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Serotonin Involvement in Descending Inhibition of Spinal Nociceptive Transmission Produced by Stimulation of Medial Diencephalon and Basal Forebrain’

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Serotonin Involvement in Descending Inhibition of Spinal Nociceptive Transmission Produced by Stimulation of Medial Diencephalon and Basal Forebrain’ 0270.6474/83/0310-2112$02.00/O The Journal of Neuroscience Copyright 0 Society for Neuroscience Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 2112-2120 Printed in U.S.A. October 1983 SEROTONIN INVOLVEMENT IN DESCENDING INHIBITION OF SPINAL NOCICEPTIVE TRANSMISSION PRODUCED BY STIMULATION OF MEDIAL DIENCEPHALON AND BASAL FOREBRAIN’ E. CARSTENS J. D. MAcKINNON, AND M. J. GUINAN Department of Animal Physiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 Received June 22,1982; Revised April 7, 1983; Accepted May 5, 1983 Abstract The responses of single lumbar dorsal horn neurons to noxious radiant heat stimuli (50°C 10 set) applied to glabrous footpad skin were recorded in cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and 70% N20. Responses were markedly reduced during electrical stimulation (lOO-msec trains at 100 Hz, 3/set, up to 400 PA) at sites in the medial diencephalic periventricular gray (PVG), preoptic area, and basal forebrain. A role for serotonin (&hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was investigated by determining whether descending inhibition from these areas could be affected by (I ) acute systemic administration of the 5-HT antagonist methysergide, or (2) depletion of central 5-HT levels by pretreatment with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 500 mg/kg, i.p.). Inhibition produced by stimulation at these sites was reduced or abolished in 22 cases following administration of methysergide (0.2 to 1 mg/kg) to non-pretreated cats. In the PCPA-pretreated cats, stimulation in preoptic or basal forebrain areas inhibited the responses of 26 units to noxious skin heating to varying degrees; PVG stimulation inhibited the responses of 14 of 26 units, while the remainder were unaffected. The mean current threshold for inhibition produced by PVG or preoptic/basal forebrain stimulation was significantly higher, while mean inhibition at 200 PA was significantly lower, in units from PCPA-pretreated cats compared to those from non-pretreated cats. The results indicate that 5-HT may be involved in the mediation of spinal inhibition produced by medial diencephalic and basal forebrain stimulation. Neurons in the spinal dorsal horn are known to be stem sites, including the medullary nucleus raphe mag- under descending inhibitory influences (Fields and Bas- nus (NRM; Oliveras et al., 1975), midbrain PAG (Mayer baum, 1978; Willis, 1982). Many dorsal horn neurons in and Leibeskind, 1974; Oliveras et al., 1974), medial dien- laminae I and IV to VI respond differentially to noxious cephalon (Schmidek et al., 1971; Black et al., 1972; peripheral stimuli and are thought to participate in the Hosobuchi et al., 1977; Rhodes, 1979; Oleson et al., 1980), central transmission of nociceptive information (Price and medial basal forebrain (Heath and Mickle, 1960; and Dubner, 1977). Such neurons are inhibited by elec- Gol, 1967; Breglio et al., 1970; Mayer and Liebeskind, trical stimulation in medial brainstem sites extending 1974; Abbot and Melzack, 1978), has been reported to from the medullary raphe nuclei through the midbrain suppress nocifensive responses and human chronic pain. periaqueductal gray (PAG) into the medial diencephalic It has been suggested that this so-called stimulation- periventricular gray (PVG), preoptic area, and posterior produced analgesia may be partly mediated via descend- basal forebrain (Oliveras et al., 1974; Fields et al., 1977; ing inhibition of spinal neurons transmitting nociceptive Guilbaud et al., 1977; Willis et al.,. 1977; Belcher et al., information (Mayer and Price, 1976). 1978; Carstens et al., 1979, 1982; Rivot et al., 1980; Considerable evidence supports a role for serotonin (5- Carstens, 1982). Electrical stimulation at similar brain- hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the mediation of analgesia and descending spinal inhibition produced by medullary i We are grateful for the generous gift of methysergide from Sandez, ‘NRM and midbrain PAG stimulation (Messing and Ly- Inc. We wish to thank P. Buchignani for typing the manuscript and tle, 1977; Willis, 1982). In particular, depletion of central Prof. M. Zimmermann for his very helpful comments and criticism of 5-HT levels with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor p-chloro- the work. phenylalanine (PCPA), as well as acute blockade of * To whom corresp.ondence should be addressed. central 5-HT receptors with antagonists such as meth- 2112 The Journal of Neuroscience Role of 5-HT in Spinal Inhibition from Medial Diencephalon 2113 ysergide, reduced or abolished the, analgesic (Akil and In the PCPA-pretreated cats, the effects of PVG, Liebeskind, 1975; Hayes et al., 1977; Satoh et al., 1980) preoptic, or basal forebrain stimulation at various cur- and inhibitory spinal effect (Rivot et al., 1980; Carstens rent intensities on unit 50°C heat-evoked responses, as