From: David W. Greenberg ~ Sent: Wednesday, September 07, 2011 5:02 PM To: Babicz, Walter Cc: David W. Greenberg Subject: Smart Meters

Mayor and Council City of Prince George 1100 Patricia Boulevard Prince George, BC V2L 3V9

To the Mayor and City Council,

I was in attendance at City Council when the matter of Smart Meters was discussed and I was disappointed that the few councillors who spoke about the matter were somewhat dismissive of the concerns about the forced installation of these devices. For example, it was said that the arguments that BC Hydro makes regarding the health hazards were more convincing than the arguments presented by people with fears that the meters might be dangerous. It was pointed out that people are often exposed to other potential carcinogens such as caffein in coffee. However, what was missed was the fact that people are free to choose whether or not they drink coffee or use cell phone or expose themselves to other potential hazards; they are not free to choose the type of electric meter that is installed at their homes. I urge Prince George City Council to protect the citizens of this community from the forced installation of smart meters for the following reasons:

1. Health. The meters may or may not be a danger; at this point we just do not know. Why take the risk until the matter is researched further? 2. Privacy. The meters clearly present an opportunity for the invasion of privacy. At this point we only have the word ofB.C. Hydro that they do not intend to use the technology available to them to use power consumption information for purposes other than billing. This is hardly reassuring. 3. Safety. It is certainly not clear that the meters are free of potential danger and it is quite possible that access to power use patterns could compromise the security of our homes. 4. Cost. It has not been shown that consumers will save money and it is fairly certain that there will be significant financial benefits to the corporations that are pressing for the smart meters' installations. 5. Employment. If the main effect of switching meter types is to make meter reading more cost efficient for Hydro and to eliminate the jobs of those workers who were reading the existing meters, I fail to see how that benefits our city in times of high unemployment. 6. Necessity. There is no apparent need to make this change. There are no clear benefits. Council should be questioning the true reason that this change is being made.

I believe that other communities in British Columbia and across North America have resisted the unwanted installation of smart meters in their homes. There is no reason why Prince George should not join those other places that wish to put the welfare of the citizens above the corporate interests.

Sincerely,

David Greenberg

* Dear Mayor and Councillors,

Smart meters have been put on the agenda of the UBCM conference this year at the request of the City of Colwood. Attached is information which is intended to give you a general overview of the concerns that are being raised across the province, as well as across North America.

Under the Clean Energy Act 2010 it was mandated that every home, apartment and business in BC would have a smart meter and the BC Utilities Commission was excluded from any participation in the decision or oversight over the implementation plan. While ITRON, the company chosen as manufacturer of the meter makes hard wired meters that can use phone or cable lines, BC Hydro has chosen to install only wireless meters.

The public is being given no choice in this matter. Even people diagnosed with serious health problems which would be exacerbated by exposure to the radiation emitted by the wireless meters, such as impaired immune systems, Multiple Sclerosis, or neurological disorders such as epilepsy, are being forced to have meters put on their homes.

Smart meters have been installed in several US states and in Ontario and we should be benefiting from their experiences. Many serious problems have been reported consistently, regardless of the location or brand of meter. It follows that these same problems will be experienced here in British Columbia if we do not take proper heed.

1) Health. Contrary to what the government and BC Hydro report, the microwave radiation that is emitted is extremely high during the signal ‘spikes’ which occur several times a minute every day all day. People are being exposed to these high doses of microwave radiation within their homes from their own meters, and from their neighbours’ meters which are signaling to distant receivers. This is the same type of radiation recently classified as a 2b carcinogen by the World Health Organization. Other 2b carcinogens are DDT, lead and industrial chemicals.

2) Increased utility bills. More than 80% of smart metered homes in Ontario report significantly higher monthly bills, often more than 50% higher than prior to smart meter installation. In California many report bills doubling and tripling. This is without any change in utilization patterns.

3) Privacy. Meters keep records of personal daily use, recording what appliance is being used and when. Companies in the US have declared these records propriety information and have sold it to marketing companies, insurers and others. This truly is an invasion of privacy in the worst way.

4) Security Wireless technology is notoriously insecure and can be easily hacked into. Hackers can access private information, determine by usage patterns when homes are unoccupied, or even interfere with the delivery of electricity.

5) Harmful interference. Smart meters interfere with household electrical appliances, even medical devices and home security systems, often causing them to malfunction or damaging the appliance itself.

6) Safety Smart meters have exploded and many smart meter-related fires have been reported, most recently a major fire in Santa Rosa, California where several businesses were severely damaged. The fires are believed related to smart meters interfering with Arc-fault circuit interrupters. Several lawsuits are pending in California. Some fires are reported to be as a result of poor installation done by inadequately trained installers. Corix, the company contracted to replace our analogue meters with these wireless meters, is not hiring electricians but rather unskilled workers, with only 2 weeks training.

7) Conservation No energy is conserved by the meter. It merely reports usage, as does an analogue meter. Unless the user is educated on conservation techniques no reduction in utilization will occur. The smart meter contributes in no way to conservation – this is a false premise. It is the educated user that is key and the same reduction could be realized with the current safe, efficient analogue meter.

8) Program cost A major concern of almost British Columbians is the cost of the program – more than $1 billion. We cannot afford a program which has no benefits and most likely no cost recovery potential. Better to spend this money on technology or products that will result in reduced energy utilization, such as better insulation, more efficient windows or furnaces, or solar panels. Not only are such investments well worth the money spent, they also would generate good, permanent jobs in our province.

9) Environmental Hazard Each meter contains up to 1000 mg of pure mercury, which the Federal Government will be banning in most products next year. The smart meters in BC will contain in total 1-1.5 metric tonnes of a bio-hazard which eventually will end up in our rivers and streams. In addition, in the event of fire, mercury vaporizes into a bio-toxin.

According to Bill 23-2008 of the British Columbia Public Health Act, section 83 (1), a municipality must take action when it learns of something that could be harmful to its residents. It must notify the Minister of Health or take immediate action. As of Aug. 28, 2011, 13 municipal and district councils have passed motions to write to the Minister of Health and, due to the potential for wireless smart meters to cause harm or to compromise security, requested a moratorium on mandatory installations of wireless meters. Most councils also requested that concerned residents be offered safer alternatives at no cost to them.

As Director of a provincial coalition comprised of persons from across BC, I am asking you as representatives of your constituents at the UBCM conference to support this motion when it comes to a vote. The united support of our local governments will send a strong message to the provincial government that, in keeping with recent Supreme Court of Canada decisions, local councils are in the best position to determine where the interests of their residents lie because they are closest to the problems.

Should you have any questions about anything included with this email, please contact me directly.

Yours sincerely, Sharon Noble Director, Coalition to Stop Smart Meters www.stopsmartmetersbc.ca [email protected]

There goes the neighbourhood... FACTS about Smart Meters – mandated to be installed on your home without your consent

BC Hydro started installation July 4, 2011 Bio-hazard: MERCURY Each smart meter contains a switch The Clean Energy Act of May 2010 mandates that with at least 1000mg. of pure imported mercury. Total amount of mercury BC Hydro replace every meter with a ‘Smart Meter’ in all Hydro smart meters across BC by 2012. Section 17 specifies that installation can be will be 1.2-1.8 metric tonnes. When done “without the consent of the owner.” There ignited, as in a house fire, mercury vaporizes into a deadly bio-toxin. has been no normal process for public input. The Act Imported mercury will be banned by strips the BC Utilities Commission of the power to the Canadian Fed. Gov’t by 2012. review the project. Source: Environment Canada’s Head of the Mercury Department, Megan Lewis. http://ow.ly/6gcV0 Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from ‘Smart Meters’ is 24/7 and is a known public health hazard... n Smart meters have been installed in several US states and in The World Health Organization/International Ontario. Many people are reporting ill health effects soon after these meters appear. Serious problems, including fires Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies and voltage spikes which destroy appliances, have been reported consistently. radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as n BC Hydro is misleading the public. They claim that the signals possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). will total 1-5 minutes a day. In fact, because the transmissions are calculated in milliseconds, this actually means your meter Lyon, France, May 31, 2011 can transmit 13,000 times or more per day. ______n BC Hydro has stated that 20 years’ exposure to a Smart Meter is the same as 30 minutes on a cellphone. It appears that BC Hydro is comparing whole body average exposure from Smart Work Safe BC, Workers Compensation Act Meter radiation to peak exposure to the ear for the cellphone. Occupational Health and Safety Regulation One needs to compare apples and apples, or whole body exposures to whole body exposures. Comparing the peak 5.57 (1) If a substance identified as any of the following is dose to the ear from a cell phone, when the rest of the body present in the workplace, the employer must replace it, if gets vastly less radiation, with a whole body exposure where practicable, with a material which reduces the risk to workers: all organs get roughly the same dose from a Smart Meter, doesn’t seem appropriate. Dr. Daniel Hirsch, UCSC, states: “...the (a) ACGIH A1 or A2, or IARC 1, 2A or 2B carcinogen; cumulative whole body exposure from a Smart Meter at 3 feet appears to be approximately two orders of magnitude higher than that of a cell phone.” n Collector hubs and Home Area Network transmissions add to the electromagnetic pollution in our home, neighbourhood, and natural environment. You’ll be receiving constant radiation not only from your own meter, but from all of your neighbours’ meters as well. n BC Hydro misleads again. They say ITRON meters must be wireless, and you have no option. YET, the makers of ITRON clearly state in their patent and elsewhere that there are other options to radiofrequency, including wired. Watch ITRON’s video at minute 3:05 to see for yourself - http://ow.ly/5FUrs n Smart Meter EMR exposure is non-consensual. Most EMR exposures (i.e. from household or personal wireless devices) are optional. BC Hydro is undemocratically mandating a recognized Class 2B Carcinogen be added to your house through an essential service. Together, we have the power to stop this. (PG&E is the California equivalent of BC Hydro) emrabc.ca citizensforsafetechnology.org stopsmartmetersbc.ca OTHER ISSUES TO CONSIDER: Health Concerns Increased Consumer Hydro Costs. Electrohypersensivity (EHS), originally known as In Ontario, more than 80% of smart metered homes microwave sickness, is receiving international report significantly higher monthly bills, often more recognition as an emerging public health problem. than 50% higher than prior to smart meter installation. The Canadian Human Rights Commission, In California many report bills doubling and tripling. This the Americans with Disabilities Act and our is without any change in utilization patterns. Canadian Government now recognize EHS as an Environmental Sensitivity. Questionable Math. BC Hydro claims that Surveys in Canada and Europe show that about spending $1 billion on smart meters will save $500 million in electricity theft (due 3% of people are severely sensitive to EMR, to grow-ops) over twenty years – a business case that any grade-schooler would and another 35% experience moderate to mild question. We cannot afford a program which has no benefits and most likely no sensitivity. This number is increasing steadily as cost recovery potential. The meters will need to be replaced in 20 years, around more wireless devices proliferate our environment. the same time they have been paid for. People are getting sick when ‘SmartMeters’ are connected to their electrical systems. Symptoms Conservation. No energy is conserved by the meter– this is a false from ‘SmartMeters’ reported in Ontario and the U.S. premise. It merely reports usage, as does an analog meter. Unless the user is include: n difficulty sleeping n headache educated on conservation techniques, no reduction in energy consumption will n dizziness n ear pressure & tinnitus n brain fog occur. A better investment would be to educate energy reduction strategies with n memory problems n difficulty concentrating the current safe, efficient analog meter. Invest in products or technology that will n weakness & fatigue n skin burning n agitation further result in reduced energy use, eg. better insulation, more efficient windows n nausea/vomiting n heart palpitations n seizures. and furnaces, or solar panels. These are investments that will generate safe, permanent jobs in our province. All wireless systems actually throw away energy, Increasing scientific evidence shows possible and are not green solutions. long-term systemic health effects including: cancers, memory impairment, double-strand DNA Invasion of Privacy. Meters keep records of personal daily use, damage, blood-brain barrier leakage and learning recording what appliance is being used and when. Companies in the US have difficulties. emrabc.ca declared these records proprietary information and have sold it to marketing companies, insurers, police and others. Is this information you want shared? Residents of OUR own See this video on privacy issues: http://ow.ly/5FUpH neighbourhood suffer with EHS Security. Wireless technology is notoriously insecure and can be easily hacked into. Hackers can access private information, determine by usage patterns when homes are unoccupied, or even interfere with the delivery of electricity. TAKE ACTION! It is urgent that we, as neighbours and parents, all Harmful interference. Smart meters interfere with household take action to protect ourselves and our families. electrical appliances, even medical devices (ie. pacemakers) and home security Call BC HYDRO today (1-800-224-9376). systems, often causing them to malfunction or damaging the appliance itself. Demand your BC HYDRO account be flagged as Safety. Smart meters have exploded and many smart meter-related fires have “Do Not Install SmartMeter”. BC Hydro reps been reported, most recently a major fire in Santa Rosa, California where several may tell you this is not possible. They will try to businesses were severely damaged. Several lawsuits are pending in California. convince you SmartMeters are safe and beneficial, and they are NOT. Persevere and be insistent. The Hidden Agenda. The key reason for smart meters is huge profits Confirm with a registered letter (see for the information and communications technologies sector - IBM, Cisco, General citizentsforsafetechnology.org under Smart Meter Electric, Oracle, ITRON, etc. The mass installation of Smart meters is designed Action Kit) & email to [email protected]. to benefit corporations, not you. This has nothing to do with conservation and everything to do with collusion. Contacts Removal of our Watchdog. B.C. Utilities Commission (BCUC) is Premier Christy Clark • [email protected] the regulatory body with the responsibility to safeguard our interests. Yet the Rich Coleman, BC Energy Minister Government’s Clean Energy Act (2010) exempts the $1 billion smart meter 250-387-5896 • [email protected] program from BCUC’s oversight. BCUC was not allowed to fulfill its job of John Horgan, NDP Energy Critic reviewing and approving a business plan. Neither were there public hearings. 250-391-2801 • [email protected] The MLAs were given no opportunity to debate the program or to review a cost Your MLA and City council members • www.civicinfo.bc.ca/11.asp benefit analysis. There is no oversight, no control of this major program. Perry Kendall, Prov. Health Officer • 250-952-1330 • [email protected] The big question is: Why was this billion dollar project made exempt? BC Hydro • 1-800-224-9376 • [email protected] (See the Tyee.ca articles on Smart Meters by McMartin/McMillian) Sharon Noble, Chair, CAUSE (Citizens Against UnSafe Emissions) • [email protected]

The Public Health Act of British Columbia Bill 23-2008, Section 83 (1): Call to Action: Insist our municipalities notify the Minister of Health of the dangers associated with A municipality must take action when it learns of Smart Meters, and demand a moratorium until a something that could be harmful to its residents. safe alternative is found. Citizens for Safe Technology • Aug 30, 2011 • Aug Technology Safe for Citizens SEPTEMBER 2, 2011 SMART METERS & GRID: ?????????Separating Fact from Fiction Commonly-made statements: what’s the real story?

1 – FICTION? “Smart meters will not be a 3 – FICTION? BC Hydro States: “BC Hydro’s security or privacy risk because they will have smart meters do not contain mercury.“ encryption just like the banks use.” Mora Scott, August 23, 2011, e-mail correspondence to H. Karow

FACT: Banks are now refusing to use wireless in their FACT: Mercury is a known Bio-Hazard and one of the worst systems. Encryption is of little comfort when one realizes that neurotoxins on earth. In 2012, imported mercury will be banned the International Monetary Fund, a banking institution, suffered by the Federal Government. private information losses due to hacking, as recently did a According to Itron’s manual each smart meter contains a leading computer security firm, Lockheed Martin. Wireless cylinder switch with mercury. The Head of Environment utilities will undoubtedly be attractive to all levels of hackers. Canada’s Mercury Section estimated that the amount of Money spent on tracking and protecting against security mercury in this switch to be at least 1000 mg. This compares breaches will be substantial, and paid for by the ratepayer. to 3-5mg. in a CFL light bulb.Milt Bowling in Health Action There is no such risk from a wired or analog system. Network quotes US Sen. Mike Enzi as reporting that the http://ow.ly/638PD mercury from one CFL bulb is enough to contaminate 6000 gallons of water beyond safe drinking levels set by the US 2 – FICTION? “The recent W.H.O. 2B Environmental Protection Agency. classification for RFR is the same for coffee and BC Hydro will be installing about 2 million meters with a total pickled vegetables.” of more than 1.5 metric tonnes of mercury. Using Sen. Enzi’s figures, this would contaminate 6 trillion gallons of drinking FACT: Dr. Perry Kendall, the chief medical officer of British water, or enough water to fill the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Just Columbia, has made this statement many times, even on the in BC alone, the electrical utility will be faced with disposing Health Ministry’s website (http://ow.ly/638SD) Science shows that of enough mercury to contaminate the annual kitchen and drinking excessive amounts of coffee can lead to increased drinking water consumption that 33 million Canadians (the total risk of bladder cancer, which is an population) would use over 55 years. extremely serious matter for many (source www.hans.org/162-smart-meters-big-brothers-trojan-horse) people. The WHO classification for As if this weren’t enough to cause concerns about the mercury pickled vegetables is isolated to Asia, in smart meters! When ignited, as in house fires, mercury where certain pickling agents caused vaporizes into a deadly bio-toxin. Fire chiefs have been notified serious health consequences. The that in the event of a fire involving smart meters, mercury Class 2B possible human cancer risk vapors will be present and protocols specific to hazardous includes DDT, lead, diesel and fuel oils, materials would apply. Some home insurers do not cover this chloroform, methylmercury compounds, type of contaminant, so each home owner should check with his and many other noxious agents. company. www.bclocalnews.com/opinion/127280473.html Most people want to control the risks and have the freedom to choose, not suffer forced exposure from an agency that decides Smart Meter raises concern for children and pregnant profit warrants the risk. Comparing radiation from wireless women devices such as smart meters to coffee and an Asian pickling Published: August 09, 2011 agent is minimizing the risks of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in an attempt to support the exposure of all people and See Itron’s Radio Based Endpoint Disposal Manual families to a known possible cancer promoting agent. All this in the name of business and profits. www.itron.com/na/resourcesAndSupport/Pages/Support-Tools-Documents.aspx continued

COALITION TO STOP “SMART” METERS: STOPSMARTMETERSBC.CA 1 ???????????????SMART METERS: Separating Fact from Fiction 4 – FICTION? “The Smart Meter Program same situation exists today with regard to wireless devices of all kinds, which also includes cordless phones. The decision to use ensures privacy is protected.” baby monitors or cordless phones in your home is still under your own care and control. Nobody is forcing you to use these FACT: As reported in “Innovation Canada”, by monitoring devices, and you can choose to turn them off or replace them your power use, utilities get to know more about your with safer, wired models at will any time. Exposure is not forced household routines than you’d like them to. An amazing amount and involuntary. This is not the case with wireless emissions from of detailed information can be gleaned from simple wattage smart meters on your home. Once these wireless meters are measurements. Each appliance in your house causes a telltale installed, you are not in control and cannot switch them off or fluctuation in power, and websites such as PlotWatt and have them removed if you wish to avoid health risks associated EnerSave can analyze the output of a home power monitor with exposure to microwave radiofrequency radiation. to see how often you run a specific appliance and when it is being used. For example, usage patterns can indicate when the home is vacant or when the occupant is sleeping. Imagine what 6 – FICTION? “Health Canada and others tell marketers (let alone burglars) would pay for that information. Currently in the US there are reports of this private information us the weight of evidence shows no indication of having been sold to marketers, insurance companies and police. harm to health from any low energy wireless devices The utility company considers this information its property and, (microwave radiofrequency radiation).” therefore, can do with it what it wishes without the consent or knowledge of the individual. FACT: This statement is based on a numerical comparison Then there are the systemic threats. As electrical engineer of how many scientific studies show biological effects and how David Nicol warns, the “smart grid”—the networking of control many studies show no biological effects. Dr. Henry Lai of the systems of generators and substations—is a veritable playground University of Washington has analyzed scientific outcomes, and for mischief-makers. A government cyber war exercise in 2007, has found that only 25% of industry funded studies find biological shown vividly in footage obtained by CNN, caused a generator effects, while 75% of non-industry funded studies find biological to self-destruct. In effect the generator was forced to fight the effects. The fact that the weight of evidence is tipped in favour of raw mechanical power of the rest of the grid, and lost. no biological outcomes is a reflection of how many studies are funded by the wireless industry, which has the most to lose. Dr. http://ow.ly/638Qe Jerry Phillips, University of Colorado, states that using scientific papers to cancel out one another is unscientific and deprives us 5 – FICTION? BC Hydro States: “Radio of the opportunity to learn more about the risks of exposure. frequency signals from smart meters are much There are now a number of comparative studies that show lower than the signal from common every day a correlation between how the research was funded and the results obtained. This situation illuminates the serious conflicts devices such as radios, baby monitors and even the of interest which undermine the integrity and objectivity of all spark plugs in your car, so it must be safe.“ scientific research funded by the wireless industry.

www.bclocalnews.com/kootenay_rockies/nelsonstar/opinion/letters/118195894.html - Mora Consideration must be given to the fact that many independent Scott, BC Hydro studies show harmful effects. If something is safe, there should be no evidence of harm. Health Canada’s assertion leads one FACT: Radios are receivers. They do not radiate. Wireless to believe that those studies reporting harm should be ignored smart meters are receivers and transmitters. They do radiate. merely because they are outnumbered. Wireless baby monitors are transmitters and do radiate, but they are optional and can be turned off. Wireless smart meters are not optional and cannot be turned off. They radiate 24/7. 7 – FICTION? “Non-Ionizing Radiation doesn’t Spark plugs are not receivers or transmitters, and neither do have the energy required to break or damage DNA.” they radiate. They are not in the same realm. FACT: The purpose of science is to increase knowledge and On May 31, 2011, the World Health Organization reclassified all understanding. It is never static. While it is unlikely non-ionizing emissions from radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly microwave radiation damages DNA directly, numerous peer carcinogenic to humans. (http://ow.ly/63Bxp) reviewed and published scientific studies show damage can be Further, new science is exposing a cumulative dose response caused indirectly. Here is a quote from the Explanatory section relationship – the more prolonged exposure received, the of the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly’s resolution greater the risk of developing ill health effects. dated May 27, 2011: www.springerlink.com/content/387360gh0715nu01/ Cigarettes used to be everywhere, but they were never safe. The “A major programme of research into the specific features of these continued 2 ???????????????SMART METERS: Separating Fact from Fiction effects such as genotoxicity of waves (REFLEX programme), funded and ultraviolet radiation, the so-called optical window. The actual by the European Commission and involving 12 European research levels of the solar emissions in the radiofrequency range reaching teams, was launched and the results were made public in December the earth used in scientific literature are somewhere between 2004. The conclusions of the report were disturbing on several counts 0.000000001 microwatts (stormy sun) to 0.000000000001 as the results bore out genotoxic effects of mobile telephone waves, microwatts (quiet sun). If the smart meter’s radiation figure given and in particular greater frequency of chromosomal deletions and by BC Hydro can be believed, the smart meter’s radiation is at breakup of DNA molecules in different types of cultivated human and least 10 million times higher than the natural level of radiation that animal cells. In addition, stress protein synthesis was greatly increased all life evolved in and which our bodies are used to. and gene expression was modified in various types of cells.” ( Barnes FS, Greenebaum B, editors. 2006. Bioengineering and biophysical aspects of electromagnetic fields. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; p. 3.) 8 – FICTION? “Radiofrequency radiation (RFR) is part of the electromagnetic spectrum just like 10 – FICTION? “The radiation from wireless the sun . . . In fact, exposure to the sun’s radiation is devices doesn’t penetrate the skin.” probably more harmful.” FACT: Dr. John Blatherwick, BC Hydro’s medical advisor and former provincial medical officer, has said this repeatedly. This FACT: The radiation emitted by the sun falls into the statement is totally incorrect, as microwave radiofrequency categories of visible light, infrared and ultraviolet in the radiation penetrates all living things and most inanimate objects. If electromagnetic spectrum and is a natural part of our universe, radiation cannot penetrate skin, how does the signal go through to which human bodies have adapted over eons. Man-made concrete to your cell phone in buildings or to your wireless wireless signals in the microwave range of the electromagnetic computer at work? How could your smart meter send messages spectrum are pulsed, ultra-high frequency emissions, released through your neighbours’ homes to the receiver perhaps many in bursts, at regular intervals, in very rapid succession. Imposed blocks away? Given that human bodies are largely water and are on these pulsed, ultra high frequency microwaves are extremely highly receptive to microwaves, we make ideal antennas. low frequency (ELF) modulations of the radiofrequency carrier http://ow.ly/63CmA waves. Carrier waves transport data and are also referred to as Information Carrying Radio Waves. These unnatural microwave radiofrequency 11 – FICTION? “A wired meter on your house will radiation emissions cannot be compared cost $35,000” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qRLwDfGPQo to the naturally occurring and biologically compatible radiation Fact: Various choices are available from different utility produced by the sun. companies, but most offer a wired option. The Itron Smart The sun’s radiation does not penetrate Meter is used in Ontario. Toronto Hydro will provide a wired buildings, allowing escape from its heat smart meter that uses a land line free of charge. The only cost or damaging effects. Further, we can take many to the customer is the monthly charge for a dedicated phone precautions to protect ourselves from the sun, and forced, line ($25.90 from Bell Canada). Ontario Norfolk Power set up & involuntary exposure is not part of our society. Man-made shop-tested three wired meters at no cost to for a local sufferer radiation does penetrate buildings, and bodies, leaving no refuge of electrohypersensitivity, awaiting their purchase of line splitters from its damaging effects. The sun goes down at night, allowing so existing phone lines could be used. In Illinois, there is a one the body time to recover and rest. Man-made radiation from time cost of $68.35 and a monthly fee of $24.75 for manual meter smart meters emits all day and all night. reading. Maine has two choices for wired meters: A smart meter with the transmitter off is an initial charge of $20 and monthly charge of $10.50, or the customer can keep the existing analogue 9 – FICTION? “Power density of summer meter for a one time charge of $40 and a monthly charge of sunlight at the earth’s surface is 100,000 microwatts $12.00. compared to 0.01 microwatts, a smart meter’s Idaho Power’s Smart Meter standards all hard wired. These meters power density at 10 feet.” are hooked up to the home power lines, the same lines that bring the power in are the same lines that send the information to FACT: This statement in BC Hydro’s Business Case is Idaho Power. This is a simple system that has none of the risks of intended to make us believe that the sun is more dangerous wireless exposure and there is no meter to meter communication, than the smart meter. This is incorrect and misleading. The or wireless infrastructure required. Homeowners in Idaho feel safe 100,000 microwatt figure actually refers to the total solar and secure with this system, and Idaho Power is not wasting time radiation at our latitude for frequencies between near infrared continued 3 ???????????????SMART METERS: Separating Fact from Fiction

or money dealing with people trying to protect their rights. comparison and he concludes that smart meter exposure is actually 100 times greater than that of a cell phone. This is the kind of system that would work well in British Columbia and immediately halt the costly and time consuming www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNJ3BIriSaE&feature=share challenges in rolling out the Smart Meter program as well as Current evidence is still limited and must be further investigated protecting people, homes and the environment. http://www.magdahavas.com/2011/06/05/whos-new-classification-of-rfr-what-does-this- There are different choices depending on the utility company, mean-for-canada/ but most offer a wired meter option. The Itron Smart Meter is used in Ontario, and Toronto Hydro will provide a wired http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/ATListingDetails_E.asp?ATID=11332 smart meter that uses a land line if you will provide a separate, dedicated Bell Canada telephone line for the meter. The 13 – FICTION? on-going monthly cost of $25.90 relates to the cost of the Bell Canada line. At no charge, Ontario Norfolk Power set “People affected by RFR, if indeed there are any, are up & shop-tested three wired meters for a local sufferer of part of a very small minority.” electrohypersensitivity, awaiting their purchase of line splitters so existing phone lines could be used. In Illinois, there is a one FACT: Increased numbers of people who are hyper-sensitive time cost of $68.35 and a monthly fee of $24.75 for manual to electromagnetic fields are being documented worldwide. meter reading. Maine has two choices for wired meters: A Drs. Hallberg and Oberfeld released a report documenting this smart meter with the transmitter off is an initial charge of $20 increase, and, based on steadily increasing rates, they project and monthly charge of $10.50, or the customer can keep the that 50% of the population will be electrohypersensitive by existing analogue meter for a one time charge of $40 and a 2017. (“Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine”, 25:189-191, 2006: 190 Hallberg and monthly charge of $12.00. In California, Pacific Gas and Electric Oberfeld) Given that Canada has no public health surveillance and have an opt out program for those who refuse wireless Smart monitoring system for those reporting electrohypersensitivity, Meters. Customers costs include an upfront fee of $135 with a (EHS) there is no reliable method of determining actual monthly charge of $20, or a one time fee of $270 and monthly numbers of those affected. People suffering from EHS present fee of $14. This is now being legally challenged and the California a confusing set of symptoms to health care providers such as Public Utilities Commission is discussing details of “no cost opt headaches/migraines, vertigo, heart irregularities, joint & muscle out” proposals. pains, sleep disturbances, concentration and memory difficulties, anxiety and depression. They are most often misdiagnosed and Itron Sentinel on a home in Ontario http://emrabc.ca/?p=2936 prescribed medications to treat these symptoms without any full Phone Line Connections http://emrabc.ca/?page_id=3496 understanding of cause. Until proper reporting and investigation procedures are put in place, there is no way of knowing the current situation in Canada. However, it is clear that a growing 12 – FICTION? “The radiation from a “smart number of individuals in British Columbia have reduced or meter” over the course of one year will be less eliminated ill health by avoiding exposure to wireless devices. harmful than using a cell phone for half an hour.” Science is showing ill health effects are possible as a result of a cumulative, dose response relationship to microwave FACT: BC Hydro has estimated that exposure to the head radiofrequency radiation. 2 from using a cell phone is up to 10,000 microwatts per cm (www.springerlink.com/content/387360gh0715nu01/) (BC Hydro Smart Meter Business Case). This is 10 times higher than that This means that the more people are exposed to all manner allowed by our outdated Safety Code 6 which protects against of wireless emissions, the greater the likelihood of adverse thermal effects only and has no provision to protect against health effects. For those with EHS, the stakes are highest. non-thermal biological Mandatory exposure will represent a significant denial of their effects known to occur. human rights as they will be essentially exiled from society, and Comparing close head possibly our province, if the wireless meter plan proceeds. Even exposure, which is far above for those who have not developed EHS (which can happen to our own safety regulations, anyone at any time), ‘smart’ meter emissions would still cause with whole body exposure health suppression for our society, as well as a potential loss of is like comparing apples productivity and efficiency because of their impacts on energy, to oranges. Daniel Hirsch, behaviour and cognitive health. senior lecturer and expert BC Hydro is not allowing anyone to opt out of the wireless on nuclear policy at smart meter program, even those diagnosed with EHS, or those UCSC, explains that he with health problems, such as impaired immune systems. has analyzed the exposure continued 4 ???????????????SMART METERS: Separating Fact from Fiction

