 Radon Investigations in Selected Areas of the Krakow Agglomeration

T. Horwacik, K. Kozak, and P. 01ko

Investigations of selected areas in Kak6w have been launched in cooperation with Dr Kozak's team of the Natural Radioactivity Laboratory, INP. The aim of this research was to confirm the hypothesis that the presence of underground fault zones affects the radon gas concentration in houses. Over 130 CR 39 radon detectors have been deployed for measuring radon concentration in soil and over 100 detectors were used for measurements in dwellings. Over the area in the vicinity of underground faults elevated radon concentrations in air soil and houses were observed. The highest and average radon concentration in the soil around the Wola Justowska region were 70.8 and 37.2 kBq/m 3 respectively, which are over 50% higher than the typical values measured in the area of Krak6w. Healt Physics Laboratory 237

GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: I Dr P. 01ko - grant No: T1 1E 019 18, "Development of the Diamond Detectors Applying Ion Beam Deposition Methods for Dosimetry in Cancer Radiotherapy"; 2. Dr P. Bilski - grant No: 4 P05D 016 18, "Development of the Thermoluminescence Dosimetric System for Verification of Radiation Hazard for Air-Crew Members on Cosmic-Radiation"; 3. Dr B. Marczewska - grant No. 7 T08D 021 20, "Development of the Thermoluminescent Detectors Based on CaF2 for Medical and Environmental Dosimetry"; 4. T. Horwacik, M.Sc. - participation in the grant No: 6 P04D 026 19, "The Investigation of the Elevated Radon Gas Concentration Around Fault Zones and Karst Bedrock Areas: Radiation Risk Aspect in ak6w Region".

Technical grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Dr P. 01ko - grant No: 620/E-77/SPUB-M/DZ189/00, "CVD Diamond Detectors for Medical Dosimetry and Radiation Protection"; 2. Dr P. 01ko - grant No: 620/E-77/SPUB-M/DZI90/00, "Determination of Effective Doses for the Air-Crew Members"; 3. Dr P. 01ko - grant No: 2966/IB/620/99, 113 123/99, "Development of the Proton Radiotherapy Facility for Eye Melanoma Treatment", 4. Dr P. Olko - grant No: 3969/IA/620/200 1 IA-0348/200 , "Modernisation of the Laboratory Equipment"; 5. Dr P. 01ko - grant No: 3968/IA/620/2001, IA-0355/2001, "Modernisation of the Laboratory Equipment".

Grants from other sources: 1. DrM.Budzanowski-grantNo:N-1052,(KoreaAtomicEnergyResearchlnstitute), "Research on the Development of KAERI LiF:Mg, Cu, Na, Si Materials and Their Dosimetric Characteristics".

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFER]ENCES AND WORKSHIPS:

MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: 1. P. Olko, XII Congress of the Polish Societyfor Radiation Research, Krak6w, Poland, 10 12 September 200 .

INVITED TALKS: 1. P. Bilski, "Lithium Fluoride - from LiF:Mg, Ti to LiF:Mg, Cu, P", 13th International.Conference on Solid State Dosimetry, Athens, Greece, 913 July 200 ; 2. M.P.R. Walig6rski, "On a Model-Based Approach to Radiation Protection", 13"' Symposium on Microdosimetry, Stresa, ITALY, 26-27 May 2001.

ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS: 13"' InternationalConference on Solid State Dosimetry, Athens, Greece, 913 July 2001: 1. M. Budzanowski, "A System for Rapid Large Area Monitoring of Gamma Dose-Rates in the Environment Based on MCP-N (LiF:Mg, Cu, P) TL Detectors"; 238 Healt Physics Laboratory

2. C. Hood, "Miniature LiF:M(r, Cu P Rods for Intracatheter Dosimetry in Brachyteherapy"; 3. P. Olko, "Microdosimetric Interpretation of Photon Energy Response of LiF:Mg, Ti Detectors".

International Conference on Medical Physics and Engineering in Health Care, 2"' Congress of the Polish Society of Medical Physics, Poznafi, Poland, 18-20 October, 2001: 1 .P. Olko, "CVD Diamonds as Active and Passive Dosimeters for Radiotherapy"; 2. M. Budzanowski, "The Thermoluminescent System for Large Area and Rapid Monitoring of Gamma Dose-RaLes in the Environment"; 3. P. Bilski, "Cosmic Radiation Dosimetry on Board of Passenger Airplanes of Polish Airlines LOT".

POSTER PRESENTATIONS:

13 hInternationalConference on Solid State Doshnetry, Athens, Greece, 913 July 200 : I P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, B. Marczewska, and P. Olko, "Dosimetry of Cosmic Radiation on Board of Polish Passengers Airplanes Using Thermoluminescent Detectors"; 2. P. Bilski, M.P.R. Wali-6rski, M. Budzanowski, E. Ochab, and P. Olko, "Miniature Thermoluminescent Detectors for Dosirnetry in Radiotherapy"; 3. B. Marczewska, P. Olko, M. Nesladek, M.P.R. Walig6rski, and Y. Kerremans, "CVD Diamonds as Thermoluminescent Detectors for Medical Applications"; 4. M.P.R. Wali-6rski, P. Bilski, J. Lesiak, E. Byrski, B. Rozwadowska-Bo-usz, R. Baraficzyk, E. G6ra, t z:1 E. Ochab, and P. Olko, "Validation of a Radiotherapy Treatment Plannincr System Using an Anthropomorphic Phantom and MTS-N Thermoluminescent Detectors". 21st International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors, Giessen, Germany, 16-20 July 2001: 1. B. Marczewska, T. Nowak, P. Olko, M. Nesladek, and M.P.R. Wali-6rski, "Study on the Application of CVD Diamonds as Active Detectors of lonising Radiation". 3rd International Conference ,Novel Applications of Wide Bandgap Layei-s", Zakopane, Poland, 26-30 June, 2001: 1. B. Marczewska, T. Nowak, P. Olko, M. Nesladek, and M.P.R. Walig6rski, "CVD Diamonds as Active and Passive Detectors of lonising Radiation - Assessment of Tbeir Applicability for Medical Dosimetry".

SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: NOMINATIONS: 1. M.P.R. Wali-6rski - professorship (state nomination). Ph.D.: 1. P. Bilski, "Dosimetric Properties of LiF:Mg, CuP Thermoluminescent Materials"; 2. M. Budzanowski, "Ultra-Sensitive Thermoluminescent Detectors Based on LiF:Mg, Cu, P(MCP-P) and their Applicability in Dosimetry of Gamma Radiation in Environment". M.Sc.: 1. A. Szczqch, ,,Theri-noluminescence Detectors for Dosimetry of Proton Eye Radiotherapy". Healt Pliysics Laboratory 239

EXTERNAL SEMINARS: I P. Olko, "From Thermolurninescent Lithium Fluoride to Diamond Detectors", CEA (French Atomic Energy Commission), Sacley, France, 12 June 2001; 2. M. Budzanowski, "Research on the Development of KAERI LiF.Mg, Cu, Na, Si Materials and their Dosimetric Characteristic", Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tajeon, Korea, November 2001; 3. M. Walig6rski, "From Fotons to Protons", Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland: 4. M. Walig6rski, "Does Depleted Uranium Pose Radiological Hazard in Kosovo?", Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland:

SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1 D J. Lesz - ENDOS GmbH, Germany; 2. Dr Jang-Lyul Kim - KAERI, Korea; 3. Dr S. Shvidkij- JINR, Dubna, Rosja; 4. DrA.G. Molokanov - JINR, Dubna, Rosja; 5. Dr R. Bedogn - ENEA Bologna, Italy.

Cyclotron Section 241

CYCLOTRON SECTION

Head of Section: Edmund Bakewicz, M.Sc., E.E. Deputy Head of Section: Marek Talach, M.Sc., Eng. telephone: (48 12) 662-83-65 e-mail: Edmund.Bakewiczifj.edu.p1 e-mail: Marek.Ta1achifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Research Staff: Henryk Doruch, M.Sc., E.E. Ryszard Taraszkiewicz, Ph.D. Jerzy Starzewski, M.Sc., E.E.

Technical Staff. Krzysztof Daniel, M.Sc., E.E. Boguslaw Salach Tadeusz Francuz Artur Sroka, M. E. Konrad Gugula Jacek Sulikowski, M.Sc. Jerzy Korecki, M.Sc., E.E. Bogdan Sulek Mieczyslaw Kubica Marek Talach, M.Sc., E.E. Janusz Lagisz Ryszard Tarczofi Tadeusz Norys Lucyna Wlodek Zbigniew Pazdalski Bronislaw Wojniak, M.Sc. Wojciech Pyziol

OVERVIEW: PLO300151

The main efforts of our Section are focused on modernization and adaptation of the AIC-144 cyclotron for medical purposes. For this aim we must extract a proton beam with energy up to 60 MeV (intensity - I On A), and an up to 30 MeV deuteron beam (intensity - 25 tA). The revamped cyclotron will be mainly used for proton and neutron radiotherapy and for production of medical radioisotopes. Most important works, performed in 2001, are listed below: A. Acceleration and extraction of proton beams with energy of about 48 MeV; B. Experimental examination of the working parameters of the AIC-144 cyclotron and of its extraction system for protons with energy of 60 MeV and deutrons with energy of 30 MeV; C. Purchase, installation and testing of a modern power supply for the steering magnet (proton transport to the medical room for the purpose of the eye therapy); D. Modification of the cyclotron resonator by installing so-called ,perpendicular armatures" to push up maximum working frequency needed for 60 MeV alpha particle and proton beams and for 30 MeV deuterons; E. Elaboration of a new project of the PIG ion source, using the beam phase selectors in the central area of cyclotron; F. Installation and testing of the HN. deflector (ESD- 1), collimator and multilamel measuring probe; 242 Cyclotron Section

G. Elaboration and testing two software control modules (CAMP and BORP) to be used by the instrument operator, using Visual C+ v. 60 and SQL (Structured Query Language). Theoretical and experimental efforts were carried out in close cooperation with Laboratory of Nuclear Problems (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna). In particular, collaboration with the worldwide known group of dr S.B. Vorojtsov's (N.A. Morozov, E.V. Samsonov, I.N. Kian) is gratefully acknowledged.

Edmund Bakewicz

REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PLO300152 Electrostatic and Magnetic Elements of the New Extraction System for the AIC-144 Cyclotron

E. Bakewicz, K. Daniel, H. Doruch, N.A. Morozov', and R. Taraszkiewicz 1Joint Institutefor Nuclear Research, Dubna Rssia Isochronous cyclotron AIC-144 [1] is now equipped wit a new beam extraction system. It consists of three electrostatic deflectors and three passive magnetic channels. Here we report the most important construction solutions and characteristic parameters of the device.

1. Introduction Amon- several feasible solutions for the beam extraction system 2 3 the precession method was chosen. Adjustable system parameters, such as element positioning, field gradients, etc. were then optimized by means of computer calculations of the beam dynamics. This required precise measurements of magnetic field distortion and the knowledge of realistic fringe field maps, including the field inside magnetic channels. Means to correct possible field distortion due to the removal of ferrornagnetic material from the valley between sectors for installation of the new harmonic coils were foreseen. It appeared useful to allow for field modification through e. valley shims) in order to shift the position of the coupling resonance to limit the axial blow-up of the beam. The central region structure has been investigated in more detail to obtain the necessary beam quality in the pre-extraction region. The beam extraction system was finally matched with that of downstream beam transport. Beam extraction experiments were carried out for protons with final energies of 35 MeV and 48 MeV. The 35 MeV regime was operated with the following parameters: main coil current of 169.2 A, optimum generator frequency - 19.995 MHz, corresponding isochronous magnetic field at the machine center was 13.250 kG, and the accelerating dee voltage was 45 kV. Table 1. Parameters of extraction system for proton energy 35.1 MeV.

Element (91 (92 I'/ r2 AB 6 dBldx dEldx (0) (0) (cm) (cm) (KG) (KV/cm) (KG/cm) (KV/CM2) ESD-2 120 140 63.85 64.60 58.3 0.0 ESD-3 140 177 64.60 65.69 - 48.9 - -20.4 Mc 1 183 205 65.66 65.99 -1.582 0.0 MC-2 215 250 66.83 75.17 -2.153 0.8 - MC-3 1 273 283 1 88.37 1 98.33 0.0 1.0 Cyclotron Section 243

1.1. Beam deflection and extraction system elements. The extraction system of the AIC-144 cyclotron consists of six elements located inside, a vacuum chamber: threeelectrostatic deflectors and three magnetic channels. Her a their narnes and azimuthal positions: ESD-1: 98-117)', ESD-2: 120-140)', ESD-3: 140-177)', MC-1: 13-205)', MC-2: (215- 250)', MC-3: 273-283)'. The 2-nd and 3-rd electrostatic deflectors are mounted on the same case and supplied by the same high voltage nit. This set of elements is proposed for extraction of 60 MeV protons. For extraction of 35 MeV potons the first electrostatic deflector can be removed from the vacuum camber, since the remaininc,C, element ae sufficient in this case. Different types of particles accelerated to the needed energies meet at the matching point, which is located just in front of the first elernent of transport line and has the coordinates of P ==308' r = 153 cm. 2. Structural elements 2.1. Electrostatic deflectors The septum parts of the sections re water-cooled. The entrance of the septum (thickness 0.1 mm) is made of tunasten. Deflectors must withstand thermal energy deposition of up to several hundred watts (due to the beam losses) without noticeable changes in the septum curvature. This is achieved by supporting the device on a C-shaped stainless steel skeleton.

The hiahLI volta-eC, titanium electrode is not cooled. Instead, it is protected from being1=1 hit by incoming particles by the use of a special C-shaped diaphragm. All deflectors are fitted with remotely controlled drivers for radial positioning ad adjusting the an-le Of inclination in relation to the beam trajectory. The gap between a septum and a high-voltage electrode is adjusted within the limits of 4 - 5 mm without destroying vacuum in the cyclotron chamber; the second kind of gap adjustment can provide its non- uniformity within the limits of 10 mm along the beam trajectory. Preliminary high voltage training of the sections will be carried out within 12 hours. For the extraction of 35 MeV protons this crap in section ESD-2 is 5.5 mrn o entrance and 65 mm on an exit, with the working voltage of 45 kV (compared to the calculated 40 kV). 2.1.1. Magnetic channels There are tree ma-netic channels: MC-], 2 and 3 In channel MC- I homogeneous decrease of magnetic field by the value of -0. 18 T is achieved out by means of steel plates 25 x 30 mm. In channel MC-2, 2.5-5) x 50 mm plates decrease the magnetic field by another 0. 1 - 022 T and radial beam focusing with the -adient 8 T/rn takes place. Additional steel plates in channels MC I ad MC-2 are placed in the aluminum C-shaped case and provide the shimming of the magnetic feld distortion brought by the channel in the area of the accelerated beam (the value of an average magnetic field distortion and the first harmonic is shimmed up to the several G). Ma-netic channel MC-3 was initially designed as electromagnetic quadrupole lens. In the area of the accelerated bearn this channel creates a field perturbation not exceeding several Gs (for average field and the first harmonic). At the second stage, MC-3 was re-designed as a passive ferromagnetic 3-bars channel. All magnetic channels have remote adjustment of their radial position in the cyclotron chamber; the anaular position of the MC-3 channel can be additionally adjusted. 2.2. Coils for te first harmonic shaping The aplitude and the type of pase dependence of the magnetic field first harmonic near the radius R - 60 cm are the parameters determining the characteristics of the beam turn separation enhancement in the electrostatic deflector mouth. Fine tuning of the magnetic field first harmonic (131 = 2 Gs, pl = - the phase along the dee axis) to the required characteristics was carried out by means of the new cyclotron harmonic Coils. 3. Extraction efficiency Commissioning of the extraction system involved the following steps: • measurement of the radial gain enhancement without extraction system inside vacuum chamber; the same, at pesence of ESD-2, at their working positions in order to measure probable particle losses on outer side of the septurn; • beam pass through ESD-2, and ESD-3, measurement of the particle losses inside them; 244 Cyclotron Section

step by step installation of the magnetic channels MC-1, MC-2, MC-3 together with the corresponding tuning of the radial gain enhancement and measurement of the beam transport efficiency at each step. We have observed a very high efficiency (-85%) of the beam deflection on exit of ESD-3 when no magnetic channels had been installed inside vacuum chamber. Installation of the magnetic channels necessitated in additional efforts for the first harmonic compensation in order to improve the process of radial gain enhancement. No particle losses have been detected inside the magnetic channels. After the accurate adjustment of the extraction system parameters (mainly careful control of the magnetic field first harmonic, and positioning of ESD-2 and ESD-3) we have increased the extraction efficiency for 35 MeV protons up to the calculated value of 70%. References: 1. J.A. Schwabe et al., "Automatic Isochronous Cyclotron AIC-144", in: Proceedings of the International Seminar on lsochronous Cyclotron Technique. Krak6w, Poland, November 13 - 8, 1978, p. 197, IFJ Report 1069/PL; 2. O.N. Borisov et al., "Feasibility Study of the Beam Extraction from the AIC-144 Cyclotron", JINR, E9-96-492, Dubna, 1996; European Cyclotron Progress Meeting, ECPM XXXI, Groningen, 18-20 September 1997, Abstracts, p. 24; 3. O.N. Borisov et al., "New Beam Extraction System for the AIC-144 Cyclotron", JINR, E9-98-130, Dubna, 1998; Proc. of the 15 1h Int. Conf. On Cycl. And their Appl., Caen, France, 14-19 June 1998, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol and Philadelphia, p. 528.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: ORAL PRESENTATIONS: 1. M. Talach, ,,Modernisation and Adaptation of the AIC-144 Cyclotron for Medical Needs", International Workshop: Bratislava- Dubna - Krakow - Warsaw: Modernisation and Progress in Cyclotron Technics, Warsaw, Poland, 26-27 September 2001; 2. H. Doruch, ,,Ion Optics in Center of the AIC-144 Cyclotron", International Workshop: Bratislava- Dubna - Krakow - Warsaw: Modernisation ad Progress in Cyclotron Technics, Warsaw, Poland, 26-27 September 2001; 3. K. Daniel, ,,Optimization of Magnetic Measurements for the AIC-144 Cyclotron", International Workshop: Bratislava- Dubna - Krakow - Warsaw: Modernisation and Progress in Cyclotron Technics, Warsaw, Poland, 26-27 September 2001.

SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. J. Dora, Eng. - Technical University, Wroclaw, Poland; 2. Dr eng. J. Duchewicz - Technical University, Wroclaw, Poland; 3. Dr I. Kian - JINR Dubna, Russia; 4. Dr W. Mielnikow - JINR Dubna, Russia; 5. Dr N. Morozov - JINR Dubna, Russia; 6. Dr E. Samsonow - JINR Dubna, Russia. Magnetic Field Water Treatment Section 245

MAGNETIC FIELD WATER TREATMENT SECTION

Head of Section: Marek Kope6, M.Sc. telephone: (48 12) 662-84-76, 662-84-75 e-mail: Marek.Kopecifj.edu.p1

OVERVIEW:

In the last year the activity of the team was focused on industrial implementing of methods developed, as well as on designing and implementing devices for magnetohydrodynamic treatment and filtration in the magnetic field. • Research for Polish Petroleum Corporation S.A. (IFJ N-34001 Phase 11 Research) on the possibilities of implementation of the magnetohydrodynamic treatment method was completed. In this part of research the effect of magnetic treatment on scale formation and bacteria growth in petrochemical circuits was tested. • Research for Polish Petroleum Corporation S.A. (IFJ N-34003 Phase I and 11 Research) on the effectiveness of crude petroleum desalting was completed. In this part of research phase analyses of deposits from petrochemical circuits in the 30ck Petrochemical Works were crried out. r

Marek Kope6

REPORT ON RESEARCH:

Studies on the Effectiveness of Crude Petroleum Desalting in the Plock Petrochemical Works

M. Kope6, A. Szkatula, and J. Kraczka

The samples were collected from an existing filter station, in which candle filters are used. Investi-ations of all samples included chemical determinations and X-ray powder diffraction analyses, while Mbssbauer spectroscopy was the basis to establish pase composition. The effectiveness of desalting has been checked on the determination of halite (NaCl) content in samples. Corrosion-derived phases, iron oxide-hydroxide - lepidocrocite y-FeOOH, iron oxide-hydroxide - goethite u.-FeOOH and iron oxide - magnetite have been found to be principal components of solids present in the samples; their combined contents is up to 80 wt. of total solid deposits. The deposits also contain ferromagnetic iron sulphides, greigite and pyrrhotite Fe,-,,S up to 15%) and subordinate amounts of halite NaCl (1. - 35%), calcite (1. - 1.5%) and quartz (0. - .0%). 246 Magnetic Field Water Treatment Section

Sample X-ray and Mbssbauer spectra are shown below.

X'Pert Graphics Identify User-1 qEaph. S_15-P112 01-11-20 09:05

counts/s 900

625-

400

225

100

0 r 10 2 0 4 0 6 0 '2Theta 05-0586 Calcite, syn CaC(?3 46-1045 Qffartz, syn -S,02, 05-0628 Halite, sn a NaCl

Pilips Analytical

Fig. 1: X-ray spectra of sample P12.

100

99 -

98 -

Z 97 ------A B 96 ...... C D 95 - E

93 -10 -5L 0 5 10L VELOCITY nWs)

Fie,. 2 Mbssbauer spectra of sample P15, A-lepidocrocite, B - Fe (H), C, D-magnetite, E-pyrrhotite, greicrite. Scientific Equipment Division 247

SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT DIVISION

Head of Division: Jerzy Halik, M.Sc., M.E. Deputy Head of Division: Bogustawa Chwastowska, M.Sc. telephone: (48 12) 662-84-59 e-mail: Jerzy.Ha1ikifj.edu.p1

PERSONNEL:

Engineers: Jerzy Halik Witold Sobala Jerzy Kotula Krzysztof Wigniewski J6zef Ligocki Marek Wr6bel Andrzej Ry§ Leszek ,r6dlowski

Administration: Boguslawa Chwastowska Wieslawa Talach Barbara Dzie2a

Technicians: Jaroslaw Adamek J6zef Rogowski Zdzislaw Blaszczak Roman Romanow Miroslaw Dubiel Andrzej Seweryn Jerzy Grzybek Maciej Sowifiski Krzysztof Grzybek Wladyslaw Szwaja Jerzy Kantorski Henryk wierk Jan MaJka Zbigniew Toch Piotr Mazur Piotr Topolski J6zef Michniak Zygfryd Trulka Waclaw Nqdza Jerzy Wcislo Miroslaw Papie2 Ryszard Zajqc Stanislaw Pelc Zbigniew Zasadzki Ryszard Pyziol Boguslaw Ziqba Maciej Rachwalik 248 Scientific Equipment Division

OVERVIEW: PLO300153

The Scientific Equipment Division consists of the Design Group and the Mechanical Workshop. The activity of the Division includes the following: • designs of devices and equipment for experiments in physics; their mechanical construction and assembly. In particular, these are vacuum chambers and installations for HV and UHV; • maintenance and upgrading of the existing installations and equipment in our Institute; • participation of our engineers and technicians in design works, equipment assembly and maintenance for experiments in foreign laboratories. The Design Group is equipped with PC-computers and AutoCAD graphic software (release 2000 and Mechanical Desktop 40) and an AO plotter, which allow us to make drawings and 2- and 3-dimensional mechanical documentation to the world standards. The Mechanical Workshop offers a wide range of machining and treatment methods with satisfactory tolerances and surface quality. They include: • turning - cylindrical elements of a length up to 2000 mm and a diameter up to 400 mm, and also disc- type elements of a diameter up to 600 mm and a length not exceeding 300 mm, • milling - elements of length up to 1000 mm and gear wheels of diameter up to 300 mm, • grinding - flat surfaces of dimensions up to 300 mm x 1000 mm and cylindrical elements of a diameter up to 200 mm and a length up to 800 mm, • drilling - holes of a diameter up to 50 mm, • welding - electrical and gas welding, including TIG vacuum-tight welding, • soft and hard soldering, • mechanical works including precision engineering, • plastics treatment - machining and polishing using diamond milling, modelling, lamination of various shapes and materials, including plexiglas, scintillators and light-guides, • painting - paint spraying with possibility of using furnace-fired drier of internal dimensions of 800 mm x 800 mm x 800 mm. Our workshop is equipped with the CNC milling machine which can be used for machining of work- pieces up to 500 kg. The machine allows the following tool movements in particular axes: X - 000 mm, Y - 00 mm, Z - 00 mm; it is controlled by HEIDENHAIN 407 Control System, and ensures the accuracy and reproducibility of machining of 0.01 mm in each of the axis. In 2001 the Department of Mechanical Construction designed, manufactured and assembled an equipment for the following foreign laboratories: • Deutches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, FRG, • European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, • Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, FRG, • Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsow, Poland, • Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland. Besides the large designs and systems described below, some interesting works were made for the departments of our Institute and other institutions: I Design and manufacturing of the new photon calorimeter of Luminosity Monitor for ZEUS Experiment at DESY, 2. Manufacturing of the shutter and supporting structures for AUGER Project in Argentina, 3. Manufacturing and assembly of 105 sets of mirror positioning devices for AUGER Project in Argentina, 4. Design of ion source for cyclotron AIC-144 at our Institute, 5. Design and manufacturing of a vacuum chamber and parts of vacuum lines for dual beam ion implantator at our Institute, 6. Design and manufacturing of experimental chamber for Proton Microprobe at our Institute.

Jerzy Halik Scientific Equipment Division 249

REPORTS ON ACTIVITY:

In this report the most important installations and devices designed and manufactured at the Scientific Equipment Division are shown.

Preliminary Design of HF Trucks for ATLAS Experiment on LHC at CERN

J. Halik, J. Kotula, T. Nyman', and A. Sobofi 1 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland PLO300154

The forward support system (HF) consists of 4 supporting structures (Trucks) which are used during assembly and disassembly of ATLAS components and as supports of forward shieldings (JF) during normal operation of the detector. There are two moving trucks equipped with air pads on their bases with a capacity of 1000 tons (static or moving) and two fixed trucks with a capacity of 1600 tons. The HF Trucks are foreseen for the following purposes: • to move truck in lateral direction during long openings of detector; • to assemble and disassemble of barrel calorimeter 1600 tons once assembled); • to keep the load of shielding during normal operation conditions of detector (about I 00 tons); • to enable assembly and disassembly of the shielding and other components of detector; • to have an access platforms for assembly and disassembly of detector components. During this phase of design the preliminary static calculations of the truck have been made according to the EUROCODE 3 and drawings of preliminary design have been prepared. The preliminary design has been discussed and accepted by the customers at CERN.

Fig. 1: HF Truck with access platforms. 250 Scientific Equipment Division PLO300155 Internal Target Assembly at the AIC-144 Cyclotron. Design of the Target Transfer System from the Intermediate Vacuum Chamber to the Transportation Carriage

S. Halik, J. Ligocki, L. r6dlowski, E. Bakewicz, B. Petelenz, E. Ochab, and M. Szalkowski

The internal target assembly for production of radioisotopes in the AIC-144 cyclotron consists of four essential units which enable a proper sequence of technological operations, starting from the insertion of the target material into the intermediate vacuum chamber up to the delivery of the activation products to the radiochemical laboratory. One of these units is a remotely controlled system for dismantling the activated target and placing it inside the transportation carriage. The system consists of two movable tables acting in the horizontal and vertical directions, a pneumatically actuated target grip, and a structure supporting the tables, connected to the structure supporting the whole assembly. The movable tables are driven by stepper motors, with the positioning accuracy of 0012 mm. Fig. I shows the target transfer system on the background of the whole Internal Target Assembly.

Fig. 1: a) Transfer system of the activated target, b) intermediate vacuum chamber with gate valves, c) stand, d) pneumatic actuator for the clamp and other target mechanisms. List of Publications - 2001 251

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:

Articles in International Journals

1. A. Abashian, (E. Bana, A. Bo&k, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, W. Ostrowicz, H. Palka, Al. R6afiska, K. ybicki) et al.,

Measurement of the CP Violation Parameter sin2o, in Bod Meson Decays, hep-ex/0102018 and Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 2509 ; 2. R. Abe, (E. Bana, A. Bo&k, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, W. Ostrowicz, H. Palka, M. R6afiska) et al., Performance of the Belle Silicon Vertex Detector, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48 2001) 997; 3. A. Adarnczak, D. Bakalov, K. Bakalova, E. Polacco, C. Rizzo, On the Use of a H - 02 Gas Target in Muonic Hydrogen Atom Hyperfine Splitting Eperiments, Hyperfine Interactions 136 2001) 1; 4. A. Adarnczak, M.P. Faifman, Resonant ddp Formation in Condensed Deuterium, physics/0102080 a Phys. Rev. A64 2001) 052705; 5. D. Adarnek, J. Kalua, A. Jasifiski, Immunohistochemical Investigations of Excitotoxicity in Experimental Spinal Cord Trauma, Folia Histochernica et Cytobiologica 39 2001) 175; 6. T. Akesson, (Z. Hajduk) et al., An Alignment Method for the ATLAS End-Cap TRT Detector Using a Narrow Monochromatic X-Ray Beam, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A463 2001) 129; 7. T. Akesson, (Z. Hajduk, J. 01szowska, M. Sapihski) et al., Particle Identification Using the Time-over-Threshold Method in the ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A474 2001) 172; 8. A.L.S. Angelis, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadug, P. Stefafiski) et al., CASTOR: Centauro and Strange Object Research in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at the LHC, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 97 2001) 227; 9. A.L.S. Angelis, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadu) et al., CASTOR Detector: Model, Objectives and Simulated Performance, Nuovo Cimento 24 2001) 755; 10. A.G. Artukh, (M. Gruszecki, F. Kocielniak, J. Szrnider) et al., Wide Aperture Kinematical Separator COMBAS, Proc. of the L-th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Spectroscopy and Nuclear Structure in: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz. and Bull. Acad. Si. USSR, Phys. Ser. 65(l) 2001 6; 11. A.G. Artukh, (M. Gruszecki, F. Ko9cielniak, J. Szrnider) et al., Some Regu arities in the Beam-Direct Production of Isotopes with 2 < Z < 11 Induced in Reactions of 180 35 A MeV) with Be and Ta, Proc. of the L-th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Spectroscopy and Nuclear Structure in: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz. and Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Ser. 65(5) 2001) 704; 12. J. Augustynowicz, M. Lekka, K. Burda, H. abryg, Correlation between Chloroplast Motility and Elastic Properties of Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts, Acta Physiologiae Plantarurn 23 3) 2001) 291; 13. S.P. Avdeyev, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., On the Way fom Thermal Multifragmentation to Dynamical Disintegration, 3rd Catania Relativistic Ion Studies on Phase Transitions Strong Interactions: Status and Perspectives (CRIS2000), Acicastello, Italy, 22-26 May 2000, in: Nucl. Phys. A681 2001) 287c; 14. S.P. Avdeyev, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., Transition from Thermal to Rapid Expansion in Multifragmentation of Cold Induced by Light Relativistic Projectiles, nucl-ex/0102007 and Phys. Lett. B503 2001) 256; 252 List of Publications - 2001

15. S.P. Avdeyev, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karez, M. Janicki) et al., Multifragmentation of Cold Nuclei by Light Relativistic Ions: Thermal Breakup versus Dynamical Disin- tegration, Yadernaya Fiz. 64 2001) 1628 and Phys, of Atomic Nuclei 64 2001) 1549; 16. M. Awramik, M. Jeabek, Longitudinal Top Quark Polarization, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2115; 17. B. Badelek, M. Krawczyk, J. Kwiecifiski, A.M. Stato, A Model of 2 at Arbitrary Q2 and the Total Photon-Photon Cross-Sections at High Energies, Proc. of the Int. Workshop on High Energy Photon Colliders, DESY, Hamburg, Germany, 14-17 June 2000, eds R.D. Heuer et al., in: Nucl. Instr. Meth. A472 2001) 222; 18. K. Bajan, W. Florkowski, Boost-Invariant Particle Production in Tansport Equations, hep-ph/0107244 and Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 3035; 19. E. Bakewicz, (K. Daniel, H. Doruch, J. Sulikowski, R. Taraszkiewicz) et al., A New Extraction System for the Upgraded AIC-144 Cyclotron, Nukleonika 46(2) 2001) 51; 20. A. Bana6, (W.M. Kwiatek, W. Zajqc) et al., Trace Element Analysis of Tissue Section by Means of Synchrotron Radiation: the Use of GNUPLOTfor SRIXE Spectra Analysis, J. Alloys and Compounds 328 2001) 135; 21. E. Bana, A. Bo&k, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, W. Ostrowicz, H. Palka, M. 116afiska, D. Marlow, M. Tanaka, HALNY A Digital Signal Processor Based Module for the Readout of Silicon Strip Detectors, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A469 2001) 364; 22. S. Barsov, (K. Pysz) et al., ANKE a New Facility for Medium Energy Hadron Physics at COSY-Jillich, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A462 2001) 364; 23. M. Bartoszek, M. Balanda, D. Skrzypek, Z. Drzazga, Magnetic-Field Effect on Hemin, Physica B307 2001) 217; 24. M. Battaglia, (P. Jalocha, H. Palka, A. Zalewska) et al., Hybrid Pixel Detector Development for the Linear Collider Vertex Tracker, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A473 2001) 79; 25. P. Bednarczyk (W. Mcczyfiski, J. Styczefi, J. GQbosz, M. Lach, A. Maj, M. Ziqblifiski) et al., High Spin Spectroscopy of Lightf7/2Nuclei Studied with EUROBALL IV and the Recoil Filter Detector: A Smooth Band Termination in 45 SC, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 747; 26. G. Bednarz, (Z. Stachura) et al., Double Electron Capture in Relativistic U2+ Collisions Observed at the ESR Gas-Jet Target, Physica Scripta T92 2001) 429; 27. BELLE Collab., K. Abe, (E. Bana, A. Bo&k, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, H. Palka, M. R6afiska, K. Rybicki) et al.,

Measurement of the B'd - Yd Mixing Rate from the Time Evolution of Dilepton Events at the (4S), Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 3228; 28. BELLE Collab., K. Abe, (E. Bana, A. Boek, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, W. 0strowicz, H. Palka, M. R6afiska, K. Rybicki) et al., A Measurement of the Branching Fraction for the Inclusive B - X,7 Decays with the Belle Detector, Phys. Lett. B511 2001) 151; 29. BELLE Collab., A. Abe, (E. BanaA, A. Bo&k, P. Jalocha, Z. Natkaniec, W. Ostrowicz, H. Palka, M. R6afiska, K. Rybicki) et al., Measurement of the Branching Fraction for B - 77K and Search for B - 777r+, Phys. Lett. B517 2001) 309; 30. BELLE Collab., K. Abe, (E. Banag, A. Bo&k, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, H. Palka, M. R6iahska, K. Rybicki) et al., Search for Direct CP Violation in B 4K7r Decays, Phys. Rev. D64 2001) 071101; List of Publications- 2001 253

31. BELLE Collab., K. Abe, (E. Bana, A. Boek, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, W. Ostrowicz, H. Palka, M. R&afiska, K. Rybicki) et al., Measurement of Inclusive Production of Neutral Pions from T(4S) Decays, Phys. Rev. D64 2001) 072001; 32. BELLE Collab., K. Abe, (A. Boek, P. Jalocha, H. Palka, M. R&aflska, K. Rybicki) et al., Measurement of Branching Fractionsfor -+ T7r, K7 and KK Decays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 101801; 33. BELLE Collab., K. Abe, (A. Bo&k, P. Jalocha, H. Palka, M. 116afiska, K. Rybicki) et al., Observation of Cabibbo Suppressed - D*K- Decays at BELLE, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 111801; 34. BELLE Collab., K. Abe, E. Bana, A. Boek, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, H. Palka, M. 116ahska, K. Rybicki) et al., Observation of Large CP Violation in the Neutral Meson System, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 091802; 35. BELLE Collab., K. Abe, E. Bana, A. Bo&k, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, H. Palka, M. R62afiska, K. Rybicki) et al., Observation of B - 10K, 1270), Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 161601; 36. B. Bergues, (J. Lekki M Lekka) et al., Phase Decomposition in Polymer Blend Films Cast on Homogeneous Substrates Modified by Self-Assembled Monolayers, Vacuum 63 2001) 297; 37. J. Besserer, (P. Bilski, T. Kwicciefi, P. Olko) et al., Dosimetry of Low-Energy Protons and Light Ions, Phys. Med. Biol. 46 2001) 473; 38. M. Betigeri, (A. Budzanowski, L. Freindl, S. Kliczewski, R. Siudak) et al., Differential Cross Sections Measurement for the pp 4 d7r+ Reaction at 850 Me V1c, nucl-ex/0101001 and Phys. Rev. C63 2001) 044011; 39. P. Bhattacharyya, (R. Broda, B. Fornal) et al., Magic Nucleus "'Sn and Its One-Neutron-Hole Neighbor "'Sn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 062502; 40. P. Bhattacharyya, (B. Fornal, R. Broda) et al., Yrast Excitations in N=81 Nuclei 132 Sb and 133TefroM 248 CMFission, Phys. Rev. C64 2001) 054312; 41. A. Bialas, H. Navelet, R. Peschanski, QCD Dipole Model and kTFactorization, Nucl. Phys. B593 2001) 438; 42. A. Bialas, H. Navelet, R. Peschanski, Virtual Photon Impact Factors with Exact Gluon Kinematics, Nucl. Phys. B603 2001) 218; 43. A. Bialas, M. Kucharczyk, H. Palka, K. Zalewski, Mass Dependence of HBT Correlations in e- Annihilation ), Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2901; 44. A. Bialas, W. Czy, Renyi Entropies for Bernoulli Distributions, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2793; 45. D. Bielifiski, (J. Dryzek) et al., Differences between Crystallization of LDPE and iPP in EPDM Matrix, Composite Interfaces 2001) 1; 46. P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, Self-Attenuation of TL Light from LiF - a Comparison of Different Experimental Methods, Int. Symp. on Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation - LUMDETR 2000, in: Radiat. Measurements 33 2001) 6797 47, A. Birczyhski, Z.T. Lalowicz, Z. odziana, Rotational Barriersin Ammonium Hexachlorometallates as Studied by NMR Tunnelling Spectroscopy and Computational Techniques, Proc. of the X Workshop on Quantum Atomic and Molecular Tunnelling in Solids, Krak6w, Poland, 26-30 September 1999, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 31 2001) 117; 254 List of Publications- 2001

