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Biodiversity of the Water Reservoirs in the Vicinity of Usje Marl Quarry

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Biodiversity of the Water Reservoirs in the Vicinity of Usje Marl Quarry Biodiversity of the Water Reservoirs in the Vicinity of Usje Marl Quarry S.Petkovski, (1); I.Mastoris, (2); N.B.Kormusoska, (3); (1) NGO BIOECO Skopje, Republic of Macedonia (2) TITAN Cement Company S.A., Athens, Greece (3) Cementarnica “Usje” A.D., Skopje, Republic of Macedonia [email protected] Abstract In line with the activities of WBCSD/CSI task force on biodiversity, Titan uses specific tools for screening Group quarries versus areas of high biodiversity value, like the EMERALD network of Macedonia. The water reservoirs (artificial lakes) inside the Usje Marl Quarry, in proximity with the Titan Cement Plant Usje (Skopje, Macedonia), were gradually ‘formed’ in the 1980’s, after excavating closed pits inside the mine plan area. Freshwater supply to these confined water bodies is due to precipitation and surface rainwater inflows. Plant and animal species have inhabited the area, including the lakes, by natural processes, except the fish stocking that was made by the sport fishermen employed with Usje. Currently, the area more or less resembles a natural wetland ecosystems. By initiative of Usje, and in line with Titan’s Corporate Social Responsibility Policy, an Investigation Study on Hydrology, Hydrogeology & Biodiversity was conducted. This paper is going to present findings and recommendations of the investigation related to biodiversity. Besides the check lists of recorded species, for certain taxonomic groups a “potential list of species” was prepared, as a tool for evaluation of the quality of habitats. Despite the inevitable environmental degradation, the degree to which the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and associated species have survived, even in a modified and reduced state, is surprising. According to the findings, the wetland vegetation of the reservoirs has been well developed, and algae are the dominant community in the lake, both in species richness and population density. The issue of concern identified during the survey was the lack of oxygen in the deep parts of the reservoirs, which does not favor the development of zooplankton, and benthic communities; this gradually results in an uneven population growth of algae, affecting the ecological balance of the aquatic ecosystem. A number of fauna species, like dragonflies, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, were recorded during the investigation period, and the richness/diversity of such species was documented. However, it was evaluated that the site cannot be considered as ‘high biodiversity value area’. The reservoirs do not contain any endangered species of plants and animals, while the activities in Usje address minimal or no interference with the lakes and do not significantly contribute to the natural process of eutrophication characteristic for such still surface waters. Following the recommendations in the Study a combined set of mitigation/restoration measures were performed and will continue to apply, in order to enhance the water quality, and the ecological status of the ecosystem by slowing down the eutrophication process: • Cutting of about 80% of existing reed-beds before vegetation period start. • Introducing of 100 fingerlings of Silver Carp in the reservoirs (fish feeding on phytoplankton). • Reforestation of the area around the lake to reduce the impact of dust from the nearby quarrying activities. BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 1 Additional actions that are planned to take include: • Aeration of the reservoirs for introducing additional oxygen to the water. • Regular monitoring of: 1) Biological Quality Elements in the Water Bodies; 2) Terrestrial flora and fauna and 3) Surface and groundwater quality. General opinion of involved parties and authorities is that implementation of such project by the industry is a pioneering activity in the Country. In October 2011, Cementarnica Usje was awarded with First Price on the National competition for Corporate Social Responsibility in the category “Environment” by presenting the “Biodiversity of the Artificial Lakes in Cement Plant Usje” Keywords: Marl Quarry, Biodiversity, Water Reservoirs, Eutrophication, Wetland Vegetation, WBCSD/CSI Introduction The Usje Cement Plant located in Skopje, Macedonia is part of the large cement producing company Titan Cement Company S.A., which in 2009 was ranked 8th in the entire world for the award of “Top Company For Leaders” receiving global distinction regarding the development of human capital and leadership competencies. Titan is an independent cement and building materials producer with over 100 years of industry experience. Based in Greece the Group operates in nine countries owning 14 cement plants. The Cement Plant Usje