14 – FICTION? “Current evidence is still limited We don’t know how many signals will be sent and must be further investigated.” each day, but each one will produce dangerous spikes of radiation. FACT: This is a trick of industry to allow the continued Other locations to receive smart meters were also told rollout of risky technology without any precautionary measures transmissions would be short and infrequent. Independent or warnings to the public. Many scientists are convinced we testing of the radiofrequency radiation smart meter emissions don’t need any more studies because there is enough evidence show that the signals are continuous and constant. to justify immediate action to protect the public, as is now being recommended by the 47 member states of the European BC Hydro has not provided testing from an active, Council Parliamentary Assembly. fully operational system, which would include two-way communication with a smart meter collector device located some distance from the home, as well as the possibility of 15 – FICTION?“There is no way to provide a other houses communicating through smart meter devices to wired smart meter option to residential customers.” reach the collector unit. No testing is done of exposure from the collector device, nor combined exposure from all wireless FACT: There is a growing list of international areas providing devices in the home, as well as exposure from smart meters wired smart meters to residential customers. One state in the located on neighbouring homes. US, Idaho, is installing only wired meters in response to concerns regarding health, fires and privacy.http://ow.ly/638Ve 17 – FICTION? BC Hydro’s chief smart meter project officer was quoted as saying that they considered it, but it was too costly. The “Smart Meters and wireless devices are green.” manufacturer of the Itron Openway smart meter clearly states FACT: Anything “green”, if truly so, cannot also be of risk in all promotional and patent information that the Itron Smart to the environment. There is now sufficient scientific literature Meter can be wired, and the utility is free to choose the method demonstrating that electromagnetic fields are harmful to the of connection. environment. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of 16 – FICTION? “Hydro says that Smart Meters Europe on May 27, 2011 specifically identified stress reactions and genetic risks to plants, trees, animals and insects, and has will only transmit for several seconds or a few this to say: minutes a day.” “Dr Warnke highlighted the innate magnetic compass used by certain FACT: “While the period during which a smart meter animals or insects to orient themselves in time and space and which transmits data back to BC Hydro will vary depending on the dictates the internal functioning of their organism, before going on specific metering system use, transmission is expected to last to demonstrate how extremely weak artificial fields or waves could adversely affect the sense of direction, navigation and communication for only a few minutes per day.” (BC Hydro’s Smart Metering & Infrastructure of certain animals or insects: migratory birds, pigeons, certain kinds Business Case). “BC Hydro said the meters will transmit information ... for an of fish (sharks, whales, rays) or certain insects (ants, butterflies and especially bees). He suggested that malfunctions induced by artificial average of only one minute per day.” (Times Colonist, June 3, 2011) electromagnetic waves might be one of the major causes – besides The truth is we don’t know for how problems of exposure to chemicals – of repeated incidents of whales many minutes per day information being washed up on beaches or the death or disappearance of bee will be transmitted. BC Hydro colonies (colony collapse disorder) observed in past years. tells us that the signals are very short (only milliseconds long). It After analysing the scientific studies available to date, and also sounds insignificant, but there are following the hearings for expert opinions organised in the context 1,000 milliseconds in a second, and of the Committee on the Environment, Agriculture and Local and 60,000 in a minute. If each signal is 2 Regional Affairs, there is sufficient evidence of potentially harmful milliseconds long, and the total time effects of electromagnetic fields on fauna, flora and human health each day is only for 1 minute, there will to react and to guard against potentially serious environmental and be 30,000 signals, or one every 3 seconds. If the total time each health hazards.” day is 3 minutes instead of 1, there will be 90,000 signals a day, A single smart meter contains the mercury of about 500 or one every second. The important thing to know is that each CFL bulbs and the mercury in all the meters being installed of these signals is very powerful, sending out spikes of radiation. in B.C. is about one metric tonne. That is equivalent to half a These spikes cause harm to cells in our bodies, as researched by billion CFL bulbs. Mercury tilt switches have been banned in scientists such as Dr. Henry Lai of the University of Washington automobiles since 2003. BC Hydro is bringing in these meters and Dr. Martin Blank of Columbia University. continued 5 ???????????????SMART METERS: Separating Fact from Fiction

just before they are banned 20 – FICTION?“Smart Meters can’t be wired in Canada next year, which is definitely not protective of our through telephone lines.” environment. FACT: The Itron smart meter installer’s handbook has Regarding mercury see here: protocols and instructions to do just that. It is accurate to state http://ow.ly/6kbT0 that BC Hydro doesn’t want to wire the meters through the “Greenwashing” masquerading phone lines. as “green,” is dangerous to all http://ow.ly/638Ux On page 7 ( page 4 number at footer ) explains aspects of the environment, that Ethernet and PSTN ( Telephone Lines) can be used : ” The sabotaging long-term solutions OPENWAY system can utilize a variety of public communication for short term profitability. platforms to transfer data, including GPRS, Ethernet, PSTN, BPL, All wireless devices throw WiFi, WiMax and others.” away electrical energy, and have a far larger carbon footprint than most of us can imagine. Did you know that one hour of talking on a cell phone every day for a year has the same carbon 21 – FICTION?“Fibre Optic technology can’t footprint as a trans-Atlantic flight from New York to London? be installed in BC due to the expense of burying the cable in difficult terrain.” 18 – FICTION? “Get Lights on Safer, Faster.” FACT: It is an interesting fact that most areas already have Fact: Wireless Smart Grids and Smart Meters cannot full fibre optic cabling. Further, no drilling or digging is necessary fix power outages. This still requires real people. BC Hydro where impractical, as fibre optic cable can be installed just employees still have to physically drive to areas in bad weather as easily above ground whenever buried cable is not feasible. conditions, and this does not change with a wireless smart European countries with varying topography, such as France, have employed fibre optics as their main infrastructure, opting for a meter or grid. In fact, BC Hydro employees are known for fully secured, ultra high speed, no health risk system. repairing the system as quickly and safely as humanly possible. http://ow.ly/638W4 A wireless Smart Grid will not speed up the human factor. The big question is, “Do we want to risk human and environmental health for the convenience of defining the location of the power 22 – FICTION? “Smart meters cannot detect outage a few minutes faster?” Decisions of this magnitude how someone uses electricity or which appliances demand public input and hearings. are being used – they only measure how much energy a home used or generated in total. This is the 19 – FICTION? same electricity consumption data we always have “Smart Meters will help us conserve Energy.” collected, just more frequently – up to three or four FACT: Smart Meters do nothing to conserve energy. What times per day rather than once every two months.” they are trying to do is change patterns of behaviour. External Greg Reimer, BC Hydro http://ow.ly/638WQ control of appliances and heating & cooling systems would allow the utility company to conserve energy by turning off your FACT: BC Hydro has chosen to install the ‘Openway Centron’ smart-enabled appliances at their choice. This would create wireless meter manufactured by ITRON Inc. According to conservation and diversion of energy to allow BC Hydro to sell the company website: “each OpenWay CENTRON meter comes more of our energy to the U.S. at peak hours. factory-equipped with a ZigBee® radio chip to provide a built-in Another way is to change usage pattern by charging more for communications pathway into the home for data presentation, load energy used during the day, thus penalizing people for utilization control and demand response.” during peak hours. No place where smart meters have been in Even a quick glance at the Zigbee corporate website use (e.g. Ontario, Australia, California) has energy usage been (www.zigbee.org) reveals that these radio chips are specifically reduced, yet the associated monthly bills have increased because designed and intended to communicate directly with a wide people need to use power during the day. That is the fact. range of home appliances for the purpose of two-way wireless Retrofits, such as energy-efficient furnaces and windows, monitoring and control. Consequently, it would appear that would reduce the amount of energy needed and thereby truly BC Hydro is knowingly installing a device on every home and conserve. business in the province that has the capability to invade the security and privacy of the residents and occupants without their consent. continued 6 ???????????????SMART METERS: Separating Fact from Fiction

A recent announcement from chipmaker NXP says that 2011 24 – FICTION?“Meter sockets have metal and 2012 will see a rush of devices that can measure and report their own power use. Consumers, utility companies and backing” aka “The metal plate behind the Smart industrial users will be able to monitor energy consumption in Meter will protect you from emissions.” real time in smart appliances, consumer electronics, etc. – statements made by BC Hydro employees both verbally and in (http://ow.ly/638Xl) These chips will be put into every new appliance written material and will be able to communicate with the Zigbee chip in the smart meter to gather specific and personal utilization info. FACT: The wireless Smart Meter system is based on two If the smart meters are only gathering consumption data that way communication with a collector hub, and potentially other has always been gathered, why did Hydro select this meter, smart meters, which can use a daisy chain system to reach the which comes with the Zigbee chip, with the capability to gather collector hub. The metal backing will provide no protection from much more private usage data, especially when smart chips are the microwave radiation from your neighbours’ meters or from on new appliances? And why multiple readings each day? the collector hub. This radiation could and mostly likely will be coming from all directions, and will not be diminished by the metal backing of the individual smart meter. A third key element 23 – FICTION? of Smart Meter wireless communication functionality, is the “Smart Meters for a Sustainable BC.” Home Area Network (HAN) and is a Wi-Fi communication system controlled and emanating from the wireless smart FACT: There is nothing sustainable about using a technology meter (this gives the wireless smart meter ability to act as a that peer reviewed scientific evidence demonstrates risk to home wi-fi router). This wireless HAN communication system humans, animals and the environment. BC Hydro wishes to is designed to interact with appliances and heating/cooling ignore that the World Health Organization has reclassified systems, which are further enabled with their own microwave radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as a possible human radiofrequency radiation communication systems. If the carcinogen, as well as the growing body of quality science metal backing plate were actually able to limit exposure, this showing damage to wildlife and the environment. would also limit one of the most important functions of the wireless smart meter program – the ability to communicate BC Hydro is forcing people against their will to be exposed and control appliances and home systems remotely, either by not only to a meter on their private property, but to the full the utility or the homeowner. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiating of their neighbourhood – a place where people fields (microwave radiofrequency radiation) are impossible want, and have a right, to feel safe and secure. Has BC Hydro to contain without complete containment procedures, such developed a risk analysis for costs to remove all wireless as using radiation protection paint on all walls and covering smart meters and infrastructure, and replace with a fully windows with radiation protection fabric. This full containment wired system when British Columbians demand safety procedure is used to protect those with electrohypersensitivity and reduction of risk and damage for themselves and the in other countries, most notably Sweden. Any small gap would environment? “Sustainable” is not a word that can be used allow wireless signals to penetrate. The metal plates are not so easily for wireless technology. – look to the European large enough to stop or in any way impede the flow of wireless Council Parliamentary Assembly resolution of May 27, 2011 signals. to see that sustainable practices need to be rooted in safety. A precautionary approach reducing risk must be taken before it is too late to reverse damage. A sustainable system needs to 25 – FICTION? protect people and environment, not increase risks. Anything “In-Home Feedback tools will conserve energy.” that has potential to damage human health, risk agriculture production, and affect insects, birds and plants, cannot be called (BC Hydro, Gary Murphy presentation) sustainable. Creating mutual agreement with all parties involved on strategies to reduce energy use is a sustainable human FACT: Trying to change people’s habits by providing them practice. Forcing actions on people against their will with the with computerized information on use will not necessarily potential of penalties for non-conformance is unsustainable in change daily human behaviour and needs such as making meals, the long term. doing laundry and other household chores, or continuing to use life support or electrical medical equipment at all times of See the following links: the day. Elderly people who need more consistent heating and http://ow.ly/63ERk • http://ow.ly/63FcP • http://ow.ly/63Ffs • http://ow.ly/63M7x cooling to maintain their health should not be expected to face the strain of worrying about penalties for peak time usage – or if they should be heating their homes only after midnight. The evidence that homeowners will actually use these “tools” to

continued 7 ???????????????SMART METERS: Separating Fact from Fiction

change power use remains to be seen. When people need to The extreme costs associated with placing a separate meter at eat, they need to eat, and when there are no clean clothes, the every transformer and associated installation, maintenance, and laundry needs to be done. This is an expensive and uncertain communication costs are prohibitive for any Utility. The CEO way to try to change behaviour, when simple education and and Founder of dTechs has extensive experience dealing with opt in reward programs for energy savings could accomplish Organized Crime. He has instructed and lectured on this issue more without the need for very expensive and risky wireless throughout North America and the United Kingdom. In his smart meters and grid infrastructure. BC Hydro states policing career he has observed over 700 electrical bypasses they aren’t going to charge for time of use, but all of this or tampering incidents. In these 700, he has seen one inverted information infrastructure is designed to educate the ratepayer meter and approximately 30 meter tamperings where the on time of use and hopefully become aware of ways to change criminal went into the back of the meter and jumped the meter behaviour. The most vulnerable in our society will be the ones posts. The remaining 96% of electricity theft was obtained with most penalized by time of use billing, and the ones least likely a bypass prior to the meter, and thus would not be detected to be poring over computerized information on rates and by a Smart Meter. Whatever crime groups might tamper with billing. the meter (4%) would simply learn to switch to a full bypass. Smart Metering coupled with the dTechs Meter Suite will give There is no place where the smart meter Utilities 100% grid surveillance, allowing the dTechs Meter Suite program has been implemented where energy to quickly lead Utilities to bypasses, which would otherwise usage has been reduced. Ontario Premier go undetected. *Theft of power may be detected more easily McGuinty admitted to the Toronto Sun, Sept. 18, if it involves meter tampering. However, theft accomplished 2010, that the expensive program had resulted in by tapping conductors before they reach the meter would no energy conservation. Why should the program not be detected by smart metering. The benefit may not have different results here? be significant if most power is stolen by this latter method. However, aggregated load data by transformer would facilitate comparison with transformer capacity and help an LDC (Local 26 – FICTION?“Program Benefits – Reduced Distribution Company) determine if meter bypass would likely power theft.” cause overloading leading to failure.” *Ontario Energy Boards ‘Smart Meter Initiative’ Working Group FACT: To justify the cost of the program, BC Hydro has depended upon the reduction in power theft for marijuana grow ops. No proof of the amount of loss has been provided, 27 – FICTION? yet various estimates have been given, ranging “We need to modernize our Grid.” from $12 million to $125 million. http://ow.ly/63H22 FACT: Our electrical grid has always needed and received How can unknown power theft constant maintenance and upgrades. Regular modernization be quantified? And if it can, to current infrastructure continues to be of high priority, where is the documented especially when power lines are vulnerable enough to fall evidence? BC Hydro claims into the Fraser River, supposedly as a result of weather that wireless smart meters will changes. Spending $1 billion on a new wireless communication eliminate this theft, but according infrastructure and meters will not address any of the ongoing to the Ontario Energy Board’s and urgent requirements to upgrade parts of the existing grid. “Smart Meter Initiative Working The meters are some of the smallest parts of the current Group,” this is not true. Smart metering infrastructure; BC Hydro states that the analogue meters can also help reduce tampering at the meter, but haven`t been upgraded in 50 years, which is testament to the when it comes to a straight electrical bypass of electricity, the reliability and durability of this analogue technology over long Smart Meter cannot identify this theft remotely. *Numerous periods of time. It is reported that the new smart meters will Smart Metering companies are promoting this technology most likely require replacement within 20 years. BC Hydro as a means of reducing theft, while upon closer scrutiny the and the Liberals have made a unilateral decision to modernize reductions are very limited. The Smart Meter can determine the system using a wireless communications infrastructure if there is tampering at the meter or if the meter is reversed with serious questions of security, privacy, health and cost. This (upside down) and it can measure substantial voltage drops new wireless system will not replace current infrastructure (depending on model & Utility Infrastructure), but a service maintenance and upgrading requirements. Protection of the crew still has to attend the area, and further, the voltage drop ratepayer has been eliminated by denial of the BC Utilities has to be measured against something, namely a separate Commission to conduct normal oversight procedures and meter at the transformer. public hearings. This affords no outside monitoring or control continued 8 ???????????????SMART METERS: Separating Fact from Fiction

of this expensive program and leaves the public unprotected. Managing a wireless infrastructure which puts risks and The new wireless Smart Grid will require its own maintenance, stresses on all living things cannot be called a “Green Job.” management and upgrades and all associated costs for the new What are these Green Jobs and Economic Opportunities? Is system will be passed on to the ratepayer, in addition to costs the Economic Opportunity selling power to the US? Is the for current infrastructure maintenance and modernization. Economic Opportunity money that will be made by companies Quote from an industry document, Cellular Communications and their investors from the replacement of household and the Future of Smart Metering: “Low maintenance: During appliances with new radiofrequency enabled models, which the 10- to 20-year life span of a Smart Meter communication can be remotely controlled through the wireless Smart Meter? device, the communication module’s firmware will likely Who will be making money on reconfiguring heating and be upgraded – for example, to add new features, enhance cooling systems so that they can also be remotely controlled? security, or maintain compliance with the latest wireless Is the Economic Opportunity the massive amount of money communication standards.” Setting up systems for data being made by the manufacturers of smart meters (ITRON) collection, analysis and further handling is another layer of and their investors? associated costs that has not yet been added to the $1 billion Yet more reasons why BC Hydro customers must price tag of the new wireless system. BC Hydro is presenting demand BC Utilities Commission full oversight and wireless communication grid modernization of infrastructure public hearings. as a power saving measure, in line with electric cars and off- grid power production. These new innovations are already underway and not dependent upon BC Hydro implementing 30 – FICTION? a wireless Smart Grid. The wireless system itself is not a prior requirement for the development of new independent power “BC Hydro in business case says that microwave 2 producers or electric cars. oven at 2 inches radiation 5000 uW/cm .”

FACT: Microwave radiation is measured as power density 28 – FICTION? in units of microwatts per square centimetre (uW/cm2) which “ Enable long term distribution system planning.” is essentially the rate of energy flow per unit area. One needs special equipment for the detection and measurement of the FACT: BC Hydro already has information and historical data leakage. Typical levels of radiation leakage from microwave on consumer use and behaviour patterns, to which they have ovens is about 200 uW/cm2 which is far below the limit set by referred for decades to predict use. Major changes are most the national safety standard Safety Code 6: Limits of Exposure commonly tied to weather patterns, creating predictability. to Radiofrequency Fields at Frequencies from 10 kHz-300 Ghz BC Hydro already knows how much power we are using (1994, 60 p., Health Canada pub. 91-EHD-160). This level of and continues to be able to predict requirements for new leakage cannot be sensed by the body. households. Long term distribution planning is not about making things better for BC ratepayers; rather it is about setting up distribution systems to sell our clean energy to the 31 – FICTION? Why is BC Safety Authority US as their demand for more power increases in the future. making this statement? “It’s highly unlikely This is yet another major change to our electricity supply that [that changing the meter would blow the fridge] requires proper independent oversight protection from the BC Utilities Commission. because the removal and installation involves opening and closing a circuit—much like using a 29 – FICTION?“Automated meter reading will switch. It doesn’t generate voltage on its own.” save costs”and “Create Green Jobs and Economic As stated by Ariela Friedmann of BC Safety Authority Opportunities.” FACT: Highly experienced electronic technicians state it is possible to create high voltages capable of damaging equipment FACT: Approximately 300 meter readers will lose their jobs, when changing the meter. Changing the meter is not at all like which is supposed to save costs passed on to the customer. flipping a switch. If the installer makes a momentary connection However, the true costs of rolling out the full wireless Smart with slightly shaky hands and draws an arc from the contacts Grid program, along with support systems, data collection, it can induce thousands of volts in the wiring when the arc analysis and handling, plus regular security testing and upgrades, collapses. Hydro is perfectly aware of this since it is something have not been presented to the public. How do we evaluate they must deal with constantly when they switch power on the costs of employing 300 people against the undetermined their circuits. It is not only possible but very probable that an costs, unexpected overruns and massive security risks of this arc will occur when switching a 230 volt circuit by hand under system? continued 9 ???????????????SMART METERS: Separating Fact from Fiction

load. To avoid this the main breaker should be turned off before 33 – FICTION? “Radio technology has been changing the meter and then turned back on after it is changed. Breakers are designed to prevent damaging arcs when they are in place since before World War 2 and all of us have switched on or off. The meter contacts are not designed to act grown up with radio. In fact, our life expectancy as a switch. This event is most definitely the fault of the installer has increased over the last decade – evidence of no and the company for which he works. cumulative harm for those growing up listening to Fridge blows after smart meter installed radios.“ August 18, 2011 part of written statements by Natyelli De AndaBonnabel, BC http://www.bclocalnews.com/richmond_southdelta/richmondreview/news/128323478.html Hydro Smart Meter Program

FACT: People are living longer, thanks to improved 32 – FICTION? “BC Hydro’s smart meters healthcare, hygiene and nutrition among other things. Without are not high current devices that results in any radio technology, we might be living even longer. magnetic fields.“August 18, 2011 written statement by Natyelli De Anda Wireless technology is relatively new, especially in terms of Bonnabel, BC Hydro Smart Meter Program human existence, with radio transmitters being widely dispersed for only the last 60 years or so. In fact, radio transmitters FACT: Wireless Smart Meters produce both electromagnetic have been shown to be harmful especially to populations fields and radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation fields as living in close proximity. In May, 2011, the Vatican was found they are electrical devices with radiofrequency communication guilty of causing increased incidence of leukemia by having FM capabilities. Magnetic fields are always produced by electrical transmitters in a populated area. devices and wireless devices. http://ow.ly/6kclq http://ow.ly/6kcoI Cellular transmitters have been common in North America for only the last 10-15 years. Evidence shows that it can take years for health effects to become evident. Recently there have been several important studies showing cancer clusters within 500 meters of a cell transmitter. Effects from prolonged exposure to radiation, even at low levels, are cumulative. Once a cell is damaged, it does not repair itself. Should DNA become damaged, this could be passed on to future generations. People smoked for many years before lung cancers occurred, and even longer before doctors realized the cigarettes were the cause. Many scientist have called radiation from wireless devices the next cigarette.

-10 BC Hydro says 'Smart' Meters are safe.

Dr Carpenter says otherwise. See this two minute video. Dr. David Carpenter is a Harvard Medical School-trained physician who headed up the New York State Dept. of Public Health for 18 years before becoming Dean of the School of Public Health at the University of Albany, where he currently directs the Institute for Health and the Environment: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7L21XOC2wA&feature=related

'Smart' meters vs. cell phones

BC Hydro says, 'You can stand in front of your 'smart' meter for twenty years and get the same exposure as a thirty minute cell phone call." Dr Hirsch says otherwise. BC Hydro says the meters are a small source compared to other sources. Isn't this like saying, "We're all going to be exposed to second hand smoke anyway, so we may as well all smoke”? See this four minute video debunking Hydro's comparison to cell phones. Dr. Daniel Hirsch, Nuclear Scientist and Professor at UCSC (UC Santé Cruz) explains how “smart” meters cause >100 times more whole body, cumulative Radiation exposure than cell phones.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6-hcOr-sxA

Hydro Bills Triple

MPP Ontario, Randy Miller says over 8000 Ontario Hydro customers have seen their electricity bills triple. Four minute video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja54cKWGsy0

Should every study be given equal weight?

Is the so called debate, industry grown or do we really not know? Dr Martin Blank, Columbia University on the scientific 'weight of evidence", & industry biased studies.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6wLFeIrCtU : 9 min

An urgent plea for awareness from Karolina Institute's Dr Olle Johansson.

Dr Olle Johansson of the Karolina Institute (home of the Nobel Prize) Announces the Selatun Resolution & attempts to correct the sorry state of electro magnetic awareness in our society. He has officially spoken out against 'smart' meters in a letter that is available through me. http://vimeo.com/18018440

Dear Mayor and Council:

Re: BC Hydro smart meter: concern and requests – Council Meeting (date)

BC Hydro will be installing wireless smart meters in every home and apartment in our community within the near future, replacing current analogue meters. Over the last two years or so, meters have been mandated in Ontario and throughout the United States. Everywhere they are in use, the same problems are encountered – security, safety, invasion of privacy and actual ill health effects or concerns. Under the Provincial Charter, local government has the responsibility to protect its residents’ health and security. The purpose of this letter is to inform you of the threats associated with wireless smart meters and to ask that you use your authority to raise our concerns to the Minister of Health.

Please find attached letters from Dr. David Carpenter, M.D. of the University of Albany, Dr. Olle Johansson, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (the home of the Nobel prizes), and Dr. Magda Havas,Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, as well as comments by Dr. Daniel Hirsch, Senior Lecturer and expert in nuclear policy at UCSC. These credible, independent scientists warn of the dangers from the microwave radiofrequency radiation emitted by these meters, all day every day. This type of radiation has been studied for decades by scientists worldwide, who have produced thousands of peer reviewed and published scientific articles evidencing harm from exposure. Further, in May 2011, the World Health Organization reclassified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as a 2B possible human carcinogen risk.

Cancer is not the only health concern associated with microwave radiofrequency radiation. Exposure has resulted in a growing number of people becoming sensitive or hypersensitive to exposure. This environmental impairment is recognized by the Canadian Human Rights Commission. It is estimated that 5-6% of the population are severely affected, and another 10% are moderately affected. Mandatory exposure to wireless smart meter emissions would cause severe suffering for many in our communities.

Also attached is a briefing by Cindy Sage on additional problems experienced with smart meters in California. Many of the meters installed in California are made by ITRON, the same brand being used in BC. Most smart meters share the same problems: radiation, spiking electricity on household wires that has caused fires, security breaches, harmful interference with household appliances, and invasion of privacy. All of this, in addition to the fact that no cost savings have been realized.

The hoped for reduction in energy is dependent not on the meter, but on changes in patterns of utilization. The plan is for people to watch the meter to determine how much electricity is being used by which appliance at what time of the day. If you are working with a family to care for, this becomes difficult. For example, it would be cheaper to cook dinner at midnight but not practical. Single parents and older people could be most hard hit by cost increases, when they have no choice but to cook dinner at dinner time, or have a shower before going to work in the morning.

Premier McGuinty of Ontario admitted a few months ago that Ontario’s program would not be recovering any of the implementation costs from meter usage. There is a similar story in every jurisdiction. Some states, such as Massachusetts and Connecticut, conducted pilot programs with thousands of homes over many months and discovered there was neither reduction in energy nor in costs, so the program was halted.

The BC government approved the more than $1 billion smart meter program via the 2010 Clean Energy Act, without the protection of an oversight review and approval process by the BC Utilities Commission. This is not normal procedure. Many in the opposition have been protesting this because there was also no debate in the legislature. A major public program with no approval and no oversight.

The mandatory wireless smart meter installation for every personal residence commenced July 4, 2011, and an increasing number of people are upset as they learn about the details. No opting out of the wireless exposure is allowed,. Neither will those concerned for their security, safety and privacy be allowed an option to the wireless system. We have a choice to use other wireless devices such as WiFi or cell phones, or to turn them off. BC Hydro has stated that moving the meter off the house and repositioning it elsewhere on the property is an option they will allow. This is physically impossible for people in apartments and financially impossible for most others. The cost estimates range between $5,000 to $12,000 depending on the situation, and further, will not stop constant wireless radiation on the individual’s property.

The provincial government and BC Hydro state that the level of microwave radiofrequency radiation emitted by smart meters falls within Health Canada’s Safety Code 6. This provides no assurance of safety because, as many scientists have warned, Safety Code 6 is inadequate and obsolete. It applies only to thermal effects and not to the non-thermal effects associated with microwave radiation from wireless devices like smart meters. In addition, Safety Code 6 does not apply to the general population and neither has it been revised to reflect the recent WHO classification of microwave radiation as a 2B carcinogen.

