Phanerozoic Eonothem / Eon Mesozoic Cenozoic Erathem / Era Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Quaternary System / Period Pleistocene Series /Epoch Paleocene Oligocene Holocene Pliocene Miocene Eocene Lower Upper INTERN Maastrichtian Cenomanian Serravallian V Camp Hauterivian Burdigalian Piacenzian Priabonian Aquit Barremian Messinian Berriasian Santonian Coniacian Selandian Thanetian www Calabrian Bartonian T Langhian Zanclean alanginian Gelasian Rupelian T Y S Chattian Lutetian Danian ortonian t Middle Aptian Albian uronian presian Upper age / anian anian Age .stratigraphy

GSSP 89.8 ±0.3 86.3 ±0.5 83.6 ±0.2 numerical 72.1 ±0.2 age (Ma) ~ 145.0 ~ 139.8 ~ 132.9 ~ 129.4 ~ 125.0 ~ 1 0.01 present 100.5 23.03 20.44 15.97 13.82 7.246 5.333 3.600 2.588 1.806 0.781 0.126 1 93.9 66.0 61.6 59.2 56.0 47.8 41.3 38.0 33.9 28.1 1.62 A 13.0 17 TIONA

Phanerozoic Eonothem / Eon Paleozoic Mesozoic Erathem / Era .org Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic System / Period Guadalupian Series /Epoch Cisuralian Mississippian Pennsylvanian Lopingian Middle Middle Lower Upper Lower Upper Middle Middle Lower Upper Lower Upper L CHRONOSTR Changhsingian W Pliensbachian Serpukhovian Kimmeridgian Kasimovian T Sinemurian Hett Moscovian Sakmarian Capit uchiapingian Bashkirian Kungurian Bathonian Olenekian Artinskian Oxfordian Callovian ournaisian T Rhaetian S Gzhelian Aalenian Bajocian T Asselian Ladinian Roadian W Carnian Anisian Induan V t Norian ithonian oarcian age / ordian isean angian anian International CommissiononS Age

GSSP 252.17 ±0.06 254.14 ±0.07 298.9 ±0.15 295.0 ±0.18 290.1 ±0.26 259.8 ±0.4 358.9 ±0.4 346.7 ±0.4 330.9 ±0.2 323.2 ±0.4 315.2 ±0.2 307.0 ±0.1 303.7 ±0.1 283.5 ±0.6 272.3 ±0.5 268.8 ±0.5 265.1 ±0.4 201.3 ±0.2 199.3 ±0.3 190.8 ±1.0 182.7 ±0.7 174.1 ±1.0 170.3 ±1.4 168.3 ±1.3 166.1 ±1.2 163.5 ±1.0 157.3 ±1.0 152.1 ±0.9 numerical age (Ma) ~ 208.5 ~ 145.0 ~ 242 ~ 237 ~ 227 251.2 247.2

Phanerozoic Eonothem / Eon Paleozoic Erathem / Era Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian System / Period T Series /Epoch Llandovery erreneuvian Furongian W Series 2 Series 3 Ludlow Middle Middle Pridoli Lower Upper Lower Upper A enlock TIGRAPHIC CHART TIGRAPHIC Sheinwoodian Jiangshanian T Rhuddanian Guzhangian Lochkovian Famennian Ludfordian Darriwilian Hirnantian Dapingian Homerian remadocian Sandbian T Aeronian Frasnian Fortunian Gorstian Givetian S Pragian Emsian Drumian Eifelian elychian S Katian Paibian Floian S S S S t age / t t t t t age 10 age 2 age 3 age 4 age 5 tratigraphy Age

GSSP 541.0 ±1.0 485.4 ±1.9 477.7 ±1.4 470.0 ±1.4 467.3 ±1.1 458.4 ±0.9 453.0 ±0.7 445.2 ±1.4 443.4 ±1.5 440.8 ±1.2 438.5 ±1.1 433.4 ±0.8 430.5 ±0.7 427.4 ±0.5 425.6 ±0.9 423.0 ±2.3 419.2 ±3.2 410.8 ±2.8 407.6 ±2.6 393.3 ±1.2 387.7 ±0.8 382.7 ±1.6 372.2 ±1.6 numerical 358.9 ±0.4 age (Ma) ~ 489.5 ~ 504.5 ~ 500.5 ~ 529 ~ 521 ~ 514 ~ 509 ~ 497 ~ 494 Cre Numericalages are subject to revision and do not define uni http://www.stratigraphy.org. The URL to this chart is found below. rdti e a. 21) toe o te Permian, the for those (2012); al. et Gradstein (c) InternationalCommission on Chart draf Geological Mapofthe Coloring followstheCommission for the and Precambrian are Numerical ages for all systems except numerical ages, an approximate numericalin age the (~) Phanerozoic is provided. without ratified GSSPs or thewithout constrainedPhanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries de defined by Global Uni http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2013-01.pdf Boundary boundaries, including those of the Eonothem t /Eon ailed information on ratified GSSPs t t s of all ranksallprocesstheofinarebeing s of defined Global by aceous were provided by the relevant ICS subcommissions. Precambrian ted byK.M.Cohen, S.Finney

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