48. A. Birczyfiski, Z.T. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, C. Stoch, B. Petelenz, Low Temperature Domain Structure in (ND4)2TeCI6 Detected by Deuteron NMR Spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 339 2001) 229; 49. P. Bizoh, T. Chmaj, Z. Tabor, Formation of Singularities for Equivariant (2+1)-Dimensional Wave Maps Into the 2-Sphare, Nonlinearity 14 2001) 1041; 50. J. Bogacz, J. Mazur, J. Swakofi, M. Janik, The Calibration of Activated Charcoal Detectors in a Small 22 Rn Exposure Chamber, Radiat. Measurements 33 2001) 873; 51. A. Bombik, H. 136hm, J. Kusz, A.W. Pacyna, Spontaneous Magnetostriction and Thermal Expansibility of TmFeO3 and LuFeO3 Rare Earth Ortho- ferrites, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 234 2001) 443; 52. E. Boos, (J. Kwiecifiski) et al., Cold-Plated Processes at Photon Colliders, hep-ph/0103090 and Proc. of the Int. Workshop on High Energy Photon Colliders, DESY, Hamburg, Germany, 14-17 June 2000, eds R.D. Heuer et al., in: Nucl. Instr. Meth. A472 2001) 100; 53. K. Borofi, JW. Mietelski, K. Lipka, P. Gaca, M. Jasifiska, Radionuclides in Raised Bogs: a Case Study of B6r za Lasem, J. Env. Monit 3 2001) 324; 54. P. Boek, P. Czerski, Thermodynamic Consistency for Nuclear Matter Calculations, Eur. Phys. J. All 2001) 271; 55. H. Brduning, (Z. Stachura) et al., Multiple Electron Capture b 46 Me V/u Pb`+ Ions from Solid Targets, Physica Scripta T92 2001) 3; 56. H. Brduning, (Z. Stachura) et al., Strong Evidence for Enhanced Multiple Electron Capture from Surfaces in 46 MeV/u Pb81+ Collisions with Thin Carbon Foils, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 91; 57. A. Bracco, F. Camera, S. Leoni, B. Million, A. Maj M Krniecik, The Giant Dipole Resonance in Superdeformed Nuclei and the Feeding of Superdeformed Bands, Nucl. Phys. A687 2001) 237c; 58. BRAHMS Collab., C. Bearden, (J. Cibor) et al., Rapidity Dependence of Antiproton-to-Proton Ratios in Au Au Collisions at VsNN = 130 GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 112305; 59. BRAHMS Collab., I.G. Bearden, (J. Cibor) et al., Charged ParticleDensities fom Au+Au Collisions at rsNN 130 eV, Phys. Lett. B523 2001) 227; 60. R. Broda, High-Spin States in and Around Doubly-Magic Nuclei, "High Spin Physics 2001 NATO Adv. Res. Workshop in: Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2577; 61. W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, B. Hiller, p 4 7r7r Decay in Nuclear Medium, nucl-ph/01033027-, IFJ Report 1876/PH and Nucl. Phys. A696 2001) 870; 62. W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, Description of the RHIC p Spectra in a Thermal Model with Expansion, hep-ph/0106050 and Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 272302; 63. M. Budzanowski, J.L. Kim, Y.M. Nam, S.Y. Chang, P. Bilski, P. Olko, Dosimetric Properties of Sintered LiF.Mg, Cu, Na, Si TL Detectors, Int. Symp. on Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation - LUMDETR 2000, in: Radiat. Measurements 33 2001) 537; 64. K. Burda, G.H. Schmid, Heterogeneity of the Mechanism of Water Splitting in Photosystem 1, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1506 2001) 47; 65. K. Burda, K.P. Bader, .H. Schmid, An Estimation of the Size of the Water Cluster Present at the Cleavage Site of the Water Splitting List of Publications- 2001 255

Enzyme, FEBS Letters 491 2001) 81; 66. Z. Burda, P. Sawicki, Using a Fermionic Ensamble of Systems to Determine Excited States, J. Phys. A34 2001) 3947; 67. V. Bystritskii, (E. Gula) et al., The Astrophysical S-Factorfor dd-Reactions at ke V-Energy, Kerntechnik 66 2001) 42; 68. V.M. Bystritskii, (E. Gula) et al., The Astrophysical Factorfor dd Reaction at Ultralow Energies, Yadernaya Fiz. and Phys. of Atomic Nuclei 64 2001) 920; 69. F. Camera, A. Bracco, S. Leoni, B. Million, A. Maj, M. Kmiecik, Evidence of GDR on Superdeformed 14'Eu and the Role of El Emission in the Population of Superde- formed States, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 807; 70. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, K. Schneider, J.K. Kim, Relative Biological Efficiency for the Induction of Various Gene Mutations in Normal and Enriched with 'OB Tadescantia Cells by Neutrons fom 22Cf Source, Mutation Research 474 2001) 57; 71. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Niediwiedi, D. Florjan, A. Wierzewska, K. Schneider, M. Kope6, A. Kreft, Efficiency of a 12Cf Source in Normal or in B-10 Enriched Lymphocytes Evaluated by SCGE Assay, Classical Cytogenetics and FISH Technique, Nukleonika 46(2) 2001) 41;

72. M. Cholewa, et al., High Resolution Nuclear and X-Ray Microprobes and Their Applications in Single Cell Analysis, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B181 2001) 715; 73. Yu.T. Chubarkov, V.P. Perelygin, J.W. Mietelski, Z. Szeglowski, High-Sensitive Determinations of Pu and Am Content in Human Tissues, Radionuclides and Heavy Metals in Environment, Proc. of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Man-Made Radionuclides and Heavy Metals Wastes in Environment, Dubna, Russia, 36 October 2000, eds M.V. Frontasyeva et al., in: NATO Science Series, (Kluver Academic Publishers), IV Earth and Environmental Sciences 2001) 711 74. P. Cyganik, (J. Lekki, M. Lekka) et al., Phase Decomposition in Polymer Blend Films Cast on Substrates Patterned with Self-Assembled Mono- layers, Vacuum 63 2001) 307; 75. T. Dossing, (A. Maj) et al., Gamma-Ray Strength Functions n Thermally Excited Rotating Nuclei, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2565; 76. DO Collab., B. Abbott, (B. Pawlik) et al., Search for Large Extra Dimensions in Dielectron and Diphoton Production, hep-ex/0008065 and Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 1156; 77. DO Collab., B. Abbott, (B. Pawlik) et al., Measurement of the Angular Distribution of Electrons from W + ev Decays Observed in pp Collisions at -,Fs= 1. 8 Te V, Phys. Rev. D63 2001) 072001; 78. DO Collab., W.M. Abazov, (B. Pawlik) et al., Quasi-Model-Independent Search for New Physics at Large Transverse Momentum, Phys. Rev. D64 2001) 012004; 79. DO Collab., B. Abbott, (B. Pawlik) et al., Search for Electroweak Production of Single Top Quarks in pp Collisions, Phys. Rev. D63 2001) 031101;

80. DO Collab., V.M. Abazov, (B. Pawlik) et al., Differential Cross Section for W Boson Production as a Function of Transverse Momentum in pp Colli- sions at v1s' = 1. 8 Te V, Phys. Lett. B513 2001) 292; 256 List of Publications - 2001

81. DO Collab., B. Abbott, (B. Pawlik) et al., High-PT Jets in pp Collisions at Vfs = 630 and 1800 GeV, Phys. Rev. D64 2001) 032003; 82. DO Collab., B. Abbott, (B. Pawlik) et al., Quasi-Model-Independent Search for New High PT Physics at DO, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 3712; 83. DO Collab., B. Abbott, (B. Pawlik) et al., Ratios of Multijet Cross Sections in pp Collisions at -s = .8 Te V, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 1955; 84. DO Collab., B. Abbott, (B. Pawlik) et al., Inclusive Jet Production in pp Collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 1707; 85. DO Collab., B. Abbott, (B. Pawlik) et al., Ratio of Jet Cross Sections at s = 630 GeV and 1800 GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 2523; 86. DO Collab., V.M. Abazov, (B. Pawlik) et al., Measurement of the Ratio of Differential Cross Sections for W and Z Boson Production as a Function of Transverse Momentum in pp Collisions at Is = .8 Te V, Phys. Lett. B517 2001) 299; 87. DO Collab., V.M. Abazov, (B. Pawlik) et al., Search for Single Top Quark production at DO Using Neural Networks, Phys. Lett. B517 2001) 282; 88. DO Collab., V.M. Abazov, (B. Pawlik) et al., Search for Heavy Particles Decaying into Electron-PositronPairs in Pp Collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 061802; 89. DO Collab., V.M. Abazov, (B. Pawlik) et al., Search for First- Generation Scalar and Vector Leptoquarks, Phys. Rev. D64 2001) 092004; 90. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al., Search for Dilepton Signatures from Minimal Low-Energy Supergravity in pp Collisions at s = 8 Te V, Phys. Rev. D63 2001) 091102; 91. DO Collab., V.M. Abazov, (B. Pawlik) et al., Search for New Physics Using QUAERO A General Interface to DO Event Data, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 231801; 92. DO Collab., V.M. Abazov, (B. Pawlik) et al., Ratio of Isolated Photon Cross Sections in Pp Collisions at Is = 630 and 1800 GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 251805; 93. A. Dqbrowska, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, Multifiragmentation of Lead Nuclei at 158 AeV, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 3099; 94. A. D,browska, R. Holyhski, A. 01szewski, M. Szarska, A. Tzupek, B. Wilczyfiska, H. Wilczyfiski, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woniak, Fragmentation of Nuclei as a Function of Centrality of Collision in Interactions of Cold Projectiles at 10.6 AeV, Nucl. Phys. A693 2001) 777; 95. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of the ZZ Cross-Section in ee- Interactions at 183-189 GeV, CERN-EP/00-89 and Phys. Lett. B497 2001 19; 96. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for R-Parity Violation with a UDD Coupling at ,Fs = 189 GeV, CERN-EP/00-127 and Phys. Lett. B500 2001) 22; 97. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson at LEP in the Year 2000, CERN-EP/01-04 and Phys. Lett. B499 2001) 23; List of Publications- 2001 257

98. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Update of the Search for Supersymmetric Particles in Scenarios with Gravitino LSP and Sleptons NLSP, CERN-EP/01-11 and Phys. Lett. B503 2001) 34; 99. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, C. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Spontaneous R-Parity Violation at Vs = 183 GeV and 189 GeV, CERN-EP/00-124 and Phys. Lett. B502 2001) 24; 100. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of Tilinear Gauge Boson Couplings WWV, (V =_ Z -) in ee- Collisions at 189 GeV, CERN-EP/01-06 and Phys. Lett. B502 2001 9; 101. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cie6lik, P. Jalocha, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Study of Dimuon Production in Photon-Photon Collisions and Measurement of QED Photon Structure Functions at LEP, CERN-EP/00-150 and Eur. Phys. J. C19 2001) 15; 102. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, C. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Sleptons in e+e- Collisions at ,Fs = 183 to 189 GeV, CERN-EP/00-134 and Eur. Phys. J. C19 2001) 29; 103. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Neutralino Pair Production at Vs = 189 Ge V, CERN-EP/00-133 and Eur. Phys. J. C19 2001) 201; 104. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cielik, P. Jalocha, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, C. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for a Fermiophobic Higgs at LEP 2, CERN-EP/01-13 and Phys. Lett. B507 2001) 89; 105. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, M. ucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Single Intermediate Vector Boson Production in ee- Collisions at -,,s = 183 and 189 GV, CERN-EP/01-33 and Phys. Lett. B515 2001) 238; 106. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, C. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., A Measurement of the Tau Topological Branching Ratios, CERN-EP/01-30 and Eur. Phys. J. C20 2001) 617; 107. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, C. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of the Mass and Width of the W Boson in ee- Collisions at VI-s 189 GeV, CERN-EP/01-29 and Phys. Lett. B511 2001) 159-3 108. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, C. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of Vb from the Decay Process jO 4 D*+f-P, CERN-EP/01-02 and Phys. Lett. B510 2001) 55; 109. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of the Semileptonic b Branching Fractions and Average b Mixing Parameter in Z Decays, CERN-EP/00-157 and Eur. Phys. J. C20 2001) 455; 110. DELPHI Collab., J. Abdallah, (J. Brodzicka, P. Brilckman, P. Jalocha, M. ucharczyk, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Technicolor with DELPHI, CERN-EP/01-59 and Eur. Phys. J. C22 2001) 17; 111. Dinh Thi Lien, (Z. Szeglowski, H. Godunowa) et al., Radioecological Analysis of Vietnam Soil Samples, Radionuclides and Heavy Metals in Environment, Proc. of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on 258 List of Publications- 2001

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176. M. Jeabek, Bimaximal Mixing in Seesaw Models, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 100 2001) 276; 177. M. Jeabek, Th. Mannel, B. Postler, P. Urban, The Determination Of Vub from Inclusive Semileptonic B Decays, Phys. Lett.. B512 2001) 65; 178. P.T. Jochyrn, K. Parlifiski, Elastic Properties and Phase Stability of AgBr under Pressure, Phys. Rev. B65 2001) 024106; 179. M.S. Kalhoro, B.J. Gabry, W. Zajqc, S.M. King, D.C. Peiffer, Small Angle Neutron Scattering Study of SPBTIPC Blends, Polymer 42 2001) 1679; 180. R. Karnifiski, 7r7r Interaction Amplitudes with Chiral Constraints, Proc, of the Workshop "Possible Existence of the a-Meson and Its Implications to Hadron Physics", Kyoto, Japan, 12-14 June 2000, eds S. Ishida et al., in: Soryushiron Kenkyu (Kyoto) 02 2001) E41; 181. R. Karnifiski, L. Legniak, B. Loiseau, Scalar Meson Spectroscopy: Achievements and Traps, Proc. of the Workshop "Possible Existence of the a-Meson and Its Implications to Hadron Physics", Kyoto, Japan, 12-14 June 2000, eds S. Ishida et al., in: Soryushiron Kenkyu (Kyoto) 102 2001) E109; 182. T. Kamiya, (M. Cholewa) et al., Development of an Automated Single Cell IrradiationSystem Combined with a High-Energy Heavy Ion Microbeam System, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B181 2001) 27; 183. B. Kamys, (K. Pysz) et al., Nonmesonic Decay of the A-Hyperon in Hypernuclei Produced by p + Au Collisions, Eur. Phys. J. All 2001) 1; 184. J. Katzy for the PHOBOS Collab., (A. Budzanowski, R. Holyfiski, W. ucewicz, J. Michalowski, A. Olszewski, P. Sawicki, M. Stodulski, A. Trzupek, B. Wosiek, K. Woiniak) et al., First Results from the PHOBOS Experiment at the RHIC Collider, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A16 2001) 1265; 185. M.A. Kirnber, J. Kwiecifiski, A.D. Martin, Gluon Shadowing in the Low x Region Probed by the LHC, Preprint IPPP/01/01; DCPT/01/01; hep-ph/0101099 and Phys. Lett. B508 2001) 5; 186. M. Kmiecik, A. Maj, A. Bracco, F. Camera, B. Million, 0. Wieland, The GDR in Selected Decays from 147Eu* and the Moment of Inertia at Very High Spins, Eur. Phys. J. A12 2001) 5; 187. V. optev, (P. Kulessa, K. Pysz) et al., Forward K+ Production in Subthreshold pA Collisions at 1. 0 GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 022301; 188. K. Kozak, J.W. Mietelski, M. Jasifiska, P. Gaca, Decreasing of the Natural Background Counting - Passive and Active Method, Third Int. Meeting on Low-Level Air Radioactivity Monitoring, D4br6wno, Poland, 25-29 September 2000 in: Nukleonika 46 2001) 165; 189. K. Kozak, M. Budzanowski, P. Gaca, Response of Permanent Monitoring Station (PMS) to Increased Radioactivity Level in Comparison with Thermoluminescent Detectors and Gamma Tracer Monitor, Nukleonika 46(3) 2001) 101; 190. J. Kraczka, A. Pieczka, Crystallochemical Structure of Tourmalines Inferred from M,5ssbauer Spectroscopy, Acta Phys. Pol. A100 2001) 743; 191. D. Kruk, J.S. Blicharski, B. Szafirski, NMR Relaxation in the Presence of Tanslation Diffusion and Intermolecular Interactions, Proc. of the XXXIII Polish Seminar on NMR and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 45 December 2000, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 33 2001) 13; 192. D. Kruk, J.S. Blicharski, B. Szafirski, Correlation Functions in the Presence of Anisotropic Rotational Diffusion, List of Publications - 2001 263

Proc. of the XXXIII Polish Seminar on NMR and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 45 December 2000, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 33 2001) 132; 193. D. Kruk ' J.S. Blicharski, M. Krzystyniak, NMR Relaxation Rates for Multiple-Quantum Coherence in the System of Three Like Spins 112, Proc. of the XXXIII Polish Seminar on NMR and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 45 December 2000, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 33 2001) 159; 194. D. Krupa, (B. Rajchel) et al., The Influence of Calcium and/or PhosphorusIon Implantation on the Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Titanium, Vacuum 63 2001) 715; 195, D. Krupa, (B. Rajchel) et al., Effect of Calcium-Ion Implantation on the Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility of Titanium, Biomaterials 22 2001) 2139; 196. M. Krzystyniak, H. Haraficzyk, Z. Olejniczak, K. Strzalka, Wheat Seed Imbibition as Observed by Gavimetry and 2D Spectrometry, Proc. of the XXXIII Polish Seminar on NMR and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 45 December 2000, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 33 2001) 239; 197. B. Kubica, M. Titeja-Krysa, H. Godunowa, Z. Szeglowski, Adsorption of Hf and N on Copper and Zinc Hexacyanoferrate(II)from HC1 and H2SO4 Sutions, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 247 2001) 5351 198. B. Kuchta, P. Carpender, R. Jakubas, W. Zaj4c, P. Zieliiski, Monte Carlo Study of a Compressible Pseudospin Model for (CH3NH3)5Bi2Clll, Phys. Rev. B63 2001) 224110; 199. J. Kwapiefi, S. Drod, Time-Frequency Analysis of Binaural Activation of the Human Auditory Cortex, Structures - Waves - Biomedical Engineering 10(2) 2001) 69; 200. W.M. wiatek, B. Kubica, C. Paluszkiewicz, M. Galka, Trace Element Analysis by Means of Synchrotron Radiation, XRF, and PIXE: Selection of Sample Prepa- ration Procedure, J. Alloys and Compounds 328 2001) 283; 201. W.M. Kwiatek, B. Kubica, R. Grybog, M. Krogniak, E.M. Dutkiewicz, R. Hajduk, Determination of Vanadium in Animal Tissues by PXE and AAS, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 247 2001) 175; 202. W.M. Kwiatek, M. Galka, A.L. Hanson, C. Paluszkiewicz, T. Cichocki, XANES as a Tool for Iron Oxidation State Determination in Tissues, J. Alloys and Compounds 328 2001) 276; 203. J. Kwiecifiski, QCD at Photon Colliders, Proc. of the Int. Workshop on High Energy Photon Colliders, DESY, Hamburg, Germany, 14-17 June 2000, eds R.D. Heuer et al., in: Nucl. Instr. Meth. A472 2001) 30; 204. J. Kwiecifiski, A.D. Martin, L. Motyka, J. Outhwaite, Azimuthal Decorrelation of Forward and Backward Jets at the Tevatron, hep-ph/0105039; IPPP/0121 DCTP/01/42 and Phys. Lett. B514 2001) 355; 205. J. Kwiecifiski, B. Ziaja, QCD Predictionsfor the Spin Dependent Photonic Structure Function g-1 (X, Q2) in the Low x Region of Future Linear Colliders, hep-ph/0006292 and Phys. Rev. D63 2001) 054022; 206. J. Kwiecifiski, B. Ziaja, Q CD Predictionsfor the Spin-Dependent Structure Function gI X, Q2) of the Photon in the Low x Region of e-y Colliders, Proc. of the Int. Workshop on High Energy Photon Colliders, DESY, Hamburg, Germany, 14-17 June 2000, eds R.D. Heuer et al., in: Nucl. Instr. Meth. A472 2001) 229; 207. M. Lach, (P. Bednarczyk, J. Grqbosz, M. Kadluczka, A. Maj, W. Mczyfiski, J. Styczefi, M. Ziqblifiski) et al., High-Spin States in 44 Ca, Eur. Phys. J. A12 2001) 381; 264 List of Publications- 2001