Of important note to rural areas, is the unfolding science showing damage from microwave radiofrequency radiation to bees and other pollinators, as well as frogs, insects, birds and other wildlife. Given that Langley’s economic base includes agriculture requiring pollination, anything that has the power to disrupt or reduce pollination should be halted immediately, pending further review.

According to Bill 23-2008 of the British Columbia Public Health Act, section 83 (1), a municipality must take action when it learns of something that could be harmful to its residents. It must notify the Minister of Health or take immediate action. At its June 27 Council meeting, the City of Colwood passed a motion to write to the Minister of Health and, due to the potential for wireless smart meters to cause harm or to compromise security, request a moratorium on mandatory installations of wireless meters. The Council also requested that concerned residents be offered safer alternatives at no cost to them.

By this letter I am asking the Mayor and Council of XXXXX to fulfill its responsibility under the Public Health Act and advise the Minister of Health of the dangers associated with wireless smart meters. The municipality cannot order a moratorium because the program is in provincial jurisdiction, but that being so does not relieve the municipal government of the responsibility to bring the potential danger to the Minister’s attention and to request action to ensure safety of the municipality’s residents. Similar requests are being made of Councils across the province.

Given the health, privacy and security concerns associated with the smart meters, I hereby ask the Mayor and Council of XXXX to request the Minister of Health for a moratorium on the mandatory installation of wireless smart meters until the major issues and problems are independently identified and are satisfactorily addressed and that alternative wired solutions are provided at no additional costs to customers.

There is an obvious option for BC Hydro and the Minister of Energy – install wired meters. ITRON (brand that BC Hydro has chosen) makes, sells and installs wired meters which report via telephone lines or fiber optic cable, thus eliminating the electromagnetic radiation problem. The wired capability of ITRON meters can be verified easily in patent details.

In addition, an immediate resolution should be prepared and submitted to the Union of BC Municipalities ( http://www.ubcm.ca/EN/index.html )for their upcoming meeting asking that this resolution be presented.

Municipalities must stand together against the smart meter program. Please consider contacting the Mayor or Councilors of Colwood, B.C., for further discussion; the City Hall phone no. is 250-478-5999 and on the City of Colwood website each member has a private phone number and email address: https://colwood.civicweb.net/Documents/DocumentDisplay.aspx?ID=1688

Respectfully submitted,

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EXPOSURE GUIDELINES (various jurisdictions) (If not otherwise stated, limits apply to entire frequency range: ca. 600 to 3000 MHz.) maximum exposure country/jurisdiction µW/cm2 Canada Safety Code 6 (2009) http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/radiation/radio_guide-lignes_direct-eng.php 1000 2400 MHz 1000 1900 MHz ~530 800 MHz ICNIRP International Guidelines (1998) http://www.icnirp.de/documents/emfgdl.pdf 1000 2400 MHz 950 1900 MHz 400 800 MHz These guidelines are based on biological effects of short-term, high-level exposures only, also referred to as thermal effects. Germany (1996), USA (1997), Japan (1997), Switzerland (2000), Australia (2002), Finland (2002), Sweden (2002), UK (2004), Austria (2006), etc. Belgium Guidelines (2001) ~200 1900 MHz ~100 800 MHz In 2009 a ruling of the constitutional court concluded that the setting of exposure levels for cell towers lies with the regional not the federal government. See further below. http://www.who.int/docstore/peh-emf/EMFStandards/who-0102/Europe/Belgium_files/table_be.htm ~10 China Ministry of Health Standard (1987) (6 V/m) Exposure limit for “first grade environment” or sensitive areas http://www.who.int/docstore/peh-emf/EMFStandards/who-0102/Asia/China_files/table_ch.htm ~10 Toronto Board of Health, Canada (1999) (6 V/m) Prudent Avoidance Policy for Siting of Cell Phone Base Stations: http://www.toronto.ca/health/hphe/pdf/rf_bon_update.pdf ~10 Russia Ministry of Health Standard SanPin 2.1.8. (2003) (6 V/m) Exposure limit for general public http://www.tesla.ru/english/protection/standards.html ~10 Italy Decree (2003) (6 V/m) Precautionary attention level not to be exceeded in sensitive areas http://www.who.int/docstore/peh-emf/EMFStandards/who- 0102/Europe/Italy_files/table_datoteke/Italy_DPCM_RF_eng.pdf Switzerland Ordinance (NISV 2000) Precautionary cell tower exposure limit for sensitive areas http://www.bafu.admin.ch/elektrosmog/01100/01101/index.html?lang=de ~9.55 1800 MHz ~6.6 900 MHz and 1800 MHz combined on transmitter site ~4.25 900 MHz ~2.4 Ukraine Health & Safety Guideline (1996) (3 V/m) http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?page=1&nreg=z0488-96

~2.4 Regional Ordinances in Brussels (2007), Wallonia (2009), Flanders (3 V/m) (2010) http://www.who.int/peh-emf/project/mapnatreps/BELGIUM_EMF_report_2008_2009.pdf http://www.jokeschauvliege.be/upload/indepers/persbericht.pdf ~1 ECOLOG Institute in Germany (2000) (2 V/m) - Precautionary recommendation based on review of scientific literature - Emissions from single RF sources (e.g. cell tower) at max. 30% of precautionary limit http://www.hese-project.org/hese-uk/en/papers/ecolog2000.pdf 0.1 Salzburg Resolution on Mobile Telecommunication Base Stations (2000) Precautionary recommendation by leading scientists http://www.salzburg.gv.at/salzburg_resolution_e.htm 0.1 BioInitiative Working Group (2007) Precautionary recommendation for outdoor environment http://www.bioinitiative.org/report/index.htm 0.017 Seletun Consensus Statement (2010) Precautionary recommendation http://iemfa.org/index.php/publications/seletun-resolution 0.01 Working Group of EU STOA Panel (2001) Precautionary recommendation http://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/publications/studies/20000703_en.pdf 0.01 BioInitiative Working Group (2007) Precautionary recommendation for indoor environment http://www.bioinitiative.org/report/index.htm 0.01 BUND (Friends of the Earth Germany) (2008) Precautionary recommendation for hazard protection http://www.bund.net/fileadmin/bundnet/publikationen/sonstiges/20081028_sonstiges_funktech nologien_position.pdf 0.001 Health Department of the Federal State of Salzburg (Austria 2002) Precautionary recommendation for outdoor environment (GSM sum total) http://www.salzburg.gv.at/konfliktmanagement_salzburger_modell.pdf 0.0001 Health Department of the Federal State of Salzburg (Austria 2002) Precautionary recommendation for indoor environment (GSM sum total) http://www.salzburg.gv.at/konfliktmanagement_salzburger_modell.pdf 0.0001 BUND (Friends of the Earth Germany) (2008) Precautionary recommendation for general protection http://www.bund.net/fileadmin/bundnet/publikationen/sonstiges/20081028_sonstiges_funktech nologien_position.pdf <0.00001 Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines (SBM-2008) “No Concern” Specifically designed for sleeping areas associated with long-term risks http://www.baubiologie.de/downloads/english/richtwerte_2008_englisch.pdf Minimum level required to maintain connection with cell 0.0000001 phone handset

0.000000000001 Natural radiation

0.1 W/m2 = 100 mW/m2 = 100,000 µW/m2 = 10 µW/cm2

Institute for Health and the Environment and Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health

This is a report on the review of the California Council on Science and Technology document, “Health Impacts of Radiofrequency from Smart Meters”. I am a public health physician and former Dean of the School of Public Health at the University at Albany. I have been involved in review and analysis of studies on electromagnetic fields, including radiofrequency fields, for many years. I served as the Executive Secretary to the New York State Powerlines Project in the 1980s, and have published several reviews on the subject and have edited two books. In addition I was invited to present to the recent President’s Cancer Panel on the subject of powerline and radiofrequency fields and cancer.

This document is not an accurate description of the state of the science on the issue of radiofrequency fields, and is full of inaccuracies. My specific concerns are as follows:

1. The benefit of the smart meters is entirely to the utilities, and is economic in nature. If they install smart meters they can fire those individuals who at present are employed to go around reading meters. Thus this is a job-killing proposal, and will increase unemployment in a state that already has too much. 2. When a smart meter is installed residents have no choice in the matter nor ability to avoid exposure. But every individual has the option to use or not use other personal wireless devices, until more is know about health consequences of chronic RF exposure. There is a major different between an exposure which an individual chooses to accept and one that is forces on individuals who can do nothing about it. 3. The statement “The potential for behavioral disruption from increase body tissue temperatures is the only biological health impact that has been consistently demonstrated and scientifically proven to result from absorbing RF within the band of the electromagnetic spectrum that smart meters use” is totally wrong. In the first place there are many adverse health effects other than “behavioral disruption” demonstrated as a result of tissue heating. The evidence for increased risk of brain tumors, acoustic neuromas and parotid gland tumors in individuals who have used a cell phone for 10 years or more is consistent, and the tumors occur only on the side of the head where the phone is used. There is also strong and consistent evidence for increased risk of leukemia in individuals who live near to high power AM radio transmission towers, even though this report characterizes such exposures as being “quite low” and show in Figure 7 that they are lower than the RF fields from smart meters. 4. The statement “The scientific consensus is that body temperatures must increase at least 1oC to lead to potential biological impacts from the heat” is totally wrong, and makes it obvious that no persons with medical or biological expertise participated in this report. Every enzyme system in the body is exquisitely sensitive to temperature, and increases activity by even a fraction of a degree increase in temperature. In fact all RF generates heat, and what is defined as “non- thermal” is only a function of our ability to measure the temperature increase. 5. The statement “While concerns of brain cancer associated with mobile phone usage persist, there is currently no definitive evidence linking cell phone usage with increased incidence of cancer” is incorrect. The evidence is strong and consistent among studies looking at long-term and intensive use of cell phones. The AM radio studies mentioned above are also relevant, particularly because like smart phones radio transmission towers give whole body radiation, not just to the head. 6. The statement “There currently is no conclusive scientific evidence pointing to a non-thermal cause-and-effect between human exposure to RF emissions and negative health impacts is

East Campus, 5 University Place, Room A217, Rensselaer, NY 12144-3429 PH: 518-525-2660 FX: 518-525-2665 www.albany.edu/ihe Institute for Health and the Environment and Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health

inaccurate, and depends totally on what one defines as “conclusive”. In biology and medicine there is nothing that is 100% proven. We rely on statistical significance and weight of evidence when drawing conclusions about health effects. When one uses these definitions there is conclusive scientific evidence for adverse health effects in humans. 7. The evidence for adverse effects of radiofrequency radiation is currently strong and grows stronger with each new study. Wired meters with shielded cable do not increase exposure. The report clearly indicates that “smart meters could conceivably be adapted to non-wireless transmission of data. However, retrofitting millions of smart meters with hard-wired technology could be difficult and costly.” Clearly the answer to this dilemma is not to install wireless smart meters to begin with.

Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this faulty report, and on the general issue of smart meters. Their use is unwise from both a public health point of view, which is where my expertise lies, but and also from a purely short and long-term economic point of view.

Yours sincerely,

David O. Carpenter, M.D. Director, Institute for Health and the Environment University at Albany

East Campus, 5 University Place, Room A217, Rensselaer, NY 12144-3429 PH: 518-525-2660 FX: 518-525-2665 www.albany.edu/ihe

Evidence that Electromagnetic Radiation is Genotoxic:

The implications for the epidemiology of cancer and cardiac, neurological and reproductive effects

Dr Neil Cherry

2nd March 2001

Extended from a paper to the conference on Possible health effects on health of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields European Parliament, Brussels.

[email protected]

Environmental Management and Design Division P.O. Box 84 Lincoln University Canterbury, New Zealand

Evidence that Electromagnetic Radiation is Genotoxic: The implications for the epidemiology of cancer and cardiac, neurological and reproductive effects

Dr Neil Cherry Lincoln University, New Zealand March 2001

"Our frame of reference determines what we look at and how we look. And as a consequence, this determines what we find."

Burke J, The Day the Universe Changed, 1985.

Introduction:

The way we perceive things determines how we make decisions. To move from picturing ourselves as physical beings to biological beings significantly changes our view of health and fitness. Too much exercise and oxygen free radicals really damage our cells. To move from biological to bioelectrical incorporates intelligence and emotion and leads to a radically fundamental change in our way of seeing things that it forms the basis of a new paradigm.

Principles of Approach:

This paper attempts to follow basic classical scientific principles to counter the dismissive and biased approach of industry and many government and international authorities, including the WHO and ICNIRP.

The principles found to be important are that biology reveals that brains, hearts and cells use electromagnetic signals, charged ions, voltage-gated ion channels, ion regulated gap junctions, all of which can be interfered with by external electromagnetic fields in subtle but vital ways in relation to health.

A primary physical principle of resonant absorption explains why external and internal signals that share the same part of the spectrum, resonantly exchange energy at levels well below the thermal threshold. This is also true for radio and TV receivers. It involves tuned circuits and resonant absorption.

Laboratory experiments provide evidence of effects. Replicated and/or extended studies provided confirmation and establish an effect. Multiple studies confirm and strengthen the cause and effect relationship.

In assessing genotoxicity, any evidence of genetic damage, cell death or neoplastic transformation is evidence of genotoxicity. The genetic material is fundamentally the double 2 helix of the DNA molecule. During the cell cycle the helix unwinds and clones itself. They then fold themselves into the set of chromosomes that are so large that they can be seen in powerful microscopes. In the second half of the cell cycle the chromosomes clone themselves so that at mitosis, cell division, each cell has a full set of chromosomes. They then unfold themselves to form the DNA strands.

Any substance that damages DNA or chromosomes, or changes genetic activity, is genotoxic because it is acting on the same material, i.e. the DNA molecule. A genotoxic substance is mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic.

Strength of evidence for public health has a classical hierarchy that has dose-response relationship at the top and biological mechanism at the bottom, Hill (1965). This is seen by considering Sir Austin Bradford Hill's descriptions of his 'view points' from which the question of cause and effect is being considered. Of dose-response he says:

"The simple dose-response curve admits of a simple explanation and obviously puts the case in a clearer light", i.e. cause and effect.

Sir Austin considers many other forms of evidence from which cause and effect can be decided in the absence of a dose-response. These include strength of association and consistency, although he points out that the lack of strength and apparent inconsistency, is not necessarily arguments against cause and effect. Of biological mechanism, or plausibility, he states:

"It will be helpful if the causation we suspect is biologically plausible. But this is a feature I am convinced we cannot demand. What is biologically plausible depends upon the biological knowledge of the day."

Thus biological plausibility has a low status and dose-response has a very high status.

When epidemiological evidence is available it should be used to set public health standards, where possible, using the dose-response relationships. In the absence of these, the level of lowest observed effect, with a safety margin to allow for uncertainly, the vulnerable, the size of the population at risk, are appropriate.

Dose response relationships for epidemiological studies of cancer are likely to be linear because of the cumulative cell damage/repair/mistake mechanism. At very high levels approaching lethal levels the curve become asymptotic. At very low levels, around the optimum homeostatic levels, curves can become "U" shaped. Thus, with the great sensitivity of the brain the neurological effects at extremely low exposure levels might be curved.

EMR Spectrum Principle:

It is observed that both biological effects and epidemiological effects appear to be the same or very similar from ELF exposure and from RF/MW exposures, including calcium ion efflux, melatonin reduction, DNA strand breakage, chromosome aberrations, leukaemia, brain cancer, breast cancer, miscarriage and neurological effects. 3

A frequently used method for falsely dismissing evidence of effects is to consider effects in small frequency and intensity bands. In fact, biophysics shows that the dielectric constant decreases monotonically with carrier frequency across the EMR spectrum, Schwan (1985). Vignati and Giuliani (1997) show that for a unit field exposure, the induced current increases significantly as a function of frequency, Figure 1.

The EMR Spectrum Principle predicts that effects that are associated with ELF exposure are very probably found with low intensity RF/MW exposure.

11l2" 1019 1018 1017 !!l ·c 1016 :::, 1015 > 10 14 ~ 1013 :e 1012 "' ?:- 10" ·.;; C 10 10 QJ -0 109 c 108 ~ 7 :::, 10 u ,as --,· 105 to' 103 102 10

10 Frequency, Hz

Figure 1: Capacitive current density in a toroid of human muscle tissue of unitary radius, to a unitary magnetic induction, Vignati and Giuliani (1997).

Bawin and Adey (1976) show that a 56 V/m ELF field induces a tissue gradient of 10-7 V/cm, whereas a 56 V/m 147 MHz signal induces a tissue gradient of 10-1 V/cm, a million times higher. This is a large factor but smaller than that given by Figure 1.

These biophysical observations show that the impacts of RF/MW fields are higher than those of ELF fields of the same external intensity. It also indicates that the impact rises with carrier frequency. All of the EMR genetic damage effects are shown to occur with ELF and RF/MW frequencies, including cell phone frequencies. As the high frequencies couple more strongly with tissue, the depth of penetration decreases.

While this paper is primarily about RF/MW exposures, confirmation of effects is given by studies involving mixed and ELF exposure.

The Bioelectrical nature of biology:

The bioelectrical nature of brains, hearts and cells is poorly appreciated but it is extremely well documented. Frey (1993, 1995) advocates a change in mind-set from that which he 4 describes as the toxicological approach of treating EMR as an external disease agent, to one that considers EMR as an intrinsic feature of cells and bodies.

Neurological Electrical Sensitivity:

Coherent thoughts and synchronized biological processes involve a structured set of low frequency electrical signals that are monitored as the electroencephalogram (EEG). Figure 2 shows the spectrum of an awake EEG signal. Relative amplitude

Schumann Resonances

32.5 l

0 10 20 30 40 50 Frequency [Hz) Figure 2: A typical EEG spectrum, with the Schumann Resonance peaks superimposed.

iEl2 5 REL UNITS 4

3

2

0 0 10 20 30 HERTZ Figure 3: Daytime Schumann Resonance Spectrum, Polk (1982).

The EEG and SR signal have a similar frequency range to that of the EEG making resonant absorption biophysically plausible, Figure 3. It is proven, but not well known, that human brains detect, use and react to natural low frequency signals, the Schumann Resonances, König (1974), Wever (1974).

The Schumann Resonances are global signals that radiate from tropical thunderstorms. They propagate around the world within the cavity created by the earth and the ionosphere. 5

The intensity and spectrum of the Schumann Resonances vary markedly from day to night and with solar activity. At night both the EEG and the Schumann Resonances are dominated by very low frequencies (<5 Hz). With the coincidence of the frequency ranges, some of the high frequency peaks and the diurnal variation of the EEG and Schumann Resonances, it is biologically plausible that there is a resonant interaction between, and EEG reaction to the changing Schumann Resonance signals.

This biological plausibility is significantly strengthened by the observation that mammal brains contain and use phase-locked loop circuitry to detect and react to incoming ELF signals, Ahissar et al. (1997). Hence our brains contain a highly efficient, tuned FM receiver, Motluk (1997).

Konig (1974) reports on the results of an experiment carried out at the Munich Transport Exhibition of 1953, Figure 4. About 49,500 people were recorded in a visual reaction time experiment. Their reaction times were extremely highly correlated with the intensity of the Schumann Resonance signals.

-u, E 268 -(1) E 264

I- 260 C: 0 ..., 256 Trend p< 0.0001 (.) cu (1) 252 * 0:: C: 24 cu E 244 ::::, :::c 240-1--~~----.----,---,----,--.,...... ,----,-----r----,---r-:r:-..--,---,---, 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Relative Schumann Intensity

Figure 4: Human reaction times are causally correlated with natural variations in the Schumann Resonance Intensity, Konig (1974). The mean Schumann intensity (Relative Schumann Intensity =0.5) is 0.65mV/m or 0.1pW/cm2. The range is 0.2 to 1.2 mV/m (0.01 to 0.4pW/cm2).

This result was confirmed by laboratory experiments that showed that 10 Hz signals significantly and consistently increase the reaction speed and 3 Hz signals slowed them down, Konig (1974). These results were independently confirmed by Hamer (1966, 1969). Hamer observed that human reaction times were significantly altered at exposure levels down to 4mV/m, 4.2 pW/cm2. This is approaching the level of the Schumann Resonance signal, which averages about 0.08mV/m, 0.1pW/cm2.

6

These experiments give substantial proof that extremely small natural and artificial ELF signals interact significantly with human brains. The signal level of this interaction is 2,000,000,000 times below the ELF standard. This standard is based on avoiding acute shocks and not on avoiding proven neurological effects. The maintenance of the standard is obtained by ignoring or rejecting any and all evidence that contradicts it.

This early German research, done at the Technical University of Munich and the Max Planck Institute, König (1974) and Wever (1974), respectively. This gives a very strong basis for this paradigm shift that recognizes the exquisite sensitivity of the human brain and its regulation and synchronization by these very weak naturally occurring signals.

Electromagnetic activity in cells:

Cells consist of a nucleus surrounded by the fluid cytoplasm that is contained within the cell membrane. The cell membrane consists of a bimolecular layer that is penetrated by many complex structures, Figure 5.

Figure 5: A schematic diagram of the cell membrane, showing the alpha helix of the signal transduction apparatus, with its "Y" shaped receptors.

The outside surface of the cell membrane, its receptors and ion channels, is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged. This creates a membrane electric field potential, 105 V/cm. The negative charge on the "Y" shaped receptors helps to attract positively charged first messengers to them, Figure 5. A first messenger enters its specific receptor, y-shaped protein on the alpha-helix protein. This initiates an amplification process that generates a cascade of second messengers into the cell. The signal is amplified with a gain of between 100,000 and 1 million. This is very similar to a radio that is connected to a frequency tuned aerial. The aerial picks up the particular molecule/frequency, and amplifies it to signal a change of activity to the cell. One first messenger molecule can change the whole future of a cell.

7

One of the types of structures that helps to regulate cell activity is the voltage-gated ion channels. They act like transistors, regulating a current flow of ions within voltage ranges, Figure 6.

OUTSIDE INSIDE

External surface charge Fluid lipid membrane

Figure 6: Voltage-gated ion channel within the cell membrane, acts like a transistor to control the ion current flow into and out of the cell, Catterall (1992).

The primary cellular ion is the calcium ion Ca2+. It is ubiquitous and carries out a host of cellular communication and regulatory functions. It is a signal transduction first and second messenger. Neurons in the brain use oscillating calcium ions to signal the release of neurotransmitters, the fundamental brain activity. The frequency spectrum of these oscillations is the electroencephalogram (EEG).

One of the first biological mechanisms to be identified, confirmed and established is calcium ion efflux (positive and negative), Blackman (1990). One of the early results, Bawin and Adey (1976), is shown in Figure 7.

Calcium ions were induced to flow out of or into cells, depending of the combination of exposure conditions, especially the modulation frequency. When an external signal with the same frequency as the EEG is applied it interacts with the neurons through altering the oscillating calcium ion signals. These combinations of exposure conditions are known as "windows" because nearby conditions have markedly different effects.

Figure 7 shows RF induced Ca2+ efflux which is associated with enhanced programmed cell death (Apoptosis). The ELF induced and Ca2+ influx is associated with enhanced cell survival of damaged cells, i.e. it enhances cancer, Fanelli et al. (1999). Hence electromagnetic fields of low intensity, when the are resonantly absorbed in cells, alter the calcium ion signals is ways that cause health effects from enhanced apoptosis and cancer, depending on the particular exposure conditions

8

A I. 2 Tissue Gradient 10-1 V/cm

I.I X :::, _,J u.. ,..,u.. + "'0 u C u 3 9 20 25 35 "'... I.OB Lu >

~_,J Lu a: 0.9

0.8 ELF SINE WAVE ELECTRIC FIELDS Tissue Gradient 10-7 V/cm

Figure 7: ELF induced calcium ion efflux from (A) an ELF modulated 147 MHz signal and (B) an ELF signal, Adey (1988).

Gap junctions are protein bridges between cells. They are fundamental to the cell-to-cell communication that is necessary to maintain healthy cells, Figure 8.

CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASM

IONS, AMINO ACIDS, SUGARS, ~----l NUCLEOTIDES

PROTEINS. NUCLEIC ACIDS

INTERCELLU LAA SPACE

Figure 8: A Gap Junction structure, a six-element protein bridge that allows selective small molecules to pass between cells as part of the cell-to-cell communication to coordinate cell regulation. Oscillating calcium ions are frequently used .

Gap junction opening is regulated by calcium ions and pH, Alberts et al. (1994). Li et al. (1999) observed that when a 50 Hz magnetic field was combined with the application of the cancer promoter TPA then the gap junction flow was impaired in a significant dose-response manner as a function of the magnetic field exposure, Figure 9. Li at al. conclude that 50 Hz fields act similarly to the cancer promoter TPA, in closing the gap junction, and therefore 50 Hz fields may act as cancer promoters by doing this.

As shown in Figures 1 and 7 above, RF signals couple more strongly to cells and produce far higher induced fields than ELF fields. Hence RF fields are much more likely to alter Gap Junction functions at far lower intensities than ELF fields. 9

7.0

6.5 'k_ ~ 6.0 LL Trend p<0.001 5.5 r.:--... C: ...... 0 "' ~ ~ 5.0 ...... __ C: :l --, 4.5 I"-. C. cu "-'-.... (!) 4.0 I"-. t---.... 3.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1. Magnetic Field Strength (mT)

Figure 9: Gap junction flow is significantly altered as a function of 50 Hz magnetic field strength, Li et al. (1999).

Given the fundamental bioelectrical nature of cells and the ability of imposed electrical signals to alter the voltage of the outsides of cells, the opening or closing the ion channels, is an obvious biological mechanism for altering the nature and future of every cell. Calcium ion efflux from pinealocytes is a plausible mechanism for EMR induced melatonin reduction. In this, and other ways, alteration of cellular calcium ions and melatonin reduction both strongly suggest that EMR is likely to be genotoxic.

Pineal Melatonin:

Pineal melatonin is a vital natural neurohormone. It is a primary signaler of the daily cycle. Cells in the brain, heart, circulation system, lungs, immune system T-cells, central nervous system, including the autonomic, sympathetic and peripheral nervous system components, kidney, liver, breast, uterus and testes, and fetus, all have melatonin receptors so that the daily cycle of rest and activity is well regulated. The daily sleep/wake cycle, blood pressure and heart rate cycle, metabolic rate and thermal regulation, hormone production and immune system activity all have a daily cycle regulated by melatonin directly or indirectly through the autonomic system. Serotonin is converted into Melatonin at night by the pineal gland. Hence factors that alter the melatonin/serotonin cycle affect the brain, heart, lungs, reproductive organs and immune system, i.e. all the vital organs. In addition, Melatonin is the most potent known natural antioxidant that scavengers free radicals to protect cells throughout the body, but especially the brain, the heart and the immune system. During pregnancy the fetus is protected by melatonin too.

Figure 10 shows the position of the pineal gland at the centre of the brain.

10

2'-~-. w....-- 3. MasltW- 4. 0ptic-.,. 5.~bocly

Figure 10: A schematic diagram of the brain showing the position of the pineal gland at the centre of the brain.

Figure 11 shows the typical diurnal cycle of four male volunteers.

150

Subject.

100 .....=E i .i; ! ~

E 50 ".,2 (/)

0

08 12 16 24 04 08

Tme

Figure 11: Typical diurnal melatonin production by four male volunteers aged 37 to 45.

The nocturnal melatonin production varies a great deal from person to person, from day to day and with age, Figure 12. 11

140

120 Puberty occurs as .....,____ melatonin declines. ---_§ 100 bl.I Q. .s- 80 Melatonin continues B= Older people produce co: 60 negligible amounts of ill - ~wOO= melatonin. l 40 p,~~,~~ m?I, ~· 20 ~ minimal melatonin. \ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Age (years)

Figure 12: Melatonin production is very low at birth, peaks in early childhood and declines from puberty onwards.

New born children are very vulnerable because they have a poorly developed immune system and very low melatonin. Part of the aging process is accelerated cell death and cancer increase because of reduced melatonin. Modern life has two primary factors that reduce melatonin faster than earlier, light at night and electromagnetic radiation.

Evidence that EMR reduces melatonin:

EMR Reduces Melatonin in Animals:

Light-at-night and electromagnetic radiation, are proven to reduce melatonin and hence pose significant adverse health effects. The evidence for EMR is summarized here. Rosen, Barber and Lyle (1998) state that seven different laboratories have reported suppression of nighttime rise in pineal melatonin production in laboratory animals. They show that a 50 µT, 60 Hz field with a 0.06µT DC field, over 10 experiments, averages a 46% reduction in melatonin production from pinealocytes. Yaga et al. (1993) showed that rat pineal response to ELF pulsed magnetic fields varied significantly during the light- dark-cycle. They found that the rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis, N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity showed that magnetic field exposure significantly suppressed NAT during the mid- to late dark phase.

Mammals such as rodents and cows have almost the same endocrine system as humans. Rats chronically exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields show a chronic reduction of melatonin production over a 4 week period, Figure 13. 12

5 'O 'O •C: ...• 4 'ii t £ 3 ! C 1 2 • ~• ~ cc• '

Figure 13: Melatonin production in groups of rats chronically exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields compared with sham exposed rats.

Stark et al. (1997) observed a lower melatonin level in the exposed head and a delayed nocturnal peak. After the transmitter was turned off there is a 1 day delay and then the exposed herd melatonin level rises to be significant increased on the night of day 3. When the transmitter was turned on both herds showed a reduction in melatonin and a disruption in the normal pattern, Figure 14. This shows a combination of acute and chronic responses. There are now at least 15 independent observations of melatonin reduction in animals from ELF and RF exposure.

