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The Trading Relations between Yemen and India from the Third Century B.C. to the Fourth Century A.D. (Qana Seaport and Seaports of West Indian) THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY IN HISTORY By MOGALLI HAMOOD MOHAMMED AL-RAEEINI Under the Supervision of PROF. M. K. PUNDHIR CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH – 202002 INDIA 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all praise is for the Almighty Allah, the Lord of the "Al-Alamin", who showed His gracious blessings upon me, without which it was impossible to complete the work. The wisdom and intellect granted to me by the Almighty has been the sole factor in the successful completion of this doctoral thesis. The words fell short to express my gratitude to my teacher and Supervisor Professor Manvendra Kumar Pundhir, C.A.S. Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, whose supervision, inspiration and moral support enabled me to complete this work. He has not only acted as my supervisor and guide giving me his precious time and advice for more generosity than his official duty demanded, but has also encouraged me in many ways throughout my research work. I would also like to express my gratitude to Prof. Syed Ali Nadeem Rezavi, Chairman and Coordinator, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, AMU, Aligarh. My Special thanks also go to other teachers, especially, Prof. Tariq Ahmed, Prof. Ali Athar, and others for their encouragement and necessary help during my Ph.D. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Amin Al-Jabar, Dr. Mohammed Tahir Al-Haj, Salah Al-Qwsi Department of History, Dhamar Universety. I owe my sincere thanks to the staff of Seminar Library, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, as well as Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University, for providing me all possible facilities and relevant books and the manuscripts for study purpose. I am also grateful to the staff of the Calicut University Library provides me all possible material that was required for my thesis. Along with them I would aiso like to extend my thanks to Kerala Council for Historical Research. The acknowledgement will remain incomplete if I denigrate the remarkable role and contribution of my family because their affection, care, encouragement, inspiration, moral and financial support constantly promoted me to accomplish my research work comfortably. My loving parents Late Hamood Mohammed Al-raeeini and Nabat Salh Mohammed to whome I am dedicating this work. I also give special thanks to my wives Shahrazad and Fadhlih, and my real life Shami, Sham, Iman, Ruqiah, Sundus, and Dhiya i Al-Dian. Also my warm regards to all my family members, brothers (Jamal, Nabil and Ali) and sisters who supported me morally during this time. I express my sincere thanks to my friends whose support, suggestions, cooperation and encouragement always proved fruitful for my study. I can never forget their company within the University campus and outside on dhabas never let me feel that I am at a distance from my home. The confederation of my friends include, Lutfur Rehman Khan Serwani, Mohd. Noorain Khan, Dr. Mohd. Anas, Abdul Motleb Shaikh, Dr. Aziz ur Rehman and Dr. Md Suhail. I also give special thanks to Al-Haj Sadulallah Husami, Al-Badri family (Mohad Salh Badri, Sajdah Badri, Ali Badri, Aziz Badri, and AAsif Badri).Their company was really fascinating which proved fruitful for my endeavor. And I am not forget my sincer thank to Khlid Emran, Nabil Al-Asmi, Khlil Abdulah, Yazid Wahas, Mohmmed Shaar, Shahir Buraihi, and all Yemeni students at AMU. I express my sincere thanks to those friends I shared the good life in Aligarh during of the Study, Dr. Hatim from Jurdon, Dr. Haydir Alami from Iraq, Dr. Qahtan from Iraq, Dr. Mihr Duhgan from Iran, Dr. Zainab from Iran. Finally, I express my indebtedness to my glorious and esteemed institution, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and my homage to its founder Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Place: Aligarh Mogalli Hamood Al- raeeini ii Abbreviations Ry 520 Inscription in Ryckmans G 1954 RES Répertoir d‟Epigraphie Semitique CIH Corpus inscriptionum Himyariticarum. Inscriptions in Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum Pars IV. Paris: Reipublicae Typographeo, 1889–1932. CIAS Corpus des inscriptions et antiquités sud-Arabique Ja Inscriptions publiées par A.Jamme. Gl Glaser. E, Inscriptions recuillies et publiées par Glaser Fa Fakhry, Archaeological Journy, I. II. Ir Iryānī, Nuqūš Musnadiyya (1990). Ry Ryckmans. G. Inscriptions recuillies et publiées par Ryckmans Ja Inscription published by Jamme Albert. BASOR Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research RES Repertoire d'Epigraphie Semitique, Paris, (8 Vols. 1900-1968). CIH Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum Par Quarta