208. Z.T. Lalowicz, A. Birczyfiski, Z. lcjniczak, G. Stoch, Deuteron NMR Spectroscopy of Partially Deuterated Ammonium Compounds, Proc. of the X Workshop on Quantum Atomic and Molecular annelling in Solids, Krak6w, Poland, 26-30 September 1999, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 31 2001) 108; 209. G.J. Lane, (R. Broda, B. Fornal, J. Wzesifiski) et al., Structure of Exotic Nuclei near and above 21 Pb Populated via Deep-Inelastic Collisions, Nucl. Phys. A682 2001) 71c; 210. J. Lasa, 1. kwka, Stability Examination of the Response of a GC Equipped with an ECD Working in a Constant Current Mode, Chem. Anal. 46 2001) 421; 211. J. Lasa, I. liwka J Rosiek, K. Wal, Application of the Discrete Wavelet Transforms for Denoising in GC Analysis, Chem. Anal. 46 2001) 529; 212. S. Lebed, (Z. Stachura, J. Lekki, A. Potempa, J. Styczefi) et al., A Novel Ultra-Short Scanning Nuclear Microprobe: Design and Preliminary Results, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B181 2001) 32; 213. S. Lebed, Z. Stachura, M. Cholewa, G.F.J. Legge, J. Lekki, S. Maranda, A. Potempa, C. Sarnecki, Z. Szklarz, J. Stycze!, B. Sulkio-Cleff, The New Cracow Scanning Nuclear Microprobe, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B181 2001) 95; 214. M. Lekka, (J. Lekki, Z. Stachura, A.Z. Hrynkiewicz) et al., The Effect of Chitosan on Stiffness and lycolytic Activity of Human Bladder Cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1540 2001) 127; 215. S. Leoni, (M. Kmiecik, A. Maj, J. Styczefi, M. Ziblifiski) et al., Quantum Tunnelling of the Excited Rotational Bands in the Superdeformed Nucleus 143EU, Phys. Lett. B498 2001) 137; 216. T..Lesiak, b-Quark Physics at LEP, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 1711; 217. X. Liang, (P. Bednarczyk) et al., High-Spin States in Neutron-Rich Dy Isotopes Populated in Deep-Inelastic Reactions, Eur. Phys. J. A10 2001) 41; 218. B. Loiseau, R. Kamifiski, L. Legniak, Application of Roy's Equations to Analysis of 7r7r Experimental Data, hep-ph/0110055 and Proc. of the 9th Int. Symp. on Meson-Nucleon Physics and the Structure of the Nucleon, Washington, DC, USA, 26-31 July 2001, in: N Newsletter 16 2001) 8; 219. M. Lutz, W. Florkowski, Gradient Terms in the Microscopic Description of K Atoms, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2081; 220. J. a&wski, K. Parlifiski, Lattice Dynamics and Elasticity of Silver Thiogallate (AgGaS2) from ab initio Calculations, J. Chem. Phys. 114 2001) 6734; 221. J. Laiewski, K. Parliiiski, Phonons in RgSe and AgGaSe2 Crystals from First-Principle Calculations, Proc. of the X Workshop on Quantum Atomic and Molecular Tunnelling in Solids, Krak6w, Poland, 26-30 September 1999, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 31 2001) 81; 222. J. Laewski, K. Parlifiski, Dynamical Properties of Pnictide ZnSnP2 from Ab Initio Calculations, J. Alloys and Compounds 328 2001) 162; 223. J. Laewski, P.T. Jochym, K. Parlifiski, P. Piekarz, Lattice Dynamics Of M92SiO4, J. Mol. Struct. 596 2001 3; 224. K. ;Itka, (R. Kmie6, A.W. Pacyna) et al., Magnetism and Hyperfine Interactions in Gd2Ni2Mg, Solid State Sciences 3 2001) 545: List of Publications - 2001 265

225. K. .Itka, R. Kmie6, J. urgul, "'Sn M&ssbauer Spectroscopy Studies of RAgSn Compounds (R = La, Ce, Pr), J. Alloys and Compounds 319 2001) 43; 226. K. qtka, W. Chajec, R. Kmie6, A.W. Pacyna, Magnetic Susceptibility and 119Sn M&ssbauer Spectroscopy Studies of RAuSn Compounds (R La, Ce, Pr), J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 224 2001) 241; 227. Z. odziana, J.K. Norskov, Adsorption of Cu and Pd on c - A 03 (0001) Surfaces with Different Stoichiometries, J. Chem. Pbys. 115 2001) 11261; 228. Z. odziana, K. Parlifiski, J. Hafner, Ab initio Studies of High-Pressure Transformations in GeO2, Phys. Rev. B63 2001) 134106; 229, X. Ma, (Z. Stachura) et al., State-Selective Electron Capture into He-Like U+ Ions in Collisions with Gaseous Targets, GSI-2000-47 and Phys. Rev. A64 2001) 012704; 230. K.H. Maier, Shell Model Interaction around 211 Pb, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 899; 231. A. Maj, Shapes of Hot nd Rotating Nuclei Studied with the HECTOR Array, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 793; 232. A. Maj, M. Kmiceik, W. Kr6las, W. Mczyfiski, J. Styczefl, M. Ziblifiski) et al., Search for Exotic Shapes of Hot Nuclei at Critical Angular Momenta, Nucl. Phys. A687 2001) 192c; 233. A. Maj, (M. Kmiecik, W. Kr6las, J. Styczefi) et al., Search for te Jacobi Instability in Rapidly Rotating 46 Ti* Nuclei, "Ifigh Si Pysics 2001" NATO Adv. Res. Workshop in: Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2433; 234. B. lHarczewska, C. uretta, P. Bilski, P. Olko, Influence of UV Light on the Thermoluminescence of CVD Diamond Detectors Iadiated by Ionizing Radiation, Phys. Status Solidi (a)185 2001) 183; 235. B. Marczewska, P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, P. Olko, V. Chernov, Dosimetry Properties of T-Doped Single CaF2 Cystals, Int. Symp. on Luminescent Detectors and Transforrners of Ionizing Radiation - LUMDETR 2000, in: Radiat. Measurements 33 2001) 571; 236. B. Marczewska, T. Nowak, P. Olko, M. Nesladek, M.P.R. Walig6rski, Studies on the Application of CVD Diamonds as Active Detectors of Ionising Radiation, Physica B308-310 2001) 1213; 237. M. Marszalek, (J. Jaworski, J. Prokop, Z. Stachura) et al., Structural and Magnetoresistive Properties of CoICU Multilayers, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 226-230 2001) 1735; 238. M. Massalska-Aro& (W. Witko) et al., Dielectric Relaxation Studies of 4-N-ButYl-4 - Thiocyanobiphenyl 4 TCB), Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 366 2001) 221; 239. M. Massalska-Arodi, C. Williams, D. Thomas, G.A. Aldridge, Dielectric Relaxation of Chiral Octylocyanobiphenyl in Racemate Sample, IEEE Trans. Diel. Electr. Insul. 8 2001) 377; 240. 1. Matsumoto, (J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski) et al., Two-Dimensional Folding Technique for Enhancing Fermi Surface Signatures in the Momentum Density.- Application to Compton Scattering Data from an Al-3 at.% Li Disordered Alloy, Phys. Rev. B64 2001) 045121; 241. J. Mayer, M. Massalska-Aro&, J. Krawczyk, Calorimetric and Dielectric Studies of Relaxation Accompanyin a Glass Transition in the Right-Handed Isopentylcyanobiphenyl (*CB), lklol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 366 2001 21: 266 List of Publications - 2001

242. M. Michalec, W. Florkowski, W. Broniowski, Scaling of Hadron Masses and Widths in Thermal Models for UltrarelativisticHeavy-Ion Collisions, hep-ph/0103029 and Phys. Lett. B520 2001) 213; 243. J.W. Mietelski, On a Pure Instrumental Method of "Sr Determination in Bone Samples, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 250 2001) 551; 244. J.W. Mietelski, P. Gaca, M. Tomczak, M. Zalewski, E. Dutkiewicz, Z. Szeglowski, M. Jasifiska, P. Zagrodzki, K. Kozak, Radionuclides in Bones of Wild, Herbivorous Animals from North-Eastern Poland, Radionuclides and Heavy Metals in Environment, Proc. of the NATO Advanced Research Workschop on Man-Made Radionuclides and Heavy Metals Wastes in Environment, Dubna, Russia, 36 October 2000, eds M.V. Frontasyeva et al., in: NATO Science Series, (Kluver Academic Publishers), IV Earth and Environmental Sciences 5 2001) 113; 245. J.W. Mietelski, P. aca, P. Zagrodzki, M. Jasifiska, M. Zalewski, M. Tomczak, N. Vajda, E.M. Dutkiewicz, 'OSr and Stable Strontium in Bones of Wild, Herbivorous Animals from Poland, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 247 2001) 363; 246. J.W. Mietelski, M.P.R. Walig6rski, Z.S. Zuni6, On Problems Related to the Deployment of Depleted Uranium Weapons in the Balkans, The Int. Conf. ENRY 2001, in: Archive of Oncology 94) 2001) 219; 247. A. Migdal-Mikuli, E. Mikuli, L. Hetmaficzyk, E. ciesifiska, J. ciesifiski, S. Wr6bel, N. 6rska, Polymorphism of [Zn(NH3)4 (CI04)2 and [Zn(NH3)4 (BF4)2 Studied by Differential Scanning Calorime- try and Far Infrared Spectroscopy, J. Mol. Struct. 596 2001) 123; 248. E. Mikuh, A. Migdal-Mikuli, I. Natkanlec, B. Grad, Phase Tansitions and Water Dynamics of [Co(H20)61(ClO4)2 and [Mn(H20)61(BF4)2 Studied by Neu- tron Scattering Methods, Z. Naturforsch. 56a 2001) 244; 249. B. Million, (M. Kmiecik, A. Maj) et al., Response of the Composite Cluster HPGe Detectors of the EUROBALL Array to High Energy -y-Rays, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 847; 250. T. Morek, (P. Bednarczyk, W. Mqczyfiski, J. Styczefi) et al., Investigation of the K' = - Isomer in 132 Ce, Phys. Rev. C63 2001) 034302; 251. P. Moskal, (A. Budzanowski) et al., Monitoring of the Accelerator Beam Distributions for Internal Target Facilities, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A466 2001) 448; 252. P. Moskal, (A. Budzanowski) et al., On the Close to Threshold Meson Production in Neutron-Neutron Collisions, nuel-ex/0108005 and Phys. Lett. B517 2001) 295; 253. L. Motyka, B. Ziaja, The Photon Structure and Exclusive Production of Vector Mesons in -Y7 Collisions, Eur. Phys. J. C19 2001) 709; 254. A. Munier, A.M. Sta9to, A.H. Miffler, Impact Parameter Dependent S-Matrix for Dipole-Proton Scattering from Diffractive Meson Electropro- duction, hep-ph/0102291 and Nucl. Phys. B603 2001) 427; 255. NA36 Collab., E. Andersen, (Z. Natkaniec, K. Woiniak) et al., Measurement of Negative Particle Multiplicity in S-Pb Collisions at 200 Ge V/c per Nucleon with the NA36 TPC, Phys. Lett. B516 2001) 249; 256. NA49 Collab., J. Bdchler, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadug, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al., Correlations and Fluctuations in Pb+Pb Collisions, Nucl. Phys B (Proc. Suppl.) 92 2001 7; 257. NA49 Collab., S.V. Afanasev, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadu, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al., Event-by-Event Fluctuations of the Kaon to Pion Ratio in Central Pb+Pb Collisions at 58 GeV per Nucleon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 1965; List of Publications - 2001 267

258. NA49 Collab, S.V. Afanasev, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadug M Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al., Production of Multi-Strange Hyperons and Strange Resonances in the NA49 Experiment, J. Phys. G27 2001) 367; 259. S.W. OdegArd, (A. Maj) et al., Search for the Wobbling Mode Built on Tiaxial Super Deformation, Nucl. Phys. A682 2001) 427c; 260. S.W. Odeg5,rd, (A. Maj, P. Bednarczyk) et al., Evidence for the Wobbling Mode in Nuclei, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 5866; 261. P. Olko, P. Bilski M Budzanowski, A. Molokanov, E. Ochab, M.P.R. Walig6rski, Supralinearity of Peak 4 and Peak in Thermoluminescent Lithium Fuoride MTS-N (LiF:Mg, Ti) De- tectors at Different Mg and Ti Concentration, Int. Symp. on Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation - LUMDETR 2000, in: Radiat. Measurements 33 2001) 807; 262. A. Pajzderska, J. Wjsicki, L. Bobrowicz-Sarga, I. Natkanice, T. Wasiutyfiski, Lattice Dynamics and Internal Modes in Tetraphenyltin, Proc. of the X Workshop on Quantum Atomic and Molecular 'unnelling in Solids, Krak6w, Poland, 26-30 September 199, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 31 2001) 103; 263. M. Palarczyk et al., INPOL - The Indiana University Neutron Polarimeter, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A457 2001) 309; 264. C. Paluszkiewicz, W.M. Kwiatek, Analysis of Human Cancer Prostate Tissues Using FTIR Microspectroscopy and SRIXE Techniques, XXV European Congress on Molecular Spectroscopy, Coimbra, Spain, 27 August - I September 2000, in: J. Mol. Struct. 565-566 2001) 329; 265. T. Paluszkiewicz, M. Pruchnik, P. Zielifiski, Unified Description of Elastic and Acoustic Properties of Cubic Media: Elastic Instabilities, Phase Tran- sitions and Soft Modes, Eur. Phys. J. B24 2001) 327; 266. B. Palka, K. Chrugcielska, M. Litwiniszyn, B. Sitowska, Mutagenic Activity Ealuation of Trimethylposphorothioates in Tadescantia and Saccharomyces Cerevisie Assay Systems, Acta Poloniae Toxicologica 9 2001) 69; 267. K. Parlihski, Lattice Dynamics of Cubic BN, J. Alloys and Compounds 328 2001) 97; 268. K. Parlifiski, Ab Initio Lattice Dynamics of MgB2 , Acta Phys. Pol. A100 2001) 767; 269. K. Parlifiski, J. aewski, P.T. Jochym, A. Churnakov, R. Raffer, G. Kresse, Influence of Magnetic Interaction on Lattice Dynamics of FeBO3, Europhys. Lett. 56 2001) 275; 270. K. Parlifiski, Y. Kawazoe, Y. Waseda, Ab initio Studies of Phonons in CaTiO3, J. Chem. Phys. 114 2001) 2395; 271. S. Pastor, S. uti6rrez, A. Creus, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, R. Marcos, Micronuclei in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Buccal Epithelial Cells of Polish Farmers Exposed to Pesticides, Mutation Research 495 2001) 147-) 272. H. Pernegger, (A. Budzanowski, R. Holyfiski, J. Michalowski, A. Olszewski, P. Sawicki, M. Stodulski, A. Trzupek, B. Wosiek, K. Woiniak) et al., First Performance Results of the Phobos Silicon Detectors, Proc. of the 9th Int. Workshop on Vertex Detectors, Homestead, MI, USA, Speptember 2000, in: Nucl. Instr. Meth. A473 2001) 197; 273. P. Persson, S. Lunell, A. Sz6ke, B. Ziaja, J. Hajdu, Shake-up and Shake-off Excitations with Associated Electron Losses in X-Ray Studies of Proteins, Protein Science 10 2001) 2480; 268 List of Publications - 2001

274. R. Peschanski, B. Ziaja, Factorial Correlators: Angular Scaling within QCD Jets, Eur. Phys. J. C21 2001) 649; 275. PHOBOS Collab., B.B. Back, (A. Budzanowski, R. Holyfiski, J. Michalowski, A. Olszewski, P. Sawicki, M. Stodulski, A. 'I'rzupek, B. Wosiek, K. Woiniak) et al., Charged-ParticlePseudorapidity Density Distributionsfrom Au+Au Collisions at VrNN 130 GeV, nucl-ex/0106006 and Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 102303-) 276. PHOBOS Collab., B.B. Back, (A. Budzanowski, R. Holyfiski, J. Michalowski, A. Olszewski, P. Sawicki, M. Stodulski, A. Tzupek, B. Wosiek, K. Woniak) et al., Ratios of ChargedAntiparticles-to-Particles near Mid-Rapidity in Au+Au Collisions at VSNN 130 Ge V, hep-ex/0104032 and Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001) 102301; 277. A. Pieczka, J. Kraczka, X-Ray and M,5ssbauer Study of Fe2+ Thermal Oxidation in Fe-Mg-Al-Tourmaline, Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C. 13 2001) 99; 278. P. Piekarz, J. Konior, Phonon-Induced Hole-Hole Effective Interactions in the Cuprates, Phys. Rev. B63 2001) 214517; 279. T. Pierzchala, E. Richter-W,s, Z. Wqs, M. Worek, Spin Effects in T Lepton Pair Production at LHC, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 1277; 280. A. Pietraszko, B. Bednarska-Bolek, R. Jakubas, P. Zielifiski, Phase Transitions in the Ferroelastic [C5HoNH2]SbCI6, J. Phys.: Condensed Matter 13 2001) 6471; 281. J. Pindel, A. Jasifiski, W. Wglarz, A.T. Krzyak, D. Adamek, T.H. Mareci, Influence of Formaline Fixation on Relaxation and Diffusion in Spinal Cord Samples, Proc. of the XXXIII Polish Seminar on NMR and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 45 December 2000, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 33 2001) 200; 282. K. Piotrzkowski, Tagging Two-Photon Production at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, Phys. Rev. D63 2001) 71502; 283. R. Paneta, (K. Grotowski) et al., I. The Properties of Hot Ca-Like Fragments from the "Ca "Ca Reaction at 35 AMe V, Eur. Phys. J. All 2001) 297; 284. R. Planeta, (K. rotowski) et al., The Intermediate Velocity Source in the Ca + 17Au Reaction at 35 AMeV, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 3079; 285. T.A. Porcelli, (A. Adarnczak) et al., Measurement of the Resonant dyt Molecular Formation Rate in Solid HD, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 3763; 286. C. uentmeier, (A. Budzanowski, J.T. Balewski) et al., Near Threshold KK- Meson-Pair Production in Proton-Proton Collisions, nucl-ex/0103001 and Phys. Lett. B515 2001) 276; 287. A.T. Rudchik, (A. Budzanowski, B. Czech, S. Kliczewski, R. Siudak, I. Skwirczyfiska, A. Szczurek) et al., The 11B 12 C Elastic and Inelastic Scattering at Elab(11B) = 49 MeV and Energy Dependence of the "B 12 C Interaction, Nucl. Phys. A695 2001) 51; 288. K. usek, K.W. Kemper, R. Wolski, 6He Interaction with Protons, Phys. Rev. C64 2001) 044602; 289. J. ysz, (J. Lekki, M. Lekka) et al., Hydrodynamic-Flow-Driven Phase Evolution in a Polymer Blend Film Modifled by Diblock Copolymers, Eur. Phys. J. E5 2001) 207; 290. M. Sadzikowski, Superconducting Phase Transition in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model, Modern Phys. Lett. A16 2001) 1129; List of Publications - 2001 269