~100e CJ so B C: 0 :;:; ~ -C: ~ 10 C: 0 (.) 5 C: .sC: RF Exposed Transmitter off RF Exposed (II cii :i:

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Days of Experiment

Figure 14: Salival melatonin in two herds of 5 cows showing the effect of higher and much lower RF exposure and the effect of turning off the SW radio transmitter for 3 days. Exposed herd (solid line) and low exposure herd (dashed line).

13

EMR Reduces Melatonin in People:

Fifteen studies from show that ELF and RF/MW exposure reduces melatonin in people and a serotonin enhancement. Evidence that EMR reduced melatonin in human beings commenced with Wang (1989) who found that workers who were more highly exposed to RF/MW had a dose-response increase in serotonin, and hence indicates a reduction in melatonin. Thirteen studies have observed significant EMR associated melatonin reduction in humans.

They involve a wide range of exposure situations, including 50/60 Hz fields, Wilson et al. (1990), Graham et al. (1994), Davis (1997) [in a dose response manner], Wood et al. (1998), Karasek et al. (1998), and Burch et al. (1997, 1998, 1999a, 2000), Juutilainen et al. (2000) and Graham et al. (2000); 16.7 Hz fields, Pfluger and Minder (1996); VDTs Arnetz et al. (1996), a combination of 60 Hz fields and cell phone use, Burch et al. (1997), and a combination of occupational 60Hz exposure and increased geomagnetic activity around 30nT, and in an extremely significant dose-response, Burch et al. (1999b), Figure 15.

20~------c: 0 ;. 18--1------1----+-----l----J.__--J.__-__J ~ ~ Trend: p<0.005 Cl> 16--+----+------1-~<------+------+------1-----' Cl) :!: 0 S 14-+-----+----+------1-__-l-- __,___ __ ,______. Cl) E

C: 0 -ns 10,+-----+----+----+----+------l------"""'------1 Cl) :a:: 8 +----+----+----+-----1------1------'1 0 10 0 30 0 GMA Index 36-h aa (nT) Figure 15: Reduction in the melatonin metabolite 6-OHMS in µg in urine from U.S. electric utility workers, as a function of the 36 hr global GMA aa-index, Burch et al. (1999b).

The Davis (1997) study involved residential exposures and observed nocturnal reductions in melatonin metabolite, 6-OHMS. The author states that while the effect was small it occurred at milliGauss levels and followed a dose-response trend. The effect was strongest among women who were on medication that also reduces melatonin. They showed a significant dose-response trend, with a 2-, 3- and 4-fold increase in magnetic field resulting in 8%, 12% and 15 % reductions in melatonin, respectively.

The fifteenth human melatonin reduction study is from RF exposure as reported during the shutting down process of the Schwarzenburg shortwave radio tower, Professor Theo Abelin 14

(seminar and pers.comm.). Urinary melatonin levels were monitored prior to and following the closing down of the Schwarzenburg short wave radio transmitter. This showed a significant rise in melatonin after the signal was turned off.

Hence it is established from multiple, independent studies, that EMR from ELF to RF/MW reduces melatonin in animals and human beings.

Cardiac Electrical Sensitivity:

Hearts are obviously bioelectrical organs. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a fundamental monitoring tool of cardiologists in diagnosing the state of the heart muscle. The heart-beat occurs as a series of regular electrical pulses. Each electric pulse initiates a cascade of calcium ions to flood the heart muscle and cause it to contract. The autonomic nervous system place a key role in regulating the heart beat using the melatonin signalling system to produce the daily cycle. Interference with this regular electrical pulse leads to heart disease and heart attack of the arrhythmic kind. Since EMR reduces melatonin, this can alter the blood pressure and heart rate and produce damage to the heart muscle and interfere with timing. We would therefore expect electromagnetic radiation to cause cardiac arrhythmia ischemic heart disease and heart attack.

Genotoxicity:

Because EMR alters calcium ion signalling and reduces melatonin it is predicted to be genotoxic and to cause enhanced cell death through apoptosis. This is also a process of premature aging. Substances that damage cellular genetic material, such as DNA, chromosomes, and genes are called “genotoxic”. Genotoxic substances cause cancer, cardiac and reproductive health effects and neurological damage. Chromosome aberrations are visible through powerful microscopes. Chromosomes are formed from folded segments of DNA. Damage to chromosomes is therefore evidence of damage to DNA.

DNA is frequently damaged by natural substances, such as oxygen free radicals. Gey (1993) comments that free radicals may be involved in the etiology of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In epidemiological studies poor plasma levels of antioxidants (free radical scavengers) are associated with increased relative risks of cancer and ischemic heart disease. Cells have elaborate DNA repair mechanisms because DNA stability is vital for species survival. Uncorrected DNA damage is mutation, Alberts et al. (1994). Alberts et al. outline many DNA repair mechanisms, including Repair Enzymes. They also outline the way apoptosis can digest and destroy damaged cells by internal "programming" of the process. The Immune System has B lymphocytes that produce antibody proteins to protect against 'foreign' cells, such as mutated cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells kill some types of tumours and some virus-infected cells, Alberts et al.

Enhanced DNA strand breakage leads to enhanced DNA repair. Hence enhanced DNA repair rates are also used as evidence of DNA damage, Meltz (1995).

15

Many studies have shown that radiofrequency/microwave (RF/MW) radiation and extremely low frequency (ELF) fields cause increased DNA strand breakage and chromosome aberrations. This has been shown in cell lines, human blood, animals and living human beings. This means that epidemiological studies of people exposed to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) are likely to show increased cancer, miscarriage and reproductive adverse effects. In fact many epidemiological studies have shown these effects, Goldsmith (1995, 1996, 1997, 1997a), Szmigielski (1991, 1996).

Two plausible biological mechanisms involving free radicals are involved in this effect. The first involves increased free radical activity and genetic damage as a response to exposure. The second involves increased free radical activity and genetic damage because of an induced reduction of a free radical scavenger, e.g. reduced melatonin, Reiter (1994). It is clear however, that both mechanisms have the same effect of damaging the DNA and chromosomes. Another established biological mechanism, EMR-induced alteration of cellular calcium ion homeostasis, Blackman (1990), is also involved in cell regulation, cell survival and apoptosis, DNA synthesis and melatonin regulation.

Direct measurements of Chromosome aberrations:

Direct evidence that EMR induces significant increases in chromosome damage, with significant dose response relationships, is evidence of a causal effect when replicated or extended by independent laboratories.

Chromosome damage from RF/MW exposure:

The first identified study that showed that pulsed RF radiation cause significant chromosome aberrations was Heller and Teixeira-Pinto (1959). Garlic roots were exposed to 27 MHz pulsed at 80 to 180 Hz. for 5 min and then they were examined 24 hrs later. The concluded that this RF signal mimicked the chromosomal aberration produced by ionizing radiation and c-mitotic substances. No increased temperature was observed.

Blood samples were taken from the staff of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. They had been chronically exposed to a low intensity radar signal. Significant increases in chromosome damage was reported, Tonascia and Tonascia (1966) cited in Goldsmith (1997a).

Yao (1982) exposed rat kangaroo RH5 and RH16 cells to 2.45 GHz microwaves, maintaining the temperature at 37°C in the incubator. After 50 passages with microwave exposure there we 30 passages without. Significant chromosome aberrations were measured after 20 MW passages. Yao (1978) also found elevated chromosome damage in Chinese Hamsters.

Elevated and significantly elevated (*) chromosome damage with RF/MW exposure has been observed by Manikowska et al. (1979), Berman Carter and House (1980), Nawrot, McRee and Staples (1981*), Kowalczuk, Saunders and Stapleton (1983), Banerjee, Goldfeder and Mitra (1983a,b*), Antipenko, Koveshnikova and Timchenko (1984), Manikowska-Czerska, Czerska and Leach (1985), Beechey et al. (1986), Garaj-Vrhovac et al. (1987) and Saunders et al. (1988). Thus before the end of the 1980's at least 15 studies 16 had reported increased or significantly increased chromosome aberrations (CAs) from RF/MW exposure. Since then many more studies have found that RF/MW is genotoxic and increases cell death.

Garaj-Vrhovac et al. (1990) noted the differences and similarities between the mutagenicity of microwaves and VCM (vinyl chloride monomer). They studied a group of workers who were exposed to 10 to 50 µW/cm2 of radar produced microwaves. Some were also exposed to about 5 ppm of VCM, a known carcinogen. Exposure to each of these substances (microwaves and VCM) produced highly significant (p<0.01 to p<0.001) increases in Chromatid breaks, Chromosome breaks, acentric and dicentric breaks in human lymphocytes from blood taken from exposed workers. The results were consistent across two assays, a micronucleus test and chromosome aberration assay.

Chromosome aberrations and micronuclei are significantly higher than the controls, (p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.0001), for each of the exposure intensity.

Garaj-Vrhovac, Horvat and Koren (1991) exposed Chinese hamster cells to 7.7 GHz microwave radiation to determine cell survival and chromosome damage. They assayed chromosome aberrations and micronuclei and found that microwaves increased these in a dose response manner, Figure 17, to levels that were highly significantly elevated (p<0.02 to p<0.01). 15~------'"-----

Cl) -c E Cl) 10 0 C Cl) 0 o:;::::; E E et s .c: .c u <(

30 60 90 120 Ex osure Time mins Figure 17: Chromosome aberrations in V79 Chinese hamster cells exposed to 7.7 GHz microwaves at 30mW/cm2, Garaj-Vrhovac, Horvat and Koren (1991).

An exposure level of 30mW/cm2 is usually able to slightly raise the temperature over an hour. This experiment was undertaken under isothermal conditions, with samples being kept within 0.4°C of 22°C. The consistency of the time exposure and the survival assay at non- thermal exposure levels, confirms that this is a non-thermal effect.

This is very strong evidence of genotoxic effects from RF/MW exposures. When chromosomes are damaged one of the primary protective measures is for the immune system natural killer cells to eliminate the damaged cells. Alternatively the cells can enter programmed cell suicide, apoptosis. Garaj-Vrhovac, Horvat and Koren (1991) measured the cell survival rates. They found that cell survival reduced and the cell death increased in a time dependent and exposure dose response manner, Figure 18.

17

Figure 18 shows that cell death varies with time and intensity of exposure, down to very low exposure levels. An apparent 'saturation' at high levels also becoming evident. This is probably because of the lethal effect of high intensity microwaves. Since this is an isothermal experiment it raised important questions about the reasons for the cell death as acute genetic damage which is continuously related to microwave exposure down to non- thermal levels.

Cl) 70 ..g, 60 C: 60minuteExposure Cl> 50 j ...0 Cl> 40 a. ; 30 ~~: cu Cl) c 20 30 minute Exposure Cl) 10 0

0----~------'0.01' '. ' "0.1 ' ' . '" " '1 ' ' . , s , 210 50 Ex osure mW/cm ) Figure 18: Cell death percentage of Chinese hamster cells exposed to 7.7 GHz microwaves (CW) for 30 minutes and 60 minutes in an isothermal exposure system, Garaj-Vrhovac, Horvat and Koren (1991).

Note that the general public ICNIRP guideline for microwaves above 2 GHz is 1 mW/cm2, and for workers is 5 mW/cm2. Even at 100 times below the public exposure guideline a 60 minute exposure kills 28% of the cells and 30 minutes kills 8 % of the cells. Garaj-Vrhovac et al. (1992) exposed human lymphocytes and showed that microwave radiation produced a dose response increase in chromosome aberrations, Figure 19. • Total aberrations "'aj ~ Acentrics and dicentrics u D Micronuclei -1/1 § 0.06 :;:; ra t 0.05 a, .c ra ._ 0.04 0 "iii ij 0.03 ::I C: e 0.02 .Eu .._ 0.01 0 0 Z 0 0 0.5 10 30 Power density (mW/cm2 ) Figure 19: The relation of total chromosome aberrations. micronuclei and specific chromosome aberrations for each cell in human lymphocyte cultures in the dose of microwave radiation in vitro, Garaj-Vrhovac et al. (1992). 18

Having established that microwave exposure damaged chromosomes, this research group were asked to analyze blood samples from workers who had been exposed to pulsed microwaves generated by air traffic control radars while they were repairing them. Garag- Vrhovac and Fucic (1993) analysed the chromosome aberration (CA) in 6 technical staff who had experienced accidental exposure to the radar. The initial CA percentage ranged from 3% to 33%, all being significantly higher than unexposed people. The repair rate over time was monitored. 40 -0~ a, 30 (.) I,,. a, C. ,n 20 C: 0 :;:; C'CS I,,. I,,. 10 a, .c <( 00 10 20 30 40 Weeks Figure 20: The time-dependent decrease in the number of chromosome aberrations for subjects with high numbers of chromosomal impairments, y = 0.318 - 0.010x, r=0.98. Garaj-Vrhovac and Fucic (1993).

Figure 20 shows the man who had 33 % CA which was followed over 30 weeks following this exposure. The repair rate follows a significant linear rate (r=0.98), dropping from 33% to 3% over 30 weeks, 1 %/week.

CA Repair rates in other workers are shown in Figure 21. ~8 -0 ~ 6

-o

80 da s so

Figure 21: Decreases in human blood Chromosome Aberrations over time from microwave exposed radar repair workers, Garag-Vrhovac and Fucic (1993).

19

Two different rates are evident. Two at 0.6 to 1.1 %/week and two at 0.25 to 0.35 %/week. The authors note that Sagripanti and Swicord (1986) showed that microwave radiation damaged single-strand DNA and the Szmigielski (1991) showed that out of 29 epidemiological studies in the previous decade, 22 suggested a relationship between various neoplasms and exposure to electromagnetic fields.

Figure 22 shows the actual microscopic images of chromosomes in human blood taken from a radar exposed man.

,.• . - ~.- ·. ·'• ~ ' .:,a.~ ., .. ' . ·- .. ' ...... ~,.. .. ' ~.# • l~;;. 1.-,, • •

(A) {B) •

Figure 22: Chromosomes from the highly exposed subject, (a) before exposure and (B) after accidental exposure to a microwave radar signal, Garaj-Vrhovac et al. (1993).

There is no doubt that the radar exposure damaged the chromosomes. The damage is highly visible. Figure 22 shows that after microwave exposure there were many acentric, dicentric, polycentric, fragments, chromatid, ring chromosomes, chromosome breaks and chromatid interchange.

Garaj-Vrhovac (1999) found that 12 workers occupationally exposed to microwave had significantly increased chromosome damage as well as disturbances in the distribution of cells over the first, second and third mitotic divisions.

Quite independently, Maes et al. (1993) found highly significant (p<0.001) increases is the frequency of chromosome aberrations (including dicentric and acentric fragments) and micronuclei in human blood exposed to 2.45 GHz microwaves to 30 to 120 minutes in vitro. The micronuclei assay showed a dose response with time, Figure 23.

20

O 0 30 60 90 120 Ex osure Time mins Figure 23: Micronuclei in microwave exposed human lymphocytes, the average of 4 donors, Maes et al. (1993). Exposure was to 75 W/kg, 2.45 GHz microwaves pulsed at 50 Hz, under controlled isothermal conditions

Maes et al. (1997) observed elevated CAs from microwave exposure. Koveshnikova and Antipenko (1991a,b), Haider et al. (1994) Timchenko and Ianchevskaia (1995), Balode (1996), Mailhas et al. (1997) and Vijayalaxmi et al. (1997), and Pavel et al. (1998) have reported significant chromosome aberrations from RF/MW exposures.

Vijayalaxmi et al. (1997) chronically exposed cancer prone mice to 2.45 GHz CW microwaves at an SAR of 1 W/kg for 20 hr/day, 7 days/week for 18 months. Their aim was to determine whether microwaves were genotoxic through determining if there was significant chromosome damage. They found highly significant increases in micronuclei in peripheral blood, from 8 per 2000 cells in sham exposed mice to 9 per 2000 cells microwave exposed mice, and increase of 12.5 %, p<0.01. There was a significant increase of 6.6%, p<0.025, of micronuclei in the bone marrow. They also observed a significant 41 % increase in tumours in the exposed mice compared to the sham exposed mice.

This was a totally unexpected result from this group. A great deal of effort was put into playing down the implications. They describe the increase in peripheral blood as a 0.05%, by dividing the increase of 1 by 2000. This is not a significant increase and this is not the right comparison. It is a deliberate attempt to disguise their true result that shows that microwaves are genotoxic.

Between 1990 and 2000 another 15 studies have been added to bring the total to at least 30. Concerns about the health effects of cellphones led to two studies finding that cellphone-type radiation significantly damages chromosomes. This is not surprising given the very large evidence already published showing that RF/MW damages chromosomes in similar manners to c-mitotic chemicals and ionizing radiation. This description was first given in 1959. 21

954MHz: Chromosome aberrations control · 0954MHz

Figure 24: Cellphone radiation of 954 MHz significantly enhances several types of chromosome damage including gaps, acentric and dicentric aberrations, Maes et al. (1996)

Tice, Hook and McRee (1999) showed chromosome damage from all cell phones tested, all being statistically significant and all but one highly significant with dose-response relationships up to a factor of three increase in chromosome aberrations. They repeated the experiment and confirmed that the results were robust and not an artifact. Dr Roti Roti is reported in Carlo and Schram (2001) to have found that cellphone radiation significantly increased micronuclei formation.

Multiple independent studies, in 32 papers, show increases and most show significant increases in chromosome aberrations from RF/MW exposure. Four studies show dose- response relationships. This is more than adequate to classify RF/MW radiation as genotoxic.

Chromosome damage from ELF exposure:

El Nahas and Oraby (1989) observed significant dose-response dependent micronuclei increase in 50 Hz exposed mice somatic cells. Elevated CAs have been recorded in a number of workers in electrical occupations. In Sweden Nordenson et al. (1988) found significant CA in 400 kV-substation workers and with 50 Hz exposures to peripheral human lymphocytes, Nordenson et al. (1984) and human amniotic cells, Nordenson et al. (1994). Significant CA in human lymphocytes exposed to 50 Hz fields are also reported by Rosenthal and Obe (1989), Khalil and Qassem (1991), Garcia-Sagredo and Monteagudo (1991), Valjus et al. (1993) and Skyberg et al. (1993). Skyberg et al. collected their samples from high-voltage laboratory cable splicers and Valjus et al. from power linesmen. Other studies showing ELF associated CAs include Cook and Morris (1981), Cohen et al. (1986 a,b), Lisiewicz (1993), and Timchenko and Ianchevskaia (1995). Tofani et al. (1995) found that significant micronuclei formation was associated with static fields combined with resonant ELF fields at resonant Ca2+ frequencies. This currently involves 15 studies.

Hence chromosome damage has been recorded from exposures across the EMR spectrum from ELF to RF/MW exposures, in plants, mammal and human cells, animals and human beings, and from many independent laboratories. This confirms that EMR does damage 22 chromosomes and establishes EMR induced chromosome aberrations as a biological effect. For a neoplastic cell to survive it must have an altered genetic structure to store the damage and to hide this from the immune system so that NK cells do not kill the neoplasm transformed cells.

Chromosome Aberrations Conclusions:

Many studies, from independent laboratories, have shown that ELF, RF/MW and cell phone radiation, significantly increases chromosome aberrations in exposed cells and animals, and including cells taken from human beings who have been exposed to EMR in occupational situations. Even at very low intensity radar exposures that were experienced at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, significant increases in chromosome damage was measured from human blood samples. This evidence shows conclusively that across the EMR spectrum, EMR is genotoxic. Hence it is carcinogenic and teratogenic.

Direct evidence of neoplasm in microwave exposed cells:

Balcer-Kubiczek and Harrison (1991) observed a significant dose response increase of neoplastic transformation in a standard cell set (C3H/10T1/2) from a 24 hr exposure to 2.45 GHz microwaves. The transformation was assayed after 8 weeks of exposure to a known cancer promoter chemical TPA, Figure 25. The method was confirmed with a positive control using X-rays. This also showed that 60Hz magnetic fields also significantly increased neoplastic transformation.

D NOTPA ~ WITH TPA

0 0.1 1.0 4.4 SPECIFJC ABSORPTION RATE (W kg-1) Figure 25: Dose-response relationship for induction of neoplastic transformation in C3H/10T1/2 cells by a 24h exposure to 2.45 GHz microwaves at the specific absorption rate (SAR) with and without TPA post-treatment for 8 weeks, Balcer-Kubiczek and Harrison (1991).

Direct evidence of DNA strand breakage:

Sarkar, Ali and Behari (1994) investigated the effect on DNA of exposures accepted a safe by the Non-ionizing Radiation Committee of IRPA (International Radiation Protection Association - the predecessor of ICNIRP). 23

Figure 26: Densitometric analysis of the brain DNA, a and b are control DNA, c to g are DNA from exposed animals. Peak 1 is present in both control and exposed animals while peak 2 appears only in all of the exposed animals.

The exposure regime was a 2 hr exposure to 2.45 GHz CW microwaves at 1 mW/cm2, SAR = 1.18 W/kg. They observed significant alterations in the DNA from rat brains and testis in the 7 to 8 kb region of the DNA in the hybridization profile and in a densitometric analysis, Figure 25.

The Comet Assay Method:

A very advanced assay of DNA strand breakage has been developed by Dr N.P. Singh at the University of Washington. This is called the microgel electrophoresis or Comet Assay, Singh et al. (1994). The Comet Assay involves migration of segments of DNA down an electric field gradient, Figure 27.

24

Figure 27: Photographs of double-strand break DNA migration pattern of individual brain cells from rats exposed to (a) bucking condition (0.1 mT), (b) magnetic fields of 0.1 mT, (c) 0.25 mT and (d) 0.5 mT, Lai and Singh (1997a). The “bucking mode” is the condition to reverse the field to cancel the magnetic fields with all else remaining constant.

The modified microgel electrophoresis assay or Comet Assay for single DNA-strand breaks, involves extraction of a sample of tissue, washing it several times to remove blood, snipping the tissue with sharp scissors to reduce the sample sizes and further washing to remove blood. Single cell suspensions are mixed with agarose to make a microgel on a slide that is cooled to form a gel. Slides are immersed in an ice-cold lysing solution and then stored in the dark at 4 °C.

DNA is closely associated with protein and RNA. They help to fold and bind the DNA. DNA is negatively charged and the bound protein is positively charged. To release DNA from these bonds, and to separate the charges, Proteinase K must be used to digest proteins and RNAase A to digest RNA. Hence in the morning the slides were treated with DNAase- free proteinase K for 2 hr at 37 °C to remove the bound protein from the DNA. They were then places on the horizontal slab of an electrophoretic assembly. An electrophoresis buffer is added and the sample is left for 20 min to allow the DNA to unwind. The buffer includes antioxidants to counter the free radicals produced by electrophoresis.

The electrophoresis was then carried out for 60 minutes with 0.4 V/m, 250 mA. During this process the fluid in the assembly is re-circulated at the rate of about 100 ml/min. The negatively charged segments of DNA migrate down the electric field gradient, forming a comet-like tail, the mass of which is proportional to the amount of damaged DNA material and the electric field gradient and time of exposure.

For DNA double-strand breaks the microgel preparation is the same as above. Slides are then treated with ribonuclease A for 2 hr and then proteinase K for 2 hr. They are then 25 placed in the neutral electrophoresis buffer (pH 9) for 20 mins and then electrophorezed for 1 hr at 0.4 V/cm. For both single- and double- strand assays the sample are stained with an intense florescent dye solution of YOYO-1 and then examined in a vertical florescent microscope.

The proteinase K treatment is vital. It removes the bound protein from the DNA strands. DNA and protein have the opposite charge and so for the electric field to cause migration, the protein must be removed. Four slides were prepared for each animal, two for single and two for double-strand assays. Fifty representative cells were scored off each slide, giving 100 cells scored for each of the single and double-strand DNA breaks. Frequency distributions for the 100 assayed cells are presented, Figure 28, and the comet tail moment calculated.

...... :;: c,. ;p "' "' "' Bl If 0 .. E. C. 19 .,, $ m 0 ... ,,. a .. "' r.:J cells r V, El cells or u, - or :;: Percent 0 Percent 0 u, u, 0 L .. 89 2.!9-tt - - 189 - - 199 - 119 90-99 90-99 80 180-189 190-199 200-209 210-219 220-229 230 240-249 130-139 100-109 110-119 120-129 140-149 150-159 160-169 170-179 170-179 180 190 100-10') 110 210-219 220-229 240-249 120-129 130-139 140-149 230-239 ~wr 150-159 160-169 ,. = t"' t"' t::, ;r 0 0 > z z i::::, I'!> a .., Er ...... :, ~ 0 > 2. 3 5· a .., ;:;· :3 "' ;;· .. = :, = ;· 0 0' ;:;· a .. a.a ac· IJQ (IC Figure 28: Single- and double-strand DNA breaks frequency distribution for percentage of cells of a given tail length from pulsed RFR and sham exposed brain cells, from 8 animals and 100 cells per animal, Lai and Singh (1996).

Figure 28 clearly shows significant increases in single- and double-strand DNA breaks from the pulsed microwave exposed animal brains compared with the sham exposed animals. The tail DNA fragments extend out to 250 microns. The Comet tails in the Malyapa et al. assay extend to less than 40 microns. This clearly documents how less sensitive their method is.

Motorola Funded Counter Research on DNA breakage:

Motorola funded Dr Joseph Roti Roti's group at Washington University, St Louis, to replicate the Lai/Singh DNA damage research and to extend it to cell phone frequencies. "Replication" requires the work to be very closely following the method and conditions of the earlier study, usually by independent researchers who are well qualified. While both groups used 2.45 GHz microwaves for exposure, the follow up study used a cell line (C3H/10T1/2) compared to Lai/Singh's living rats. The St Louis group also used a very different DNA damage assay based on Olive et al. (1992) not Singh et al. (1994). This follow up study used a much weaker fluorescent stain, an overall weaker electrophoresis field (0.6 V/cm for 25 mins c.f. 0.4 V/cm for 60 mins) and most importantly, did not use proteinase K to 26 separate the bound protein from the DNA strands. It is therefore understandable why they had a much less sensitive method. However, despite this and their claims to find no DNA breakage from 2.45 GHz nor cellphone radiation, the data shows that they actually did.

The first example was from Malyapa et al. (1997a), Figure 5, shown in Figure 29. The sham exposure distribution is very narrow with a maximum at 32 microns. The 2hr distribution has much less at 25 microns and more above 28 microns. The 2x2 analysis is presented in Table 1.

2 Jl11, . . . . .~ • . • . • . • ~:::, ijj .. . ~ 0 (_)

Figure 29: Frequency Distribution of Comet tail lengths for 2.45GHz exposed C3H10T1/2 cells, Malyapa et al. (1997a).

Table 1: The 2x2 table of results for DNA strand breakage after exposure of U87MG cells to 2.45 GHz microwaves, Figure 30:

Comet Length Class Time ≤28µm >28µm RR 95%CI χ2 p-value

Sham 196 29 1.00 2hr 174 51 1.75 1.16 -2.76 7.34 0.0067 4 hr 206 20 0.06 0.40 -1.18 1.90 0.169 24 hr 197 25 0.87 0.53 -1.44 0.28 0.60

The time sequence of variations reveals a significant increase in DNA strand breakage after 2 hours and then the repair process kicks in and over compensates, Figure 30.

27

3.0 ~"' 2.8 2450 MHz m 2.6 Q) 11,,, 2 . CW 0.7 W/kg .c 2.2 <( 2. U87MG cells z C _ 1.4 .2....., 1.2 m 1.0..----\t------t------=~ 0::: 0.8 Q) 0.6 m0.4 0::: 0.2 o+-r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Hours after exposure

Figure 30: The time sequence of DNA damage and enhanced repair for Figure 5 in Malyapa et al. (1997).

This confirms the Lai and Singh results rather than contradicting them. This shows significant DNA strand breakage after 2 hours.

Two other figures of frequency distributions in Malyapa et al. (1997a and b) were digitized and analysed using a 2x2 analysis of the Risk Ratio, Chi Squared and p-values, using a cut- level in the middle of the distribution. The following time courses of DNA breakage and repairs resulted. Figure 31 shows the frequency distribution of normalized comment moment for CW exposure of 2450 MHz at 0.7 W/kg of C3H 10T1/2 cells, Malyapa et al. (1997a), Figure 6. 80 24h ~1 J~JI 80 4h i .Jilll.t 0 ~1 u 80

2h

~j 111ll~hI 80 Sham ij j .. 11111 h. 0 2 4 6 a 10 Nonralized Corret rv1orrent

Figure 31: The frequency distribution of normalized comment moment for CW exposure of 2450 MHz at 0.7 W/kg of C3H 10T1/2 cells, Malyapa et al. (1997a) Figure 6. 28

Table 2: The 2x2 table of results for DNA strand breakage after exposure of C3H 10T1/2 cells to 2.45 GHz microwaves, Figure 32:

Comet Moment Class Time ≤6 >6 RR 95%CI χ2 p-value Sham 194 75 1.00 2hr 176 101 1.31 1.02 -1.67 4.59 0.0321 4 hr 126 119 1.74 1.38 -2.20 23.31 0.0000014 24 hr 159 132 1.63 1.29 -2.05 18.30 0.0000189

The time sequence from Table 2 is plotted in Figure 32.

ti) 3.0 ~ 2.8 ('a 2.6 2450 MHz Q) I,., 2 . CW 0.7 W/kg .c C3H 10T1/2 <( 2. z C ·-..., ca 0:: 0.8 0.6 ...,Q) ca 0.4 0:: 0.2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Hours after exposure

Figure 32: DNA strand breakage Risk Ratio and 95% confidence intervals for the frequency distribution of the Normalized Comet Moment of Malyapa et al. (1997a), Figure 6

Table 2 and Figure 32 shows significantly increased DNA strand breakage for more than 24 hours after a non-thermal microwave exposure of 0.7 W/kg of 2450MHz CW microwaves of C3H 10T1/2 cells.

