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Internal and External Dimensions of Conflict in Yemen: an Analysis

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Internal and External Dimensions of Conflict in Yemen: an Analysis Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945 Internal and External Dimensions of Conflict in Yemen: An Analysis 1Hamood Mohammed Hamood Department of Political Science School of Humanities Lovely Professional University (INDIA) Abstract Yemen civil war, which has been trapped in the fire of a brutal civil war since 2015, involved internal and external factors to shape the destiny of Yemen. Internal disputes and conflicts between local political parties and religious movements are strongly influenced by the country's stability, which is perceived to be the internal local supremacy of the crisis in Yemen. International actors and their presence and influence create a situation that is perceived to be the world's greatest man-made humanitarian disaster. Yemen's political interference will be at its best between the regional forces of Saudi Arabia, the UAE and their alliance on one side and Iran on the other. This article analyses the internal and external factors that are fundamental and primary factors/players in the Yemeni conflict contributing to the global humanitarian crisis. Key Words: Yemen, Conflict, Houthi, Coalition, Civil- War Introduction The alliance that Saudi Arabia is leading as a Shiite Sunni and Iran and Hazb Allah and their allies in the Al Houthi (Ansar Allah) local sphere. The actual civil war began with the uprising carried out in 2014 by the Al Houthi movement when they succeeded in taking over Sana'a, the capital of Yemen. The Houthis are a group adhering to Zaidi Shi'ism and are largely indigenous to the mountainous northern regions. The revolution began in the early 2000s and after the turmoil with the spread of the Arab Spring, spent considerably from 2012 to 2015 took over Sana'a, the capital of Yemen. This campaign is seen as Iran's hand in Yemen, so Saudi Arabia has formed a coalition to fight against it. 1 Volume XII, Issue XI, November/2020 Page No:1050 Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945 In Western Asia, Yemen is a nation at the southern edge of the Arabian Peninsula. It is also recognised as the Yemeni Republic. It is the peninsula's second-largest Arab sovereign territory, covering 527,970 square kilometres (203,850 square miles). The shoreline reaches for around 1,200 miles (2,000 kilometres). Yemen's population is around 29,629,029. To the north, Yemen is bounded by Saudi Arabia, to the west by the Red Sea, to the south by the Gulf of Aden and the Bab-el-Mandeb River, and to the east by Oman and the Arab Sea. More than 200 islands are protected by Yemen, including Socotra, which is known to be one of the largest islands in the Middle East. Yemen is part of the Arab League, the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Islamic Cooperation Group (Black, 2016). Yemen is listed as a failing state with a high need for transformation. Before 1990, Yemen had become two countries, the Arab Republic of Yemen and the South of Yemen, and by 22 May 1990, the two countries had become one called the Republic of Yemen. Since 2011, Yemen has been in a state of constitutional instability and disagreement between Yemen's political parties, leading to street demonstrations against hunger, jobs, corruption, and the initiative of President Saleh to change the constitution of Yemen and lift the presidential term limit, essentially rendering him president for life. President Saleh moved down and the powers of the presidency were conveyed to Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who was constitutionally elected president in a one-candidate election on 21 February 2012. Because of the failure of President Hadi, it was exploited by the Houthi movement and distributed widely so that in the last victory of the movement in September 2014, the Houthis took over Sana'a, the capital of Yemen. The Houthis are supported by Iran, particularly after eventually controlling Sana'a to control much of Yemen's north. Yemen's president, Abd Rabbuh Hadi, who is recognised by the United States, settled in Aden (south of Yemen) in March 2015, making it the provisional capital of the region. In the other hand, Houthi forces concentrated their efforts on capturing this major port city. Saudi Arabia started to form armed forces along its border with Yemen after the Houthi assault on Aden City. One of the Houthi chiefs, Mohammed Ali Al Houthi, declared at that time that his troops were ready for any action. There were also political clashes between Yemeni political parties that made the situation worse, especially between the General National Congress headed by former President Ali Abduallah Salih and the Islah faction, which is considered a branch of Yemen's Islamic Brotherhood Movement. This military coalition, including Jorden, Sudden, 2 Volume XII, Issue XI, November/2020 Page No:1051 Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945 Morocco, Egypt, Senegal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and other nations, wanted to engage in direct action against the Houthi movement. Djibouti, Eritrea, and Somalia have made the coalition part of their airspace, sovereign water, and military bases. In addition, the alliance is sponsored by various nations, including the United States, the United Kingdom and France, which supply it with arms and intelligence (Flint, 2016). In the case of diplomacy, Iran was the only nation that accepted Yemen's Houthi as an official government. On September 1, 2019, the Houthi administration, which is not recognised by the UN, nominated Ibrahim Mohammed AL-Dailami as ambassador. So, Iran was named Ambassador in Sana'a Hassan Eyrlo in Sana'a in October 2020, this move is considered to be Diplomatic Support for the Government of Houthi. The conflict has widespread traditional condemnation and has had a drastic deteriorating impact on the humanitarian condition of Yemen, which is called a humanitarian disaster. The conflict is going from bad to worse and Yemeni people are the only losers of this aggressive war. It is accurate to realise that everything is a smoke screen behind the Yemeni conflict. The unseen hand behind this battle is a strategic and petro-political storey aimed at securing the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb and the Gulf of Aden. Moreover, Yemen's strategic importance draws all major forces in the region. Objectives: ▪ To understand internal and external factors of conflict in the Yemen ▪ To analyses the changing new dimensions and consequences of conflicts in the Yemen Methodology: Qualitative research methodology has been used in this study to understand the deep investigations over Yemen conflict. It adopted the analytical method to investigate new dimensions and consequences. The study is purely based on secondary sources of articles, books and Journal publications besides the personal experience of author being native to Yemeni conflict. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data is collected in using internet resources, magazines, news Channels, and Website sources. The first method of collect and analysis of the study is to investigate the main and important internal and external factors in the Yemeni crisis. Then how the competing forces benefit these factors at various national, regional and transnational levels is considered. The analysis has been carried out mainly qualitatively. 3 Volume XII, Issue XI, November/2020 Page No:1052 Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research ISSN NO: 0022-1945 Literature Review Melissa Mclaughlin’s (2019) article A Geopolitical Analysis of Foreign Interventions In Yemen, the geographical position of Yemen is an enticing location for foreign players not only in the presence of time but also from ancient times, so he noted that Yemen was divided back to the 1800s, when the Ottoman Empire used its influence in the northern part of the world and the UK in the south. Indeed, the real involvement of the internal relations that began with the great powers after the Arab Spring of 2011 offered a strong opportunity for the regional powers to intervene in the country and to make use of the disagreement between the Yemeni parties and the religious clashes between them. Due to the disagreement between Yemeni political parties on one side and the widespread expansion of the Houthi movement linked to Zaidi Shi'ism, which is supported militarily and diplomatically by Iran, the crisis opened the way for foreign actors. Then, from the other side of Saudi Arabia, Iran began to support them indirectly, with a golden opportunity to support the President of Yemen, who regarded him as the rightful president of the country that was elected in 2012. Saudi Arabia was the first foreign country to participate in air strikes in the Yemeni crisis in 2015. Most scholars believe that Saudi Arabia is seeking to assert its position as a leading regional force in the Yemeni war. Often the participation of the UAE is similarly geopolitical in scope. The UAE, considered part of the Arab-African alliance, has increasingly supported the Southern Separatist movement, but this is entirely against the key objective of a coalition that preserves the nation's independence and beats the Houthi insurgency. Damir Nazarov’s (2019) article Yemen and The Geopolitics of The Arabian A peninsula that studies the position of the UAE in the southern part of Yemen and in particular, the Southern Transition Council under its oversight. Though Saudi Arabia is opposed to the UAE's strategy, Saudi Arabia has its own proxies on Yemen's soil. Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya’s article The War on Yemen: where Oil and Geopolitics Mix that describes the Yemeni War as a tale of geopolitics and petro-politics that aims to control the Bab- el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden.
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