291. S.K. Saha, (B. Fornal, R. Broda) et al., Excitations of Two- and Three- Valence-Proton Nuclei "'Te and 1311, Phys. Rev. C65 2001) 017302; 292. K. Saito, (J. Mayer) et al., Heat- Capacity Anomaly Due to Spin Reorientation and Thermodynamic Functions of ErFeO3 and TFe03, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 225 2001) 381; 293. H. Saitovitch, P.R.J. Silva, M. Marszalek, Hyperfine Interactions at ... Ta in H2CO7, Hyperfine Interactions 133 2001) 65; 294. M. Sapifiski, D. Cavalli, Higgs Boson in Multi-b-Jets Final States Reconstruction with Full Simulation of ATLAS Detector, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 1317; 295. K.A. Schmidt, (A. Maj) et al., Study of "'Hf at High Rotational Frequency, Eur. Phys. J. A12 2001) 15; 296. W. Shi, (Z. Stachura) et al., Dielectronic Recombination and Spectroscopy of the Heaviest Li-Like Ions, Physica Scripta T92 2001) 191; 297. W. Shi, (Z. Stachura) et al., Recombination of U92+ Ions with Electrons, Eur. Phys. J. D15 2001) 145; 298. J.L. Sida, (R. Wolski) et al., Sub-BarrierFusion with the 'He Halo Nucleus, Nucl. Phys. A685 2001) 51c; 299. T. Sk6rka, K. Wona, A. Jasifiski, Application of Genetic Algorithms to Optimisation of Winding of Tanversal Gradient Coils, Proc. of the XXXIII Polish Seminar on NMR and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 45 December 2000, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 33 2001) 211; 300. L.C. Smirnov, A.I. Baranov, L.A. Szuvalov, L. Borkowicz-Sarga, 1. Natkaniec, S. Waplak, Low-Temperature Phase Transitions and Dynamics of Ammonium in (NH4)3H(SO4)2 and INH4)1-,,,Rb.13H(SO4)2 Crystals, Fizika Tverdovo Tela 43 2001) 115 and Phys. Solid State 43 2001) 117; 301. P. Sondergeld, (Z. Lodziana) et al., Dielectric Relaxation and Order-Parameter Dynamics in Lawsonite, Phys. Rev. B64 2001) 024105; 302. Z. Sosin, (K. Grotowski) et al., 11. The Intermediate Velocity Source in the Ca + ' Ca Reaction at Eb 35 A Me V, Eur. Phys. J. All 2001) 305; 303. T. Srokowski, Reply to Comment on Nonstationarity Induced by Long-Time Noise Correlationsin the Langevin Equa- tion", F.A. Oliveira, R. Morgado, C. Dias, G.G, Batrouni, A. Hansen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 5840; 304. T. Srokowski, Stochastic Processes with Finite Correlation Time: Modeling and Application to the Generalized Langevin Equation, Phys. Rev. E64 2001) 031102; 305. Th. St6h1ker, (Z. Stachura) et al., Near-Threshold Photoionization of Hydrogenlike Uranium Studied in Ion-Atom Collisions via the Time- Reversed Process, GSI-2000-30 and Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 983; 306. S. Stachniewicz, M. Kutschera, First Generation of Bound Objects in the Universe, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 (1) 2001) 227; 307. S. Stachniewicz, M. Kutschera, The First Compact Objects in the MOND Model, Int. School on Particles and Astrophysics: Standard Model and Beyond, Ustrofi, Polska, 916 September 2001, in: Acta Phys. Pol. 1332 2001) 3629; 270 List of Publications - 2001

308. P. Starowicz, J. Sokolowski, M. Balanda, A. Szytula, The Effect of Calcium Substitution in Deoxygenated R-,,Ca,,Ba2CU306.1 Systems R = Y, Eu): Appearance of Superconductivity, Insulator to Metal Transition, Physica C363 2001) 80; 309. P. Staszel et al., Fragment Excitation Energies at Freeze-Out in 14Kr + 93Nb Collisions at 45 MeV/Nucleon, Phys. Rev. C63 2001) 064610; 310. A. St"to, K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwiecifiski, Geometric Scaling for the Total -y*p Coss Section in the Low x Region, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001) 596; 311. G. Stephans, for PHOBOS Collab., (W. Bogucki, A. Budzanowski, T. Coghen, B. Dqbrowski, M. De- spet, K. Galuszka, J. Godlewski, J. Halik, R. Holyfiski, W. ita, J. Kotula, M. Lemler, J. Ligocki, J. Michalowski, A. Olszewski, P. Sawicki, A. Strqczek, M. Stodulski, Z. Stopa, M. Strqk, A. Trzupek, B. Wosiek, K. Woniak, P. 2yehowski) et al., How Strange is PHOBOS? First RHIC Physics Results and Future Prospects, 5th Int. Conf. on Strangeness in Quark Matter (Quark Matter 2000), Berkeley, California, 20-25 July 2000, in: J. Phys. G27 2001) 659; 312. G. Stoch, A. Birczyfiski, Z.T. Lalowicz, Z. lejniczak, A Novel Analysis Method for Complex 2H NMR Spectra as Applied to Partially Deuterated (NH4).2SnCI6 Compounds, Proc. of the XXXIII Polish Seminar on NMR and Its'Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 45 December 2000, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 33 2001) 127; 313. Th. St6hlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., Radiative Electron Capture Studied for Bare, Decelerated Uranium Ions, Physica Scripta T92 2001) 432; 314. Z. Sulek, K. Szybifiski, T. Sk6rka, P. Kulinowski, W. Wglarz, A. Jasifiski, Synchronous Process Controller SPC-1 for MR Tomography and Spectroscopy - Hardware and Software, Proc. of the XXXIII Polish Seminar on NMR and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 45 December 2000, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 33 2001) 147; 315. P. Suortti, (J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski) et al., Electron Momentum Distribution in Al and AWLio.03, J. Phys. & Chem. Solids 62 2001) 2223; 316. A. Szczurek, N.N. Nikolaev, W. Sch,fer, J. Speth, Mapping the Proton Unintegrated luon Distribution in Dijets Correlations in Real and Virtual Photo- production at HERA, Phys. Lett. B500 2001) 254; 317. A. Szczurek, V. Uleshchenko, J. Speth, d - ii Asymmetry and Semi-Inclusive Production of Pions in Deep Inelastic Scattering, Phys. Rev. D63 2001) 114005; 318. Z. Szeglowski, Dinh thi Lien, S.N. Timokin, A.B. Yakushev, 1. Zvara, Fast and Continuous Isolation of Short-Lived Mercury Isotopes from Diluted Sulphuric Acid Solution, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 247 2001) 451; 319. S. Szymafiski, Z. Olejniczak, A. Detken, U. Haeberlen, Iterative Lineshape Analysis of Quadrupolar Echo Spectra of a Damped CD3 Quantum Rotor: Preliminary Evidence of a Novel Mechanism of Stochastic Spin Exchange, J. Magn. Resonance 148 2001) 277; 320. J. ciesifiski, E. 8ciesifiska, M. Massalska-Arodi, T. Wasiutyfiski, P.M. Zielifiski, W. Witko, Polymorphism of Righthanded Octyloxycyanobiphenyl, IEEE Trans. Diel. Electr. Insul, 8 2001) 522; 321. J. ciesffiski, E. ciesihska, M. Massalska-Aro&, Scanning Mode of he Upgraded FTS-14 Digilab Spectrometer - Study of 8* OCB Polymorphism, J. Mol. Struct. 596 2001) 229; 322. MAroda, L. Stoch, S. Duszak, Z. Olejniczak, Nanocrystallization of BPO4 SiO2 Glass (in Polish), Ceramics, Polish Ceramic Bulletin 66 2001) 154; 323. Z. Tornkowicz, (E. ciesifiska, J. ciesifiski) et al., High Pessure ESR and Other Complementary Studies of Copper Trimers with the Quartet Spin Ground List of Publications - 2001 271

State, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 236 2001) 347; 324. M. Turala, for the ATLAS SCT Collab., The ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker, Proc. of the 4th Int. Symp. on Development and Application of Semiconductor Tracking Detectors, 22-25 March 2000, Hiroshima, Japan, in: Nucl. Instr. Meth. A466 2001) 243; 325. P. Urban, The Determination Of Vub from Inclusive Semileptonic B Decays, CERN-TH/2001-021; TTP01-05 and Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001 169; 326. G. Viesti, (K. Zuber) et al., Observation of a Double Giant Dipole Resonance in Fusion-Evaporation Reactions, Phys. Rev. C63 2001) 034611; 327. A. Wilrflinger, M. Massalska-Arod, S. Urban, W. Weissfiog, S. Ernst, Thermodynamic Measurements on the Binary System Bisp,2-di(n-hexyloxycarbonyl)ethenyl]phenyI BiphenYl-44Ldicaarboxylate and 4-n-OctyloxyphenYl 4-n-Pentyloxybenzoate at Elevated Pressures, Z. Naturforsch. 56a 2001) 658; 328. J. Warezewski, J. Krok-Kowalski, L.I. Koroleva, T. Mydlarz, A. ilewski, A. Pacyna, Double Exchange Magnetic Interaction and Giant Negative Magnetoresistivity in the Spin Glass State of the New Compound CUCr1.6Sbc).4S4, J. Alloys and Compounds 319 2001 7) 329. T. Wasiutyfiski, J. ciesifiski, E. ciesifiska, Kinetics of rreversible Transformations in a Glassy Crystal Studied by Infrared Spectroscopy, Phase Transitions 73 2001) 523; 330. Z. Ws, TA UOLA the Library for TLepton Decay, and KKM ORAL ORAL Status Report, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 98 2001) 96; 331. W. Wqglarz, A. Jasifiski, D. Adamek, J. Pindel, P. Kulinowski, A. Hilbrycht, T. Sk6rka, Z. Sulek, K. Szybffiski, MR Microimaging of the Anisotropic Multicomponent Water Diffusion in the Excised Rat Spinal Cord, Proc. of the XXXIII Polish Seminar on NMR and Its Applications, rak6w, Poland, 45 December 2000, in: Mol. Phys. Rep. 33 2001) 216; 332. W.P. Wglarz, A. Hilbrycht, D. Adamek, J. Pindel, P. Kuhnowski, A. Jasihskj, Correlation of the Multicomponent Anisotropic Water Diffusion with Structure of the Nervous Tissue - MR Microscopy Study of the Rat Spinal Cord in vitro, Mol. Phys. Rep. 34/2 2001) 58; 333. W. Witko, Rotational Relaxation in Isotropic Phase of Some Liquid Crystals, J. Mol. Liq. 92 2001) 227; 334. B. Wodniecka, P. Wodniecki, A. Kulifiska, A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, Hyperfine Interaction of 11'Cd in Fe-Sn Compounds, J. Alloys and Compounds 321 2001) 1; 335. P. Wodniecki, A. Kulifiska, B. Wodniecka, Au-In System Studied with Perturbed Angular Correlation'Method, Acta Phys. Pol. A100 2001) 817; 336. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, M. Uhrmacher, A. Kulifiska, K.P. Lieb, Solid State Amorphisation Reaction in Evaporated HflAg Multilayer Films, Phys. Status Solidi (a)184 2001) 403; 337. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulifiska, M. Uhrmacher, K.P. Lieb, Switching of "'In Impurity Sites in HfA12 Lattice, Phys. Lett. A288 2001) 227; 338. M. W6jcik, S. Droid, Energy Cap Effect in the Shell Model with Random Two-Body Interactions, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 11; 339. J. Wrzesifiski, (K.H. Maier, R. Broda, B. Fornal, W. Kr6las, T. Pawlat) et al., High-Spin States in 208Pb, Eur. Phys. J. A10 2001) 259; 272 List of Publications- 2001

340. K. Zalewski, A Very Brief Review of Bose-Einstein Correlations, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 96 2001) 231 341. K. Zalewski, Some Questions Concerning Bose-Einstein Correlations in Multiple Particle Production Processes, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 3983; 342. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, K. Olkiewicz, M.B. Przybyciefi, P. Stopa, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of Dijet Cross Sections for Events with a Leading Neutron in Photoproduction at HERA, Nucl. Phys. B596 2001 3; 343, ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, K. 01kiewicz, M.B. Przybycieh, P. Stopa, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of Open Beauty Production in Photoproduction at HERA, Eur. Phys. J. CIS 2001) 625; 344. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, K. 01kiewicz, K. Piotrzkowski, M.B. Przybyciefi, P. Stopa, L. Zawiejski) et al., Search for Resonance Decays to a P Plus Jet i ep Sattering at DESY HERA, Phys. Rev. D63 2001) 52002; 345. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, K. 01kiewicz, M.B. Przybyciefi, P. Stopa, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of Dijet Poduction in Neutral Current Deep Inelastic Sattering at High Q2 and Determi- nation of a,, Phys. Lett. B507 2001) 70; 346. ZEUS Collab., S. Chekanov, (J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, K. 01kiewicz, M.B. Przybyciefi, P. Stopa, L. Zawiejski) et al., Study of the Effective Transverse omentum of Partons in the Proton Using Prompt Photons in Photo- production at HERA, Phys. Lett. B511 2001) 19; 347. ZEUS Collab., S. Chekanov, (J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, K. 01kiewicz, M.B. Przybyciefi, P. Stopa, L. Zawiejski) et al., Multiplicity Moments in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, Phys. Lett. B510 2001) 36; 348. ZEUS Collab., S. Chekanov, (J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, K. 01kiewicz, M.B. Przybyciefi, P. Stopa, L. Zawiejski) et al., Three-Jet Production in Diffractive Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, Phys. Lett. B516 2001) 273; 349. ZEUS Collab., S. Chekanov, (J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, K. 01kiewicz, M.B. Przybyciefi, P. Stopa, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of the Neutral Current Cross Section and 2 Structure Function for Deep Inelastic e+P Scattering at HERA, Eur. Phys. J. C21 2001) 443; 350. ZEUS Luminosity Group, L. Adamczyk, J. Andruszkow, P. Borzernski, J. Chwastowski, W. Daniluk, A. Eskreys, P. Jurkiewicz, D. Kisielewska, A. Kotarba, K. Oliwa, K. 01kiewicz, M.B. Przybyciefi, M. Przybyciefi, L. Suszycki, W. Wierba, M. Zachara, L. Zawiejski, Luminosity Measurement in the ZEUS Experiment, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2025; 351. B. Ziaja, Implementation of the Recovering Corrections into the Intermittent Data Analysis, IX Int. Workshop on Multiparticle Production, Torino, Italy, 11-18 June 2000, in: Nucl. Phys B Proc. Suppl.) 92 2001) 149; 352. B. Ziaja, Low x Double In 2(I x) Resummation Effects at the Sum Rules for Nucleon Structure Function gj, hep-ph/0107172 and Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 2863; 353. B. Ziaja, D. van der Spoel, A. Szoeke, J. Hajdu, Auger-Electron Cascades in Diamond and Amorphous Carbon, Phys. Rev. B64 2001) 214104; List of Publications- 2001 273

354. P. Zielifiski, W. Schranz, D. Havlik, A.V. Kityk, Isomorphous Phase Tansition and rientational Freezing in Hexagonal Mixed Crystal C70(1-x) C6o., A Pseudospin Model, Eur. Phys. J. B24 2001) 155; 355. A. Zuber, Z. Michalczyk, P. Maloszewski, Great Tritium Ages Explain the Occurence of Good-Quality Groundwater in a Phreatic Aquifer of an Urban Area, Lublin, Poland, Hydrogeology J. 9 2001) 451; 356. P. enczykowski, On the Origin of the Violation of Hara's Theorem for Conserved Current, Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 85- 357. P. 2enczykowski, Contribution of Inelastic Rescattering to B 4 7r7r, Kk Decays, hep-ph/0009054; IFJ Report 1849/PH and Phys. Rev. D63 2001) 014016; 358. P. 2enczykowski, Inelastic Rescatterring in B --- ff-7rKK, hep-ph/0102189 and Acta Phys. Pol. B32 2001) 1847;

Chapters in Monographs

1. J. Dryzek, Positron Diffusion Influence on the Anihilation Characteristics in Condensed Matter, Defects and Diffusion in Metals Pt A in: Defect and Diffusion Forum 188-190 2001 2; 2. J.W. Mietelski, Plutonium in the Environment of Poland (a Review), Proc. of the Second Invited Int. Symp. "Plutonium in the Environment", Osaka, Japan, 9-12 November 1999, ed. A. Kudo (Elsevier Science) 2001) 401; 3. A. Zuber, P. Maloszewski, Lumped Parameter Models, "Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrological Cycle", ed. W.G. Mook, Tech. Doc. in Hydrology (UNESCO, IAEA) V(39) 2001) 5; 4. R. Broda, Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter (in Polish), Czlowiek i prormernowamejonizujjce, ed. A.Z. Hrynkiewicz (PWN) 2001) 11; 5. B. Fornal, Pulse Mode Detectors of Ionizing Radiation (in Polish), Czlowiek i promieniowanie jonizujace, ed. A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, (PWN) 2001) 49; 6. P. Olko, M. Walig6rski, Dose Assessment Methods (in Polish), Czlowiek i promieniowanie jonizujqce, ed. A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, (PWN) 2001) 98; 7. M. Walig6rski, P. Olko, Detectors Used in Dosimetry (in Polish), Czlowiek i promieniowanie, ed. A.Z. Hrynkiewicz (PWN) 2001) 70; 8. A. Zuber, A. Sadurski, S.M. Weise, A. Ribel, K. Osenbrilck, J. Grabczak, Isotope and Noble Gas Data of the Gdarisk Cretaceous (in Polish), Wsp6lczesne Problemy Hydrogeologii I (Oficyna Wydawnicza SUDETY, Wroclaw) 2001) 115; 9. A. Zuber, Z. Michalczyk, Low Vulnerability of the Lublin Chalk to the Anthropogenic Pollution as Explained by Tritium data (in Polish), Wsp6lezesne Problemy Hydrogeologh I (Oficyna Wydawnicza SUDETY, Wroclaw) 2001) 107; 10. I. liwka, J. Lasa M Opoka, A. Zuber, M. Dulifiski, A New Method for Dating Young Groundwaters with 6 (in Polish), Wsp6lczesne Problemy Hydrogeologii, 11 (Oficyna Wydawnicza SUDETY, Wroclaw) 2001) 421;

Articles in Other Journals

1. J. Baszkiewicz, (B. Rajchel) et al., Properties of the Phosphate Layer Produced on Titanium Surface by the IBAD Method, lnynieria Biomaterial6w 2001) 21; 274 List of Publications- 2001

2. S. Bla&wicz, J. Blocki, J. Michalowski, J. Piekarczyk, M. Stodulski, P. 2ychowski, Application of Finite Elements Method to Assessment of Elastic Properties of Composite Materials with Carbon Fibres (in Polish), Inynieria Materialowa 6 2001) 1041; 3. K. Daniel, Measurements of the Isochronous Cyclotron AIC-144 Magnetic Fields (in Polish), Pomiary-Automatyka-Robotyka 11 2001) 28; 4. M. Marszalek, J. Jaworski, K. Marszalek, 0. 13611ing, B. Sulkio-Cleff, Microstructure of ColCu Multilayers Studied with X-Ray Reflectometry and Scanning Force Microscope (in Polish), The Congress of Vacuum Technology, in: Elektronika 2001) 81; 5. B. Rajchel, (B. Petelenz, S. Gqsiorek, M. Mitura, A. Adamski) et al., Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Formed by Ionic Methods for Potential Use in Hip Joint Endoprostheses. Preliminary Studies, Inynieria Biomaterial6w 2001 3; 6. B. Rajchel, E. Wantuch, T. Burakowski, Creation of the SiC., Layers as Interface of Hard Wear Protective Coatings by Dual Beam IBAD Method, lnynieria Materialowa 5 2001) 737;