The third example is derived from Figure 2 in Malyapa et al. (1997b) in which a cell phone signal, CDMA, at an exposure SAR of 0.6 W/kg of U87MG cells, Figure 33.

29

lti111i .... COVA24h

en ro/A4h C: ::J lltlllnn, 0 (.) IL,,11111 •. ro/A2h

s-an i 1~111,1, .. 4 6 8 10 N)rrralized Caret IVarert

Figure 33: The frequency distribution of normalized comment moment for CW exposure of 847.72 MHz at 0.6 W/kg of U87MG cells, Malyapa et al. (1997b) Figure 2.

Table 3: The 2x2 table of results for DNA strand breakage after exposure of U87MG cells to 847.74 MHz microwaves, Figure 34: Comet Moment Class Time ≤6 >6 RR 95%CI χ2 p-value Sham 168 42 1.00 2hr 138 92 2.00 1.46 -2.74 20.68 0.0000052 4 hr 158 50 1.20 0.84 -1.73 0.99 0.3196 24 hr 195 24 0.55 0.34 -0.87 6.72 0.00956

Table 3 shows an extremely significant increase in DNA strand breakage 2 hours after the cellphone radiation exposure, p<0.00001. The time sequence, Figure 26, shows the same general pattern as also seen for U87MG cells exposed to 2.45 MHz radiation in Figure 34 above.

U) 3.0 ~ 2.8 CU 2.6 CDMA ~ 2.4 .Q 2.2 847.74 MHz <( U87MG cells z C 1.6 - 1.4 .2.., 1.2 CU 1.0 0::: 0.8 Cl) 0.6 1a 0.4 0::: 0.2 0 -t--,-.,...... ,...... ,...-,...... ,...... ,"""T""T...... ,...... --r"...... ,.....,...... ,....~,...... ,...... ,...,....,.....,...... ,...... ,...... ,..- 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Hours after exposure

Figure 34: DNA strand breakage Risk Ratio and 95% confidence intervals for the frequency distribution in Figure 2 Normalized Comet Moment of Malyapa et al. (1997b). 30

These results confirms the Lai and Singh results and confirm that microwave radiation and cell phone radiation significantly damages DNA stands and induces repair and significant repair after 4 hours in some cases. The C3H 10T1/2 cells show much slower DNA repair rates then the U87MG cells, indication a cell-specific characteristic. It is also well known that the damage and repair rates are strongly dependent on the position in the cell cycle, Durante et al. (1994).

This also puts the results of Phillips et al. (1998) into context. They found highly significant (p<0.0001) DNA strand breakage at 0.0024 W/kg exposure to cell phone radiation. They also found significant DNA strand repair (p<0.0001) with other exposure regimes at a similar SAR level. Significant DNA strand repair is initiated by DNA strand breakage. This is why earlier assays were based on looking for induced DNA repair as an indicator of DNA damage, Meltz (1995).

Differences between Lai and Singh and Malyapa et al.:

In addition to the major difference of using a cell line not live rats, there are five primary methodological differences between the Lai and Singh Comet Assay method derived from Singh at al. (1994) used at the University of Washington and the Comet assay method used at Washington University by Malyapa et al, derived from Olive et al. (1992).

The following factors make the Lai/Singh Assay considerably more sensitive than that of Malyapa et al.:

1. Complete lysis using highly concentrated salt and two detergents.

2. The use of proteinase K to remove the positively charges bound protein from the negatively charged DNA stands so that the electrophoresis field produces more migration.

3. The use of antioxidants during electrophoresis.

4. The use of the YOYO-1 dye. YOYO-1 is 100-fold more sensitive when bound to DNA than propidium iodide.

The lower assay sensitivity of the Malyapa et al method is directly demonstrated by the comet tail lengths, 32 microns for Malyapa et al. and 250 microns for Lai/Singh.

Hence there are basic practical scientific reasons why Lai and Singh observe significant EMR-induced DNA strand breaks with RF/MW exposures, whereas Malyapa et al. don’t. Two independent laboratories have shown that EMR, including cell phone radiation at extremely low intensities, causes DNA strand breaks. They are Verschaeve et al. (1994) and Phillips et al. (1998), who used the Lai/Singh method.

31

The Comet Assay and EMR effects:

Drs Lai and Singh have now shown that ELF and RF/MW radiation both cause single and double strand DNA breakage and are associated with free radical and reduced melatonin in living exposed rats. Lai and Singh (1995) observed a dose response increase in Single- strand DNA breakage in the rat’s brain and hippocampus that increased significantly after 4 hours, Figure 35. The increases in DNA single-strand breakage after 4 hrs is highly significant, p<0.001 and they show a dose-response relationship.

300 300 :E RESTOFTHE BRAIN HIPPOCAMPUS ASSAYED AT 4h ~ ~ 250 .ASSAYED AFfER EXF'OSURE T ti: ASSAYED + + 250 ASSAYED AT 4h IMMEDIATELY IMMEDIATE..Y AFfER EXF'OSURE "'z AFTER EXPOSURE "'z AFTER EXPOSURE T 0 ~ 200 T 200 ::: ::: 6 6 z 150 ,so " 6 t;: i: 100 ;:;; < 100 ::: ;:s ::: " iii ::? ~ 2: < so 50 z z< - Q 0 N=11 N=B N=8 0 No11 N=8 N=B N=11 N=8 N=B N=11 N=B N=B

Figure 35: DNA single-strand breakage in cells from the rat brain and hippocampus, immediately after a 2 hr exposure to a whole body SAR of 0.6 and 1.2 W/kg to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation, pulsed at 500 pps. N is the number of rats studied. Lai and Singh (1995).

The assay method was extended to measure DNA double-strand breakage. Lai and Singh (1996) reported that both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed microwaves caused significant (p<0.01) increased single-strand DNA breakage, and double-strand breakage, CW, p<0.05) and pulsed, p<0.01), Figure 36.

This shows that both continuous and pulsed microwaves cause single and double DNA strand breakage, but pulsed microwaves cause more than continuous waves. Hence pulsed cell phone signals and radar signals are highly likely to cause DNA damage. This has been confirmed for radar and chromosome aberrations above and for cell phones by Phillips et al. (1998).

In the mean time Lai and Singh (1997) investigated the mechanism which is involved with this genotoxic effect of RF/MW radiation. They treated the microwave exposed rats with melatonin and a spin-trap compound (PBN) to determine the role of free radicals. They showed that both melatonin and PBN eliminated the microwave induced DNA damage. Figure 37 shows the effect of melatonin for single- and double-strand DNA breaks and Figure 38 the same for PBN.

32

8 8 -l SEM SEM + 0 .:;; 0 .:;; -I microns microns+ in in 8 8 control control migration migration ~ ~ DNA DNA of of unhandled unhandled :tlt{h~~:-~:-~~:i;-i~i~/ltt\ 0 0 Length Length II (0 (0 0) ...... z (0 (0 (0 II 0) ...... z (0

Figure 37: Effect of treatment with melatonin for RFR-induced increase in DNA single- strand (left) and double-strand (right) breaks in rats brain cells. Data was analysed using the one-way ANOVA, which showed a significant treatment effect (p<0.001) for both cases. "vehicle" involves injecting with the physiological saline without the active substance. Lai and Singh (1997)

Lai and Singh (1997) conclude that if free radicals are involved in the RFR-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells, the results of their study could have an important implication of the health effects of RFR exposure. Involvement of free radicals in human diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis, have been suggested. Free radicals also play an important role in aging processes, Reiter, (1995). They also point out that both melatonin and PBN can have other actions on cells in the brain that can decrease DNA damage. Therefore further support is necessary to interpret these results.

33 8 8 SEM +SEM gi u, 0 microns+ microns in in § 8 control migration control migration led g; g; DNA DNA of unhand of unhandled 0 Length Length CX) -.J II 0) CJ) 01 zo II -.J 00 CJ) CJ) 01 z Figure 38: Effect of treatment with PBN for RFR-induced increase in DNA single-strand (left) and double-strand (right) breaks in rats brain cells. Data was analysed using the one-way ANOVA, which showed a significant treatment effect (p<0.001) for both cases. "vehicle" involves injecting with the physiological saline without the active substance. Lai and Singh (1997).

Phelan et al. (1992) exposed B-16 melanoma cell line to pulsed 2.45 GHz, 100 pps, 1hr exposure SAR = 0.2 W/kg. This resulted in changes of membrane ordering. Their data indicated that a significant, specific alteration of the cell-membrane ordering followed microwave exposure and that the alteration was due at least part, to the generation of oxygen radicals. Hence there is independent support for the generation of free radicals by microwaves, as well as the Lai/Singh evidence that PBN and Melatonin reduce the RFR induced DNA damage.

Two other laboratories have recorded RF/MW produced significant DNA stands breaks. Verschave et al. (1994), who used a GSM cell phone signal to expose human and rat peripheral blood lymphocytes, found significantly increased strand breaks at high, but non- thermal exposure levels.

Phillips et al. (1998) exposed Molt-4 T-lymphoblastoid cells the a range of cell phone radiation in the SAR range 0.0024 W/kg to 0.026 W/kg for both iDEN and TDMA signals. Using the basic equations, these SARs at the 813-836 MHz range [SAR = σE2/2ρ, σ=1 S/m, ρ=800 kg/m3, and S = E2/3.77 µW/cm2, E: the electric field gradient in V/m and S the exposure in µW/cm2] result in 1.0 to 11.0µW/cm2. A 2 hr exposure to these low levels of cell phone radiation significantly increased (p<0.0001) or decreased (p<0.0001) the DNA damage. Decreased DNA damage is evidence of increased repair that is evidence of damage, Meltz (1995). Significance at these levels is often taken as causal.

Hence RF/MW radiation has been confirmed to enhance DNA damage under RF/MW exposure from radar-like and cell phone exposures, including an exposure level which is 0.22% of the ICNIRP guideline.

34

ELF Exposure and DNA strand breakage:

Four independent laboratories have also published data on ELF induced DNA strand breaks confirming that ELF EMR damages DNA strands; Lai and Singh (1997a), Svedenstal et al. (1998), Phillips et al. (1998a), and Ahuja et al. (1997). Lai and Singh (1997a) also demonstrate the involvement of free radicals and the protective effect of melatonin. With the evidence above that EMR reduces melatonin this confirms that reduced melatonin causes higher concentrations of free radicals which produce more DNA strand breaks from EMR exposure from ELF to RF/MW frequencies. Increased DNA strand breaks will result in increased chromosome aberrations.

Multiple evidence from independent laboratories established that EMR from ELF to RF/MW causes DNA single- and double-strand breaks at very low, non-thermal exposure levels. This extends and confirms the genotoxic evidence from chromosome aberration studies.

EMR Altered Gene Activity

There is also evidence that EMR not only can damage chromosomes and DNA strands, but it is observed to alter cellular calcium ions and the activity levels of proto oncogenes (cancer genes).

Blackman (1990) concluded that there was overwhelming evidence that EMR can alter normal calcium ion homeostasis and lead to changes in the response of biological systems to their environment. On of these changes is altered gene transcription and expression. The lowest published exposure level associated with significant EMR-induced alteration of cellular calcium ions occur is reported by Schwartz et al. (1990). It was 0.00015 W/kg in a 30 min exposure to a 240 MHz signal modulated at 16 Hz. The medium was frog hearts. This is equivalent to an exposure level of about 0.06 µW/cm2.

Calcium ion fluxes occur in “windows” of exposure parameter combinations. Two studies associate EMR exposure alteration of gene transcription with exposure windows. Litovitz et al. (1990) identified amplitude (intensity) windows, and Wei et al. (1990) frequency windows in the range 15 to 150 Hz. They observed a peak effect in c-myc gene transcription at 45 Hz. Liburdy et al. (1993) show that c-myc induction occurs in a direct sequence from calcium ion influx. Increased c-myc gene transcripts by 50/60 Hz fields has also been observed, Goodman et al. (1989, 1992) and Lin et al. (1994). Phillips et al. (1992, 1993) observed time-dependent changes in the transcription of c-fos, c-jun, c-myc and protein kinase C, from 60 Hz exposure and a linear reduction in ras p21 expression by a 72 Hz signal. 50/60 Hz signals altered c-jun and c-fos gene expression as observed by and Lagroye and Poncy (1998) and c-fos expression by Rao and Henderson (1996) and Campbell-Beachler et al. (1998). The ppSom gene is very important in human neurological disorders, and is regulated by calcium ions Capone, Choi and Vertifuille (1998).

Cell phone radiation (836.55 MHz) significantly altered c-jun transcript levels, Ivaschuk et al. (1997). Cell phone radiation significantly enhances the proto oncogene c-fos activity in C3H 10T 1/2 cells, from a 40 % (p=0.04) increase from a digital cell phone and a 2-fold increase (p=0.001) from an analogue cell phone, Goswami et al. (1999). 35

Hence proto oncogene activity is altered and enhanced in multiple independent experiments from ELF and RF/MW exposure, including cell phone radiation.

Immune system impairment by EMR

Impairment of the immune system is related to calcium ion efflux, Walleczek (1992) and to reduced melatonin, Reiter and Robinson (1995). Cossarizza et al. (1993) showed that ELF fields increased both the spontaneous and PHA and TPA- induced production of interleukin- 1 and IL-6 in human peripheral blood. Rats exposed to microwaves showed a significant reduction in splenic activity of natural killer (NK) cells, Nakamura et al. (1997).

Dmoch and Moszczynski (1998) found that microwave exposed workers had decreased NK cells and a lower value of the T-helper/T-suppressor ratio was found. Moszczynski et al. (1999) observed increased IgG and IgA and decreased lymphocytes and T8 cells in TV signal exposed workers. Quan et al. (1992) showed that microwave heating of human breast milk highly significantly suppressed the specific immune system factors for E.Coli bacteria compared with conventional heating. Chronic, 25 year, exposure to an extremely low intensity (<0.1µW/cm2) 156-162 MHz, 24.4 Hz pulse frequency, radar signal in Latvia produced significant alterations in the immune system factors of exposed villagers, Bruvere et al. (1998).

Genotoxicity Conclusions:

There is more than sufficient evidence of chromosome aberrations, DNA strand breakage altered oncogene activity and neoplastic transformation if cells to conclude that EMR across the spectrum from ELF to RF/MW is genotoxic. This is independently confirmed by the established biological mechanisms of calcium ion efflux and melatonin reduction.

His is also totally independent of over a hundred occupational groups showing elevated cancer from EMR exposure, scores showing significantly to extremely significantly elevated cancer incidence and mortality, and dozens of dose response relationships.

Epidemiological dose-response relationships from RF/MW exposures:

Dose-response relationships are shown here because they are very strong evidence of cause and effect and they give guidance as to the exposure levels involved. It should be noted however, that many other studies show significant increases in all of the cancer, cardiac, neurological and reproductive effects reported here. All occur at long-term mean exposure levels more than 100 times below the ICNIRP guideline, and residential studies involve mean exposures more than 1000 times lower than the public exposure guideline.

The guidance given by Sir Austin Bradford Hill, Hill (1965) shows that even a consistent non-significant relationship can be assessed as a causal effect. When a dose response relationship is obtained then it is very strong evidence of a causal effect. 36

"Classic" RF/MW studies:

Two U.S. radar exposure studies are classically quoted as showing no effects. This is not true to the data contained in Lilienfeld et al. (1978) and Robinette et al. (1980). Both show significantly elevated mortality and morbidity for a range of diseases, including cancer, cardiac and neurological diseases. Some symptoms also occur with significant dose- response relationships.

Lilienfeld et al. (1978) report on the health effects of staff and dependents exposed to low level radar signals during tours of duty at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow.

Dose-response relationships as a function of years of exposure to these radar signals are shown in Figure 39 for Present Health Summary (p=0.05), Arthritis/Rheumatism (p=0.02), Back Pain (p=0.04), Skin and Lymphatic disease (p=0.02) and Vaginal Discharge (p=0.04). Figure 40 shows the dose-responses for Vascular System disease (p=0.004) and Ear Problems (p=0.02). Hence this study suggests that chronic exposure to extremely low intensity RF/MW radiation from radar produces a wide range of illnesses in a dose-response manner. 30 28 0 26 24 22 ~ Skin and lymphatic e...- 20 £l 18 u 16 lQ) 14 .c: 12 ...co Q) 10 :I: 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 Years of radar exposure Figure 39: Rates of sickness increases significantly with years of exposure, in the people chronically exposed to low intensity radar at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, Lilienfeld et al. (1978).

37

16 • 14 / / e...~1 / • Ear problems / 1/) 10 -(.) / ~/ iw 8 .c: / .:!: / ns 6 Cl) / J: / 4 • / / • 2 • 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Years of radar exposure

Figure 40: Rates of sickness increases significantly with years of exposure, in the people chronically exposed to low intensity radar at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, Lilienfeld et al. (1978).

Robinette et al. (1980) studied the health effects of radar exposed naval technical personnel who had served on ships during the Korean War. When a 5% sample of servicemen were assessed for personal exposure in a job-matrix exposure survey, they were shown to have a significant dose-response increase in Total Mortality and Respiratory Cancer as a function of exposure level as assessed by the Hazard Number. Figure 41 shows the dose-response relationships for these mortalities with the lowest exposure range used as a reference with RR=1.0. 3..------, + Resiratory Cancer Trend p <0.05

0

All Mortality, 1 Trend p = 0.03

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 500 Assessed Hazard Number Figure 41: Dose-response relationships of mortality from all causes and respiratory cancer for radar exposure assessed personnel, Robinette et al. (1980).

Grouping occupational groups according to exposure levels also reveals dose-response increases for Total Death, All Disease, All Cancer and Lymphatic/hematopoietic Cancer, Figure 42. Hence it is shown that these are not "no effects" studies. Rather they show significant dose response increases in death, cancer and a wide range of diseases. They also show significant increases of many mortality and morbidity health effects. 38

MORTALITY 1950-1974 OF NAVAL KOREAN WAR VETERANS ACCORDING TO RADAR EXPOSURE

CRUDE MORTALITY PER 1000 (() ... ------N = 19,369 N = 16,376 60.5 N = 3,273 60 -

bO ··

40

20

10 - ·

() ------LOW L:XPOSURE IN TERMl::DIATE HIGl-1 EXPOSUf1E f~XPOS UR c_ ESflMATE E3Y ~lATIN G

- fO IAL D[Arl I ~ DISL:ASE IIlJill CANCE:R m LYMPHO -· HET ALL RATES FOR HIGH> LOW, p<0.05 Data from Robinette et al., Table 5

Figure 42: Naval occupations grouped by exposure category, showing dose response increases in mortality for all mortality, all disease, cancer and Lymphatic/Leukaemia. Low exposure (RM+RD), Intermediate exposure ET+FT), High exposure (AT).

Global Leukaemia dose response for RF/MW exposure:

Leukaemia is frequently significantly raised in RF/MW exposed populations. Table 4 summarizes several studies that are ranked in mean exposure order. Military, occupational and residential studies shows a global dose response relationship for increased adult leukaemia and RF/MW exposure with a dose-response threshold close to zero.

When actual residential exposures are considered, dose responses for residential cancer are also shown by Dolk et al. (1997 a,b) and Michelozzi et al. (1998). These show a causal effect of adult and childhood leukaemia are levels of residential exposure involving exposure levels produced by cell sites out to over 500m.

Table 4: A summary of epidemiological studies involving adult leukaemia mortality or incidence, ranked by probable RF/MW exposure category.

Study Reference Exposure Leukaemia Risk 95% Confidence Category Type Ratio Interval

Polish Military Szmigielski (1996) High ALL 5.75 1.22-18.16 (Mortality) CML 13.90 6.72-22.12 CLL 3.68 1.45-5.18 AML 8.62 3.54-13.67 39

All Leuk. 6.31 3.12-14.32

Korean War Robinette et al. (1980) High Leuk/Lymp 2.22 1.02-4.81 Radar Exposure (Mortality) AT/ET

Radio and TV Milham (1985) Moderate Acute Leuk. 3.44 Repairmen Leuk. 1.76

Amateur Radio Milham (1988) Moderate AML 1.79 1.03-2.85 (Mortality)

UK Sutton Dolk et al. (1997a) Moderate Leuk 1.83 1.22-2.74 Coldfield <=2km

North Sydney Hocking et al.(1996) Low All Leuk. 1.17 0.96-1.43 TV/FM towers ALL+CLL 1.39 1.00-1.92 (Mortality) AML+CML 1.01 0.82-1.24 Other Leuk 1.57 1.01-2.46

UK TV/FM Dolk et al. (1997b) Low Adult Leuk. 1.03 1.00-1.07 (Incidence)

Note: ALL : Acute Lymphatic Leukemia; CLL: Chronic Lymphatic Leukaemia; AML Acute Myeloid Leukaemia; CML: Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia; and All Leuk.: All Adult Leukaemia.

Childhood Cancer in the vicinity of the Sutra Tower, San Francisco:

Many studies have identified elevated childhood leukaemia for children living in the vicinity of high voltage powerlines, Hardell et al. (1995), including a dose-response relationships, Wertheimer and Leeper (1979), Savitz et al. (1988), London et al. (1991) and Feychting et al. (1995). These should be sufficient for a causal relationship.

40

3.0 ns ~

EQ) 2.5 ,... / ns • Denver Ji&:: ::::::S 2.0 V Q) ~ ...J / V ~ ~ "'C 1.5 ~ 0 ~ _g 1.0 ;...r 0 o Los Angeles "'C / ·-05-..c: . 0

Very Low Low High Very High Wire Category Figure 43: Two early childhood leukaemia studies show dose response relationships for the Wire Category which is the best estimate of the long-term mean magnetic field. The wiring categories are signifantly correlated with mean magnetic fields, Wrench et al. (1999)

Green et al. (1999) is the 11th paper to publish a dose-response increase in childhood cancer from residential exposure, including the effects of high voltage powerlines, Figure 44.

0::: 4.~------,--*·----, 0 -~ 4. * / E 3. o/ Q)ns / / Ji&:: 3.o All Leukaemia / / ~ 0/ ...J 2. / . "'C / Acute Lymphoblast1c o 2.0 * // Leukaemia (ALL) 0 / :§ 1.5 //0 = 1/ (3 1.0-¥--~----,------,---,------,----r--r------,--,------1 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 Exposure (mG)

Figure 44: Childhood leukaemia and ALL dose-response relationship in the Canadian Residential related to the measured magnetic fields for the time of diagnosis, Green et al. (1999). For the ALL the trend is highly significant, p<0.02 and for all leukaemia, p<0.05. Note that the Odds Ratio of OR=1.0 is related to the already elevated background level.

41

Selvin et al. (1992) studied the spatial distribution of 4 childhood cancers in relation to the Sutro Tower in San Francisco. When measured and practical radial exposure patterns are compared with the radial cancer rates a highly significant dose response relationship results, Figure 45.

100

_ 10 ~ E, j (,) 4 ~ J ::L. ' r IA I/"\ ...Cl) 1 :::, 1 I \ /\ / f'\_ 1/) 5 ~ 0 4 / I Cl. J >< 2 w I} i-- 0.1 I \ I \ \ \I V ----- . y I\. ------

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Radial Distance (km) Figure 45: The measured and estimated power density (exposure in µW/cm2) with distance from the Sutro Tower. Circles show measurements. The line follows measurement points and the radial pattern of a typical UHF transmission beyond 3 km. From Hammett and Edison (1997) and readings taken by the author in 1999.

Because of the complex nature of residential radial broadcast tower exposure patterns, Figure 45, the chance of confounding effects are extremely small. Thus this indicates a causal relationships Plotting the radial residential mean exposure and the "All Cancer" Risk Ratio gives the pattern in Figure 46. The match shows that no other factor can explain this result than the RF exposure from the Sutro Tower.

32'~~------, 30 • 0.30 28 _, 26 N 0.25 -E U.. 24 0 0::: 22 I•• 20 0.20 -3: Cl) 18 :::i. 16 g 0.15 Cl) ns 14 - I•• 0 12 :::, = 10 0.10 U, <( 8 c..0 6 0.05 >( w

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Distance from Tower (km)

42

Figure 46: The radial All Cancer Risk Ratio and the mean residential RF exposure.

20.------~ 1 18 17 0::: 16 a:: ~5 .... 1 Q) 12 (.) 11 C: 10 * cu 9 0 ~ - 6

Within the data uncertainty, the dose-response threshold is zero. Hence RF/MW is causally associated with adult and childhood cancer, including leukaemia with a dose-response relationship with a zero exposure threshold.

As an alternative check on the analysis of this data a standard 2x2 analysis was carried out using three broad exposure groups, the near, middle and far groups, with high middle and low mean exposures. This is a very robust analysis because it does not rely on any of the technical exposure estimate patterns but simply divides the children into three radial groups.

Comparing the highly exposed inner group within 1.1 km of the tower, with the low exposure group outside 4.8 km radius gives the following results, where n is the exposed population and Chi Squ is the Mantel-Haenszel Chi Squared estimate.

Table 2: Exposed Inner Group cancer rates compared with the low-exposure outer group in relation to the RF exposures from the Sutro Tower.

Cancer Type n RR 95%CI Chi Squ. p-value Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma 1 17.8 1.12 - 28.6 7.96 0.0042 Hodgkin's Lymphoma 1 4.47 0.50 - 40.0 2.12 0.158 All Lymphoma 2 7.15 1.39 - 36.9 7.56 0.0054 Leukaemia 2 4.47 0.95 - 21.04 4.31 0.036 All Leuk/Lymphoma 4 5.5 1.79 - 16.9 11.27 0.00083 Brain Tumour 5 14.89 4.55 - 48.8 35.4 0.000004 All Cancer 9 8.49 3.83 - 18.7 40.24 0.0000021 43

For all the grouped data is extremely significant. Table 3 shows a similar analysis but for the middle exposure group between 1.1 and 4.8 km, compared with the outer group >4.8 km.

Table 3: Exposed Middle Group (1.1-4.8 km) cancer rates compared with the low-exposure outer group (>4.8 km) in relation to the RF exposures from the Sutro Tower.

Cancer Type n RR 95%CI Chi Squ. p-value Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma 9 5.78 0.73 - 45.6 3.54 0.058 Hodgkin's Lymphoma 21 3.37 1.16 - 9.83 5.61 0.016 All Lymphoma 30 3.85 1.50 - 9.93 9.07 0.0023 Leukaemia 41 3.29 1.34 - 7.02 10.69 0.0011 All Leuk/Lymphoma 71 3.51 1.94 - 6.34 19.74 0.00006 Brain Tumour 24 2.57 1.05 - 6.29 4.60 0.029 All Cancer 95 3.21 1.96 - 5.26 24.7 0.000023

In Table 3 the three All groups maintain extremely significant relationships. Since the outer group is the control group with RR = 1.0, these two table show that there is a dose-response gradient for all of the cancer types.

Table 4 shows the grouping of all radial sectors with mean exposures above and below a cutoff level of 0.02µW/cm2, equivalent to a direct outdoor exposure of 0.4µW/cm2. This identifies 52% of the population as "exposed" and 48 % as "unexposed".

All cancer types are highly significantly increased and most are extremely significantly increased, supporting a causal relationship. Hence this study provides extremely robust data which in several ways supports a causal relationship between RF/MW exposure and childhood cancer.

Table 4: All Exposed to >0.02µW/cm2 (26538) and all exposed to <0.02µW/cm2 (24148). The cut-off point is equivalent to a direct outdoor exposure of 0.4µW/cm2.

Cancer Type Nhigh Nlow RR 95%CI Chi Squ. p-value

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma 10 1 9.10 1.16 - 71.1 6.56 0.011 Hodgkin's Lymphoma 21 5 3.82 1.44 - 10.13 8.42 0.0037 All Lymphoma 31 6 4.70 1.96 - 11.26 14.64 0.00013 Leukaemia 37 14 2.40 1.30 - 4.45 8.34 0.0039 All Leuk/Lymphoma 68 20 3.09 1.88 - 5.09 21.94 0.0000028 Brain Tumour 27 8 3.07 1.40 - 6.76 8.63 0.0033 All Cancer 95 28 3.09 2.03 - 4.70 30.59 <0.0000001

44

United Kingdom Regional TV Tower Study: Dolk et al. (1997)

The Study Context:

Dr Helen Dolk and her colleagues responded to concerns about a cluster of seven cases of leukaemia and lymphoma who were patients of a Birmingham GP, Dr Mark Payne, and who lived near the Sutton Coldfield Transmitter. They obtained data from the cancer registry and found a high incidence of adult leukaemia near the tower, which declined with distance. They assumed that this was a dose-response relationship that was following an inverse square law for exposure decline with distance from the transmitter. Before they published this result they decided to extend the study to 20 other regional TV towers throughout the United Kingdom.

