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A Qualitative Investigation of the Creation and Use of Social Capital Among A Qualitative Investigation of the Creation and Use of Social Capital among Street Children in Bucharest, Romania Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Brenita R Nicholas, M.S.W. Graduate Program in Social Work The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Theresa Early, Advisor Dr. Cathy Rakowski Dr. Maria Julia Dr. Denise Bronson Copyright by Brenita R Nicholas 2011 ABSTRACT This dissertation documents the creation and use of social capital among 282 street children in Romania. Their social capital enabled them to meet their needs and face many challenges of street life. Historically, research on child welfare in Romania has focused on institutionalized children, foster care and adoption; street children are an understudied group. The research into the lives of Romanian street children that had been conducted was facilitated by large international or governmental organizations and was descriptive in nature. A lack of empirical knowledge on the lives of this vulnerable group leaves policy makers and practitioners without a clear foundation from which to base their work. Most social capital research on children has conceptualized their social capital as embedded in families and parents‘ ability to invest in their children‘s well-being or future; my research focused on children as actors who create social capital. How street children accessed and used resources embedded in social networks and how they maintained social capital as a collective resource explored the agency of children in the creation and use of social capital and provided insights important for the development of more appropriate policies and intervention strategies geared to this population. Fieldwork relied on qualitative research methodologies, including participant observation on the streets of Bucharest and in-depth interviews over a 10-month period. Sixteen individual and four group semi-structured interviews were conducted ii (N=28). The individual interviews allowed for the exploration of personal stories and individual strategies, while group interviews were important for gaining access to collective representations. A stratified purposeful sampling strategy was utilized in soliciting interview respondents. Research findings demonstrate that, to varying degrees and in varying ways, street children do create and use informal networks that build opportunities for survival. Some youth formed and lived in groups leading to strong bonding social capital, affording those within the group access to a range of benefits. Furthermore, some youth were able to create robust networks of association with their formal and informal environments (bridging social capital), associations that could be leveraged to meet critical needs and open doors for opportunities. Other youth were unable to create bonding and bridging capital; their positions of exclusion left them challenged to meet basic needs and vulnerable to exploitation. These findings are significant not only for understanding how and under what circumstances children create and leverage social capital, but also highlight a need to rethink social capital theories in light of research on children. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to: — The remarkable street children of Bucharest, Romania You are all-inspiring. Through your lives you taught me so much about courage, strength and resilience. — My extraordinary parents, Claude and Janet Nicholas You brought the world to me as a child and ignited in me a curiosity and love for faraway places and people. You are models of God‘s love, personal sacrifice and hospitality. In loving memory of: — My beloved grandparents, Palmer and Lucille Severance - - Papa and Geegee You enabled me to pursue my passions. Your love for the Lord, compassion for others and dedication to family were unmatched. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Not to us, oh LORD… to your name be the glory, because of your love and faithfulness. Psalms 115:1 His compassions fail not, they are new every morning: great is Thy faithfulness. Lamentations 3:22, 23 I first want to acknowledge God‘s goodness and provision throughout this project. This dissertation and all those who contributed to it is a great testament to His unfailing love and faithfulness in my life. This research endeavor has been my mission far more than just an academic requirement for a doctoral degree. As with any meaningful mission, it takes a collective effort of people who believe deeply in it to bring it to pass. This dissertation is truly the product of a group of gifted and compassionate people. I greatly appreciate everyone –- friends, colleagues, advisors, mentors and family members –- who worked with me and walked beside throughout this project. I have been exceedingly fortunate to be supported by such amazing people. To my committee: I sincerely appreciate each of you for working patiently and diligently with me as I completed this project. I will be forever grateful for your leadership, expertise, wisdom and encouragement! Dr. Theresa Early, thank you for stepping in and stepping up. I deeply appreciate your willingness to join my committee v as my advisor mid-stream. Your patience, listening ear and persistence in bringing this project to fruition were invaluable! I wish to express my deep appreciation to Dr. Maria Julia for igniting in me a passion for international social work. Thank you for being such a wonderful example of a compassionate scholar! Your real-time guidance and support on the ground in Romania forever left its fingerprints on me and this project. Dr. Cathy Rakowski I thank you for all the time you invested in me. Your personal and professional insight, confidence in my abilities and willingness to push my intellect were instrumental; your influence took my dissertation to the next level. I am extremely fortunate to have been able to share ideas and work with you on this project! Finally, I wish to thank Dr. Denise Bronson for your willingness to join my committee in the final stretch. You are a true champion of student success! I have been so blessed to know and work with each of you. As a collective group, your wisdom is only exceeded by your compassion and commitment. To Dr. Mary Ellen Kondrat: I am forever grateful for the opportunity to have learned from you. You were instrumental in the development of me as an international researcher/ practitioner and the formation of this project. You envisioned possibilities beyond what I could see and pushed me in your ever affirming way to reach my potential. I have truly been a beneficiary of your wisdom and care! To Mount Vernon Nazarene University: I want to express my deep appreciation for the ways that you resourced and supported my graduate work. I particularly want to express my gratitude to Dr. Randie Timpe, whose ―red ink‖ demonstrated his care for me and this project. Thank you for the hours you spent ―investing in a scholar‖ and for the proverbial thumb in my back. You can finally rest it! vi To my research team: I owe a debt of gratitude to the employees of the ASIS foundation, my lead translator Dana Bultoc, my alternate translators Shawn Flannigan and Paul Minden, my transcriber Monica Boseff, and my peer debriefers Dorothy Tarrant and Catalin Ganea. Your commitment to this project reflects your deep care for the street children and love for Romania, as well as your desire to play an active role in identifying and addressing the challenges faced by some of Romania‘s most vulnerable citizens. Thank you for your willingness to invest your time and expertise. This project would not have been possible without you! To the street children: This manuscript would not exist without the assistance of the young people living on the streets of Bucharest. To you, the co-researchers of this study, I wish to express my deep admiration for and appreciation of you. Thank you for allowing me to bear witness to your lives; thank you for allowing me to listen to your stories. I feel blessed and honored by our time together. To my friends: Thanks Michelle for ensuring that I created time to play; life is more than a confluence of deadlines and tasks. Matt, I appreciated your presence and support during data collection. Trudy, Georgette and Colleen your support, encouragement and prayers have been invaluable. Conversations over long lunches and dinners were such great therapy and always seemed to come at just the right time. Ron, thank you for wading deep into the data with me and for loving and investing in Romania beyond this project. Your humor and insight provided direction and relief during the ―wilderness days‖ of coding. Kyle your editing prowess was such a gift. It made ―getting it on paper‖ bearable. Your humor, friendship and support have been consistent and incredible! Jennifer, your willingness to spend countless hours reading data, sharpening my thinking, encouraging me and supporting me reflect your vii amazingness as a person and a friend. Our times were the perfect mix of painful brain work, fabulous fellowship, gut busting laughter and encouragement. Thank you for your investment in me! Tony, you joined in the journey and have weathered the most challenging stretch of this project with me. Your presence in my life has been a true gift! Thank you for your optimism, belief in me, understanding, prayers, warmth and love –- they buoyed me more than you know. You have been and are a blessing! To my amazing family: Thank you! Your love, encouragement and prayers have sustained me throughout the duration of this project -- a journey that has spanned over a decade of our lives. I would not have completed this project without you! Mom and dad you believed that your little girl was capable of accomplishing anything. Thank you for creating a loving and nurturing environment for me to grow up in and for instilling in me a love for and desire to serve others.
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