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The University of Chicago Democracy on a Minor Note: the All-India Majlis-E-Itteḥād'ul Muslimīn and Its Hyderabadi Muslim

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The University of Chicago Democracy on a Minor Note: the All-India Majlis-E-Itteḥād'ul Muslimīn and Its Hyderabadi Muslim THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO DEMOCRACY ON A MINOR NOTE: THE ALL-INDIA MAJLIS-E-ITTEḤĀD’UL MUSLIMĪN AND ITS HYDERABADI MUSLIM PUBLICS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY SHEFALI JHA CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2017 © Copyright 2017 Shefali Jha All rights reserved For Javeed, who might have enjoyed reading this and Moid and Razibhai, friends, philosophers and guides TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………….v Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….ix Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….1 Part I Chapter One: Two Senses of an Ending……………………………………………………....29 Chapter Two: The New Rulers and Ruled……………………………………………………75 Chapter Three: Rulers of the Deccan………………………………………………………..120 Chapter Four: Hyderabad 1948……………………………………………………………...166 Part II Chapter Five: Reassembling the Public……………………………………………………..213 Chapter Six: Si(gh)ting Publics……………………………………………………………..255 Chapter Seven: The Impersonal is Political…………………………………………………298 Conclusion: The Present Futures of the MIM……………….………………………………339 Appendix: Program of the MIM, 1958………...……………………………………………343 References…………………………………………………………………………………...345 iv Acknowledgements My debts are many and incurred over a long period of time. Without the insights, patience, humor and friendship of William Mazzarella, Hussein Agrama and Dipesh Chakrabarty this project would have been impossible, and it is a great pleasure to begin by thanking them. John and Jean Comaroff, Judith Farquhar, John Kelly, and Susan Gal have been most generous with their time and ideas over the years, and I am thankful also to Darryl Li for his thoughtful engagement with my work. Anne Ch’ien’s good cheer, solid support and omniscience have been absolutely crucial to work and general well-being in Haskell Hall, for which I can barely find the words to thank her. To C.M Naim, Muzaffar and Rizwana Alam warm gratitude is due for their mentorship, hospitality and long-standing interest in the project. Thanks to Elena Bashir’s untiring effort and teaching, I was able to find my feet reading and writing Urdu early on. My wonderful cohort—Anthropology 2008—must be credited for their brilliance and collegiality that sustained me through graduate school and nurtured this project. Special thanks are due to Natalja Czarnecki, Genevieve Godbout, Yaqub Hilal, Christopher Sheklian, Xiao-bo Yuan, Shirley Yeung and Amy McLachlan for their warmth, camaraderie and keen writerly eye. In Nusrat Chowdhury, Sabrina Datoo, Ranu Raychaudhuri, Mandira Bhaduri, Nazmul Sultan, Adam Sargent, Sayantan Saha Roy, Harini Kumar, Tejas Parashar, Gaurav Devasthali, Suchismita Das and Hasan Siddiqui I am fortunate to have found great friends and insightful interlocutors—neither this dissertation nor my life at Chicago would have been the same without them. I am grateful to Maira Hayat, Mannat Johal, Sharvari Shastry, Sneha Annavarapu, Malavika Reddy, Thomas Newbold, Marc Kelley, Daniel Morgan, Abhishek Bhattacharya, Tanima Sharma, Nida Paracha, Owen Kohl, Bill Feeney, Jonah Augustine, Jonah Rubin, Michal Ran-Rubin, Mennatallah Khalil, Do Dom Kim, Hiroko Kumaki, Patrick Lewis, Damien Bright, v Inez Escobar Gonzalez, Ali Atef, Marshall Kramer, Naveena Naqvi and Daniel Schulz for their friendship that made life in Hyde Park rich in every way. In Hyderabad, my foremost professional debt is to Asaduddin Owaisi, who unhesitatingly allowed me free run of the party office at Darussalam, and was unfailingly gracious throughout my work with the MIM. Syed Aminul Hasan Jafri, Naseem Arifi, Aziz Ahmad, Mushtaq and Zainbhai were not only supportive of my work, they took a consistent interest in its progress. Mohammed Ayub Khan’s academic inputs and long-standing engagement with my work are an indispensable part of it. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge everyone at Darussalam who made me feel welcome and at home—Abid, Merajbhai, Mubinbhai, Salim, Zafar, Muzaffar, Hamza, Mujib Khan, Hafeez, Hanifbhai, Salman and most of all, Sharif sahab. Tahir Ansari, Moinbhai, Amjadbhai, Sabira apa, Rashida baji, Nasreen Sultana were always solicitous, and forthcoming about their long relationship with the party. Among the corporators, past and present, I am particularly grateful to Mirza Saleem Baig, Mohammad Nazeeruddin, Mohsina Parveen, Ayesha Rubina and Yasmin Sultana; Meraj Mohammad and Mohammad Ghouse are no longer with the MIM, but were interested and generous interlocutors during my work. Current and former Members of Legislative Assembly and Council that I want to particularly thank are Ahmad Pasha Quadri, Ahmad Balala, Virasat Rasool Khan, Mumtaz Ahmad Khan, Jaffer Hussain Meraj, and Altaf Hyder Razvi. To all the strangers in MIM meetings and at Darussalam who went out of their way to help me find my way around the city and made time to talk to me, I remain deeply grateful. Mazhar Hussein, Mumtaz Fathima, Mohammad Turab