started with production of cement in the year 1955, and the current process of production is realizing by 500 employees. The Cement Plant Usje has implemented a Quality System ISO 9001:2000 since July 2003. In May 2005 the Company was certified with Environmental Management System ISO 14001:2004, and currently is in a process of implementing the OHSAS 18001 standard for Health & Safety. TITAN is active both globally and locally in preserving and enhancing biodiversity. As a core member of the Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI), TITAN participates in the Biodiversity Working Group, initiated in 2009 and from October 2010 co-chairs the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)/CSI ‘Biodiversity & Land Stewardship’ task force. The WBCSD provides a platform for companies to explore sustainable development, share knowledge, experiences and best practices, and to advocate business positions on these issues in a variety of forums, working with governments, non-governmental and intergovernmental organizations. Potential ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss are material considerations for all investment decisions because companies and investors realize that these are fundamental for business success in a carbon and natural resource constrained world. Following the WBCSD/CSI task force on biodiversity conservation, in 2010 the Usje Cement Plant has conducted a project entitled as “Assessment and Evaluation of Biodiversity, Surveillance/Monitoring Plan and Mitigation/Restoration Measures for Biodiversity Conservation in the vicinity of the Titan Cement Plant Area with Focus on the Lakes in the Marl Quarry”. The Study was prepared by a team of biodiversity experts (Petkovski et al., 2010), and submitted to the Usje Cement Plant as an internal report. The results of this report are presented in this paper. In October 2011, Cementarnica Usje was awarded with First Price on the National competition for Corporate Social Responsibility in the category “Environment” by presenting the “Biodiversity of the Artificial Lakes in Cement Plant Usje” The investigated area includes two lakes with the surrounding terrains that are located in the courtyard of the Usje Cement Plant, in the neighborhood of the marl quarry. Geological structure of the area is mainly consisted of Upper Miocene marl rocks and clayey deposits. The origin of the lakes is artificial, created as a result of excavations in the past, in which water is accumulated by surface runoff and groundwater BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 2 springs. The waters of the two lakes are being used in the technological process of the Usje Cement Plant. The Large (upper) Lake is located at an elevation of 256 m asl. The diameter of the lake is about 130 m, water surface of 1.15 ha, and depth up to 6m. The Small (lower) Lake is located at an elevation of 245 m asl, with diameter of about 75 m, water surface of 0.26 ha, and depth up to 3 m. The water level of both lakes is fluctuating seasonally. Methodology of work Field investigations and collection of samples from the lakes in the Courtyard of the Usje Cement Plant were performed during August, 2010. The taxonomy and nomenclature of plant species are in accordance with Prodromus florae peninsulae Balcanicae (Hayek 1924-1933), Flora Europaea (Tutin et al. 1964-1980) and Flora of Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 1985-2005). The algal and macro-invertebrates samples from the bottom of the lakes were collected by Eckman-Birge Dredge. Phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were collected by hand-net. The taxonomy and nomenclature of algae follows Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986-1991). Identification and classification of fauna species follows the most contemporary publications on various taxonomic groups, as well as that of "Fauna Europaea" (http://www.faunaeur.org/). Bat species were recorded using a Batbox Duet Bat Detector. Small mammals were collected by traps. In addition, narrative records were used for the large mammals, as well as interviews with local citizens. The Evaluation of Biodiversity was conducted under the following criteria: species richness, legal protection, conservation status and geographical distribution/endemism. The species richness of the site is evaluated in comparison to species richness of other similar natural habitats, and/or with the species richness of certain taxonomic group on national level. The Legal protection of habitats/species was evaluated in accordance with the criteria of the EU Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC) and the EU Birds Directive (Directive 2009/147/EC). The conservation status of species was evaluated under the criteria of the IUCN Red List of Globally Threatened Species (2011), as well as the European Red Lists of: Vascular Plants (Bilz et al., 2011), Butterflies (Van Swaay et
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