Proceedings of International Conferences

1. B. Badelek, J. Kwiecifiski, J. Kiryluk, Spin Dependent Structure Function g, at Low x and Low Q2, Proc. of the 8th Int. Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering - DIS 2000, Liverpool, UK, 25-30 April 2000, eds J.A. racey, T. Greenshaw (World Scientific) 2001) 208; 2. B. Badelek, M. Krawczyk, J. Kwiecifiski, A.M. Stato, Description of F2 at Low Values of Q2, Proc. of the 8th Int. Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering - DIS 2000, Liverpool, UK, 25-30 April 2000, eds J.A. Gracey, T. Greenshaw (World Scientific) 2001) 141; 3. M. Bartoszek, M. Balanda, Z. Drzazga, The Magnetic Properties of Fibrin, Proc. of the IX Mediterranean Conf. on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing "MEDICON 2001", Pula, Croatia, 12-15 June 2001, eds. R. Magierevi6 et al. (ISMBE) 2001) 7611 4. J. Baszkiewicz, D. Krupa, B. Rajchel, A. Barcz, J.W. Sobczak, A. Bilifiski, Properties of the Phosphate Layer Produced on Titanium Surface by the IBAD Method, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Adv. Materials Processing Technologies (AMPT'01), Madrid, Spain, 18-21 September 2001, ed. J.M. Torralba (Univ. Carlos III de Madrid) 2001) 1959; 5. J. Bohm, (S. Gadornski, E. G6rnicki, P. Malecki, M. Turala) et al., Power Supply and Power Distribution System for the ATLAS Silicon Strip Detectors, Proc. of the Seventh Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiments, Stockholm, Sweden, 10-14 September 2001, in: CERN/LHCC/2001-034 2001) 363; 6. M. Budzanowski, P. Olko, E. Ryba, U. Wonicka, The Thermoluminescent System for Large Area and Rapid Monitoring of Gamma Dose-Rates in the Environment, Proc. of the III Int. Symp. on Nuclear and Related Techniques (NURT'2001), Havana, Cuba, 22-26 October 2001, (edited by CEADEN in electronic form on CD) 2001) TM32-1; 7. J. Dqbrowska, K. Drozdowicz, U. Woinicka, The MCNP Code in Planning and Interpretation of Thermal Neutron Pulsed Experiments, Proc. of the Monte Carlo 2000 Conf. on "Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications", Lisbon, Portugal, 23-26 October. 2000, eds A. Kling et al. 2001) 663; 8. M.T. Dova, for the Pierre Auger Collab., (D. G6ra, P. Homola, M. Kutschera, B. Wilczyfiska, H. Wilczyfiski), Survey of the Pierre Auger Observatory, Proc. of the 27th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., ICRC'2001, Hamburg, Germany, August 2001; eds. K.H. am- pert et al. (Copernicus Gesellschaft) 2 2001) 699; 9. K. Golec-Biernat, DIS Structure Functions from the Saturation Model, Proc. of the 8th Int. Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering - DIS 2000, Liverpool, UK, 25-30 April 2000, eds J.A. racey, T. Greenshaw (World Scientific) 2001) 181; List of Publications - 2001 275

10. D. G6ra, P. Homola, M. Kutschera, J. Niemiec, B. Wilczyfiska, H. Wilczyiski, Size of Optical Image of an Air Shower, Proc. of the 27th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., ICRC'2001, Hamburg, Germany, August 2001; eds K.H. Kam- pert et al. (Copernicus Gesellschaft) 2 2001) 543; 11. INDRA Collab., G. Auger, (J. Lukasik) et al., The Onset of Mid- Velocity Eissions in Symmetric Heavy Ion Reactions, Proc. of the Conf. "Structure of the Nucleus at the Dawn of the Century - Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions", Bologna, Italy, 29 May - 3 June, 2000, eds G.C. Bonsignori et al. (World Scientific) 2001) 309; 12. W. Iwafiski, E. van der Bij, R.A. MLaren, Z. Hajduk, Designing an SLINK to PCI Interface using an 1P Core, 12-th IEEE-NPSS "Real Time 2001" Conf. 48 June 2001, Valencia, Spain, Proc.: http://ific.uv.es/rt2OOl/proceedings/ 2001) 78; 13. P. Kooijman, J. Kwiecifiski, Unpolarised Structure Functions: Summary, Proc. of the 8th Int. Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering - DIS 2000, Liverpool, UK, 25-30 April 2000, eds J.A. Gracey, T. Greenshaw (World Scientific) 2001) 655; 14. D. Kudzia, B. Wilczyhska, H. Wilczyfiski, Fragmentation of Cold Nuclei at 4 GeV/Nucleon on Light Targets, Proc. of the 27th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., ICRC'2001, Hamburg, Germany, August 2001; eds K.H. Kam- pert et al. (Copernicus esellschaft) 4 2001) 1347; 15. P. Kulessa, (K. Pysz) et al., Non-Mesonic Decay of the Heavy Hypernuclei Produced in PAu Reaction, Proc. of the XXXIX Int. Winter Meeting on Nuclear Pysics, Bormio, Italy, 22-27 January 2001, eds I. Iori, A. Moroni 2001) 349; 16. J. Kwiecifiski, Introduction to Low x Physics and Diffraction, hep-ph/0102018 and Proc. of the XXX Int. Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics: F17om ee to Heavy Ion Collisions, Tihany, Hungary, 915 October 2000, eds T. Cs6rg6, et al. (World Scientific) 2001) 63; 17. F. Lavaud, (J. Lukasik) et al., Multifragmentation and Radial Flow in Au+Au Central Collisions between 0 and 100 AMeV, Proc. of the XXXIX Int. Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics, Bormio, Italy, 22-27 January 2001, eds I. lori, A. Moroni 2001) 160; 18. Z. Lodziana, (K. Parlifiski) et al., Microscopic Mechanical Properties of Technologically Important Materials Studied by Theory and Exper- iment, Physics and Materials Science, Proc. from the Review Seminar on Scientific Cooperation between Austria and Poland, Vienna, Austria, 27-30 May 2001, ed. M.A. Herman 2001) 76; 19. J. ukasik et al., Some Gross Features of Non- Central Heavy Ions Collisions. First Results of the INDRA GSI Campaign, Proc. of the XXXIX Int. Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics, Bormio, Italy, 22-27 January 2001, eds 1. lori, A. Moroni 2001) 278; 20. D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, M. Paszkowski, J. Swakofi, Identification of the Areas with an Elevated Level of Radon in the Krak6w Agglomeration, Proc. of the 5th Int. Conf. on Rare Gas Geochemistry, Debrecen, Hungary, 30 August - 3 September 1999, ed. 1. Hunyadi et al. 2001) 127; 21. W. Placzek, S. Jadach, M. Skrzypek, B.F.L. Ward, Z. Was, W Pair Production with YFSWWIKORALW, hep-ph/0012094 and Proc. of the 5th Int. Linear Collider Workshop (LCWS 2000), Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, 24-28 October 2000, in: Batavia 2000, Physics and Experiments with Future Linear ee- Colliders (2001) 527; 22. J. Polit, R. Hus, E.M. Sheregii, E. ciesifiska, J. ciesifiski, B.V. Robouch, A. Kisiel, Far Infrared Spectra in the Tetrahedral Quaternary Alloys, Proc. of the 10th Int. Conf. on Narrow Gap Semiconductors and Related Small Energy Phenomena, Physics and Applications, sbikawa., Japan, 27-31 May 2001, in: IPAP Conf. Series 2 2001) 155; 23. K. Turz6, (J. Lukasik) et al., Spectator ragmentation Induced by Relativistic 2 C Projectiles, 276 List of Publications - 2001

Proc. of the XXXIX Int. Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics, Bormio, Italy, 22-27 January 2001, eds 1. Iori, A. Moroni 2001) 152; 24. B.F.L. Ward, S. Jadach, W. Placzek, M. Skrzypek, Z. Wqs, Coherent Exclusive Exponentiation for Precision Monte Carlo Calculations of Fermion Pair Production. Precision Predictions for (Un)Stable W W Pairs, hep-ph/0009352 and Proc. of the 30th Int. Conf. on High Energy Physics (ICHEP 200), Osaka, Japan, 27 July - 3 August 2000, in: Osaka 2000, High Energy Physics, 2001) 677; 25. U. Woinicka, A. Drabina, Calculation of the Apparent Neutron Parameters in a Borehole Geometry for eutron Porosity Tools, Proc. of the III Int. Symp. on Nuclear and Related Techniques (NURT'2001), Havana, Cuba, 22-26 October 2001, (edited by CEADEN in electronic form on CD) 2001) AR29-1; 26. U. Woinicka, G. Tracz, Modelling of the Fission-Converter-BasedEpithermal Neutron Source for the Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, Proc. of the III Int. Symp. on Nuclear and Rlated Techniques (NURT'2001), Havana, Cuba, 22-26 October 2001, (edited by CEADEN in electronic form on CD) 2001) AR30-1; 27. U. Woinicka, K. Drozdowicz, J. Dabrowska, E. Krynicka, Pulsed Neutrom Experiment - Measurement and MCNP Calculation, Proc. of the III Int. Symp. on Nuclear and Related Techniques (NURT'2001), Havana, Cuba, 22-26 October 2001, (edited by CEADEN in electronic form on CD) 2001) AR32-1; 28, U. Wonicka, K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabafiska, E. Krynicka, A. Igielski, Effect of Granulation of Geological Samples in Neutron Transport Measurements, Proc. of the III Int. Symp. on Nuclear and Related Techniques (NURT'2001), Havana, Cuba, 22-26 October 2001, (edited by CEADEN in electronic form on CD) 2001) AR31-1; 29. P. Zielifiski, Spatial and Temporal Symmetries in Ats and in Music, Proc. of the Sixth's Int. School of Theoretical Physics on Symmetry and Structural Properties of Condensed Matter, Myczkowice, Poland, 31 August - 6 September 2000, ed. T. Lulek (World Scientific) (2001) 449;

Proceedings of National Conferences

1. E. Dryzek, Sliding Wear of PA 6 Alluminum Aloys Studied by Positron Annihilation, Proc. of the 33rd Polish Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Turawa, Poland, 11-15 June 2001, ed. K. Jerie (Univ. of Opole, Univ. of Wroclaw) 2001) 27; 2. J. Dryzek, Remarks on the Positron Annihilation in Flight, Proc. of the 33r Plish Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Turawa, Poland, 11-15 June 2001, ed. K. Jerie (Univ. of Opole, Univ. of Wroclaw) 2001) 33; 3. B. Jasihska, E. Dryzek, Porous Materials - Comparison of PALS and DB Results, Proc. of the 33rd Polish Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Turawa, Poland, 11-15 June 2001, ed. K. Jerie (Univ. of Opole, Univ. of Wroclaw) 2001) 45;

Other Conference Materials

1. P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, B. Marezewska, P. lko, Cosmic Radiation Dosimetry on Board of Passenger Airplanes of Polish Airlines LOT, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. on Medical Physics and Engineering in Health Care jointly with the 12th Congress of the Polish Society of Medical Physics, Poznafi, Poland, 18-20 October 2001, p. 067; 2. A. Birezyfiski, Z.T. Lalowicz, Z. lejniczak, G. Stoch, Rotational Dynamics of Ammonium Ion Isotopomers Studied by Deuteron NMR Spectroscopy, Abst. of the Ampere IX NMR School, Zakopane, Poland, 38 June 2001, p. 42; 3. J.S. Blicharski, NMR Relaxation of Multipole Orders in the Rotating Frame, Abstr. of the XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 34 December 2001, in: IFJ Report 1885/AP 2001) 12; List of Publications - 2001 277

4. J.S. Blicharski, Interference Pffects in NMR Relaxation Spectroscopy, Abst. of the XIX Int. Seminar on Modern Magnetic Resonances "RAMIS 2001", Poznafi-Bdlewo, Poland, 610 ay 2001, p. L-11; 5. J. Bogacz, M. Budzanowski, J. Mazur, J. Swakoh, The Application of High-Sensitive TL Detectors (LiF:Mg, Cu P Type) in Radon Concentration Measure- ments (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, eds A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, S. Krasnowolski 2001) 105; 6. J. Bogacz, T. Cywicka-Jakiel, J. Mazur, C. Tracz, Natural Radioactivity of Raw and Building Materials from Malopolska Region (in Polish), Abstr. of the III Nat. Conf. on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 6-9 May 2001, p. 48; 7. A. Budzanowski for CHIC Collab., (B. Czech, A. Siwek, 1. Skwirczyfiska, P. Staszel) et al., Forward Wall Detector at CELSIUS Storage Ring, Abst. of the Int. Nucl. Physics Conf. INPC 2001 "Nuclear Physics in the st Century", niv of California, Berkeley USA, 30 July - 3 August 2001, p. 435; 8. M. Budzanowski, P. Olko, U. Wonicka, The Thermoluminescent System for Large Area and Rapid Monitoring of Gamma Dose-Rates in the Environment, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. on Medical Physics and Engineering in Health Care jointly with the 12th Congress of the Polish Society of Medical Physics, Poznail, Poland, 18-20 October 2001, p. 066; 9. T. Butz, (J. Lekki, Z. Stachura) et al., Health Hazards Due to Percutaneous Uptake of Ultrafine Particles, Abstr. of the Second Sumy-Cracow-Aiiinster Symposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001, in: IFJ Report No 1889/PL 2001) 85; 10. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Prognostic Value of the Susceptibility to X-Rays and Repair Efficiency of Induced DNA Damage Evaluated by SCGE Assay, Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 6(3A) 2001) 774; 11. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Prognostic and Diagnostic Value of the Individual Efficiency of Sensitivity to X-Rays and DNA Dmage Repair Capacity (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 57; 12. A. Cobulska-Wasilewska, A. Wieche6, W. Dyga, A. Panek, 1. Pawlyk, Genotoxicity of Various Agents Evaluated by a Comet Assay (Critical Approach), Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica vol. 39, Suppl. 1 2001) 37; 13. A. Cobulska-Wasilewska, A. Panek, W. Dyga, Z. abiiiski, P. Moszczyfiski, Susceptibility to UV-C and X-Rays and Repair Capacity Evaluated in Lymphocytes from Unexposed and Exposed to Mercury Vapours Donors, Abstr. of the Int. Comet Assay Workshop, Ulm, Germany, 22-24 July 2001, p. 21; 14. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, A. Wierzewska, Z. 2abifiski, P. Moszczyfiski, Studies of Occupational Exposure to Mercury Vapours Influence on the Levels of Cytogenetic Damage Detected in Lymphocytes, Abstr. of the 8th Int. Conf. on Environmental Mutagens, Shizouka, Japan, 21-26 October 2001, in: Mutation Research 483 Suppl. 1 2001) 5F-5-, 15. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, A. Wierzewska, J. Capala, W. Niedwiedi, Biological Efficiency of Therapeutic Neutrons Beam from MRR-BNL Reactor (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 60; 16. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, A. Panek, R. Marcos, Monitoring of Genotoxic Effects in Lymphocytes of People OccupationalExposed to Pesticides - Spanish Group (in Polish), Abstr. of the X11 PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 161; 17. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, A. Panek, W. Dyga, Z. 2abifiski, P. Moszczyfiski, Susceptibility to UV-C and X-Rays and Repair Capacity Evaluated in Lymphocytes from Unexposed and Exposed to Mercury Vapours Donors, Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica vol. 39, Suppl. 1 2001) 38; 278 List of Publications - 2001

18. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Dyga, W. Niedwied, A. Panek, S. Krasnowolski, R. Marcos, C. Siffel, S. Piperakis, Comparison between Influence of Occupational Exposure to Pesticides in Various Countries on Suscepti- bility and Repair Capacity of UV Induced Damage, Abstr. of the Int. Comet Assay Workshop, Ulm, Germany, 22-24 July 2001, p. 22; 19. W. Dyga, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Variability in the Repair Capacity of UV- C and X-Rays Induced DNA Damage in Lymphocytes of People OccupationalExposed to Pesticides (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 77; 20. T. Florkowski, (J. Lasa) et al., Influence of Local Emissions on Concentration and Isotopic Composition of Trace Gases (CO2&CH4) under Strong Anthropopression a Case Study from Kak6w, Southern Poland, The Int. Conf. on the Study of Environmental Change Using Isotope Techniques, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 April 2001, Book of Extended Synopses IAE-CN-80/P-17 2001) 37; 21. T. Horwacik, M. Janik, P. Olko, J. Swakofi, Measurement of the Rn-220 and Rn-222 Concentration in Soil Gas (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 107-5 22. J.Z. Hubert, Replacing Mythos by Logos: An Analysis of Conditions and Possibilities in the Light of Information- Thermodynamic Principles of Social Synergetics and Their Normative Implications, Abstr. of the Fourth World Conf. "Mythos and Logos: How to Reagain the Love of Wisdom", Cracow, Poland, 12-16 July 2001 (ISUD - Int. Soc. for Universal Dialogue) htt://www.isud.org 2001); 23. J.Z. Hubert, A. Mirski, Synthesizing Logos and the Elements of Mythos: How to Regain a Deeper and More Effective Wisdom, Abstr. of the Fourth World Conf. "Mythos and Logos: How to Reagain the Love of Wisdom", Cracow, Poland, 12-16 July 2001 (ISUD - Int. Soc. for Universal Dialogue) htt://www.isud.org 2001); 24. M. Janik, Penetrating of Radon from Soil to Buildings. Computer Modelling and Verification in Three Residential Buildings (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 106; 25. A. Jasifiski, A. Krzyak, J. Pindel, D. Adamek, W.P. Wglarz, A. Urbanik, Investigation of Spinal Cord Nervous Tracts Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury, Abstr. of the 9th Sci. Meeting and Exhibition of Int. Soc. for Magn. Res. in Medicine and the 18th Annual Meeting and Exhibition of Europ. Soc. for Magn. Res. in Medicine and Biology, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, 21-27 April 2001, p. 1525; 26. Jin Kyu Kim, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Radioresponse in Human Lymphocytes Pretreated with 'OB and "'Gd Compounds as Assessed by the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis, Abstr. of the Int. Comet Assay Workshop, Ulm, Germany, 22-24 July 2001, p. 48; 27. K. Kozak, S. Oksiutowicz, R. Misiak, M. Bartyzel, Changes of 2Pb Isotope Concentration in Atmospheric Air (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTI3R Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 182; 28. B. Kubica, J.W. Mietelski, J. Golag, E. Tomankiewicz, M. Jasifiska, P. Gaca, K. Kozak, M. Tuteja-Krysa, Concentration of Radionuclides Cs-137 and K40 and Some Heavy Metals in Soil and Lichen Samples from Tatra's National Park - Preliminary Investigation, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. "EUROECO 2001", Krak6w, Poland, 18-19 June 2001, p. 37; 29. B. Kubica, M. Tuteja-Krysa, Adsorption of Cs on Transient Metals Hexacyanoferrate () from Nonorganic Acid Solutions (in Polish), Abstr. of the III Nat. Conf. on Radiochernistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny 69 May 2001, P. 1 1; 30. B. Kulessa, S. Drod, M. W6jcik, T. Srokowski, A. Lipko, A.J. Olszewski, Z. Zimmer, K. Niezabitowski, An Application of Stochastic Analysis to the Description of Heart Reat Variability, Abstr. in: Folia Cardiologica 8 2001) 40; 31. A. Kulifiska, K.P. Lieb, M. Uhrmacher, P. Wodniecki, L. Ziegeler, Ion Beam Mixing of Sb/Ni Bilayers A PAC Study with ... In marker Layers, Abstr. of the 12th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Park City, Utah, USA, 12-17 August 2001, p. P-83; List of Publications- 2001 279