At these individual sites, and for all the 20 sites combined, the adult leukaemia rate was found to be low near the tower, rose to form a broad variable peak between about 1 km and 5 km, and then declined with distance. Over all distance It didn't follow an inverse square law and therefore Dolk et al. concluded that it failed to confirm the result found at Sutton Coldfield, Figure 42

Thus Dolk et al. (1997b) concludes that the follow-up study "at most gives very weak support to the Sutton Coldfield findings." ICNIRP accepts this conclusion and states that the results of these U.K. studies "are inconclusive".

United Kingdom, 21 Tower Study, Dolk et al. (1997) 2.0 \ \ \ \. ~utton Coldfield ~~ Group 1 (High Power TV) ~ 1.2 Group 2 ( Moderate Power TV1 t---__ , r---.. ,; k "- J ', - ..., ~I"--.. /4~ / ~ t--..._ ~ 1.0 ;:l I/ ._ ~ ~ a ~ !'--.Group 3 (All FM sites) ;:l "" I\ u 0.8 - >-~~----All 20 sites "' \ 0.6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Distance from Masts (km)

Figure 42: Radial adult leukaemia patterns for the 21 site UK study, Dolk et al.

Looking very closely at this study and compared the cancer data with the information about RF radiation patterns, shows that there is a great deal of consistency between all of the groups in the 20 site study, Groups 1, 2 and 3 are presented in Figure 31. They have low 45 leukaemia rates within 1 to 2 km of the towers, elevated rates between about 2 and 10 km, except for the FM site group that falls off more quickly with distance.

There are two types of radial transmission signals and two types of radial cancer patterns:

Type A Patterns : UHF signals that are low near the tower, rise to a broad peak between 2 and 6 km and then decline with distance, Figure 43.

Type B Patterns: VHF signals have a peak within 1 km and decline with distance in an undulating fashion, Figure 44.

For a high cancer rate to be detectable near a tower three factors are necessary:

1. There must be a large population. This requires a high population density because there is only a small area within 1 km radius of the tower and a proportion of this areas is likely to be the open field in which the tower itself is sited. Many of the regional towers are in open country sides with very few people living near them.

2. There needs to be a high radiation exposure with 1 km of the tower for the radiation to be able to elevate the cancer rate. This occurs only for the lower frequency, VHF, FM signals, Figures 35.

3. The cancer type needs to be RF-radiation sensitive to assist in raising the cancer incidence above the background level. Leukaemia and Lymphoma are very RF- sensitive cancers, Szmigielski (1996), Milham (1985, 1988), Hocking et al. (1996), Table 1.

Unless all of these three factors are present than it is likely that the radial cancer rate with follow a Type A Pattern. 1 8

N E CJ h - /,,,,, l (\ r--r-- -0.1 1.J\/ 1/ \ I \ / - ~ : :I - rn II' g_ 4 >< w

0.01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Distance from the Tower (km)

Figure 43: Ground level exposure for a typical UHF TV broadcast signal, from an antenna pattern from Hammett and Edison (1997), for a 18 MW EIRP transmitter at 460m AGL, for a flat surface.

46

20 f 10 '\ 8 0 6 0 r

4 0 \ I \ I \ 0 r, 10 \/ \ I 8 • E 6 I \ I \ "'\ > 4 E .!: ,.., 2 I/ \ I \ ..c: I C> C 1. 0 V I \!' e o. 8 en o. 6 \ "O o. 4 \ <» LL o. 2 \

0 .1 I\ 0.0 8 0.0 6

0.0 4 \

0.0 2 \

0.0 1 \ 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.81 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80100 200 Distance in Miles Figure 44: The VHF 44 MHz FM radio signal field strength at street level, as a function of horizontal distance from the Empire State Building, New York. Based on Jones (1933), figures 8 and 6.

Sutton Coldfield is the only tower that has these three factors. It is a high powered tower with FM stations on it. There is a high population density in the vicinity of the tower and the only cancer showing the type B pattern at Sutton Coldfield is Adult Leukaemia. All other cancers at Sutton Coldfield for which radial patterns are reported show Type A patterns. This includes Skin Melanoma, Bladder Cancer, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and All Cancer. All other towers lack at least one factor and therefore cannot show a high cancer rate near the tower.

In fact they all follow a Type A pattern which is a dose response relationship of cancer rate as a function of mean exposure. Thus for all radial cancers outlined in the Tables they follow a dose response relationship appropriate to their radiation patterns. This explanation has been published in a letter by the American Journal of Epidemiology, Cherry (2001).

The data in Dolk et al. is internally consistent, shows elevated childhood leukaemia and brain tumor, and a set of dose-response relationships which are likely to be highly significant, if related to realistic radial RF patterns, for cancer at a wide range of body sites including All Cancer, Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Brain Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Skin Melanoma, Male and Female Breast Cancer and Colorectal Cancer. This is also consistent with Robinette et al. (1980), Szmigielski (1996) and Milham (1985, 1988).

Within the data uncertainty, the dose-response threshold is zero. Hence RF/MW is causally associated with adult and childhood cancer, including leukaemia with a dose-response relationship with a zero exposure threshold.

47

Neurological effects:

Brains are very electromagnetically sensitive because our sight, thoughts, memories, learning and emotions use complex electromagnetic signals. Research in Germany in the post war period proved that human brains detect and use extremely small natural low frequency (ELF) EMR signals, Wever (1974), Konig (1974). Since RF/MW signals induce higher currents in human tissues and low frequency signals it is inevitable that we will observe neurological effects from chronic RF/MW exposures.

Recent studies have revealed some neurological dose response relationships for sleep disturbance, Multiple Sclerosis and Suicide at extremely low exposures to RF and ELF exposures. Beale et al. (1997) found significant dose response for psychological symptoms, including anxiety and depression, living in proximity to high voltage powerlines. This strongly confirms the sensitivity of human brains to EMR exposure.

These studies have early roots in U.S. Embassy in Moscow study. Lilienfeld et al. (1978), showed significant neurological effects from chronic low level radar exposure, including Depression (p=0.004), Irritability (p=0.009), Memory Loss (p=0.008) and Difficulty in Concentrating (p=0.001).

These are all symptoms related to melatonin reduction. The Korean War Study, Robinette et al. (1980) also found increased neurological health effects from personnel who were exposed to radar on ships during the Korean War. These symptoms between a high exposure group (FT+AT) and a low exposure group (ET), Mental Conditions, RR = 1.68, 95%CI: 1.13-2.50, p<0.01 and Neurological illness, RR = 1.42, 95%CI: 0.74-2.72.

Mild et al. (1998) show significant dose-response relationships for cell phone usage and headaches, dizziness, memory loss, discomfort, fatigue, and loss of concentration. Dose responses were shown for both calls/day and minutes/day. Figures 36 and 37 show the minutes/day graphs for Norway and Sweden, respectively. Norway is dominantly analogue and Sweden digital.

The analogue phones used in Norway typically have higher SAR levels than the digital phones used in Sweden. The sensation of warmth on an behind the ear is much stronger in Norway. The symptoms reported in Norway are somewhat more prevalent than in Sweden. For example, the Fatigue prevalence in Norway for more than 60 mins per day is 28% and in Sweden it is 20%. The difference is quite marked for all symptoms except Concentration and Memory Loss. These are the same symptoms that have frequently been reported as "Microwave Sickness Syndrome" or "Radiofrequency Sickness Syndrome", Baranski and Czerski (1976) and Johnson-Liakouris (1998).

48

A:Norw.iy 45% -,------

40% -l------1---~~------

35% -1------f------ta------,• <2 rnins/d CJ 2-15 rnins/d

Figure 45: Prevalence of symptoms for Norwegian mobile phone users, mainly analogue, with various categories of length of calling time per day, Mild et al. (1998).

B: Sweden 45% -,------

40% +------

35% +------<• <2 mins/d Ei3 2-15 minsld ., 30% +------,• 15-60 mins/d I •~~ ._::- 25% +------_:======- 0 ~ 20% +------~~------6 -~1: 'il 0:

Figure 46: Prevalence of symptoms for Swedish mobile phone users, mainly digital, with various categories of length of calling time per day, Mild et al. (1998).

Sleep Disturbance near a Shortwave Radio Tower, Schwarzenburg, Switzerland:

The Schwarzenburg Study, Alpeter et al. (1995) and Abelin (1999) showed a causal relationship of sleep disturbance with exposure to a short wave radio signal. The effect is assessed as causal because of the significant dose response relationship, the variation of sleep disturbance in two experiments, one involving changing the beams and one turning the transmitter off, and the identification of significant melatonin reduction. Professor Abelin told seminars in Christchurch that they had measured a significant increase in melatonin 49 after the tower transmission was turned off permanently compared to the levels while it was on.

Groups B, R and C are all exposed to a mean RF signal of less than 0.1µW/cm2 and they experienced highly significant sleep disturbance and reduced melatonin. Since sleep disturbance, Mann and Roschkle (1995), and melatonin reduction has been observed with cell phone exposure, Burch et al. (1997). Hence, these observations also apply to cell phones and cell sites.

% so.------

50+---

40+---

30 ~ ~ 20 10

0 Zone A ZoneB ZoneR ZoneC

Figure 47: Adult Sleep Disturbance with RF exposure at Schwarzenburg, Switzerland, Abelin (1999).

Sleep disruption occurs in a dose-response manner with a threshold below 0.1nW/cm2. ie. very close to zero, Figure 48. 60 * -~ 55 -Q) 5 0 C .cCO 45 a.. * .a 40

0"' 35 a. a., 30 0.1 pW/cm2 : 25,+--~~---rn--~,...,,,---rrrr------.---r-r---.rrri'l-----.--; 0.1 5 1 5 0 5 100 300 Exposure (nW/cm2 )

Figure 48: Dose-response relationship for Sleep Disturbance at Schwarzenburg with exposure in nW/cm2. Note: 1nW/cm2= 0.001µW/cm2

50

Multiple Sclerosis in Danish Electric Utility Workers:

A study of 26,124 men working in Danish utility companies were studied for their incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in relation to average work-related exposure to electromagnetic fields. A small group of 15 men were shown to have a dose-response incidence of MS as a function of EMF exposure, Figure 49. The lowest group is used as a reference (RR=1.0).

01::: 3.5 -en en 3.0

·-en 7 0 1/ .. 2.5 / / Cl) / / -u / en 2.0 ./ //Trend p<0.01 Cl) / ./ a. 1.5 / - 1/ ·- /2 .. / -:::s 1.0 :I: 0 0.2 0 .4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Exposure (JJT)

Figure 49: Dose response relationship of Multiple Sclerosis for a small group (N=15) of men occupationally exposed to typical peak magnetic fields in a Danish utility company, Johansen et al. (1999).

The authors conclude that they find no support for the hypothesis. In fact, despite the small sample size, their data shows very strong support for the hypothesis that EMR is associated with adverse neurological effects at extremely low mean exposure levels. These results are supported by two independent studies. Deapen and Henderson (1986) found that electrically related occupation had significantly increased amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease, OR = 3.8, 95%CI: 1.4-13.0. Davanipour et al. also found increased amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in electrical occupations for the 75th percentile and total exposure OR = 7.5, 95%CI: 1.4-38.1, and average exposure OR = 5.5, 95%CI: 1.3-22.5.

In a larger study of Danish utility workers, Johansen (2000) found dose response increases in Senile dementia, Presenility, and Epilepsy.

Suicide in U.S. Electric Utility Workers:

A very large study of men working in U.S. electric utility companies included monitoring time weighted average ELF exposures of 2842 people and the identification of 536 deaths from suicide and 5348 controls. For recent exposure and 1 to 5 years of recent exposure there were significant dose-response relationships with cumulative exposure to electromagnetic fields. The recent exposure result is shown in Figure 50. 51

2.0 ---,------,

1.8 D:: 0 Cl) 1.6 "Cl ·-U1.4 ·-::I U) 1.2

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 Exposure (JJT - years)

Figure 50: Dose response relationship of Suicide after recent monitored exposure to cumulative 50 Hz magnetic fields for men <50 years, adjusted for work, class, location and exposure to sunlight and solvents, Van Wijngaarden et al. (2000).

This confirms the results of Perry et al. (1981) who found a highly significant association between suicide and the exposure to magnetic fields from High Voltage Powerlines. Baris and Armstrong (1990) also found RF exposure shows a significant 53% increase in suicide or British Radio and Radar Mechanics, and 156 % increase for Telegraph radio operators.

Non-linear response for neurological effects at extremely low exposure levels are evident in the three studies presented here for sleep disturbance, multiple sclerosis and suicide.

Brain Tumour with VDT exposure:

Beall et al. (1997) found significant increases in brain tumour, especially glioma, among long-term workers using computers who are exposed to a mix of ELF and RF radiation from the VDTs. For long-term computer users, Engineering/technical users show a non- significant dose response, but computer programmers show a significant dose-response relationship, Figure 51.

The latest study on the job matrix exposure is US electric utility workers shows a dose- response increase of brain tumors in addition to the suicide, Van Wijngaarden et al. (1999), and heart diseases, Savitz et al. (1999). All of these heath effects are caused by reduced melatonin. With the many studies showing the people exposed to ELF and RF/MW fields have reduced melatonin this is highly consistent. 52

4 .....------, 0:: 0 .... 3 Programming :::, 0 Trend p = 0.04 E 2 :::, I- + C: ---- ·- 1 ----+ e Engineering/ technical ca Trend p = 0.07 0 ------.--...... -...------.-----.------.----t 0 5 10 Years worked with VDTs Figure 51 Dose-response increases in brain tumour from years of working with computers, Beall et al. (1997).

10.0 ---- A ------,' --­

' ,_, , ------

0. l ',--~~~~"T""""""T"'-r--T----,--.-,-,-r.----,,---.-, 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

10.0 ------B _, - .,.------,------

0. l ,-.~--.----,----r----,--..----,-----, 0.0 1.0 2.0 Cumulative Dose in µ T-years

Figure 52: Brain cancer increases from refined case-cohort job-exposure matrix in the US Utility Worker Mortality Study 1950-1988, Savitz et al. (2000). Cumulative exposure over entire career with A: a 2-year lag; B: 2-10 years in the past.

Melatonin reduction, clinical depression (Verkasalo et al., 1997), and suicide are all significantly and/or dose response related to EMR exposure. Along with sleep disruption and brain tumour, this constitutes a very strong and coherent set of data supporting a causal relationship between ELF to RF/MW exposure, including cell phone usage, and neurological illness and death. 53

GABA is a primary neurotransmitter that is involved in many neurological processes. Many neurological systems have up to 60% of the synapses that are regulated by GABA (gamma- amino butyric Acid). Substances that alter GABA can cause abnormal pathologies. Kolomytkin et al. (1995) conclude that GABA systems are very sensitive to microwaves. GABA indicator molecules are altered in a dose-response manner by microwaves in living rat brains, Figure 53.

~%------7

200

l50

100 --~------I I : 50 J - H-muscimo!

0

10 50 100 1000 2 Miaow:ivc power dens. , Wtcm Figure 53: Exposure related alteration of GABA related molecules in rat brains exposed to 915 MHz microwaves, pulsed at 16 pps. Differences from controls are still significant at 10µW/cm2, Kolomytkin et al. (1995)

Natural EMR Sensitivity of the Human brain:

Since human brains detect and use naturally occurring ELF signals under 1pW/cm2 then our brains can detect and react to signals many orders of magnitude higher than this. Interactions include resonant absorption of signals with particular ELF signal or modulation frequency ranges, and interference with the natural signals so that they cannot reliably perform their functions. These functions include regulations of hormones such as melatonin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Both of these have been shown to be reduced by cell phone exposures. Reduced melatonin leads to increased DNA strand breaks and chromosome aberrations. These in turn lead to cancer and reproductive effects.

Cardiac Effects of EMR:

Hearts use natural electric pulses to produce heart-beats. An electric pulse produces a cascade of calcium ions that cause the heart muscle to contract. The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to monitor heart activity and can detect heart disease through the altered electrical signals. Hence it is biologically plausible that electric signals, that are shown to interfere with artificial pacemakers, can also interfere with the natural heart-beat. This has 54 been shown in several studies in relation to reduction of the heart rate variability (HRV). This is a known risk factor for heart disease.

Satre, Cook and Graham (1998) observed significantly reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in volunteers sleeping in 60Hz fields. Extrinsic EMR signals interfere with hearts and cause heart disease and death. Bortkiewicz et al. (1995, 1996, 1997) and Szmigielski et al. (1998) found that RF exposure altered heart rate variability and blood pressure. Forman et al.(1982) present case studies of microwave exposed personnel with induced hypertension. Braune et al. (1998) showed that cell phone significantly increased blood pressure. Savitz et al. (1999) found a highly significant dose response relationship for mortality from Arrhythmia related heart disease and heart attack (Acute Myocardial Infarction) for exposed electrical occupations and for individual occupations of electrician, lineman and power plant operator.

Hamburger, Logue and Silverman (1983) observed significant dose responses for heart disease for male physiotherapists as a function of treatments per month with microwaves, OR = 2.51 (1.09-5.78), Trend p<0.05); shortwave, OR = 3.40 (1.56-7.39), trend p=0.005; and Combined Microwave and Shortwave, OR = 2.88 (1.21-6.70), trend p=0.025.

This is a powerful set of epidemiological evidence showing that EMR across the spectrum increases the incidence and mortality from arrhythmia related heart disease and from heart attack. The following graph shows the dose-response curve for Acute Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) in electric utility workers, Figure 54.

c: 1.8-r------, 0 :;; (.) 0 ....~ 1.6 C: cu :S 1.4 I,. cu (.) 0 >, ~ 1.2 Cl) -::::, ~ 1-IPF------.---.-----.---.-----.---,------.---,-----1 1 2 3 4 Total Exposure (µT-years)

Figure 54: Acute Myocardial Infarction as a function of cumulative exposure to 60 Hz fields in U.S. electricity utility workers, Savitz et al. (1999).

Savitz et al. (1999) show crude dose responses for Cardiac Arrhythmia related heart disease.

Miscarriage in microwave exposed Physiotherapists, United States:

Physiotherapists have been exposed to microwaves and shortwave radiation in the course of diathermy of patients. From a large survey group 6,684 women reported using microwave 55 or shortwave radiation at some time during their work history. A total of 1753 pregnancies involving first trimester miscarriage were matched to 1753 control pregnancies. This revealed a 7%, but non-significant rise in miscarriage associated with shortwave exposure and a significant 28% increase in first trimester miscarriage for those exposed to microwaves, including a highly significant (p<0.005) dose response relationship, Figure 55.

Exposure levels were based on 3 minutes exposure per treatment to 600µW/cm2, a peak exposure level near the middle of the reported range. This gives 0.042µW/cm2 per treatment per month, to give a month mean dose response based on treatments per month. 1.7'-,------~

0:: 1.6 0:: 1.5 Cl) * C) ns 1.4 "i: ::a 1. Trend p< 0.005 0 .!!? 1.2 ::\!: 1.1 * 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0. 7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Exposure ( W/cm2 )

Figure 55: Microwave exposure associated miscarriage for pregnant physiotherapists, Ouellet-Hellstrom and Stewart (1993). 4

0:: 0 0:: 3 Cl) Trend p<0.05 C) (U ·-a.. 2 a.. (U (.) .!!? 1 0 :ii:

00 0.4 T Figure 56: ELF/RF/MW exposure from VDT usage increases miscarriage in a dose- response manner, Lindbohm et al. (1992).

Occupational usage of computers, with their mixed RF/ELF exposures, have also shown a dose-response increase in miscarriage, Lindbohm et al. (1992), Figure 56.

Reproductive effects in mice has been shown in residential RF exposures by Magras and Xenos (1997). Mice became totally infertile after 3 generations in 1.05µW/cm2 and after 5 generations exposed to 0.17µW/cm2, Figure 57. This shows a dose-response for RF 56 induced infertility. Youbicier-Simo et al. (1998) showed that mobile phone significantly increased the mortality of chicken embryos.

RF-Radiation-Induced Changes in Mice

10,0 ccncrol5 ...... ·.:::,,/...... -- ...... 8,0 ...... • - a - - 1111 .. - - - W - _ .. • ~- • • -•-...... - - • - - .. ,,,,,,,. --~ ..."' 6,0 _____ ~ , group A 2 4,0 ~ / (0.168 JJWfcm )

2,0

0,0 2 3 rraring 5

Figure 57: Reproductive rates in two groups of mice exposed to extremely low intensity radio signals, showing a dose response in the time taken to achieve full infertility of 3 matings for 1.503µW/cm2 and 5 matings for 0.168µW/cm2.

This supports the adverse reproductive effects and very low exposure levels shown by Ouellet-Hellstrom and Stewart. And Lindbohm et al. Youbicier-Simo et al. (1999) showed that cell phone radiation caused more mortality of embryonic chickens showing that cell phone radiation is significantly associated with reproductive effects.

Conclusions:

Many multiple independent laboratories have shown the ELF and RF/MW radiation causes chromosome aberrations and DNA single- and double-strand damage. These include many dose response relationships and extremely low RF/MW exposure levels including cell phone radiation. Multiple studies also show significantly altered proto oncogenes expression and activity with ELF and RF/MW exposure. This also includes cell phone radiation. Several studies show impairment of the immune system health.

Since calcium ion efflux and melatonin reduction are established biological effects of EMR exposure from ELF to RF/MW, impair immune systems should be observed in EMR exposures. Multiple independent evidence is available for RF exposures, down to extremely low chronic mean levels, and many dose response relationships are established to prove that these biological effects from EMR exposure is genotoxic. Significant, p<0.0001, DNA strand breakage has been observed down to 1.2µW/cm2, Phillips et al. (1998), with elevated DNA damage below this. Therefore there is extremely strong evidence that EMR across the spectrum is genotoxic, even at very low exposure levels found in the vicinity of cell sites, Figure 58.

57

Temperature Death I 2 Accelerated Cell damage 10000 I (Endogenous Tumor Necrosis Factor, heat 2 shock proteins.) Cellphone users 1000 get more headaches,

(SI memory loss, fatigue, - r----- ICNIRP RF/MW __ loss of concentration. E guideline. (Mild et al. (1998)) 0

l Military Cancer Dose response for Dose response Cancer and reproductive for heart arrhythmia -Q) Occupational Cancer effects especially brain and heart attack Amateur Radio Cancer Q)> tumor, leukaemia, and suicide, multiple miscarriage. (melatonin sclerosis, brain tumour ...J 0.1 reduction and calcium • ion efflux) in electrical industry. Q) g> Residential Cancer E ... ~ :J 0.01 ~ DNA damage Sleep disturbance, balanced by chronic fatigue 0 Repair at Schwarzenburg. "'Q. Dose Response 0.001 for Neurological >< effects. Children's learning w : and physical performance 0.0001 ' impaired with radar exposure in Latvia. 0.00001

0.000001 Solar Storm, stress, heart attack, reduced melatonin, migraine headache, epileptic seizures, aggression, manic depression, short-term memory, crime, SIDs ) 2 0.0000001 Optimum (0.1-0.2 pW/cm l [Schumann Resonances] Circad_ian_ Rhyt~m, Arrhythmia, stroke, suicide, sudden cardiac death, Quiet Sun { Aperiodic bram states, SIDs,

Figure 58: Summary of observed effects, and the mean levels of the exposure for human studies of exposure to electromagnetic radiation. All epidemiological studies occur below the ICNIRP and New Zealand Standard of allowable exposure.

These genotoxic biological mechanisms strongly support the large number of epidemiological studies that show significant increases of cancer, neurological, cardiac and reproductive health effects from ELF and RF/MW exposure in military, occupation, and residents studies. Altogether they show a causal relationship from EMR exposure and wide- spread adverse health effects. All of these adverse health effects are shown to be significantly increased in multiple epidemiological studies, including many with significant dose-response relationships. This data puts the situation in a very clear light. There are causal relationships between extremely low mean EMR exposures across the spectrum and a wide range of serious adverse health effects.

58

Cell Phone Conclusions:

Cell phones will high probably increase many neurological diseases and brain tumours over the next 10 to 20 years.

Cell sites will highly probably increases sleep disturbance, reducing melatonin, damaging DNA, increasing rates of miscarriage, many cancers, suicide, neurological and cardiac diseases and death.

Thousands of cell sites being installed in communities, are significantly raising the exposure of millions of people to RF/MW at levels that are know to cause serious adverse health effects.

The problems are going to increase unless rapid, drastic and determined moves are made to reverse the trend and only install new sites in locations that produce extremely low mean residential exposures,

2 2 somewhat less than 10 nW/cm (0.01µW/cm ). 59

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© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Clashes with Honey Bees Sainudeen Sahib.S Associate Professor, PG & Research Dept. Of Zoology, S.N.College, Kollam, Kerala [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Apiculture has developed in to an important industry in India as honey and bee­wax have become common products. Recently a sharp decline in population of honey bees has been observed in Kerala. Although the bees are susceptible to diseases and attacked by natural enemies like wasps, ants and wax moth, constant vigilance on the part of the bee keepers can over come these adverse conditions. The present plunge in population (< 0.01) was not due to these reasons. It was caused by man due to unscientific proliferation of towers and mobile phones.

Key words: Electromagnetic radiation, Apiculture, Colony collapse disorder.

1. Introduction

Bees and other insects have survived and evolved complex immune system on this planet over a span of millions of years. It is not logical that they would now suddenly die out now due to diseases and natural parasites. This suggests another factor has been introduced to their environment that disrupts their immune system. This man made factor is the mobile towers and mobile phones.

The public is not being informed of the threat due to deliberate attempts on the part of mobile phone makers to mask the direct causal relationship. Over the past several months a cadre of scientists, funded by the deep pockets of the mobile phone industry, has suggested viruses, bacteria, and pesticides are to blame for the unprecedented honey bee decline. Rather than critically assessing the problem, the industry is dealing with it as a politics and public relation problems thus manipulating perception of the appropriate remedy. Sadly, this deceptive practice is business as usual for the mobile phone industry. If the reason behind the population decrease were biological or chemical there would be a pattern of epidemic spread. Observers would be able to trace the spread of bee disappearance from a source similar to the spread of SARS a few years ago. This pattern did not occur, however mobile towers and mobile phones meet the criterion.

New experiments suggests a strong correlation between population decline and cellular equipment. . The massive amount of radiation produced by towers and mobile phones is actually frying the navigational skills of the honey bees and preventing them from returning back to their hives. The thriving hives suddenly left with only queens, eggs and hive bound immature worker bees. Thus electromagnetic radiation exposure provides a better explanation for Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) than other theories. The path of CCD in India has followed the rapid development of cell phone towers, which cause atmospheric electromagnetic radiation.

Received on December, 2011 Published on January 2011 897 Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Clashes With Honey Bees

Insects and other small animals would naturally be the first to obviously be affected by this increase in ambient radiation since naturally they have smaller bodies and hence less flesh to be penetrated by exposure to microwaves. The behavioral pattern of bees alters when they are in close proximity to mobile phones and towers. The vanished bees are never found, but thought to die singly far from home. Bee keepers told that several hives have been abruptly abandoned. If towers and mobile phones increase the honey bees might be wiped out in ten years. Radiation of 900 MHz is highly bioactive, causing significant alternation in the physiological function of living organisms 7.

2. Materials and Methods

Six colonies of honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) were selected. Three colonies were selected as test colonies (T1,T2&T3) and the rest were as control (C1,C2&C3). The test colonies were provided with mobile phones in working conditions with frequency of 900 MHz for 10 minutes for a short period of ten days. EMF (Electromotive field) power density was measured with the help of RF Power density meter. The control colonies had not provided with mobile phones. Queen prolificacy was calculated in terms of egg laying rate of the queen 1. Flight activity and returning ability were measured as number of worker bees leaving and returning respectively to the hives per minute: before exposure, during exposure and after exposure.

3. Results

The results of the studies are presented in Table. The present study showed that after ten days the worker bees never returned hives in the test colonies. The massive amount of radiation produced by mobile phones and towers is actually frying the navigational skills of the honey bees and preventing them from returning back to their hives 1­4. It was shown that the total bee strength was significantly higher in the control colonies being nine comb frames as compared to one in the test colony at the end of the experiment. The thriving hives suddenly left with only queens, eggs and hive bound immature worker bees. The queens in the test colonies produced fewer eggs/day (100) compared to the control (350). It has previously been reported that there is low egg laying rate in queens exposed to high voltage transmission lines 5 or exposure of the queen bees to cell phone radiation stimulated her to produce only drones 6. Thus electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure provides a better explanation for Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) than other theories. The path of CCD in India has followed the rapid development of cell phone towers and cell phones, which cause atmospheric electromagnetic radiation.

4. Discussion

Some countries have sought to limit the proliferation of mobile towers with strict rules. But in India no such rules have been formulated or implemented. Given the proliferation of mobile phone towers and their vital role in communications, solutions to the problem will not be as simple as eliminating the towers. One possibility is shielding the bee hives with EMR resistant materials.

Another solution would be granting local communities the ability to control whether or not to install mobile towers. On one hand, community members would be able to exert some control over their environment and determine whether the benefits outweigh the costs and risks. On the other, it is highly susceptible to manipulation by powerful influences, especially since the

Sainudeen Sahib.S 898 International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1 No.5, 2011 Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Clashes With Honey Bees bee keepers have significantly less influence, power and wealth than the mobile phone companies.

