Fishers' Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) in the Atlantic Ocean (Brazil and Portugal): the Case Study of the Brazilian Sardine and the European Pilchard

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Fishers' Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) in the Atlantic Ocean (Brazil and Portugal): the Case Study of the Brazilian Sardine and the European Pilchard Fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) in the Atlantic Ocean (Brazil and Portugal): The case study of the Brazilian sardine and the European pilchard Doctoral thesis in Biosciences, scientific area of Marine Ecology, supervised by Professor Miguel Ângelo do Carmo Pardal and Professor Ulisses Miranda Azeiteiro, presented to the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra Tese de doutoramento em Biociências, ramo de especialização em Ecologia Marinha, orientada pelo Professor Doutor Miguel Ângelo do Carmo Pardal e pelo Professor Doutor Ulisses Miranda Azeiteiro, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra Heitor de Oliveira Braga Department of Life Sciences | University of Coimbra Coimbra | 2017 Funding: The present work was supported by the CAPES Foundation – Ministry of Education of Brazil for financial support (BEX: 8926/13-1) and the Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal. REPÚBLICA FEDERATIVA DO BRASIL “O passado também se inventa. O nosso e o dos outros. É uma das funções do presente, que não se vive à espera que o futuro nos caia dos céus, conquistado e imaginado por outros” Eduardo Lourenço Thesis Outline The thesis is structured in seven chapters: the first corresponds to the general introduction that presents the topic to be discussed in the later sections (adapted from a published book chapter), and the objectives of the thesis; four chapters with correlated themes (published or submitted for publication in scientific journals in the fields of biological sciences, marine ecology, and human ecology); a general discussion of all the findings (chapter 6) of the developed chapters; and a final chapter with the conclusion of the present investigation. The publications that support this thesis are listed below: General Introduction Braga HO, Pardal MA, Azeiteiro UM (2018) Incorporation of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) into Biodiversity Management and Climate Change Variability Scenarios for Threatened Fish Species and Fishing Communities-Communication Patterns Among BioResources Users as a Prerequisite for Co-management: A Case Study of Berlenga MNR, Portugal and Resex-Mar of Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil. In: Leal Filho W., Manolas E., Azul A., Azeiteiro U., McGhie H. (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Communication Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham, 2:237-262. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-70066-3_16. Chapter 1 Braga HO, Azeiteiro UM, Oliveira HM, Pardal, MA (2017) Evaluating fishermen’s conservation attitudes and local ecological knowledge of the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus), Peniche, Portugal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 13:25. doi: 10.1186/s13002-017-0154-y. Chapter 2 Braga HO, Pardal MA, Azeiteiro UM (2017) Sharing fishers´ ethnoecological knowledge of the European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) in the westernmost fishing community in Europe. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 13:52. doi: 10.1186/s13002-017-0181-8. Chapter 3 Braga, HO, Azeiteiro, UM, Oliveira, HM, Pardal MA Using the fisher´s Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) and their attitudes to assist in the management of the Brazilian sardinella (Sardinella brasiliensis) in the Southwestern Atlantic. Submitted for publication in Human Ecology. Chapter 4 Braga HO, Pardal MA, Cruz RCM, Alvarenga TC, Azeiteiro UM Local ecological knowledge (LEK) of the Brazilian sardine, Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879): a synthesis of the ethnoecology a Bio-Resource in a typical fishing village of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Submitted for publication in Ocean & Coastal Management. Thesis should be cited as: Braga HO (2017) Fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) in the Atlantic Ocean (Brazil and Portugal): The case study of the Brazilian sardine and the European pilchard. PhD Thesis, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, 162p. Co-Authors’ Affiliations: Henrique Matheus Farias de Oliveira - Environmental analyst at Health, Safety & Environment, 04552-000, Vila Olímpia, São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Rayza Cristina Machado da Cruz - Program in Science Education (PROPEC) at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), 26530- 060, Nilópolis, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil. Tayara Carlos Alvarenga - Educational Foundation of Lagos Region - FERLAGOS, 28905-000, Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil. Ulisses Miranda Azeiteiro - Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal. Miguel Ângelo do Carmo Pardal - Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal. Acknowledgements / Agradecimentos Começo meus agradecimentos com o seguinte pensamento, assinado por um dos maiores expoentes da Doutrina Espírita em todo mundo - Francisco Cândido Xavier: “A vida é feita de momentos, momentos pelos quais temos que passar, sendo bons ou não, para o nosso aprendizado. Nada é por acaso. Precisamos fazer a nossa parte, desempenhar o nosso papel no palco da vida, lembrando de que a vida nem sempre segue o nosso querer, mas ela é perfeita naquilo que tem que ser”. Indubitavelmente, estes últimos tempos foram singulares em minha vida. Assim que eu soube que viria estudar no velho continente e na Universidade de Coimbra, uma mistura de alegria e de medo do desconhecido tomaram conta de mim. Tudo era muito novo e muito diferente, e as adversidades estavam por vir. Não obstante, em terras lusitanas tive a oportunidade de conhecer pessoas com alto poder de discernimento, oriundas dos mais diversos locais e culturas, as quais puderam imprimir mais doçura e alegria em meu caminho. Agradeço sobretudo a educação facultada pelos meus pais (Maria Silva e Heleno Braga) e por todas as vias distintas a mim oferecidas para que essa realização profissional pudesse concretizar-se. Agradeço o suporte de Heleno Filho e Marilda Faria no Brasil. Também agradeço à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior do Ministério da Educação do Brasil (CAPES) pelo suporte financeiro concedido através do Programa Ciências sem Fronteiras. Também sou grato ao Professor Doutor Alexandre Schiavetti pela indicação de um dos meus orientadores acadêmicos aqui em Portugal. Obrigado, Ulisses Azeiteiro, pela disponibilidade e pela confiança a mim conferidas e sem as quais este projeto não se teria transformado em uma tese de doutoramento. Um agradecimento especial ao meu orientador, Miguel Pardal, pela sua visão ímpar acerca das revisões, sugestões e suporte outorgados durante este percurso acadêmico. Às instituições acadêmicas Universidade de Coimbra (Centro de Ecologia Funcional) e Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (CEPEDOC) pelo alicerce que me foi concedido. Ao Centro Ciência Viva Rómulo de Carvalho, da Universidade de Coimbra, e à Escola Superior de Educação de Coimbra (ESEC) pelo espaço concedido e pela amizade dos funcionários em algumas fases da escrita acadêmica. Agradeço aos meus amigos Henrique Oliveira, Bruno Zucherato e Max Anjos pela colaboração profissional neste trabalho. Um agradecimento ao Doutor Daniel de Jesus Andrade e Crespo pelas informações disponibilizadas acerca da estrutura da tese de doutoramento. Um agradecimento especial às minhas amigas biólogas Rayza Cruz e Tayara Alvarenga pelo suporte dado durante a coleta de dados junto à comunidade local de Arraial do Cabo. Um especial e sincero agradecimento também ao Dr. Paulo Maranhão e ao João Carneiro pelo apoio inicial dado ao processo de coleta de dados em Peniche. Grato sou também à Andréia Setti e ao Marco Akerman pela ajuda concedida com a documentação junto ao Sisbio Brasil. Gostaria, ainda, de manifestar a minha profunda gratidão aos pescadores de ambas as comunidades pesqueiras que me receberam muito bem e, com imensa cordialidade, facilitaram a coleta de dados durantes as pesquisas de campo, de cujos nomes vale ressaltar os integrantes da comunidade de Arraial do Cabo: Rosilda Carneiro e Ana Lúcia – muito obrigado por todo o amparo fornecido. Aos meus anjos da guarda portugueses Mauro Barradas, Isabel Manso e Maria Lobo, e a todos os meus amigos lusófonos. Ao Marcelo Forte pela confiança, amizade e produção dos desenhos artísticos utilizados na capa e corpo desta tese. Ao Paulo Geovane pela amizade e colaboração na produção deste trabalho. Aos meus amigos do hemisfério Sul, que sempre buscaram estar presentes de alguma forma, em especial à Viviane Csizmar, Débora Pascoal, Edilson Cruz, Nádia Cunha, Herval Kobayashi, Sara Castro, Larissa Teixeira, Fernanda Lima, Mary Santos, Gabriel Magalhães, Bruno Resende, Luiz Júnior e Jeff Cardoso. Aos meus amigos residentes e não residentes em Portugal e países adjacentes, em particular ao Deivídson Silveira, Viviane Ferreira, Carla Magdalena, Anderson Rodrigues, Letícia Rocha, Catarina Woyames, Samuel Ettori, Gabriela Lins, Matheus Teiga, Wanderson Silva, Ivano Irrera, Josiane Silva, Daniela Caetano, Mônica Salmazo, Luciana Mendonza e Audrey de Mattos. E, por último, manifesto a minha profunda gratidão à minha avó materna Gilma Alves de Oliveira. A todas e todos que de várias maneiras e desde vários lugares do mundo participaram deste belo percurso profissional, a minha gratidão. Muito obrigado! Contents Summary ___________________________________________________________ 19 Resumo ____________________________________________________________ 21 1. General Introduction _____________________________________________ 23 1.1 Introduction __________________________________________________
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