32. A. Kulifiska, K.P. Lieb, M. Uhrmacher, P. Wodniecki, PAC Study of Ni-Irradiated Sb Films, Abstr. of the 12th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Park City, tah, USA, 12-17 August 2001, p. P107; 33. W.M. Kwiatek, et al., Prostate Tissue Sections Analyzed by Synchrotron Radiation, The 3rd Int. Galician Urology Meeting; Oncology - Traumatology - BPH, Krak6w, Poland, 16-19 Novem- ber 2000 2001) 67; 34. W.M. Kwiatek, Al. Galka, A.L. Hanson, C. Paluszkiewicz, T. Cichocki, Biomedical Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Abstr. of the Second Sumy-Cracow-Miinster Symposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001, in: INP Report 1889/PL 2001) 98; 35. S. Kwiecifiski, P. Doro2yfaski, P. ulinowski, T. Sk6rka, A. Jasffiski, K. Szybihski, Z. Sulek, R. Jachowicz, MRI Evaluation of Macromolecular Polymers for Preparation of Hydrodynamically Balanced Systems, Abstr. of the XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 34 December 2001, in: IFJ Report 1885/AP 2001) 37; 36, Z.T. Lalowicz, NH3D+ as Spectators of Ammonium Ions Tunnelling and Reorientation, Abstr. of the XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 34 December 2001, in: IFJ Report 1885 /AP 2001) 39; 37. Z.T. Lalowicz, P. Filipek, A. Birczyfiski, Z. Olejniczak, C. Stoch, Order-Di3order Phase Transitions as Observed by Deuteron NIR Tunnelling Spectroscopy, Abstr. of the XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 34 December 2001, in: IFJ Report 1885/AP 2001) 38; 38. Z.T. Lalowicz, A. Birczyiaski, Z. lejniczak, G. Stoch, NH3D+ as Spectators of Ammonium Ions Dynamics, Abst. of the XI Int. Workshop on "Quantum Atomic and Molecular Tunnelling in Solids", University of Nottingham, UK, 5-8 September 2001, p. 1; 39. M. Lekka, J. Czerwificzak, J. Lekki, Z. Stachura, J. Styczefi, Studies of Adhesion in Aqueous Solutions, Abstr. of the Second Sumy-Cracow-Milnster Symposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001, in: IFJ Report 1889/PL 2001) 109; 40. J. Lekki, R. Hajduk, 0. Kukharenko, S. Lebed, T. Pieprzyca, W. Polak, A. Poternpa, C. Sarnecki, Z. Stachura, J. Styczefi, Z. Szk1arz, The Present State of the Cracow Proton Microprobe, Abst. of the Second Sumy-Cracow-Mtinster Symposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods, rak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001, in: IFJ Report 1889/PL 2001 3; 41. B. Marczewska, T. Nowak, P. Olko, M.P.R. Walig6rski, M. Nesladek, CVD Diamonds as Active and Passive Detectors of Ionising Radiation - Assessment of Their Applicability for Medical Dosimetry, Abstr. of the 3rd Int. Conf. "Novel Applications of Wide Bandgap Layers", Zakopane, Poland, 26-30 June 2001 2001, p. 179; 42. Al. Marszalek, (J. Jaworski, S. Maranda, J. Grbosz, M. Ziblifiski, A. Michalik, J. Prokop) et al., Growth and Structure of Metallic Multilayer Systems, Abstr. of the Second Surny-Cracow-Miinster Symposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001, in: IFJ Report No 1889/PL 2001) 16; 43. J.W. Mietelski, Radiological Anomaly of Augustow Primeval Forest (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTI3R Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 50; 44. J.W. Mietelski, P. Szwalko, E. Tornankiewicz, P. Gaca, M. Jasifiska, Insects as a Bioindicators of Radioactive Contamination of Environment (in Polish), Abstr. of the I Nat. Conf. on Radiochernistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazirnierz DoIny, Poland, 6-9 May 2001, p. 69; 45. J.W. Mietelski, B. Kubica, E. Tornankiewicz, M. Jasifiska, P. Gaca, K. Kozak, M. Tuteja-Krysa, Piloting Studies of Selected Radionuclides Content in Environmental Samples from the Tatra Mountains National Park (in Polish), Abstr. of the III Nat. Conf. on Radiochernistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazirnierz Dolny, Poland, 6-9 May 2001, p. 70; 280 List of Publications - 2001

46. A.F. Novgorodov, R. Misiak, D. Schumann, F. Rosch, Modelowe badanie nad wydzieleniem i identyfikacjq pierwiastka 107(Bh): Badanie sorpcji radionuklid6w Tc, Re, N, Th, Eu i Lu na iywicach jonowowymiernych i optymalizacja wsp6lstrqcania Te i Re z kwasu, Abstr. of the III Nat. Conf. on Radiochomistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 6-9 May 2001, p. 29; 47. T. Nowak, B. Obryk, P. Olko, A Position for Proton Eye-Melanoma Radiotherapy (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001 2001, p. 63; 48. B. Obryk, P. Olko, Calculation of the Beam Modulatorfor Eye Proton Radiotherapy (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001 2001, p. 169; 49. P. Olko, Microdosimetric Modeling of Response of One-Hit Detectors on Ionising Radiation (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTI3R Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, eds A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, S. Krasnowolski 2001) 47; 50. P. Olko, B. Marczewska, T. Nowak, M.P.R. Walig6rski, M. Nesladek, CVD Diamonds as Active and Passive Dosimeters for Radiotherapy, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. on Medical Physics and Engineering in Health Care jointly with the 12th Congress of the Polish Society of Medical Physics, Poznafi, Poland, 18-20 October 2001, p. 065; 5L A. Panek, J.K. Kim, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, In vitro Studies of X-Rays Induced DNA Damage Repair in Lymphocytes Exposed to Mercury (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 79; 52. I. Pawlyk, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Efficiency of Acute and Split Dose of X-Rays in Tradescantia Plants Propagated in vitro (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 167; 53. B. Petelenz, L. 2r6dlowski, E. Ochab, J. Halik, E. Bakewicz, R. Misiak, Al. Bartyzel, Internal Target Assembly for Activations in the AIC-144 Cyclotron (in Polish), Abstr. of the III Nat. Conf. on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz DoIny, Poland, 6-9 May 2001, p. 41; 54. B. Petelenz, P. Bilski, P. Walichiewicz, P. Gaca, K. Wilczek, Thermoluminescence Dosimetry of Liquid "P Sources of Variable Size and Composition (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001 2001, p. 187; 55. W. Polak, Future Research Programfor Microprobe External Beam, The Second Sumy-Cracow-Miinster Symposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods, Cracow March 2001 in INP Report No 1889/PL 2001) 10; 56. W. Polak, Future Research Programfor Microprobe External Beam, Abstr. of the Second Sumy-Cracow-Minster Symposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001, in: IFJ Report 1889/PL 1889/PL 2001) 10; 57. B. Rajchel, (M. Mitura, R. Hajduk, A. Adamski) et al., Creation of Biomaterials Using the Dual Beam MAD Methods, Abstr. of the Second Sumy-Cracow-Miinster Symposium on Nuclear Analytical Methods, Krak6w, Poland, 15 March 2001, in: IFJ Report No 1889/PL 2001) 80; 58. J.E. Roberts, (B. Kukielczak) et al., The Influence of Visible Light and UVA on the Damage of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, eds A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, S. Krasnowolski 2001) 165; 59. B. Sulikowski, P. Marciniec, Z. Olejniczak, R. Rachwalik, Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of eolite H- Y (A U) Silylated in the Liquid Phase, Abstr. of the XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 34 December 2001, in: IFJ Report bf 1885/AP 2001) 63; 60. Z. Sulek, A. Jasifiski, T. Sk6rka, K. Szybifiski, D. Adamek, P. Brzegowy, J. Markiewicz, W. Wglarz, S. Kwiecifiski, T. Banasik, Water Diffusion in Rat Brain and Spinal Cord Studied in vivo Using MR Imaging, Abstr. of the XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 34 December 2001, in: IFJ Report 1885/AP 2001) 64; List of Publications - 2001 281

61. Z. Sulck, A. Jasifiski, J. Kibifiski, P. Kulinowski, T. Sk6rka, K. Szybifiski, High-Resolution MRI of Articular Cartilage in the Interphalangeal Joints of Human Finger, Abstr. of te XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 34 December 2001, in: IFJ Report 1885/AP 2001) 76; 62. J. Swakofi, M. Paszkowski, R. Gradzifiski, J. oskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Bogacz, T. Horwacik, M. Janik, K. Kozak, J. Mazur, Radon Geology Based on the Measurements in Krak6w Region (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 103; 63. J. Swakofi, T. Zorski, The Investigation of Rock Medium Radioactivity for Geological Recognition and for the Assessment of Radiation Safety of Environment (in Polish), Geophysics in Environmental Engineering and Protection for Needs of Local Self-Government, March 2001, p. 191; 64. Z. Szeglowski, Dinh thi Lien, S.N. Timokhin, G.Ya. Starodub, A.B. Yakushev, Investigation of Ion Exchange Behaviour of Mercury as the Homolog of 12 Element (in Polish), Abstr. of the III Nat. Conf. on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 6-9 May 2001, p. 30; 65. Z. Szeglowski, Dinh thi Lien, S.N. Timokhin, G.Ya. Starodub, A.B. Yakushev, . Zvara, Investigation of Ion Exchange Behaviour of Platinium as the Homolog of 11 Element (in Polish), Abstr. of the III Nat. Conf. on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz DoIny, Poland, 6-9 May 2001, p 31; 66. K. Szybifiski, A. Urbanik, R. Motyl, A. Szczudlik, J. Kozub, B. Sobiecka, A. Jasifiski, Reduction of the Brain Tisue Volume in Alzheimer disease. Clinical Study vs QuantitativeMeasurements, Abstr. of the 9th Sci. Meeting and Exhibition of Int. Soc. for Magn. Res. in Medicine and the 18th Annual Meeting and Exhibition of Europ. Soc. for Magn. Res. in Medicine and Biology, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, 21-27 April 2001, p. 817; 67. I. kwka, J. Lasa, M. Opoka, A. Zuber, M. Dulifiski, Application of the CC and Anthropogenic Tracers for Determination Dynamics and Underground Water Age (in Polish), Abstr. of the VII All-Polish Chromatographic Conf. and the XXV Scientific Symp. "Chromatographic Investigations of Organic Compounds", Katowice - Szczyrk, Poland, 5-8 April 2001, p 7; 68. I. liwka, J. Lasa, P. Mochalski, Estimation of the ChlorofluorocarbonsEmission in the South Region of Poland on the Basis of Clobal and Local Measurements Data (in Polish), Abstr. of the VI All-Polish Chromatographic Conf. and the XXV Scientific Symp. "Chromatographic Investigations of Organic Compounds", Katowice - Szczyrk, Poland, 5-8 April 2001, p. 10; 69. E. Walus, (A. Cebulska-Wasilewska) et al., Influence of Chemotherapy on the Radiosensibility of Lymphocytes from a Patient with Chronic Leukemia (type CLL-B) (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 158; 70. W. Wqglarz, A. Jasiilski, J. Pindel, D. Adamek, P. Kuhnowski, T. Sk6rka, MR Microscopy Studies of the Appearance of the Multiexponential Diffusion in a Rat Spinal Cord in vitro, Abstr. of the 9th Sci. Meeting and Exhibition of Int. Soc, for Magn. Res. in Medicine and the 18th Annual Meeting and Exhibition of Europ. Soc. for Magn. Res. in Medicine and Biology, Glasgow, Scotland, Uk, 21-27 April 2001, p. 1517; 71. W.P. Wqglarz, D. Adamek, J. Markiewicz, P. Kulinowski, P. Brzegowy, A. Jasifiski, MR Imaging of the Components of the Anisotropic Water Diffusion in the Spinal Cord of a Rat in vitro - Dependence on the Diffusion Time, Abstr. of the XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 34 December 2001, in: IFJ Report 1885/AP 2001) 71; 72. W.P. lVqglarz, T. upka, M. Tanasiewicz, T. Sk6rka, K. Szybifiski, Z. Sulek, M. Gibas, A. Jasifiski, MR Imaging in the Teeth's Cavities Visualisation. An in vitro Study, Abstr. of the XXXIV Polish Seminar on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 34 December 2001, in: IFJ Report 1885/AP 2001) 72; 73. W.P. Wqglarz, A. Hilbrycht, D. Adamek, J. Pindel, A. Jasifiski, Investigations of the Restricted Anisotropic Diffusion in the Rat Spinal Cord in vitro Using MR Microscopy, Abst. of the Ampere IX NMR School, Zakopane, Poland, 38 June 2001, p. 90; 282 List of Publications - 2001

74. W.P. WQglarz, D. Adamck, J. Pindel, P. Kulinowski, A. Jaskski, Many Compartments or Restrictions MR Diffusion Microscopy of the Rat Spinal Cord in vitro, Abst. of the 6th Int. Conf. on Magnetic Resonance Microscopy, University of Nottingham, UK, 2-5 September 2001, p. P09; 75. W.P. Wqglarz, A. Hilbrycht, D. Aclarnek, J. Pindel, P. Kulinowski, A. Jasifiski, Correlation of the Multicomponent Anisotropic Water Diffusion with Structure of the Nervous Tissue - MR Microscopy Study of the Rat Spinal Cord in vitro, Abst. of the XIX Int. Seminar on Modern Magnetic Resonances "RAMIS 2001", PoznaA-Bqdlewo, Poland, 610 May 2001, p. P-721 76. W.P. Wqglarz, A. Hilbrycht, D. Adamek, J. Pindel, A. Jasifiski, In Search of the Nature of the Anisotropic Diffusion in Nervous Tissue - MR Microscopy of the Excised Rat Spinal Cord, Abst. of the NATO ARW Magnetic Resonance in Colloid and Interface Science, Petersburg, Russia, 26-30 June 2001, p. 162; 77. A. Wieche6, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Dose-Response Relationship for X-Rays Evaluated by Comet Assay - Reproducibility of the Method (in Polish), Abstr. of the XII PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001, p. 75; 78. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulifiska, M. Uhrmacher, K.P. Lieb, The Electric Field Gradients in (ZrIAI)Hf3 and rlHf)2Al3 Intermetallic Compounds Studied by ... Ta and ... Cd - PAC Spectroscopy, Abstr. of the 12th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Park City, Utah, USA, 12-17 August 2001, p. P- 2; 79. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulifiska, Hyperfine Interaction of 1Cd in Fe3Sn Compound, Abstr. of the 12th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Park City, Utah, USA, 12-17 August 2001, P. P- 1 1; 80. U. Woinicka, K. Pytel, L. Dqbkowski, D. Dworak, G. Tracz, Design of the Equipment for the Boron Neutron Capture Therapy at the Maria Reactor in gwierk (in Polish), Abstr. of X11 PTBR Meeting, Krak6w, Poland, 10-12 September 2001 2001, p. 61;

Reports

1. H. Abrarnowicz, (K. Golec-Biernat) et al., TESLA: The Superconducting Electron Positron Linear Collider with an Integrated X-Ray Laser Labora- tory. Chapter 2 THERA: Electron Proton Scattering at ls,: I TeV, Technical Design Report pt 6 Appendices; DESY-01-011FB- DESY-TESLA-2001-23FB; DESY- TESLA-FEL-2001-05FB and ECFA-2001-209FB 2001); 2. ALICE Collab., P. Cortese (J'. Bartke, E. Gladys%-Dziadug, E. 6rnicki, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al., Technical Design Report of the Transition Radiation Detector, CERN/LHCC-2001-021; ALICE TDR 9 2001); 3. S.P. Avdeyev (W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., Measuring of Thickness of Thin CsI(Tl) Scintillators, JINR P13-2001-9, Dubna 2001); 4. B. Badelek, (J. Kwiecifiski, A. Sta6to) et al., TESLA: The Superconducting Electron Positron Linear Collider with an Integrated X-Ray Laser Labora- tory. Chapter 1: The Photon Collider at TESLA, Technical Design Report pt 6 Appendices, DESY-01-011FA; DESY-TESLA-2001-23FA, DESY- TESLA-FEL-2001-05FA and ECFA-2001-209FA 2001); 5. P. Bambade, (M. Witek) et al., Study of Trilinear Gauge Boson Couplings ZZZ, ZZ-y and Zy7, Moriond 2001 Conf., March 2001 in: DELPHI-01-14 CONF 455 2001); 6. C. Bednarz, (Z. Stachura) et al., Radiative Electron Capture into the K and L-Shell of H-, He-, and Li-Like Uranium Ions at Relativistic Energies, GS1 Annual Report GSI-2001-1, p. 90 2001); List of Publications- 2001 283

7. A. Bieniek, A. Baran, W. Broniowski, 70 4 -y-y*,w 4 r*-y* and p 4 7-y* Decays in Nuclear Medium, nucl-th/0106053 2001); 8. J. Blocki, Finite Element Calculations of the Central Beam Pipe for the H1 Experiment, DESY preprint hl-04/01-593 2001); 9. J. Blocki, F. Lehner, Investigations of the Thermal Properties of the LHCb Inner Tracker Silicon Ladders by Finite Element Analysis, LHCb Inner Tracker Internal Note 2001-128 2001);

10. G. Borisov, (K. Cie0k, M. Witek) et al., Update of the ZZ Cross-Section Measurement in ee- Interactions Using Data Collected in 2000, Moriond 2001 Conf., March 2001, in: DELPHI-01-15 CONF 2001); 11. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al., Measurement of Photorecombinationof Highly Charged Ions at Low Relative Energies, GSI Annual Report GSI-2001-1, p. 97 2001); 12. E. Brodet, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak) et al., A Measurement of the Cross-Section Ratio Rb and the Forward-Backward Asymmetry A bFB for bb Events with the DELPHI Detector at LEP2, Moriond 2001, March 2001 in: DELPHI-01-16 CONF 457 2001); 13. W. Broniowski, B. Colh, G. Ripka, Solitons in Nonlocal Chiral Quark Models, hep-ph/0107139 2001); 14. W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, Strange Particle Production at RHIC in a Single-Freeze-Out Model, nucl-th/ 0112043 2001); 15. M. Budzanowski, Ultra-Sensitive Thermoluminescent Detectors Based on LiF:Mg, Cu P (MCP-N) and Their Applicability in Dosimetry of Gamma Radiation in Environment (in Polish), IFJ Report 1875/D 2001); 16. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, J. oskiewicz, C. Tacz, J. Mazur, Computational and Experimental Research on Humidity Measurements of Coke and/or Cement, Report of the Third Research Co-ordinating Meeting "Bulk Hydrogen Alalysis Using Neutrons", Cape Town, South Africa, 23 - 26 October 2000, in: IAEA Report Fl-RC-655.3, 50 2001);

17. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, J. oskiewicz, G. Tracz, The Monte Carlo Simulation of the Fast Neutron and Gamma-Ray Transmission Setup for Humidity Measurement of Coke, IFJ Report 1887/AP 2001); 18. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieglik, P. Jalocha, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, C. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., A Search for Invisible Higgs Bosons Produced in ee- Interactions up to ,s = 189 GeV, CERN preprint CERN-EP/00-51 2001); 19. K. Drozdowicz, E. Krynicka, U. Woinicka, A. Igielski, A. Kurowski, The Thermal Neutron Absorption of Mixtures of Hydrogenous and Non-Hydrogenous Substances Measured in Two-Region Geometry, IFJ Report 1891/PN 2001); 20. D. Dworak, J. Loskiewicz, Energy Deposition in the TESLA Water Dump as a Function of Its Size, IFJ Report 1880/AP 2001); 21. D. Dworak, J. oskiewicz, The Energy Deposition for No-A ir- Gap Design of the TESLA Beam Dump, IFJ Report 1881/AP 2001); 22. ECFA/DESY LC Physics Working Group, A. Aguilar-Saavedra, (J. Andruszk6w, A. Eskreys, S. Jadach, M. Jeabck, P. Jurkiewicz, J. Kwiecifski, M. Skrzypek, B. Ziaja) et al., TESLA; The Superconducting Electron Positron Linear Collider with an Integrated X-Ray Laser Labora- tory. Technical Design Report, Part 3, hep-ph/0106315; DESY-2001-011; ECFA-2001-209 and SLAC-REPRINT-2001-002 2001); 284 List of Publications - 2001

23. E. Gladysz-Dziadu, Are Centauros Exotic Signals of the QGP ?, IFJ Report 1879/PH 2001); 24. J. Godlewski, ATLAS Cooling Systems, ATLAS Internal Note, CERN ATC-TL-EN-0001 2001); 25. J. Godlewski, M. Hatch, M. Nessi, S. Stapens, ATLAS Cooling Projects, ATLAS Internal Note, CERN ATC-TL-MN-0001 2001); 26. J. Godlewski, R. Hawkins, A. Herrera-Martinez, G. Tappern, M. Ocese, Inner Detector Thermal Management and Environmental Gas, ATLAS Internal Note, CERN ATL-IC-EN-0009 2001); 27. K. olec-Biernat, Deep Inelastic Scattering at Small Values of the Bjorken Variable x, IFJ Report 1877/PH 2001); 28, K. Golec-Biernat, M. Wiisthoff, Diffractive Parton Distributions and the Saturation Model, hep-ph/0105333 2001); 29. A. Gumberidze, (Z. Stachura) et al., Magnetic Sublevel Population Studied for H and He-Like Uranium in Relativistic Collisions ith Low-Z Targe t s, GSI Annual Report GSI-2001-1, p. 93 2001); 30. HI Calorimeter Group, E. Barrelet, (E. Bana, A. Cyz, J. Godlewski, L. Hajduk, J. Martyniak, S. A/likocki, G. Nowak) et al., A Purity Monitoring System for the HI Liquid Argon Calorimeter, hep-ex/0111066 and DESY-01-188; 2001); 31. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. G6rfich, L. Hajduk, B. Lobodzifiski, E. Lobodzifiska, J. Martyniak, S. Alikocki, C. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Measurement of Dijet Electroproduction at Small Jet Separation, DESY-01-178; hep-ex/0111006 2001); 32. P. Homola, D. G6ra, Al. Kutschera, J. Niemiec, B. Wilczyfiska, H. Wilczyfiski, Extensive Air Shower Light Composition, GAP-2001-036 2001); 33. M. Kmiecik, Properties of Nuclei and Nuclear Reaction Mechanisms Studied with Giant Dipole Resonsnce (in Polish), IFJ Report 1878/PL 2001); 34. E. rynicka, B. Cabafiska, U. Wonicka, J. Dqbrowska, J. Burda, Interpretation Problems of Czubek's Sigma,, Measurement Method. Reference Experiment on H3BO3 Solution, IFJ Report 1890/PN 2001); 35. M. Kowalski, Time Projection Chambers in Relativistic Ion Experiments (in Polish), IFJ Report 1883/PH 2001); 36. B. Kubica, J.W. Mietelski, E. Tomankiewicz, M. Jasifiska, P. Gaca, K. Kozak, Piloting Studies of Selected Radionuclides Content in Environmental Samples from the Tatra Mountains National Park (in Polish), JFJ Report 1873/C 2001); 37. B. ubica, M. Tuteja-Krysa, H. Godunowa, R. Fialkowski, Adsorbtion of Eu, Hf, N and Z on Tansient metals Hexacyanoferrate () from Mineral Acid Solutions (in Polish), IFJ Report 1884/C 2001); 38. P. Kulessa, (K. Pysz) et al., The Lifetime of the Lambda Hyperon Bound in Hypernuclei Produced by PU Collisions, nucl-ex/ 0108027 2001); 39. J. Kwapiefi, S. Drod2, F. Gruernmer, F. Ruf, J. Speth, Decomposing the Stock Market Intraday Dynamics, cond-mat/0108068 2001); List of Publications- 2001 285

40. A. Lipniacka, (K. Cielik, H. Palka, M. Witek) et al., Measurement of the Production of the Four-Fermion Final States Mediated by Neutral Current Processes, Moriond 2001 Conf., arch 2001 in: DELPHI-01-08 Conf 449 2001); 41. X. Ma, (Z. Stachura) et al., Resonant Transfer and Excitation for H-Like U Ions: A Case Study for Electron-Electron Interaction at Strong Central Fields, GS1 Annual Report GSI-2001-1, p. 96 2001); 42. D. Meier, (A. Czermak, P. Jalocha, B. Sowicki) et al., Silicon Detector for a Compton Camera in Nuclear Medical Imaging, CERN-EP-2001-009 2001); 43. N. Michel, J. Okolowicz, F. Nowacki, M. Ploszajczak, First-ForbiddenMinor O-Decays in A = I Mass Region, nuel-th/0105060 2001); 44. N. Michel, J. Okolowicz, M. Ploszajczak, Description of Exotic Nuclei Using Continuum Shell Model, NATO Advanced Research Workshop Brijuni, Pula, Croatia, 25 June 2001, in: nucl-th 010041 (2001); 45. J.W. Mietelski, Selected Problems of Radionuclides in Semi Natural Environment of Poland, Final Report of SAVEC Cooperation, Annex 1, eds. A.L. Sanchez, B.J. Howard, S. Wright, S. Cramer (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Merlwood, range-over-Sands) 2001); 46. A.S. Niloszczyfiski, TOSCA Siin-alation of Some Effects Observed in Irradiated Silicon Detectors, IFJ Report 1888/PH 2001); 47. A.S. Moszczyfiski, TOSCA i7milation. of Some Effects Observed in Irradiated Silicon Detectors, II-'J lleport, 188/PH 2001); 48. NA49 Collab., S.V. Afanasev, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadu, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al., Statu.9 and Future of the NA49 Pogramme on Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at Low SPS Energies (Adden- (han to Proposal ERNISPSLCIR264), CERN-SPSC-2000-008 2001); 49. V.S. Olkhovsky, E. Recarni, J. Jakicl, Unified Time Analysis of Photon and (Nonrelativistic) Particle Tunnelling and the Superluminal Group- Velocity Problem, quant-ph/0102007 2001); 50. V.S. Olkhovsky, E. Recami, J. Jakiel, Unified Time Analysis of Photon and Particle Tunnelling, IC/2001/67 (MIRAMARE-TRIESTE) 2001); 51. PHOBOS Collab., K. Woiniak, (W. Bogucki, A. Budzanowski, T. Coghen, B. Dqbrowskj, M. De- spet, K. aluszka, J. Godlewski, J. Halik, R. Holyiski, W. Kita, J. Kotula, M. Lemler, J. Ligocki, J. ichalowski, A. Olszowski, P. Sawicki, A. Strqczek, M. Stodulski, M. Strqk, A. Ttzupek, B. Wosjek, P. ychowski) et al., Results from the PHOBOS Experiment on Au Au Collisions at RHIC, hep-ex/0102012; Talk given at 30th Int. Symp. on Multiparticle Dynamics (ISMD), Tihany, Lake Balton, Hungary, -15 October 2000 2001); 52. M. Ploszajczak, K. Bennaccur, N. Michel, F. Nowacki, J. Okolowicz, Description of Exotic Nuclei Using the Shell Model Embedded in the Continuum, RIKEN Review 39 2001); 53. M. Scadron, P. 2enczykowski, Chiral Phase Transitions, hep-ph/0106154 2001); 54. Th. St6hlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., Projectile K-Shell Vacancy Production in U89+ 4 No,2 Collisions: Selective Population of the 02s-States in He-Like Uranium, GSI Annual Report GSI-2001-1, p. 95 2001); 55. TRIUMF Muonjc Hydrogen Collab., M.C. ujiwara, (A. Adamczak) et al., Time-of-Flight Spectroscopy of Muonic Hydrogen Atoms and olecules, nucl-ex/0101007 2001); 286 List of Publications - 2001

56. M.P.R. Walig6rski, J. Lesiak, Radiological Protection of the Radiotherapy Patient?, IAEA-CN-85-153: Int. Conf. on Radiological Protection of Patients in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy, Malaga, Spain, 26-30 March 2001) 561; 57. H. Wojciechowski, Coulomb Amplitude Representation and Nuclear Diffraction and Refraction, IFJ Report 1882/PL 2001); 58, U. Woinicka, E. Krynicka, K. Drozdowicz, M. Kosik, W. Janik, Influence of Granulation of the Diabase Sample on the Thermal Neutron Ea Measurement, IFJ Report 1893/PN 2001); 59. U. Woinicka, G. Tacz, D. Dworak, Computer Simulation of the Fission-Uranium Converter as the Neutron Source for the Boron-Neutron Capture Therapy (in Polish), IFJ Report 1886/AP 2001); 60. Z. 2abifiski, A. Panek, A. Wierzewska, E. Kasper, W. Dyga, P. Moszczyhski, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Influence of Occupational Exposure to Mercury Vapours on Lymphocytes Susceptibility to the Induction of Genetic Damage, IFJ Report 1892/B 2001); 61. P. 2enczykowski, Inelastic Rescattering in Decays to 77r, 7rK and KR, and Extraction of -Y, hep-ph/0111053, v. 1 2001);

Popularization

1. M. Massalska-Arodi, On Earthquakes, Fires and Traffic Jams (in Polish), Foton 75 2001) 20; 2. M. Nowina-Konopka, Polish Researchers at CERN (in Polish), Sprawy Nauki 12(66) 2001) 10; 3. M. Nowina-Konopka, Unusual Poperties of the Human Brain - the Interview with Dr. Jaroslaw Kwapiei (in Polish), Sprawy Nauki (Biuletyn KBN) 5 2001) 5; 4. M. R6iafiska, P. 2enczykowski, B Physics is Surveyed in Cracow, CERN Courier 41 2001) 15; 5. K. Zalewski, Physics in Poland in the Year 2000 (in Polish), Postpy Fizyki 52(2) 2001) 78; Author Index 287

IFJ AUTHOR INDEX

A dam ezak A ...... 31 Fornal B ...... 43,44,45,46 A clarnski A ...... 74, 76 Friendl L ...... 7, 9 A ndruszk6w J ...... 133 Furm an A ...... 101 B akew icz E ...... 242, 250 G abafiska B ...... I ...... 183 B alanda M ...... 91 G aca P ...... 213,214,215,216 B anag E ...... 123,124,125 G adom ski S ...... 159 B aran A ...... 97 G aluszka, K ...... 125,168 B artke J ...... 150,153 G aw olifiski J ...... 125 B artyzel M ...... 216 G burek T ...... 12 Bednarczyk P ...... 50 Gladysz-Dziadu6 E ...... 150,153 B ialkow ski E ...... 35 G odlew ski J ...... 168 B ieniek A ...... 97 C olec-B iernat K .J ...... 101 B ilski P ...... 232,233,235 C olonka P ...... 63 B licharski J ...... 202 G 6rlich L ...... 124 B locki J ...... 125,153,168 G 6ra D ...... 142 B ocian D ...... 161 G 6rnicki E ...... 150,163 B o-acz J ...... 180,181 G 6rski A .Z ...... 28 B oek P ...... 97 G rabow ska S ...... 214,215,216 B oek A . . ...... 123 r& osz J ...... 50 B rekiesz TM ...... 47 G rybo J ...... 68 Broda R ...... 43,44,45,46 H ajduk L ...... 124,125,250 B rodzicka J ...... 123 H ajduk R ...... 73, 77, 78, 215 B roniow ski W ...... 97 H alik. J ...... 249 B rilckm an P ...... 126,160 H olyhski R...... 140 Buclzanowski A ...... 3 4 6 7 9 0, 12, 13 Hom ola P ...... 142 Budzanowski M ...... 181,232,233 Horwacik T ...... 180,232,236 B urda K ...... 69 H orzela A ...... 96 Cebulska-W asilewska A ...... 193,194,195 Hrynkiewicz A.Z ...... 67 C hm aj T ...... 99 Igielski A ...... 184 Chwastowski J ...... 133,134,137 Jaclach S ...... 114,116 C ib or J ...... 15, 16 Jagielski P ...... 91 C ieglik K ...... 126 Jalocha P ...... 123,125,126 C yw icka-Jakiel T ...... 185 Janicki M ...... 13 C yz A ...... 124 Janik M ...... 180 C zech B ...... 3, 10, 12 Jasifiska M ...... 214,215,216 C zerm ak. A ...... 236 Jasifiski A ...... 203,204 C zerski P ...... 97 Jaw orski J ...... 64,65 D aniel K ...... 242 Jeabek M ...... 117 D aniluk W ...... 133 Jochym P.T ...... 224,226 D 4brow ska A ...... 143,144 Jurkiemicz P ...... 133 D abrow ska J...... 186 Jurkow ska, T ...... 54 D 4browski B ...... 125,133 Jurkowski J ...... I ...... 54,215 D espet M ...... I ...... 125,168 K am ifiski R ...... 100,101 D oruch H ...... 242 K apusta P ...... 123,125 D rabina A ...... 185 K apugeik E ...... 96 D rozdow icz K ...... 182 K arcz W ...... 13 D rod S ...... 18, 19, 21, 22, 23 K asper E ...... 195 D ryzek E ...... 62,63 K ibifiski J ...... 202 D ryzek J ...... 62,63 K isielew ski B ...... 125 D utkiew icz E .M ...... 72,73,77 K istryn M ...... 6 D worak D ...... 185 K liczew ski S ...... 3 4 6 7 9 0 E skreys A ...... 133 K lim ek K . ...... 133,135 Figiel J ...... 133,135 K rniocik M ...... 47,48,49 F lorek. A ...... 125 K m ie6 R ...... 59 F lorek B ...... 125 K ope6 Ad ...... 245 Florkow ski W ...... 97 K orcyl K ...... 158 288 Author Index

K otarba A ...... 133, 163 O lszew ski A ...... 140 K otula J ...... 249 O strow icz W ...... 123,125,133 K ow alski W ...... 54 Pacyna A .W ...... 91 K owalski M ...... 150, 152 Palka H ...... 123, 126 K ozak K ...... 180,215,216,236 Panek A ...... 195 K ozela A ...... 35 Parlifiski K ...... 223,224,225,226 K raczka J ...... 60,245 P aw lik B...... 137 Kr6las W ...... 43,44,45,46,47 Pawlat T ...... 43,44,45,46 K rynicka E ...... 182,183 Paw lyk I ...... 193,194 K ubica B ...... 211,212 Petelenz B ...... 250 K ubis S...... 99 P & ala J ...... 142 K ucharczyk M ...... 126 Pieprzyca T ...... 77 K udzia D ...... 144 P indel J ...... 203 K ulessa B ...... 18 P olak W ...... 78 K ulessa P ...... 6,33 P olok G ...... 125,126 K ulifiska A ...... 51,52,53 Potem pa A ...... 77,78 K urow ski A ...... 184 Przybyciefl M ...... 133,137 K utchera M ...... 99,142 P yka K ...... 68 K wapiefi J ...... 22,23 P ysz K ...... 6,33 K wiatek W .M ...... 70,71 Rajchel B ...... 73,74,75,76 K w iatkow ska J ...... 61 R ichter-W qs E ...... 115 K w iecifiski J ...... 101,103 R& afiska M ...... 123 L ach M ...... 50 Ruchlew icz W ...... 133 Lalow icz Z.T ...... 201 R ybicki A ...... 150 Lekka, M ...... 66,67,68 Rybick! K ...... 100,123,124 Lekki J ...... 67, 68, 77, 78 Sarnecki C z ...... 77 Lesiak T ...... 125,126 Saw icki P ...... 140 Legniak L ...... 100,101 Siudak R ...... 3 4 6 7 9, 10 L igocki J ...... 133,250 Sivrek A ...... 12 Laewski J ...... 224,225,226 Skrzypek Al ...... 114 Lobodzifiska, E...... 124 Skwirczyfiska I ...... 3, 0 12 Loskiew icz J ...... 180 Sow icki B ...... 163 Lukasik J ...... 15,17 Srokow ski T ...... 18 M aj A ...... 47,48,49 Stachniew icz S...... - ...... 90 M alecki P ...... 161,163,164 Stachura Z ...... 55, 56, 57, 65, 67, 68, 77 78 M aniaw ski F ...... 61 Stagto A .M ...... 101 M aranda S...... 65 Stodulski M ...... 125,143,168 M arczew ska B ...... 233,235 Stopa P ...... 133 M arszalek M ...... 64,65,66 Strqczek A ...... i25, 168 M artyniak J ...... 124 Strk M ...... 125, 168 M assalska-Arod Al ...... 90 Styczefi J ...... 47,50,68,77,78 M azur J ...... 180, 181 Sw akofi J ...... 180,181 Mqczyfiski W ...... 47,50 Szarska M ...... 143, 144 M ichalec M ...... 97 Szczygiel R...... 162 M ichalowski J ...... 125 Szczurek A ...... 3, 10, 24, 25 27 M ietelski J.W ...... 213, 214, 215, 216 Szeglowski Z ...... 211, 212 M ikocki S...... 124 Szkatula A ...... 245 M isjak R ...... 54, 216 Szklarz Z...... 77 M itura M ...... 73, 74, 76 Szperlak A ...... 54 N atkaniec Z...... 123, 125 Strzalkowski M ...... 250 N iediw ied W ...... 192 Szybifiski K ...... 204 Now ak G ...... 124 Taraszkiew icz R...... 242 Nowak T ...... 236 Tom akiewicz E ...... 213,214,215 O bartuch ...... 168 Tracz G...... 187 O chab E ...... 250 'E-zupek A ...... 140, 144 Okolow icz J ...... 29,30 Turala Al ...... 164 Oliw a K ...... 133 Turnau J ...... 124 O lkiew icz K ...... 133, 135 'Urban P ...... 117 01ko P ...... 180,181,232,233,235,236 Walig6rski M .P.R ...... 233,235,236 Author Index 289

IA14S Z ...... 114, 116 Woniak K ...... 140 W glarz W .P ...... 203 W onicka U ...... 182 W ieche6 A ...... 193,194 W 6jcik M ...... 19, 21 22 W ierba W ...... 133 W rzesifiski J ...... 43,44,45,46 W ierzew ska A ...... 195 Zagrodzki P ...... 217 W ilczyfiska B ...... 142,144 Zajac R ...... 77 W ilczyhski H ...... 142,144 Zalewska A ...... 126,143 W lniew ski K ...... 77 Zaw iejski L ...... 133,135 W itek M ...... 125,126,164 Ziaja B ...... 101,103 W itko W ...... 89, 90 Ziblifiski M ...... 47,50 W odniecka B ...... 51,52,53 Zuber A ...... 179 Wodniecki P...... 51,52,53 & nczykowski P ...... 105 W olski R ...... 12,34 2ychowski P ...... 125,153,168 Wolter W ...... 144 2r6dlow ski L ...... 250 Wosiek B ...... 140,144