However, Indians could risk losing even this right to self determination if the cellular providers can impose a country wide mandate prohibiting regulation against them, similar to the Telecommunications Act of 1996 in the United States. The Act prohibited local governments from making sitting decisions based on the perceived health impacts of wireless facilities. Indian advocates are concerned that such regulations might be upheld in India as they were in the United States in order to “eliminate service gapes in its cellular telephone service area.” In Kerala there are about 600,000 beehives and over 100,000 workers are engaged in Apiculture. A single hive may yield 4­5 kg of honey. Moreover, the destruction of bee hives could be a major environmental disaster. Honeybees are responsible for pollinating over 100 commonly eaten fruit and vegetable crops and without bees the food system would be in serious trouble. Rural village dependent on locally grown foods would be most vulnerable. The need of the hour is to check unscientific proliferations of mobile phone towers. More research is essential on how to protect the bee hives from the electromagnetic exposure, but perhaps more to study the impacts on humans.

Table 1: Change in colony status of honeybees exposed to mobile phones

Parameter Control ( mean ± SD) Treated ( 10 m exposure for 10 days. ( No. of worker bees leaving the hive entrance/ minute) Before exposure 40.7±15 38.2±12 During exposure 41.5±14 18.5±13 After exposure 42.4±14 Nil

Returning ability

Before exposure 42.5±15 39.5±14 During exposure 43.6±14 15.6±13 After exposure 44.6±13 Nil

Bee strength

Before exposure 9 Frame 9 Frame During exposure 9 Frame 5 Frame After exposure 9 Frame I Frame

Egg laying rate of queen /day

Before exposure 365.25 355.10 During exposure 362.15 198.60 After exposure 350.15 100.00

Sainudeen Sahib.S 899 International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1 No.5, 2011 Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Clashes With Honey Bees

All mobile phone towers emit microwave radiations, which is in the radio frequency radiation (RFR), part of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves. Though RFR, like Ultra ­violet (UV) and Infra­red light, is a source of non­ionizing radiation, these radiations, together with ionizing electromagnetic radiations such as X­ rays, gamma rays make up the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio frequency of the electromagnetic waves ranged from 100 kilo hertz (KHz) to 300 Giga hertz (GHz). Radio frequency radiation is a source of thermal energy and in adequate doses, has all the known effects of heating on biological systems 7.

Despite a growing number of warnings from scientists, like me, the Government has done nothing to protect people and the environment. Steps must be taken to control the installations of mobile phone towers by imposing restrictions. Installation of towers should be regulated near thickly populated areas, educational institutions, hospitals etc. Sharing of towers by different companies should be encouraged, if not mandated. To prevent overlapping high radiations fields, new towers should not be permitted within a radius of one kilometer of existing towers.

More must also be done to compensate individuals and communities put at risk. Insurance covering diseases related to towers, such as cancer, should be provided for free to people living in 1 km radius around the tower. Independent monitoring of radiation levels and overall health of the community and nature surrounding towers is necessary to identify hazards early. Communities need to be given the opportunity to reject cell towers and national governments need to consider ways of growing their cellular networks without constantly exposing people to radiation.

5. References

1. Sharma, P.L. 1958. Brood rearing activity of Apis indica F.and egg laying capacity of its queen. Indian Bee J., 20, pp 166­173.

2. Wellenstein, G.1973. The influence of high tension lines on honey bee colonies. Z.Ange.Entomol., 74,pp 86­94.

3. Warnke, U. 1975. Bienen unter Hochspannung ( Bees under high voltage) .Umschau., 13,pp 416­417.

4. Warnke, U. 1976. Effect of electrical charges on honey bees. Bee World.,57(2),pp 50­ 56.

5. Greenberg, B. Bindokas, V.P. and Gauger, J.R. 1981. Biological effects of a 765 kV transmission line: exposure and thresholds in honeybee colony. Bioelectromagnetics., 2(4), pp 315­328.

6. Brandes,C. and Frish, B. 1986. Production of mutant drones by treatment of honeybees with X­rays. Apidologie, 17(4), pp 356­358.

7. Aday, W.R. 1975. “Introduction: Effects of electromagnetic radiation on the nervous System” Annals NY Acad.Sci., 247, pp 15­20.

Sainudeen Sahib.S 900 International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1 No.5, 2011 T~NT@ UNIVERSITY Dr. Magda Havas, B.Sc., Ph.D.,

ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE STUDIES PROGRAM 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough, ON Canada K9J 7B8 Telephone (705) 748-1011 x 7882 Facsimile (705) 748-1569 Email [email protected] www.magdahavas.com (general) www.magdahavas.org (academic)

Date: October 12, 2010

To: California Council on Science and Technology (CCST)

Re: Request for input regarding Smart Meters

Laura Lee Martin invited me to be part of the Technical Response Team for CCST and to provide information about the safety of Smart Meters and other wireless devices, which I am providing below.

1. Conflict of Interest:

I did not receive the Conflict of Interest form but would like to declare that I have no conflict of interest related to Smart Meters.

2. Biographical Summary:

Dr. Magda Havas is Associate Professor of Environmental and Resource Studies at Trent University (Canada) where she teaches and does research on the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation including radio frequency and microwave radiation, poor power quality, ground current, and low frequency electromagnetic fields. She has served as an expert witness in both Canada and the United States regarding health effects associated with electromagnetic exposure. She is currently science advisor on EMF-related issues to several non-profit organizations in Canada, U.S., U.K., and the Netherlands. Dr. Havas is currently reviewing documents given to her by a retired scientist, who worked for the U.S. military and the U.S. government on the biological effects of microwave radiation. These documents include declassified military reports, internal government reports, and translation from the European literature dating back to the 1930s.

Havas, October 2010 Smart Meters: CCST page 1/6 3. Written Submission on Smart Meters.

Provide information about smart meters and address the following points:

• Whether FCC standards for Smart Meters are sufficiently protective of public health taking into account current exposure levels to radiofrequency and electromagnetic fields.

• Whether additional technology specific standards are needed for Smart Meters and other devices that are commonly found in and around homes, to ensure adequate protection from adverse health effects.

4. Whether FCC standards for Smart Meters are sufficiently protective of public health taking into account current exposure levels to radiofrequency and electromagnetic fields.

In my opinion, the FCC standard for Smart Meters is not sufficient to protect public health.

This is based on the following facts:

4.1 Thermal vs. Non-thermal Debate. The thermal vs. non-thermal debate is largely a red herring that has been perpetuated for decades and has influenced the type of research done in the United States. The FCC standard is based on a thermal effect. It was originally based on the amount of radiation that would heat an adult male in the US military exposed to radar. While the heating effect is not disputed, biological effects, some of which have adverse health consequences, occur well below the thermal guideline (Inglis 1970). As a consequence various countries in the world are opting for a “biologically” based guideline rather than a “thermal” guideline, which takes into account not only adult males in peak physical conditions but children, pregnant women, the elderly, and those who have developed electrohypersensitivity (EHS). I will return to the concept of EHS later.

4.2 Guidelines in Russia, Switzerland, Poland, and China are well below the FCC standard (i.e. 10 vs. 1000 microW/cm2 or 1% of FCC guidelines). Some military and government insiders tried to get U.S. guidelines reduced decades ago but were not successful (Pollack and Healer 1967, Dodge 1969). Steneck et al. (1980) provides an excellent account of how the U.S. standards were established for radio frequency radiation.

4.3 Our exposure to radio frequency radiation (RFR) is increasing exponentially as we design more equipment that relies on higher frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. Prior to World War II, this type of radiation was negligible. Today we have radar (military, marine, aviation, and weather), we have cell phone antennas, radio and TV broadcast antennas, and a growing number of WiFi hotspots, citywide WiFi and Wi-Max antennas. Inside buildings we have cordless phones, many of which emit microwave radiation even when they are not being used; wireless alarm systems; wireless baby monitors, wireless computers, iPads, and Smart Phones that can connect to wireless internet or WiFi. More children are playing wireless video games than

Havas, October 2010 Smart Meters: CCST page 2/6 ever before and radio frequency identification devices (RFID) are placed into merchandise to provide information to the manufacturer about consumer habits. The “smart meter” is just another source of exposure that will be placed on every home and in every apartment. Smart meters are being used to monitor use of electricity, gas and water. As part of this system, appliances are being designed to communicate directly with smart meters, all in a wireless mode, which will ultimately increase levels of radiation in the home.

4.4 I work with people who have become electrically hypersensitive (EHS) and I have received emails and phone calls from those who have had smart meters placed on their homes. They complain of ill health and many are unable to use the room closest to the smart meter. These individuals have no place to “hide” from the growing levels of electrosmog especially in densely populated urban centers. Sickness contributes to time off work and away from school, growing medical costs and a general poorer quality of life. Children are particularly vulnerable as are pregnant women and those with compromised immune systems. The presence of metal implants in the body (such as metal pins in bones) may concentrate the absorption of radiation at the location of implantation, inducing thermal effects from lower power densities than would ordinarily cause such harm (Massey 1979). Some implants, such as pace makers and deep brain stimulators for Parkinson’s disease, may malfunction and this can be fatal. In Switzerland about 5% of the population has EHS. If the same fraction of the population has EHS in the US that would come to a staggering 15 million people!

The symptoms following exposure to radio frequency radiation were labeled radiowave sickness and were first reported for those occupationally exposed in the former Soviet Union. These same symptoms are now referred to as electrohypersensitivity (EHS) and are experienced by a growing fraction of the population. They include . . .

“. . . headache, eyestrain and tearing, fatigue and weakness, vertigo, sleeplessness at night and drowsiness during the day, moodiness, irritability, hypochondria, paranoia, either nervous tension or mental depression and memory impairment. After longer periods of exposure, additional complaints may include sluggishness, inability to make decisions, loss of hair, pain in muscles and in the heart region, breathlessness, sexual problems and even a decrease in lactation in nursing mothers. Clinically observed effects in persons voicing these complaints include trembling of the eyelids, fingers and tongue, increased perspiration of the extremities, [and] rashes . . .” (Massey, 1979).

4.5 In addition to sensitive people, Switzerland also identifies Places of Sensitive Use (German acronym is OMEN). These places include: living rooms; classrooms and kindergartens; hospitals and nursing homes; permanent jobs (where people spend more than 2.5 days per week); and playgrounds. For these OMEN sites, the Swiss government recommends that greater precaution be taken for long-term exposure to weak radiation. In these places, radiation from wireless microwave base stations (such

Havas, October 2010 Smart Meters: CCST page 3/6 as cordless phones or WLAN/WiFi) may exceed radiation from nearby cell phone base stations and hence these devices must generate emissions as low as possible. For more information visit http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00053/index.html?lang=en .

5. Whether additional technology specific standards are needed for Smart Meters and other devices that are commonly found in and around homes, to ensure adequate protection from adverse health effects.

Technology specific standards are definitely needed for Smart meters as well as cordless phones, DECT baby monitors, wireless routers, and all of the other devices that emit radio frequency radiation.

Massey, in a report published by Duke Law Journal in 1979, identifies nine variables that need to be considered when determining the impact of microwave radiation. These are “power density, intensity and relative phase of all field components, specific frequency ranges, waveform characteristics, exposure regimes, specific occupations, level of control over exposed populations, individual differences (age, sex, health, specific predisposing factors) and presence of other environmental stressors.” The current FCC guidelines do NOT take these into consideration.

We have evidence that pulsed microwave frequencies, that are generated by WiFi and cordless phones are more harmful than continuous wave and yet this is not considered in the FCC guidelines (Reno 1975).

The key microwave emitting devices in the home/office/school environment are:

Cordless phones (some are labeled DECT and others pulsed digital 2.4 GHz). These radiate all the time even when no one is using them. They should be replaced by wired phones or cordless phones currently available in Europe, which are “on-demand” phones that radiate only when the handset is not in the cradle of the base station. These phones are so dangerous that I recently submitted a Petition to the Auditor General of Canada to have DECT phones banned (Havas 2008).

The DECT baby monitor also radiates all the time, as does the receiver that is often carried on the Mother’s waist. Here we need a voice-activated baby monitor that is used in Europe.

Wireless Internet (WiFi or WLan) is not as common in Europe as they are in North America. There they prefer using wired service in the form of fiber optic and Ethernet connections. Germany hotels ask that you bring an Ethernet cables with you, as they don’t provide WiFi. The Swiss government is providing free fiber optics to schools provided they don’t install wireless routers.

6. An additional point I would like to make relates to dirty electricity. Wires can act like antennas and the radiation produced by radio frequency generating devices can flow along and reradiate from wires both inside and outside the home. This contributes to

Havas, October 2010 Smart Meters: CCST page 4/6 dirty electricity and localized radiation exposure. Dirty electricity has been associated with cancers (Milham and Morgan 2008); health and behavior problems in schools (Havas and Olstad 2008); and both diabetes and multiple sclerosis (Havas 2006). From a human health perspective and to protect sensitive electronic equipment it is important to maintain good power quality and to prevent radiation from smart meters flowing along wires.

I have great concern regarding the current levels of microwave radiation in North America. Instead of promoting wireless technology, we should be promoting wired technology and reserving wireless for situations where wired in not possible (while one is travelling for example). Shortly after X-rays were discovered, they were used in shoe stores to determine shoe-size for young children. Fortunately, we recognized that X-rays were harmful and we restricted their use to essential medical diagnoses. We need to recognize that microwaves are also harmful and we cannot use this technology in a frivolous manner. With more frequencies being used, with the levels of radiation increasing, and with so little research on the long- term, low-level effects of this technology we are creating a potential time bomb. If smart meters are placed on every home, they will contribute significantly to our exposure and this is both unwise and unsafe.

References

Dodge, CH. 1969. Clinical and Hygienic Aspects of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: A Review of the Soviet and Eastern European Literature. Biological Effects and Health Implications of Microwave Radiation, Symposium Proceedings, Richmond, Virginia, September 17-19, 1969 (BRH/DBE 70-2) (PB 193 898). http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Dodge_1969.pdf

Havas, M 2006. Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: Biological effects of dirty electricity with emphasis on diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 25: 259- 268. http://www.electricalpollution.com/documents/Havas2006.pdf

Havas, M 2008. Request that first generation DECT Phones be Banned in Canada, Environment Petition, Auditor General of Canada, 15 pp. http://www.oag- bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/pet_253_e_31629.html

Havas, M and A Olstad. 2008. Power quality affects teacher wellbeing and student behavior in three Minnesota Schools. Science of the Total Environment, Volume 402, Issues 2-3, 1 September 2008, pp. 157-162. http://www.electricalpollution.com/documents/08_Havas&Olstad_schools-1.pdf

Inglis, L.P. 1970. Why the double standard? – A critical review of Russian work on hazards of microwave radiation. IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, July 14-16. 1970. http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wp- content/uploads/2010/08/Inglis.pdf

Havas, October 2010 Smart Meters: CCST page 5/6 Massey, KA. 1979. The Challenge of Nonionizing Radiation: A Proposal for Legislation. Duke Law Journal, Volume 1979, No. 1. 86 pp. http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wp- content/uploads/2010/10/Massey-1979.pdf

Milham, S and LL Morgan. 2008. A New Electromagnetic Exposure Metric: High Frequency Voltage Transients Associated With Increased Cancer Incidence in Teachers in a California School. Amer. J. Ind. Med. 8 pp. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajim.20598/abstract

Pollack, H. and J. Healer. 1967. Review of the Information on Hazards to Personnel from High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation. Institute for Defense Analyses, Research and Engineering Support Division. Internal Note N-451, IDA/HQ 67-6211, Series B, copy 5 of 15, 15 pages. http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wp- content/uploads/2010/07/Pollack_19671.pdf

Reno, VR. 1975. Some considerations concerning the use of magnetron generators in microwave biological research. Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Pensacola, Florida. Approved for Public release. Distribution unlimited. 11 pp. http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wp- content/uploads/2010/09/Reno_Pulsed_Waves.pdf

Steneck, NH, HJ Cook, AJ Vander and GL Kane. 1980. The Origins of U.S. Safety Standards for Microwave Radiation. Science, Vol. 208, 13 June 1980. http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wp- content/uploads/2010/06/steneck_science_1980.pdf

Respectfully Submitted, Magda Havas, B.Sc., Ph.D., October 12, 2010.

Havas, October 2010 Smart Meters: CCST page 6/6 Comments on the Draft Report by the California Council on Science and Technology “Health Impacts of Radio Frequency from Smart Meters”

by Daniel Hirsch1 31 January 2011

Abstract

The draft report by the California Council on Science and Technology (CCST) does not appear to answer the questions asked of it by the requesting elected officials. Furthermore, rather than being an independent, science-based study, the CCST largely cuts and pastes estimates from a brochure by the Electric Power Research Institute, an industry group, issued some weeks earlier. The EPRI estimates appear incorrect in a number of regards. When two of the most central errors are corrected – the failure to take into account duty cycles of cell phones and microwave ovens and the failure to utilize the same units (they should compare everything in terms of average whole body exposure) the cumulative whole body exposure from a Smart Meter at 3 feet appears to be approximately two orders of magnitude higher than that of a cell phone, rather than two orders of magnitude lower.

It is strongly recommended that CCST revise its Draft Report and conduct actual measurements of cell phone, microwave oven, and SmartMeter RF cumulative whole body power densities. If measurements aren’t made, then rigorous calculations correcting for cell phone and microwave oven duty cycles and whole body exposures should be made.

A summary figure below shows how rough estimates of the effect of those corrections suggest SmartMeters may produce cumulative whole body exposures far higher than that of cell phones or microwave ovens.

1 The assistance of two UCSC student research assistants, Bailey Hall and Catherine Wahlgren, in the preparation of this review is gratefully acknowledged.

1 40

35

30

Maximum

Figure A. Comparison of Radio-Frequency Levels to the Whole Body from Various Sources in µW/cm2 over time [corrected for assumed duty cycle and whole body exposure extrapolated from assumed cell phone dose at ear].

2 On 30 July 2010 Assemblymember Jared Huffman requested that CCST undertake an “independent, science-based study” of two questions: “whether FCC standards for SmartMeters are sufficiently protective of public health taking into account current exposure levels to radiofrequency and electromagnetic fields, and further to assess whether additional technology specific standards are needed for SmartMeters and other devices that are commonly found in and around homes, to ensure adequate protection from adverse health effects.”

Unfortunately, the Council draft report answers neither question.

In September, Assemblymember William Monning and Mill Valley Mayor Stephanie Moulton-Peters joined in the request, asking in particular that CCST review the central issue associated with the current FCC standards, which are decades old and based solely on protecting against prompt thermal effects (heating of tissue)—that they fail to take into consideration long- term and cumulative exposures to these devices and potential non-thermal health impacts (e.g., latent cancers).

Again, the Council’s draft report provides little if any useful information or analysis of this matter. There is no mention or analysis of the specific studies that have suggested, for example, a cancer effect from RF exposure such as the large, international study funded by the cell phone industry, the Interphone study, that found a significant increase in brain cancers in people who used cell phones half an hour a day for ten years. Given the long latency period generally for solid cancers, such a finding gives pause as to what might be seen over the long term. Some other studies have suggested an increased risk of brain cancer on the side of the head where the cellphone is normally used. Other studies, however, have not found an effect. Given the nature of the request from the elected officials for a review of this critical scientific issue—whether there is the potential for non-thermal health effects from cumulative, long-term exposure to RF radiation—one would have hoped that there would have been a more detailed analysis of this question in the report.

The report is candid, however, that at present the issue is unresolved. But it goes on to then say there is no basis for changing the FCC standards which are based only on prompt, thermal effects. One could equally well say there is no basis for maintaining the FCC standards, given the uncertainties about latent, non-thermal effects.

What the CCST draft report does focus on, however, is the relative exposure from SmartMeters compared to other RF-emitting devices in common use. Here, again, the draft report disappoints. The elected officials cited claims made by the electric utility industry regarding safety of SmartMeters and purportedly relative low exposures compared to other common devices and requested “an independent, science-based study.”

However, the CCST draft report does not appear to include much if any independent work on the subject but rather merely pastes in a table taken from an 8-page pamphlet released a few weeks earlier by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), an advocacy group for the

3 electric power industry.2 This EPRI table and the graph made from it constitute the core of the CCST report, and is reproduced here as Figure 1.

The EPRI pamphlet is not a peer-reviewed scientific study. It is a brief item for an advocacy group that is supported by industry. If the elected officials wanted the industry’s views, it would have asked for them. Instead, it wished an independent, science-based study by an entity without the kinds of conflicts of interest EPRI has on this matter. But the CCST draft report is basically simply a cut-and-paste job from the EPRI brochure.

Note also that the estimate for exposure from a single SmartMeter contained in the EPRI item and repeated in the CCST draft is not a measured value but estimated—how is not made clear. EPRI’s measurements were for a bank of ten SmartMeters; it didn’t measure one alone but somehow estimated for it, despite the difference in how exposure falls off from one versus ten. The latter is inverse of the distance, the former inverse square of the distance. One presumes the electeds wanted actual measured values from an independent source, not a calculated value from the electric industry, without even an explanation of how it is was calculated and without independent verification.

CCST does correct one error made in the EPRI brochure whereby it reduced the presumed power density estimates for the SmartMeter by duty cycles of 1 and 5%. CCST rightly indicated that future duty cycles could be much higher as “new applications and functionality are added to the meter’s communication module in the future.” For this reason, it assumed a 100% duty cycle in its calculations.

HOWEVER, CCST did not correct numerous other apparent errors from the EPRI brochure when it adopted EPRI’s values. For example, for cell phone exposures, CCST did not correct for the presumed duty cycle of the cell phone (which CCST indicates on average is 1%). Nor did it convert the EPRI cell phone power density estimate into comparable units. EPRI (and thus CCST) compared a whole body average exposure to SmartMeter radiation to peak exposure to the ear for the cell phone. One needs to compare apples and apples, or whole body exposures to whole body exposures. Comparing the peak dose to the ear from a cell phone, when the rest of the body gets vastly less radiation, with a whole body exposure where all organs get roughly the same dose from a SmartMeter, doesn’t seem appropriate. If there is a cancer effect, it is likely associated with the total RF energy the body receives.

Similar apparent errors were made in the comparison to microwave ovens. Again, the duty cycle of the microwave oven is ignored. It is used perhaps fifteen minutes a day, and it is unlikely people are 2 feet away from the device for the full time it is on. Its “down time” must be included if one is looking, as requested by the elected officials, at potential cumulative, long- term exposures.

2 The EPRI brochure was apparently released on November 17, providing little if any time for serious review of it by CCST prior to the release a few weeks later (with the holidays intervening) of the CCST report on which it was based.

4 [Additionally, the values given for microwave oven exposures by EPRI and adopted without changed in the CCST draft report seem questionable. Three references are given in the EPRI report, although for which claim each applies is not made clear. The first reference, the ICNIRP report, does not in fact give measured values for microwave ovens, but instead reports what the legal limit for leakage is, generally reported to be orders of magnitude above what typical exposures from microwave ovens really are. The second reference is to a 1978 paper by PG&E’s consultant, RA Tell. That paper CCST has not made available for review, but it is over three decades old, and thus of little relevance to today’s microwave ovens. The third reference is merely to a personal communication with Tell, without any information as to the content of that communication. When one checks the values reported by EPRI and uncritically adopted by CCST, it appears that the first value, 5 mW/cm2 at 2 inches from the device, is in fact not a measured value of typical exposures but the vastly higher legal limit for leakage. The literature in fact indicates that 50% of microwave ovens produce less than 0.062 mW/cm2 at 5 cm, or two orders of magnitude below the value reported by EPRI and reproduced by CCST without question. See, e.g., R, Mathes, “Radiation Emission from Microwave Ovens,” Journal of Radiation Protection, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 1992. One presumes the leakage rate has been reduced even further since then.]

One recognizes that if one is comparing to FCC existing standards based solely on acute, thermal effects that duty cycle might be treated differently. But if there is a cancer effect, which is what the electeds asked CCST to study, a likely key aspect of the dose-response relationship is the cumulative whole body dose. For ionizing radiation, about which I have spent much of my career, the determining factor is largely how much radiation energy the body has absorbed. [There are of course other factors, such as the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of different types of ionizing radiation and varying sensitivity of different organs.) So, if the question were how does SmartMeter and cell phone RF radiation compare to FCC limits, duty cycle may be treated in a different fashion. But since the question is what if FCC limits, based solely on thermal effects, may be inadequate to protect against cancer and other non-thermal effects, then the duty cycle—which determines the cumulative total exposure received—and whole body exposure must be factored in. My fundamental recommendation is that the draft report should be revised to correct for these two factors.

I have taken the liberty, with the help of two student assistants, to demonstrate the potential impact of some of these corrections.

Figure 1 is simply the CCST Figure 1, which in turn was largely taken from the estimates 2 2 in the EPRI pamphlet. Units were simply converted by CCST from mW/cm to µW/cm and it corrected the duty cycle for the SmartMeter, otherwise the data are unchanged from EPRI’s estimates. One will note that the estimated exposure from the cell phone is just to the ear, in direct contact with the cell phone, whereas the other comparisons, including the SmartMeter, are for whole body exposures, and that the duty cycle of the cell phone and microwave oven were not corrected. In other words, the chart compares a SmartMeter that is always on with a cell phone or microwave oven when they are being used, even though 99% of the time they are not in use. This overestimates the cumulative exposure by a factor of 100 for the cell phone and microwave oven, and dramatically skews the comparison.

5 Figure 2 fixes the error regarding duty cycle for the cell phone and microwave oven, markedly altering the comparison. The minimum cumulative exposure over time from the SmartMeter at 3 feet is 80 times the minimum cumulative exposure from the microwave oven and four times the minimum cumulative exposure from the cell phone, for example. This does not involve any correction of the while-on exposure values for either the cell phone or microwave oven, only the duty cycle factor.

Figure 3 provides a very rough approximation of the correction of the cell phone at the ear estimate to a whole body estimate so it is comparable to the whole body estimate for the SmartMeter. It should be stressed that neither this estimate nor that in Figure 4 using a different approach is intended to be a definitive figure, but is intended to be exemplary of the kind of change to the comparison a detailed analysis may produce. It is my recommendation that CCST carefully measure, or at minimum thoroughly calculate, the average power density over the whole body from a cell phone held at the ear. We here have made two very rough estimates just to make the point what a far more detailed analysis may show.

The value used for the peak cell phone power density for a cell phone held to the ear in the CCST draft report is taken directly from the EPRI pamphlet, without apparent independent review or correction. According to p. 6 of the EPRI pamphlet, the value it gives apparently is not a measured value but an estimate. How the estimate was arrived at is not detailed in the brochure. All that is said is in footnote 1, “Based on a 3-inch 250mW antenna emitting in a cylindrical wavefront.” A quick calculation to try to reproduce what EPRI must have done indicates that if it merely assumed that all of the energy from a 250mW cell phone was transmitted by holding directly against the ear into a circular area with a 3 inch diameter, the power density in that small circular area around the ear would be 5 mW/cm2. That is precisely the upper value given by EPRI in its table. We don’t know if that is what EPRI did, since it doesn’t tell us what it did and CCST does not appear to have tried to confirm the asserted value. But in any case, 5 mW/cm2 from a 250mW cell phone would indeed appear to require that that power be deposited solely in that very small circular area.

Averaging over the full potentially exposed surface area of the body (presuming only half the body surface could be exposed to the cell phone from any one angle), the whole body exposure would be approximately on average 0.25 mW/cm2 given the maximum value to the ear of 5 mW/cm2 put forward by EPRI and the CCST draft report and correcting as well for the duty cycle. The SmartMeter thus would produce 160 times more cumulative whole body exposure than the cell phone assuming this estimate for whole body exposure. This is shown in Figure 3.3

3 In these graphs we have used the values for a microwave oven at 2 feet put forward by EPRI and repeated by CCST even though, as discussed above, they appear questionably high. Note that measured values indicate typical measured microwave oven RF fields 5 cm from the oven are in the range of 0.062 mW/cm2, whereas the EPRI estimates used by CCST are for comparable values 2 feet away, which, if the exposure were drop by inverse square of the distance, should be very much lower. It is unclear whether EPRI is actually referring to measured values or to the legal limits, the latter being irrelevant in this context.

6 Since the EPRI estimate for cell phone peak power density at the ear is unexplained as to its derivation, we have also made a very rough estimate of whole body exposure from a cell phone from an independent line of calculation. Taking the values EPRI (and thereby CCST) put forward for exposure at three feet from a 250 mW SmartMeter, and noting that EPRI assumed the cell phone would also be 250mW, one can make a rough estimate of power density for the whole body from a cell phone held at the head. The exposure at one’s waist would be approximately three feet from the source, just as in the assumed case of the SmartMeter. Presuming that the dose falls off as the inverse square of the distance, a very rough estimate of power density averaged over half the surface of the whole body, and taking into account duty cycle, yields a cumulative cell phone whole body power density of roughly 0.75 µW/cm2. Using this way of estimating suggests the SmartMeter would produce 50 times the cumulative whole body exposure as a cell phone. The results of this comparison are found in Figure 4.