Inscriptines Himyariticus et Sabeas, Paris, Academia, Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humaniorum Tomus 1, 2, 3 .1889-1908. PUF Presses universitaires de France,1961 JWH Journal of World History Tr Translate JHS Journal of Historical Studies. JYSA Journal yearbooks Syrian Archaeological JRS Journal of Roman Studies CAH Cambridge Ancient History iii JSGAP Journal study of Gulf and Arabian Peninsula IAS Iraqi Academy of Science BR Yanbug M. A. Ba Faqih, Ch. J. Robin. Inscriptions Inedites De, Yanbuq JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. JHS Journal of Historical Studies SAJ Syrian Antiquities Journal SHA Studies in the History of Arabia JGSI Journal Geological Society of India IJHM Indian Journal of Hazardous Materials OLPJ Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica Journal AFSM American Foundation for the Study of Man RJAYAE Raydan: Journal of Ancient Yemen Antiquities and Epigraphy HMSO Her Majesty's Stationery Office CYSR Centre for Yemeni Studies and Research Inv Investigator Publ Publisher Dist Distributor KSU King Saud University Dist Distributors KCHR Kerala of Council for Historical Research PUQ Presses de l'Univereslte du Quebec CED Centre for Environment and Development iv PES Periplus of Erythraean Sea JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Y.I Yemen and India JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society cent Century PTM I Pattanam Excavation Season 2011. PTM II Pattanam Excavation Season 2012. PTM III Pattanam Excavation Season 2013. v List of Figure Figure 1: Map of India …………………………………………………… 245 Figure 2: Map of Arabia Peninsula ………………………………………. 246 Figure 3: Ancient Yemen Kingdom ……………………………………… 247 Figure 4: Qataban Laws ………………………………………………….. 248 Figure 5: Alexander Campaign …………………………………………... 248 Figure 6: Silk Route Map …………………………………………............. 249 Figure 7: Ancient Indian Ships …………………………………………… 250 Figure 8: Barygaza Port Map …………………………………………....... 251 Figure 9: Port of Muziris Map …………………………………………..... 252 Figure 10: Wharf and boat from Pattanam ……………………………….... 253 Figure 11: Qana Port ……………………………………………….............. 254 Figure 12: Husn Al-Ghurab – Qana ………………………………................ 254 Figure 13: Arabia Peninsula Trade Routes …………………………............. 255 Figure 14: Ancient Sea Trade Routes …………………………..................... 256 Figure 15: Monsoon Diraction in Arabian Sea …………………………....... 257 Figure 16: Yamanat Region in coastal Area of Hadramawt ……………....... 257 Figure 17: Yemen Amphora from West Indian (Ovoid Jars) …………....... 258 Figure 18: Indian Cooking pot with post-firing South Arabian Monogram ... 258 Figure 19: Indian Amphora from Qana Port ………………………............... 259 Figure 20: Statue of the Indian Dancer ……………………………............... 259 Figure 21: Socotra Map ……………………………...................................... 260 Figure 22: The ancient India epigraphy from Hoq Cave …………................ 261 Figure 23: Tamil-Brahmi epigraphy from southern Arabia …….................... 262 Figure 24: Ḥadrami Inscription mention to Indian …………………............. 262 List of Table Socotra Map Table 1: The Commercial Goods in Barygaza Port ……............................. 263 Table 2: The Distances between Caravan Cities in the Arab …….............. 264 vi Contents Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………. i Abbreviations …………………………………………………………… iii List of Figures …………………………………………………………… vi List of Tables …………………………………………………………… vi Contents …………………………………………………………… vii Introduction …………………………………………………………… xiv CHAPTER I- THE NATURE OF THE SOURCES 1.1 Herodutus (484-425 BC) ………………………………………… 1 1.2 Theophrastus (372- 287 BC) ……………………………………… 4 1.3 Eratosthenes (276-196 BC) ………………………………………. 5 1.4 Megasthanese ……………………………………………………. 6 1.5 Arrian …………………………………………………………… 7 1.6 Diodorus Siculus (80-30 BC) …………………………………….. 8 1.7 Ptolemy …………………………………………………………… 9 1.8 Strabo (6/420-19 BC) …………………………………………….. 10 1.9 Pliny the Elder (23/24-79 AD) …………………………………… 12 1.10 The Peirplus of the Erythraen Sea …………………………………… 14 1.11 Ancient Indian Sources ………………………………………………. 15 1.11.1 Literary Sources ……………………………………………………… 15 1.11.2 Indian Archaeological Sources ………………………………………. 18 1.12 Ancient Yemen Sources ……………………………………………… 20 1.12.1 Inscriptions …………………………………………………………… 20 1.12.2 Coins …………………………………………………………………. 21 1.12.3 Archaeological Remains …………………………………………….. 22 CHAPTER II- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 2.1 Section 1- Ancient Indian Background ……………………………. 23 2.1.1 Physiographic Regions …………………………………………. 24 2.1.2 The Peninsular Plateau …………………………………………. 26 2.1.3 The Rivers ………………………………………………………... 27 2.1.4 The Plains ……………………………………………………….. 30 2.1.4.2 The Coastal Plain ……………………………………………. 31 2.1.4.2.1 The East Coastal Plain ……………………………………………. 32 2.1.4.2.2 The West Coastal Plain …………………………………………. 32 vii 2.1.5 The Desert
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