et al., 1981; Yezierski et al., 1982) produced by PAG or well as effects of stimulation at one intensity on unit NRM stimulation. However, little is known concerning responses to graded noxious heat stimuli, were deter- the neurotransmitter(s) that mediate(s) descending in- mined. In the non-pretreated cats the effect of acute hibition and analgesia produced by medial diencephalic systemic administration of methysergide (Sandoz, Inc.; and basal forebrain stimulation. Since these latter areas 0.2 to 1 mg/kg, i.v.; duration of injection 5 2 min) was have anatomical connections with midbrain PAG and/ determined by comparing the magnitude of inhibition or medullary NRM (see “Discussion” for references), it produced by brain stimulation of a constant intensity is possible that spinal inhibition produced by dience- (range: 50 to 300 PA) before and after the drug injection. phalic or forebrain stimulation is mediated via activation Electrolytic lesions made at the stimulation and re- of neurons in the PAG and/or NRM, which in turn give cording sites were reconstructed histologically in cresyl rise to inhibitory spinal projections. It would then be violet-stained 40-pm frozen sections. expected that the effects of medial diencephalic and basal forebrain stimulation would be mediated at least partly Results by 5-HT. We have therefore investigated this possibility Recording and stimulation sites. All units selected gave by determining whether this inhibition is affected by reproducible high frequency responses to repeated (l/3 PCPA or the 5HT antagonist methysergide. An abstract min) 50°C heat stimuli. Thirteen of the 17 units studied of this work has appeared (Guinan et al., 1982). in the non-pretreated cats receiving acute methysergide were of the class 2 (Handwerker et al., 1975) or wide Materials and Methods dynamic range (Price and Dubner, 1977) type, respond- Electrophysiological experiments were performed us- ing to hair movement (N = 10) or pressure (N = 3) as ing 17 untreated female cats (2.2 to 3.3 kg) and 5 female well as to pinch and noxious heat. Two responded only cats (2.5 to 3.3 kg) pretreated with PCPA (Sigma Chem- to noxious pinch and heat (class 3 or nociceptive specific ical Co., suspended in sesame oil; 500 mg/kg, i.p.) 72 hr types; Price and Dubner, 1977), and two were not ade- before the experiment. quately tested with mechanical stimuli. Cutaneous recep- The procedures for surgery, stimulation and recording, tive fields spanned one to two toes (N = 6) or larger and histology were identical to those described previously areas (N = 9). Units with high mechanical thresholds (Carstens, 1982). Briefly, the animals were anesthetized tended to have smaller receptive fields. Histologically with sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal; 40 mg/kg, i.p.) localized recording sites were in laminae IV to VI (Fig. and artificially ventilated with a gaseous mixture of N20 lA, open circles). and O2 (12:l) following paralysis. The lumbosacral spinal In the five cats pretreated with PCPA, 34 units re- cord was exposed by laminectomy, and tungsten microe- sponded to noxious skin heating. However, eight were lectrodes (12 megohms) were used to record the responses discarded since they did not respond to subsequent heat of single dorsal horn units to noxious radiant heating of stimuli. Similar “habituating” units were reported pre- glabrous footpad skin. Step increases from an adapting viously in PCPA-pretreated cats (Carstens et al., 1981). temperature of 30°C to the desired end temperature (42 Each of the 26 units giving reproducible responses to to 52°C) lasting 10 set were produced at 3-min intervals heat was of the class 2 or wide dynamic range type, using a feedback-controlled lamp focused on the skin responding at lowest threshold to hair movement (N = (Beck et al., 1974). A digital computer was used to 17), touch (N = 2), or pressure (N = 5); two were construct poststimulus time histograms (PSTHs) of unit inadequately tested with mechanical stimuli. There were responses, which were quantified as the total number of equal numbers of units with small (one to two toes) and impulses during the lo-set period starting 5 set after the larger receptive fields. Unit recording sites were located onset of heating. Brain stimulation (lOO-msec trains of in laminae IV to VI (Fig. lA, solid circles). O.l-msec pulses at 100 Hz, 3/set, amplitude 25 to 400 PVG (Fig. lB, circles) and medial preoptic or basal PA) was applied via separate concentric bipolar steel forebrain (Fig. lB, triangles) stimulation sites are com- electrodes, one of which was stereotaxically lowered into piled in Figure 1B. Stimulation at each site in non- the PVG region (stereotaxic coordinates: anterior, +8 to pretreated cats (Fig. lB, open symbols) markedly reduced +12; ventral, +2 to -2, near the midline; Bleier, 1961; the responses of each unit tested. Stimulation at sites in Snider and Niemer, 1961) and the other into the medial PCPA-pretreated cats (Fig. lB, solid symbols) was less preoptic area or basal forebrain (anterior, +14 to +16; effective, as detailed below. ventral, +2 to -6, near the midline; Andy and Stephan, Methysergide. In the non-pretreated cats, PVG or 1964).
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