We are here using the duty cycles proposed by CCST itself in its draft report. We recognize other duty cycles can be considered. Perhaps one should presume maximum duty cycle in the future for SmartMeters, when all additional features are incorporated, might be only 50%, for example. But other factors also need to be considered, including exposures from banks of SmartMeters attached to an apartment building, and the exposure from all the devices within a home that are planned to be constantly communicating by RF with the SmartMeter.4

It is strongly recommended that CCST revise the report and perform actual measurements. At minimum, revised calculations that correct for duty cycle and cumulative whole body exposure should be conducted.

4 It is noted that EPRI claims a diminished dose in back of a bank of SmartMeters, but it is unclear that that claim can be relied upon. The particulars of the specific test done by EPRI, in connection with the manufacturer of the devices (who has an obvious interest in findings suggesting safety), are not spelled out. Furthermore, it is unclear how the SmartMeter can communicate with devices inside the home—the key purpose—if the back of the device blocks most of the signal from getting through.

7 5000

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

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1500 1000 1000 200 500 40 4 50 1 0 40 .. 1 4 0.2 .. 0.005 Maximum Minimum

Figure 1: Graph from CCST Report in µW/cm2—uncorrected for whole body exposure or duty cycle

50

50

45 40 40 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 10 2 4 5 0.5 4 1 0 1 0.2 Maximum 0.005 Minimum

Figure 2. Comparison of Radio‐Frequency Levels from Various Sources in μW/cm2 over time [corrected only for assumed duty cycle). 40 40 40

35

30

25

20

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2 4 5 0.25 4 0.05 1 0.5 1 0 0.2 0.005 Maximum Minimum

Figure 3. Comparison of Radio‐Frequency Levels to the Whole Body from Various Sources in μW/cm2 over time [corrected for assumed duty cycle and whole body exposure extrapolated from assumed cell phone dose at ear]. 40 40 40

35

30

25

20

15

10 0.75 2 4 5 0.75 0.5 4 1 0 1 0.2 Maximum 0~ 0.005 <¢0 «_/l;w o<:- Minimum ~e '), o<:- '/<:-0 q, o(:'- ,:,.e ~ t.: ~~ ~'(:', «_/l;w ~q; ~~ ,,, «_/l;w o-> ~o Q~ ,o t.: ~qj .,tG ~e; ").<:) -~ ~e; ~q;t.: ~~' '!so\ l;; ~e; ~'l) ,.f' ~~ «.~ c.f'

Figure 4. Comparison of Radio‐Frequency Levels to the Whole Body from Various Sources in μW/cm2 over time [corrected for assumed duty cycle and whole body exposure extrapolated from EPRI/CCST SmartMeter estimated levels at 3 feet].

Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience Experimental Dermatology Unit

Stockholm, July 9, 2011

California Public Utilities Commission Cc Susan Brinchman, Director, Center for Electrosmog Prevention, P.O. Box 655, La Mesa, CA 91944-0655, USA

To: The California Public Utilities Commission, I understand that you at present are concerned about the fast deployment of smart meters on homes in California, without adequate sharing of information with the public. I work as an associate professor at the Karolinska Institute; we are world-famous for our Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which we many times have awarded to your fellow countrymen and –women. I also uphold a professorship at the Royal Institute of Technology; it being closely tied to the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry. For many years I have been studying health effects of wireless gadgets, such as Smart Meters. Wireless communication is now being implemented in our daily life in a very fast way. At the same time, it is becoming more and more obvious that the exposure to electromagnetic fields may result in highly unwanted health effects. This has been demonstrated in a very large number of studies and includes cellular DNA-damage (which may lead to an initiation of cancer as well as mutations that carry down generations), disruptions and alterations of cellular functions like increases in intracellular stimulatory pathways and calcium handling, disruption of tissue structures like the blood-brain barrier (which may allow toxins to enter the brain), impact on vessel and immune functions, and loss of fertility. It should be noted that we are not the only species at jeopardy, practically all animals and plants may be at stake. Because the effects are reproducibly observed and links to pathology can not be excluded, the precautionary principle should be in force in the implementation of this new technology within the society. Therefore, policy makers immediately should strictly control exposure by defining biologically-based maximal exposure guidelines also taking into account long-term, non-thermal effects, and including especially vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, the ill, the genetically and/or immunologically challenged, children and fetuses, and persons with the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity (which in Sweden is a fully recognized functional impairment, and therefore receives an annual governmental disability subsidy). Prompted by all this, a group of international experts recently published a very important paper, The Seletun Scientific Statement (2011). Among its points are: 1) Low-intensity (non-thermal) bioeffects and adverse health effects are demonstrated at levels significantly below existing exposure standards. 2) ICNIRP/WHO and IEEE/FCC public safety limits are inadequate and obsolete with respect to prolonged, low-intensity exposures. 3) New, biologically-based public exposure standards are urgently needed to protect public health world-wide.

Mailing address Visiting address Telephone Experimental Dermatology Unit Retziuslaboratoriet Direct 468-52 48 70 58 Department of Neuroscience Retzius väg 8 Switchboard 468-52 48 64 00 Karolinska Institutet Solna Fax 468-30 39 04 171 77 Stockholm Fax (KI) 468-31 11 01 Sweden

Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience Experimental Dermatology Unit

4) EMR exposures should be reduced now rather than waiting for proof of harm before acting. It is not in the public interest to wait. 5) There is a need for mandatory pre-market assessments of emissions and risks before deployment of new wireless technologies. There should be convincing evidence that products do not cause health harm before marketing. 6) The use of telephone lines (land-lines) or fiber optic cables for SmartGrid type energy conservation infrastructure is recommended. Utilities should choose options that do not create new, community-wide exposures from wireless components of SmartGrid-type projects. Future health risks from prolonged or repetitive wireless exposures of SmartGrid- type systems may be avoided by using fiber-optic cable. Energy conservation is endorsed but not at the risk of exposing millions of families in their homes to a new, involuntary source of wireless radiofrequency radiation, the effect of which on their health not yet known. Many smart meters are close to beds, kitchens, playrooms, and similar locations. These wireless systems are never off, and the exposure is not voluntary. The smart meters are being forced on citizens everywhere. Based on this, the inauguration of smart meters with grudging and involuntary exposure of millions to billions of human beings to pulsed microwave radiation should immediately be prohibited until ’the red flag’ can be hauled down once and for all. The recent determination of the World Health Organization (WHO) to include radiofrequent radiation on the 2B list of carcinogens also applies to devices such as smart meters. Already September 4, 2008, the European Parliament voted 522 to 16 to recommend tighter safety standards for cell phones (Europ. Parl. resolution on the mid-term review of the European Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010). In light of the growing body of scientific evidence implicating cell phone use with brain tumors, the Parliament said, "The limits on exposure to electromagnetic fields [EMFs] which have been set for the general public are obsolete." The European Parliament "was greatly concerned at the Bioinitiative international report concerning EMFs, which summarises over 1500 studies on that topic and which points in its conclusions to the health risks posed by emissions from mobile-telephony devices such as mobile telephones, UMTS, WiFi, WiMax and Bluetooth, and also DECT landline telephones, and now it is again – and more firmly and seriously - repeated in the form of WHO’s recent cancer classification.

With my very best regards, Yours sincerely,

Olle Johansson, Assoc. Prof., The Experimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden & Professor,

Mailing address Visiting address Telephone Experimental Dermatology Unit Retziuslaboratoriet Direct 468-52 48 70 58 Department of Neuroscience Retzius väg 8 Switchboard 468-52 48 64 00 Karolinska Institutet Solna Fax 468-30 39 04 171 77 Stockholm Fax (KI) 468-31 11 01 Sweden

Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience Experimental Dermatology Unit

The Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

Mailing address Visiting address Telephone Experimental Dermatology Unit Retziuslaboratoriet Direct 468-52 48 70 58 Department of Neuroscience Retzius väg 8 Switchboard 468-52 48 64 00 Karolinska Institutet Solna Fax 468-30 39 04 171 77 Stockholm Fax (KI) 468-31 11 01 Sweden SAGE Associates ENVIRONMENTAL CONSU LTANTS

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT SMART METERS (ELECTRIC METERS)

This briefing letter has been prepared to educate our community about the potential health, safety, security and economic issues related to roll-out of the SmartGrid and smart meter programs.

These programs are being implemented now on a limited basis across the country. Your electric meter will be changed out by your utility and a new Smart Meter will be installed in its place. It may have substantial effects on your family and property.

Please read the briefing letter.

If you are concerned, you may sign and mail a copy of the Homeowner Opt-Out letter to your utility. The letter tells them you do not intend to participate in the program (which involves you installing power transmitters on your appliances).

There is still no way to keep the utility from substituting a new radiofrequency-emitting smart meter on your home, however.

But, if enough people tell the utilities they do not want the smart meter, and its impacts, there is a chance that the program will not be economic and it will be terminated.

Regards,

Cindy Sage Sage Associates [email protected]

Don Miller [email protected] • ,.- ""'C, ;#. SAGE ' :. ·" Associates ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS

Briefing Letter on Electric Utility Smart Meters March 8, 2010

This briefing letter is submitted to highlight information we received from our local utility about smart meters. There is information below about health, safety, security and economic concerns that are being voiced around the country by consumers, utility analysts, economists, internet security experts and parents.

What is the Program About?

The program is intended to provide a residential energy management tool. It is intended to reduce energy consumption by providing computerized information to customers about what their energy usage is and how they might reduce it by running appliances during ‘off-time’ or ‘lower load’ conditions. This will save utilities from having to build new facilities for peak load demand. Your utility will install a new smart meter on every building that it supplies electrical service to. In Southern California, that is about 5 million smart meters in three years for a cost of around $1.6 billion dollars, which ratepayers will be asked to pay for. Pacific Gas & Electric in northern California is installing them for all customers at $2.2 billion dollars.

If consumers decide to join the program (so that appliances can report energy usage to the utility), they can be informed about using energy during off-use or low-use periods, but they will be required to install additional wireless power transmitters on appliances inside the home to do so.

”Proponents of smart meters say that when these meters are teamed up wi th an in-home display that shows current energy usage, as well as a communicating thermostat and software that harvest and analyze that information, consumers can see how much consumption drives cost -- and will consume less as a result. Utilities are spending billions of dollars outfitting homes and businesses with the devices, which wirelessly send information about electricity use to utility billing departments and could help consumers control energy use.” Wall Street Journal, April 29, 2009.

Mandatory Installation No one can opt-out. Utilities have received authorization in many states to install them. • ,.- ""'C, ;#. SAGE ' :. ·" Associates ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS

Community Concerns and Issues

The program is expensive with very little demonstration that consumers will want this service, or choose to participate. They include economic concerns, lack of privacy of personal information, easier disconnection of service, health and safety concerns, reliability, increased vulnerability to hacking, increased risk of planting of malicious software on networks, security risks when away from home (burglaries), fire risks, explosions, interference with critical care equipment (medical), and meter overcharges. While there is on-going deliberation about the pros and cons of smart meters, we hope our community will become better informed before the utility starts installing meters.

Economics

The economic justification these billion dollar programs is that the costs will be offset by energy savings. The system is supposed to allow variable-pricing of electricity to discourage heavy usage during peak periods like hot summer days. The benefit to variable pricing is supposesd to be that it will give people incentive to decrease energy usage when wholesale energy prices are highest. However, the costs to build up the new infrastructure are very high, with little information about whether or when consumers might decide to participate.

Customer compliance might be low, once the ramifications are better known. In order for there to be any energy savings, customers must first choose to participate, and install 10- 15 power transmitters that radiate radiofrequency/microwave radiation inside the home to signal the smart meter.

100% compliance, or even 50% compliance is unrealistic. What percent compliance is realistic is unknown, but where consumers are educating themselves on the costs and benefits, there is significant resistence. The business case is not proven. Ratepayers will have to pick up the bill for risky billion-dollar investments that benefit the utilities bottom-line, with no assurance that energy savings will be worth the price. The economics do not look reasonable.

Invasion of Personal Privacy

The use of wireless networks to relay energy information leaves open the potential for misuse of personal data, billing and usage information, and other private information. Privacy breaches have already been documented (illegal access of 179,000 accounts at Hydro Toronto, for example). It also may increase burglary risk, since home electrical usage is made electronically visible. When unoccupied, the home uses less electricity. Its like advertising to criminals with wireless detection equipment that you are not home. • ,.- ""'C, ;#. SAGE ' :. ·" Associates ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS

Vulnerability to Hacking and Intentional Sabotage

Smart meters are alleged to open up the potential for hacking into personal wireless networks used for banking, bill paying, and private communications.

Concerns over the security of the US electrical grid have received widespread media coverage (Wall Street Journal April 27, 2009). Smart meters provide a new vulnerability to intentional sabotage as well as to inadvertent access to private information, since the network is wireless and it adds direct linkage to home computers and personal data.

The wireless network proposed to enable smart grid and smart meter technology is a full- saturation, full-coverage RF blanket of wireless into every home and business that can increase the points of entry for malicious software (malware), to electrical service disruption or disconnection, and to terrorist attack on the electrical and communications grid throughout the country (Wired.com, March 4, 2010).

CNN launched a “Cyber Shockwave” program two weeks ago that detailed national concerns over the security of the internet and of wireless communications, which makes us vulnerable to loss of the electrical grid, internet and wireless communications across the country (February 20. 2010). Banking, transportation and the electrical grid had the biggest vulnerabilities.

Accuracy in Billing – Meter Overcharges

There are widespread reports of excessive charges, due to malfunctioning smart meters. In Bakersfield, CA, where PG&E started installing the first smart meters, more than 100 people attended a meeting held by State Sen. Florez to complain about absurd electric bills. Those with new smart meters had bills 200-400% higher, with no increase in power use as compared to the same months of the previous year. The meters are thought to malfunction because of spurious RF signals (electronic glitches). It is reported that high frequencies can make disc type electric meters spin faster, making it appear that more electricity has been used than actually has. For this reason, electrical bills have also increased near cell antenna towers for the same reason (high radiofrequency environments). A class action lawsuit has already been filed in Bakersfield, CA because of numerous consumer complaints.

Health and Environmental Concerns

Some utilities have provided technical reports on radiofrequency/microwave emissions. They all say the smart meters are “in compliance with FCC public safety limits”. However, the RF reports indicate that the smart meter will produce over 300 microwatts/centimeter squared near the meter, and this will produce elevated RF both • ,.- ""'C, ;#. SAGE ' :. ·" Associates ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS inside and outside the home. Chronic exposure to radiofrequency and microwave radiation is still considered a potential health risk, and studies continue at NIEHS and at the World Health Agency to determine actual health risks. These smart meter RF/MW levels are far higher than those already reported to cause health risks. Compliance is not safety, since the existing FCC safety limits are under challenge, and have already been called ‘insufficient to protect public health’ by some federal agencies.

The power transmitters that also have to go inside the home (on each appliance that is reporting to the smart meter) produce high, intermittent RF in short bursts. If the consumer does opt-in to a smart meter program, he/she will have to install multiple power transmitters (one per appliance) inside the home at additional cost for the wireless thermostat, power transmitters and wireless display). These power transmitters are another source of RF, and some calculations show they emit short, but powerful bursts of RF up to several thousand microwatts per centimeter squared. These bursts will occur both day and night, perhaps several times a minute.

To date, none of the technical RF reports we’ve reviewed is able to predict the cumulative RF from the smart meter plus the power transmitters inside the home, the intervals of RF transmission, and the additional RF transmissions from neighboring homes that can ‘piggyback’ on your smart meter system. This ‘piggybacking’ part of the system means that other homes can put additional RF signals through your meter, if they don’t have a good signal to the utility’s reporting cell antenna network.

Electromagnetic Interference

Wireless medical devices in use within homes may malfunction. Spurious radiofrequency signals are already reported in published studies to interfere with critical care equipment, ventilators, pain pumps, wireless insulin pumps and other medical devices. There does not appear to be any testing results on the effect of smart meters and critical care devices in advance of their deployment, but the issue is real.

There can also be interference with other electronic devices (home office printers, FAX, scanners, computers, television and cable settings, security systems, etc). Appliances and devices that are electrically connected in the home (plugged into home electrical wiring) may experience RF bursts of high enough intensity to cause malfunction and/or damage. These events are reported where smart meters have been installed.

Fires and Explosions

There are reports in Bakersfield and from some Alabama communities that the installation of smart meters caused fires (15 reported in Bakersfield, one explosion of a • ,.- ""'C, ;#. SAGE ' :. ·" Associates ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS California Public Utilities Commission 505 Van Ness Avenue San Francisco, California 94102

Attention: CPUC Public Advisor Attention: Commissioner Michael Peevey, President, Attention: Ms. Dana Appling, Director Division of Ratepayer Advocates

PG&E Corporation One Market, Spear Tower, Suite 2400 San Francisco CA 94105-1126

Attention: Mr. Peter A. Darbee, PG&E Chairman and CEO

This letter is to inform you that as a customer of PG&E, I oppose the installation of wireless SmartGrid meters at my home. I do not want to be exposed to the wireless radiofrequency radiation (RF) from the meters, the potential fire hazard, or the privacy, interference and security risks - nor do I want any more RF antennas in my neighborhood.

I will not opt-in to the SmartGrid Home Area Network system by installing an interior meter or adding RF appliances inside my home.

PG&E’s claims of safety are based on inadequate FCC safety standards. The FCC safety standards protect from death by electrocution. There are no long term safety standards for RF exposure. RF is under investigation as a carcinogen by the World health Organization and the National Toxicology Program.

PG&E is promoting Smart Meters as a system to help reduce energy consumption. The California Public Utilities Commission should require PG&E to conduct a conservation study that takes into account the additional energy it will take to transmit the millions of new RF signals the wireless Smart Grid will require and compare that to the energy savings customers can achieve by leaving appliances unplugged.

The CPUC should place an immediate moratorium on wireless Smart Meters. We want either to retain the existing meter system or meters to use shielded cable. We don't want chronic, involuntary exposure to low-intensity wireless RF in our homes or in our neighborhoods. smart meter). These reports are in various stages of confirmation, and cannot be fully substantiated at present. There is theoretical reason to believe that, in some cases, wireless smart meter signals may overload electrical wires and cause or contribute to circumstances resulting in house electrical fires. Unintentional re-radiation of RF signal (with its higher energy) on electrical wires may overload wires, particularly in poorly grounded or ungrounded homes, or homes with older wiring or faulty wiring.

There are reported events that such fires have happened at or around the time smart meters have been installed. This matter needs urgent attention, and an independent investigation by the State Fire Marshall is needed.

It may also increase the risk of wildfire in heavily wooded areas and rural/urban interface areas of the state.

Mandate

The federal government, through the Obama stimulus package, has supported the rollout of this new technology. The California Public Utilities Commission has authorized PG&E, SCE and SDG&E to install new smart meters as part of the SmartGrid energy conservation ideal. In other parts of the country like the State of Connecticut, officials have required a ‘go-slow’ approach to testing first. However, no agency has mandated that the meters be wireless, thus opening the conversation to “why not hard-wired, shielded cable”? This has few to none of the vulnerabilities raised above, and would likely result in much higher consumer acceptance and buy-in.

Thank you for taking time to read and understand these important issues.

If you want to tell your utility that you do not wish to participate in a program that has these problems and unanswered questions, you can sign the “Homeowner Opt-Out” letter and send it to your utility, your public utilities commission (or public service commission) and we’d like to know, too.

Very sincerely,

Cindy Sage (805) 969-0557 [email protected] Don Miller [email protected] Santa Barbara, CA

Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience Experimental Dermatology Unit

Stockholm, January 17, 2011

To whom it may concern

The California Council on Science and Technology, K Street, Suite 280, California 95814, USA, has recently released its report on wireless smart meters (―Health Impacts of Radio Frequency from Smart Meters‖). In it, the possibility of any low-intensity health consequences of chronic exposure to pulsed microwave exposure is denied. However, in the current field of science, the present state-of-the-art regarding this issue is not so simple.

Wireless communication is now being implemented in our daily life in a very fast way. At the same time, it is becoming more and more obvious that the exposure to electromagnetic fields not only may induce acute thermal effects to living organisms, but also non-thermal effects, the latter often after longer exposures. This has been demonstrated in a very large number of studies and includes cellular DNA-damage, disruptions and alterations of cellular functions like increases in intracellular stimulatory pathways and calcium handling, disruption of tissue structures like the blood-brain barrier, impact on vessel and immune functions, and loss of fertility. Whereas scientists can observe and reproduce these effects in controlled laboratory experiments, epidemiological and ecological data derived from long-term exposures reflect in well-designed case-control studies the link all the way from molecular and cellular effects to the living organism up to the induction and proliferation of diseases observed in humans. It should be noted that we are not the only species at jeopardy, practically all animals and plants may be at stake. Although epidemiological and ecological investigations as such never demonstrate causative effects, due to the vast number of confounders, they confirm the relevance of the controlled observations in the laboratories.

Because the effects are reproducibly observed and links to pathology cannot be excluded, the precautionary principle should be in force in the implementation of this new technology within the society. This will be the only method to support the sustainability of these innovative wireless communication technologies. The February 2, 2000 European Commission Communication on the Precautionary Principle notes: "The precautionary principle applies where scientific evidence is insufficient, inconclusive or uncertain and preliminary scientific evaluation indicates that there are reasonable grounds for concern that the potentially dangerous effects on the environment, human, animal or plant health may be inconsistent with the high level of protection chosen by the EU". Therefore, policy makers immediately should strictly control exposure by defining biologically-based maximal exposure guidelines also taking into account long-term, non-thermal effects, and including especially vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, the ill, the genetically and/or immunologically challenged, children and fetuses, and persons with the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity.

Mailing address Visiting address Telephone Experimental Dermatology Unit Retziuslaboratoriet Direct - Department of Neuroscience Retzius väg 8 Switchboard - Karolinska Institutet Solna Fax - 171 77 Stockholm Fax (KI) - Sweden

Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience Experimental Dermatology Unit

In November, 2009, a Scientific Panel comprised of international experts on the biological effects of electromagnetic fields met in Seletun, Norway, for three days of intensive discussion on existing scientific evidence and public health implications of the unprecedented global exposures to artificial electromagnetic fields (EMF) from telecommunications and electric power technologies. This meeting was a direct consequence of on-going discussions already from the mid-nineties, when cellular communications infrastructure began to rapidly proliferate, and stretching through, among many, the Benevento (2006), Venice (2008) and London (2009) Resolutions from this decade, and involving important conclusions drawn from the 600-page Bioinitiative Report published August 31, 2007, which was a review of over 2,000 studies showing biological effects from electromagnetic radiation at non-thermal levels of exposure, which partly was published subsequently in the journal Pathophysiology (Volume 16, 2009).

The Seletun Scientific Statement (2011) recommends that lower limits be established for electromagnetic fields and wireless exposures, based on scientific studies reporting health impacts at much lower exposure levels. Many researchers now believe the existing safety limits are inadequate to protect public health because they do not consider prolonged exposure to lower emission levels that are now widespread.

The body of evidence on electromagnetic fields requires a new approach to protection of public health; the growth and development of the fetus, and of children; and argues for strong preventative actions. These conclusions are built upon prior scientific and public health reports documenting the following:

) Low-intensity (non-thermal) bioeffects and adverse health effects are demonstrated at levels significantly below existing exposure standards. ) ICNIRP/WHO and IEEE/FCC public safety limits are inadequate and obsolete with respect to prolonged, low-intensity exposures. ) New, biologically-based public exposure standards are urgently needed to protect public health world-wide. ) It is not in the public interest to wait.

• EMR exposures should be reduced now rather than waiting for proof of harm before acting. This is in keeping with traditional public health principles, and is justified now given abundant evidence that biological effects and adverse health effects are occurring at exposure levels hundreds to thousands of times below existing public safety standards around the world.

• There is a need for mandatory pre-market assessments of emissions and risks before deployment of new wireless technologies. There should be convincing evidence that products do not cause health harm before marketing. Such decisions may have to be quickly revised given new evidence.

Mailing address Visiting address Telephone Experimental Dermatology Unit Retziuslaboratoriet Direct - Department of Neuroscience Retzius väg 8 Switchboard - Karolinska Institutet Solna Fax - 171 77 Stockholm Fax (KI) - Sweden

Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience Experimental Dermatology Unit

• The use of telephone lines (land-lines) or fiber optic cables for SmartGrid type energy conservation infrastructure is recommended. Utilities should choose options that do not create new, community-wide exposures from wireless components of SmartGrid-type projects. Future health risks from prolonged or repetitive wireless exposures of SmartGrid- type systems may be avoided by using fiber-optic cable. Energy conservation is endorsed but not at the risk of exposing millions of families in their homes to a new, involuntary source of wireless radiofrequency radiation, the effect of which on their health not yet known.

I encourage governments to adopt a framework of guidelines for public and occupational EMF exposure that reflect the Precautionary Principle. The Precautionary Principle states when there are indications of possible adverse effects, though they remain uncertain, the risks from doing nothing may be far greater than the risks of taking action to control these exposures. The Precautionary Principle shifts the burden of proof from those suspecting a risk to those who discount it — as some nations have already done. Precautionary strategies should be based on design and performance standards and may not necessarily define numerical thresholds because such thresholds may erroneously be interpreted as levels below which no adverse effect can occur.

You often hear about "safe levels" of exposure and that there is "no proof of health effects", but my personal response to these seemingly reassuring statements is that it is very important to realize, from a consumer's point of view, that "no accepted proof for health effects" is not the same as "no risk". Too many times, 'experts' have claimed to be experts in fields where actually the only expert comment should have been: "I/we just do not know". Such fields were e.g. the DDT, X-ray, radioactivity, smoking, asbestos, BSE, heavy metal exposure, depleted uranium, etc., etc., etc., where the "no risk"-flag was raised before true knowledge came around. Later on, the same flag had to be quickly lowered, many times after enormous economic costs and suffering of many human beings. Along those lines, it is now (regarding "the protection from exposure to electromagnetic fields" issue) very important to clearly identify the background and employment (especially if they sit, at the same time, on the industry's chairs) of every 'expert' in different scientific committees, and likewise. It is, of course, very important (maybe even more important?) to also let 'whistleblowers' speak at conferences, to support them with equal amounts (or even more?) of economical funding as those scientists and other 'experts' who, already from the very beginning, have declared a certain source or type of irradiation, or a specified product, to be 100% safe.

In the case of "protection from exposure to electromagnetic fields", it is thus of paramount importance to act from a prudence avoidance/precautionary principle point of view. Anything else would be highly hazardous! Total transparency of information is the key sentence here, I believe consumers are very tired of always having the complete truth years after a certain catastrophe already has taken place. For instance, it shall be noted, that today's recommendation values for wireless systems, the SAR-value, are just recommendations, and not safety levels. Since scientists observe biological effects at as low as 20 microWatts/kg, is

Mailing address Visiting address Telephone Experimental Dermatology Unit Retziuslaboratoriet Direct - Department of Neuroscience Retzius väg 8 Switchboard - Karolinska Institutet Solna Fax - 171 77 Stockholm Fax (KI) - Sweden

Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience Experimental Dermatology Unit

it then really safe to irradiate humans with 2 W/kg (i.e., with 100,000 times stronger radiation!), which is the recommendation level for us? And, furthermore, it is very strange to see, over and over again, that highly relevant scientific information is suppressed or even left out in various official documents, as high up as at the governmental level of society. This is not something that the consumers will gain anything good from, and, still, the official declaration or explanation (from experts and politicians) very often is: "If we (=the experts) would let everything out in the open, people would be very scared and they would panic." Personally, I have never seen this happen, but instead I have frequently seen great disappointment from citizens who afterwards have realized they have been fooled by their own experts and their own politicians...

Another misunderstanding is the use of scientific publications (as the tobacco industry did for many years) as 'weights' to balance each other. But you can NEVER balance a report showing a negative health effect with one showing nothing! This is a misunderstanding which, unfortunately, is very often used both by the industrial representatives as well as official authorities. The general audience, naturally, easily is fooled by such an argumentation, but if you are bitten by a deadly poisonous snake, what good does it make for you that there are 100 million harmless snakes around?

In many commentaries, debate articles and public lectures - for the last 20-30 years – I have urged that completely independent research projects must be inaugurated immediately to ensure our public health. These projects must be entirely independent of all types of commercial interests; public health cannot have a price-tag! It is also of paramount importance that scientists involved in such projects must be free of any carrier considerations and that the funding needed is covered to 100%, not 99% or less. This is the clear responsibility of the democratically elected body of every country.

Many smart meters are close to beds, kitchens, playrooms, and similar locations. These wireless systems are never off, and the exposure is not voluntary. The smart meters are being forced on citizens everywhere. Based on this, the inauguration of smart meters with grudging and involuntary exposure of millions to billions of human beings to pulsed microwave radiation should immediately be prohibited until ’the red flag’ can be hauled down once and for all.

With my very best regards, Yours sincerely,

Olle Johansson, Assoc. Prof., The Experimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute,

Mailing address Visiting address Telephone Experimental Dermatology Unit Retziuslaboratoriet Direct - Department of Neuroscience Retzius väg 8 Switchboard - Karolinska Institutet Solna Fax - 171 77 Stockholm Fax (KI) - Sweden

Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience Experimental Dermatology Unit

171 77 Stockholm, Sweden & Professor, The Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

Mailing address Visiting address Telephone Experimental Dermatology Unit Retziuslaboratoriet Direct - Department of Neuroscience Retzius väg 8 Switchboard - Karolinska Institutet Solna Fax - 171 77 Stockholm Fax (KI) - Sweden