and others at COVA; Hasanuddin Ahmad and the late Barrister Sardar Ali Khan; F.M Saleem, Syed Mohammad and S.Q Masood all gave vi of their time and investment in Hyderabad freely, for which I am very grateful. The late Rehana Sultana is much-missed and continues to be an inspiration. My debts to friends and family in Hyderabad keep stacking up. To Susie Tharu no amount of thanks can be sufficiently rendered— without her friendship and mentorship I would be quite lost. I am also lucky to count among old friends Deepa Sreenivas, Viju Kurien, Shital Morjaria, Rekha Pappu, K. Satyanarayana, Pavana, R.Srivatsan, Vasanta Duggirala, Uma Bhrugubanda, Satish Poduval, Jayasree Kalathil, Adley Siddiqui, Parthasarathi Muthukaruppan, Sajida Sultana, B. Venkat Rao, Gogu Shyamala, Lateef Mohammad Khan, Kaneez Fathima and her family. Nobody could hope for more affectionate and steadfast friends than Liji Varghese, Samata Biswas, K. Bharani, Atul Prakash Singh and Navaneetha M— to all of them I am grateful for seeing me through many a storm and calm over the years. For Madhava and Devayani Prasad’s presence in my life I am thankful every day; none of this would be possible without their love and support. I will always remain in the debt of my parents, Mithileshwar and Preeti Jha, and my brother Abhishek, who have borne my many insolences with unflagging patience, understanding and love. I must thank Purnima Mehta and her associates at the American Institute for American Studies in New Delhi, Irving Birkner and (formerly) Tarini Bedi at the Committee on Southern Asian Studies at Chicago, Jeanne Fitzsimmons of the Nicholson Center for British Studies, and James Nye and Laura Ring at that incredible place called the Regenstein Library at Chicago for making these years of research such a pleasure. Thanks are due also to M.A Raqeeb and others at the AP/Telangana State Archives, Lakshmi and Pradeep at the Anveshi Library, the staff at the British Library (India Office Collection) in London, the library of the Idara-e-Adabiyat-e-Urdu, and the State Central Library in Hyderabad. vii Parts of the dissertation were presented at annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, the workshop on Theory and Practice in South Asia at the University of Chicago, and at the workshop on ‘Many Histories of the Present’ at Duke University. I am thankful to all the participants whose comments enriched my writing, and would like to express my gratitude to Vincent Crapanzano, Engseng Ho, David Gilmartin, Fadi Bardawil and Yazan Doughan in particular. I wish that Javeed Alam, consummate Hyderabadi, my late teacher and one of the first analysts to take the MIM seriously as a political phenomenon, could have read this and given me his thoughts as promised. I am too late, but the dedication to him is a small attempt to remember and honor him. This dissertation is dedicated also to M.A Moid and Raziullah Hussain—Razibhai— for their untiring support, friendship and all the ways in which they opened up the world of the Old City and of Muslim politics to my neophyte eyes. This project could not have been conceived without their generosity, friendship and constant encouragement. viii Abstract ‘Democracy on a Minor Note: The All India Majlis-e-Ittehad’ul Muslimin and its Hyderabadi Muslim Publics’ This dissertation is a historical and ethnographic study of the All India Majlis-e-Ittehad’ul Muslimin (Association for Muslim Unity), a Muslim political party based in the southern city of Hyderabad. In a political universe where democracy is understood through popular conceptions of religious minorities and majorities and behaviors appropriate to both, I show how the Majlis articulates an oppositional stance to Hindu majoritarian aggression on behalf of its constituents, while conforming to the terms laid out for its functioning by the norms of secular democratic politics. Its ability to hold these contradictions together makes the party a felicitous site for a study, and a reckoning of the ‘cruel optimism’ that characterizes collective life in secular democracies today. ‘Democracy on a Minor Note’ is divided into two parts. The four chapters in Part I lay out what I call a performative history of the Muslim public in the princely state of Hyderabad, a state bound to the British colonial establishment by that notoriously ambiguous relation of subordination called paramountcy. Using material as diverse as memoirs, novels, reportage, colonial documents, even an old unpublished dissertation, these chapters deal with the period roughly coinciding with the reign (1911- 1948) of the monarch Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad. They show how the internal contradictions of the state’s drive toward administrative modernization coupled with political stability generated in the late 1930s new kinds of sites and sociality for a Muslim public to evolve. The growing gap between the eponymous capital city and the districts that sustained its vibrant political life, as well as the influence of nationalist politics on the subcontinent manifested, I show, in the growth of the ix Muslim political party known as the Ittehad’ul Muslimin and rival forms of politics such as the Hyderabad State Congress, Hindu Mahasabha, Arya Samaj and Communist Party.
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